1
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Badgujar D, Paritala ST, Matre S, Sharma N. Enantiomeric purity of synthetic therapeutic peptides: A review. Chirality 2024; 36. [PMID: 38448043 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic therapeutic peptides are a complex and popular class of pharmaceuticals. In recent years, peptides with proven therapeutic activity have gained significant interest in the market. The determination of synthetic peptide enantiomeric purity plays a critical role in the evaluation of the quality of the medicine. Since racemization is one of the most common side reactions occurring in AAs or peptides, enantiomeric impurities such as D-isomers can form during the peptide synthesis or can be introduced from the starting materials (e.g., AAs). The therapeutic effect of a synthetic or semi-synthetic bioactive peptide molecule depends on its AA enantiomeric purity and secondary/tertiary structure. Therefore, the enantiomeric purity determination for synthetic peptides is supportive for interpreting unwanted therapeutic effects and determining the quality of synthetic peptide therapeutics. However, enantiomeric purity analysis encounters formidable analytical challenges during chromatographic separation, as D/L isomers have identical physical-chemical properties except stereochemical configuration. To ensure peptides AA stereochemical configuration whether in the free or bound state, sensitive and reproducible quantitative analytical method is mandatory. In this regard, numerous analytical techniques were emerged for the quantification of D-isomeric impurities in synthetic peptides, but still, very few reports are available in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance, regulatory requirements, and various analytical methods used for peptide enantiomeric purity determination. In addition, we discussed the available literature in terms of enantiomeric impurity detection, common hydrolysis procedural aspects, and different analytical strategies used for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Badgujar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubham Matre
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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2
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Fan X, Cao L, Geng L, Ma Y, Wei Y, Wang Y. Polysaccharides as separation media for the separation of proteins, peptides and stereoisomers of amino acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:616-638. [PMID: 34242648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable separation of peptides, amino acids and proteins as accurate as possible with the maximum conformation and biological activity is crucial and essential for drug discovery. Polysaccharide, as one of the most abundant natural biopolymers with optical activity on earth, is easy to be functionalized due to lots of hydroxyl groups on glucose units. Over the last few decades, polysaccharide derivatives are gradually employed as effective separation media. The highly-ordered helical structure contributes to complex, diverse molecular recognition ability, allowing polysaccharide derivatives to selectively interact with different analytes. This article reviews the development, application and prospects of polysaccharides as separation media in the separation of proteins, peptides and amino acids in recent years. The chiral molecules mechanism, advantages, limitations, development status and challenges faced by polysaccharides as separation media in molecular recognition are summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of its continued development and future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Lilong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Linna Geng
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yalu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
| | - Yuping Wei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
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3
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Bioanalysis of drugs and their metabolites by chiral electromigration techniques (2010-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1744-1760. [PMID: 33570170 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The further development and application of capillary electromigration techniques for the enantioselective determination of drugs and their metabolites in body fluids, tissues, and in vitro preparations during the 2010 to 2020 time period continued to proof their usefulness and attractiveness in bioanalysis. This review discusses the principles and important aspects of capillary electrophoresis- based chiral drug bioassays, provides a survey of the assays reported during the past 10 years and presents an overview of the key achievements encountered in that time period. For systems with charged chiral selectors, special attention is paid on assays that feature field-amplified sample injection to enable the determination of ppb levels of analytes and optimized online incubation procedures for the rapid assessment of a metabolic pathway. Applications discussed encompass the pharmacokinetics of drug enantiomers in vivo and in vitro, the impact of inhibitors on metabolic steps, the elucidation of the stereoselectivity of drug metabolism in vivo and in vitro, and drug enantiomers in toxicological, forensic, and doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Scida K, Eden A, Arroyo-Currás N, MacKenzie S, Satik Y, Meinhart CD, Eijkel JCT, Pennathur S. Fluorescence-Based Observation of Transient Electrochemical and Electrokinetic Effects at Nanoconfined Bipolar Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13777-13786. [PMID: 30880379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are conductors that, when exposed to an electric field, polarize and promote the accumulation of counterionic charge near their poles. The rich physics of electrokinetic behavior near BPEs has not yet been rigorously studied, with our current understanding of such bipolar effects being restricted to steady-state conditions (under constant applied fields). Here, we reveal the dynamic electrokinetic and electrochemical phenomena that occur near nanoconfined BPEs throughout all stages of a reaction. Specifically, we demonstrate, both experimentally and through numerical modeling, that the removal of an electric field produces solution-phase charge imbalances in the vicinity of the BPE poles. These imbalances induce intense and short-lived nonequilibrium electric fields that drive the rapid transport of ions toward specific BPE locations. To determine the origin of these electrokinetic effects, we monitored the movement and fluorescent behavior (enhancement or quenching) of charged fluorophores within well-defined nanofluidic architectures via real-time optical detection. By systematically varying the nature of the fluorophore, the concentration of the electrolyte, the strength of the applied field, and oxide growth on the BPE surface, we dissect the ion transport events that occur in the aftermath of field-induced polarization. The results contained in this work provide new insights into transient bipolar electrokinetics that improve our understanding of current analytical platforms and can drive the development of new micro- and nanoelectrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Alexander Eden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Sean MacKenzie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Yesil Satik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Carl D Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science , University of Twente , Enschede , Overijssel 7522 , The Netherlands
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
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5
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Lee SJ, Castro ER, Guijt RM, Tarn MD, Manz A. Van de Graaff generator for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Creamer JS, Mora MF, Willis PA. Enhanced Resolution of Chiral Amino Acids with Capillary Electrophoresis for Biosignature Detection in Extraterrestrial Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1329-1337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Creamer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Maria F. Mora
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Peter A. Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the understanding of enantiomer separation mechanisms in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:95-144. [PMID: 27604161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms of chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is accepted that changes observed in the separation process, including the reversal of enantiomer migration order (EMO), can be caused by subtle modifications in the molecular recognition mechanisms between enantiomer and chiral selector. These modifications may imply minor structural differences in those selector-selectand complexes that arise from the above mentioned interactions. Therefore, it is mandatory to understand the fine intermolecular interactions between analytes and chiral selectors. In other words, it is necessary to know in detail the structures of the complexes formed by the enantiomer (selectand) and the selector. Any differences in the structures of these complexes arising from either enantiomer should be detected, so that enantiomeric bias in the separation process could be explained. As to the nature of these interactions, those have been extensively reviewed, and it is not intended to be discussed here. These interactions contemplate ionic, ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, steric and hydrophobic interactions. The main subject of this review is to describe how NMR spectroscopy helps to gain insight into the non-covalent intermolecular interactions between selector and selectand that lead to enantiomer separation by CE. Examples in which diastereomeric species are created by covalent (irreversible) derivatization will not be considered here. This review is structured upon the different structural classes of chiral selectors employed in CE, in which NMR spectroscopy has made substantial contributions to rationalize the observed enantioseparations. Cases in which other techniques complement NMR spectroscopic data are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salgado
- Centro de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, University Campus, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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8
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Bao JJ, Jia F, Li Y, Liang Q, Wang Y. Synthesis and applications of sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3639-49. [PMID: 26993309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer (SPE-γ-CDP) through polycondensating sulfated cyclodextrins (SCDs) was synthesized. This synthesis approach also has the potential of preparing other derived cyclodextrins (CDs) polymers. The polymerized SCDs took on both the properties of SCDs and certain characteristics of polymers, such as chiral selectivity and high viscosity. Synthesis parameters, including reactions sequence, sulfation, and polycondensation conditions were investigated systematically. The product was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and indirect UV detections prior to use as background electrolytes additive. The separation conditions, including the concentration of SPE-γ-CDP, the concentration and pH of running buffer, separation voltage, as well as the additional organic solution were optimized during chiral separation of neutral, acidic, and basic enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis (CE). SPE-γ-CDP was proven to be an effective chiral resolving agent in CE with the advantages of simple synthesis process, low cost, similar ratio of charge-to-mass, low current, great reproducibility, and reusability. Graphical Abstract Synthesis and applications of sulfopropyl ether γ-cyclodextrin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Youxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Qinggang Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
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9
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Ali I, Suhail M, Al-Othman ZA, Alwarthan A, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantiomeric resolution of multiple chiral centres racemates by capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:683-94. [PMID: 26840015 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates is an important area as some multichiral centre racemates are of great medicinal importance. However, enantioseparation of such types of racemates is a challenging task. Amongst many analytical techniques, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful technique and may be used to resolve such racemates. Only few papers are available describing enantiomeric resolution of such racemates. Therefore, efforts have been made to describe the enantiomeric resolution of multichiral centre racemates by capillary electrophoresis. This article discusses the importance of multichiral racemates, the need for capillary electrophoresis in enantiomeric resolution and chiral resolution of multichiral centre racemates using various chiral selectors. Further, attempts have been made to discuss the future challenges and prospects of enantiomeric resolution of multichiral racemates. The various chiral selectors used for the purpose are chiral crown ether, cyclodextrins, polysaccharides, macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics and ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zeid A Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alwarthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
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Chen J, Du Y, Zhu F, Chen B, Zhang Q, Du S, Li P. Study of the enantioseparation capability of chiral dual system based on chondroitin sulfate C in CE. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:607-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Fenxia Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Meteria Medica; Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy; Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Řezanka P, Navrátilová K, Řezanka M, Král V, Sýkora D. Application of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2701-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Klára Navrátilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Institute for Nanomaterials; Advanced Technologies and Innovation; Technical University of Liberec; Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
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12
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Tsai YH, Bair MJ, Hu CC. Determination of Levofloxacin in Human Urine with Capillary Electrophoresis and Fluorescence Detector. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200700142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Chen FTA, Evangelista RA. Applications of Highly Sulfated Cyclodextrins for Enantiomeric Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Gonda S, Nguyen NM, Batta G, Gyémánt G, Máthé C, Vasas G. Determination of phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides from therapeutically used Plantago species by CE-MEKC. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2577-84. [PMID: 23784714 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CE methods are valuable tools for medicinal plant quality management, screening, and analysis. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to optimize and validate a CE-MEKC method for simultaneous quantification of four chief bioactive metabolites from Plantago species. The two most important secondary metabolite groups were aimed to be separated. Different electrolyte and surfactant types were tested. Surfactant concentration, BGE pH, electrolyte concentration, and buffering capacity were optimized. The final BGE consisted of 15 mM sodium tetraborate, 20 mM TAPS, and 250 mM DOC at pH 8.50. Acceptable precision, good stability, and accuracy were achieved, with high resolution for phenylethanoid glycosides. Analytes were separated within 20 min. The method was shown to be suitable for the quantification of the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, and the phenylethanoid glycosides acteoside (verbascoside) and plantamajoside from water extracts of different samples. The method was shown to be applicable to leaf extracts of Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, and Plantago asiatica, the main species with therapeutic applications, and a biotechnological product, plant tissue cultures (calli) of P. lanceolata. Baseline separation of the main constituents from minor peaks was achieved, regardless of the matrix type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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15
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Sueyoshi K, Koino H, Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Sensitive enantioseparation by transient trapping-cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Leung D, Kang SO, Anslyn EV. Rapid determination of enantiomeric excess: a focus on optical approaches. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:448-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Lynen F, Saveedra L, Nickerson B, Sandra P. Evaluation of a multiarray system for pharmaceutical analysis by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:724-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Enantioseparation of the New Antifungal Drug Iodiconazole and Structurally Related Triadimenol Analogues by CE with Neutral Cyclodextrin Additives. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Liu M, Zheng Y, Ji Y, Zhang C. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the enantiomeric purity determination of RS86017 using experimental design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:93-100. [PMID: 21316178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A selective capillary electrophoresis method for determination of enantiomeric purity of RS86017, a new antiarrhythmic agent with two chiral centers, was developed and validated using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. The concentration of the chiral selector and organic modifier, pH of background electrolyte (BGE), capillary temperature, and applied voltage were systematically optimized by using orthogonal design and concentration of chiral selector was further optimized. The optimal conditions included 25mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0, containing 28mg/mL sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin and 20% acetonitrile as running buffer, an applied voltage of 22kV, and a temperature of 20°C. The detection wavelength was 206nm. The obtained method was capable of separating RS86017 from its potential chiral impurities, the S,R-enantiomer, the R,R-diastereomer and the S,S-diastereomer with a short analysis time of 10min. The separation was validated with respect to its selectivity, repeatability, linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantitation (LOQ) and robustness testing. The LODs and LOQs were 0.8μg/mL and 2.5μg/mL for all isomers of RS86017, respectively. Finally, the method was used to investigate the chiral purity of RS86017 in bulk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
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20
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:588-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Schmitz A, Thormann W, Moessner L, Theurillat R, Helmja K, Mevissen M. Enantioselective CE analysis of hepatic ketamine metabolism in different species in vitro. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1506-16. [PMID: 20358543 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, an injectable anesthetic and analgesic consisting of a racemic mixture of S-and R-ketamine, is routinely used in veterinary and human medicine. Nevertheless, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ketamine have not been characterized sufficiently in most animal species. An enantioselective CE assay for ketamine and its metabolites in microsomal preparations is described. Racemic ketamine was incubated with pooled microsomes from humans, horses and dogs over a 3 h time interval with frequent sample collection. CE data revealed that ketamine is metabolized enantioselectively to norketamine (NK), dehydronorketamine and three hydroxylated NK metabolites in all three species. The metabolic patterns formed differ in production rates of the metabolites and in stereoselectivity of the hydroxylated NK metabolites. In vitro pharmacokinetics of ketamine N-demethylation were established by incubating ten different concentrations of racemic ketamine and the single enantiomers of ketamine for 8 min and data modeling was based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. These data revealed a reduced intrinsic clearance of the S-enantiomer in the racemic mixture compared with the single S-enantiomer in human microsomes, no difference in equine microsomes and the opposite effect in canine microsomes. The findings indicate species differences with possible relevance for the use of single S-ketamine versus racemic ketamine in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitz
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Chen J, Du Y, Zhu F, Chen B. Glycogen: A novel branched polysaccharide chiral selector in CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1044-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Nehmé R, Perrin C, Guerlavais V, Fehrentz JA, Cottet H, Martinez J, Fabre H. Use of coated capillaries for the electrophoretic separation of stereoisomers of a growth hormone secretagogue. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3772-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Rapid analysis and sensitive detection of dl-tryptophan by using shorter capillary column coupled with deep-UV fluorescence detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3753-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Belin GK, Seeger S. Rapid analysis of serotonin and propranolol using miniaturized CE with deep-UV fluorescence detector. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2565-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Giuffrida A, León C, García-Cañas V, Cucinotta V, Cifuentes A. Modified cyclodextrins for fast and sensitive chiral-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1734-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Deñola NL, Quiming NS, Saito Y, Catabay AP, Jinno K. Sensitive Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Determination of Salbutamol, Guaifenesin, and Dyphylline in Oral Formulations. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902900814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa L. Deñola
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila , Manila, Philippines
| | - Noel S. Quiming
- c Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics , College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila , Manila, Philippines
| | - Yoshihiro Saito
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | | | - Kiyokatsu Jinno
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
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28
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Zhu F, Du Y, Chen J, Chen B, Zhu Y, Zhai X, Xu S, Zhou W. Enantioselective Separation of Basic Drugs by CE with Polygalacturonic Acid as a Novel Chiral Selector. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Gong XY, Kubáň P, Scholer A, Hauser PC. Determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid in clinical samples using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1213:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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El Deeb S, Hasemann P, Wätzig H. Strategies in method development to quantify enantiomeric impurities using CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3552-62. [PMID: 18803216 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of chiral new drug substances requires increasing efforts in developing enantioselective methods. According to International conference on Harmonization guidelines, one should quantify the enantiomeric impurity of 0.1% relative to the major constituent. Capillary electrophoresis has evolved into an important tool for the separation of chiral drugs. The common strategies consist of two steps: firstly, initial separation conditions are evaluated. This screening usually focuses on the selection of the appropriate chiral selector. In our study 22 neutral, anionic or cationic cyclodextrins were dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH 2.5, 50 mM, CD conc.: 2.0%). Then they were investigated for the separation of 14 chiral compounds. Secondly, the obtained initial conditions for the enantiomeric separation were optimized in terms of resolution and analysis time. In our approach, important optimized factors including the concentration of the chiral selector (1-10%), the pH of the buffer (2.0-9.0), and the percentage of organic modifier (0-15%) were studied. This common strategy was completed by elaborating final requirements for the quantification of the enantiomeric impurity. A resolution between 3 and 4 was found to be necessary for the racemic mixture during the screening and optimization steps, in order to later allow for peak overloading and thus to sufficiently increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The complete strategy was conducted for atenolol, isoprenaline, verapamil and mandelic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestinian Territory
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31
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de Santana FJM, Lanchote VL, Bonato PS. Capillary electrophoretic chiral determination of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in human urine after enzymatic hydrolysis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3924-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Lúcia Lanchote
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pierina Sueli Bonato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Juvancz Z, Kendrovics RB, Iványi R, Szente L. The role of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1701-12. [PMID: 18421743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the enantiomeric pairs frequently show rather different biological effects, so their chiral selective synthesis, pharmacological studies and analysis are necessary. CE has unique advantages in chiral analysis. The most frequently used chiral selectors are CDs in this field. This paper gives a short view on the advantages on CE in direct chiral separations, emphasizing the role of CDs. The reason for the broad selectivity spectra of CDs is discussed in detail. The physical background of chiral selective separations is briefly shown in CE. Their interaction mechanisms are shortly defined. The general trend of their use is statistically evaluated. Most frequently used CDs and CD derivatives are characterized. Advantages of ionizable CDs and single-isomer derivatives are shown. The general trend of their use is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Juvancz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Budapest Tech. Polytechnical Institution, Budapest, Hungary.
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33
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Liu P, He W, Zhao Y, Wang PA, Sun XL, Li XY, Zhang SY. Synthesis of chiral vicinal diols and analysis of them by capillary zone electrophoresis. Chirality 2008; 20:75-83. [PMID: 18058863 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an improved access to 1,4-bis (9-O-quininyl) phthalazine [(QN)(2)PHAL], a very useful chiral ligand for catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD), by using CaH(2) as acid-binding reagent in a high yield under mild conditions. The application of (QN)(2)PHAL to the AD reactions of eight olefins exhibited excellent enantioselectivity and activity with corresponding chiral vicinal diols. Furthermore, a capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed to separate the aforementioned chiral vicinal diols by using of neutral beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) as chiral selector and borate as running buffer. High resolution was achieved under the optimal conditions of beta-CD 2.2% (w/v), pH 10, 200 mM borate buffer at 15 kV, and 20 degrees C within 15 min. The relative standard deviations of the corrected peak areas and migration time were less than 3.9% and 1.3%, respectively. In addition, the developed method was successfully applied to the determination of the purity and the enantiomeric excesses value (%ee) of the AD reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Research Center for Chirotechnology, Fourth Military Medical University, X'ian, Shaanxi, China
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34
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Gong XY, Dobrunz D, Kümin M, Wiesner M, Revell JD, Wennemers H, Hauser PC. Separating stereoisomers of di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:565-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Stapf FI, Oehme M, Kiessig S, Schwarz MA, Kálmán F. Peak splitting in the CE separation of enantiomers caused by organic solvents in the sample. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3625-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Maier V, Petr J, Knob R, Horáková J, Sevcík J. Electrokinetic partial filling technique as a powerful tool for enantiomeric separation ofDL-lactic acid by CE with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1815-22. [PMID: 17464963 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A modified partial filling method for chiral separation of DL-lactic acid as the model chiral compound with vancomycin chloride as the chiral selector was developed by CE with contactless conductivity detection. Electrokinetic partial filling technique (EK-PFT) was used as an alternative method to the conventional hydrodynamic partial filling method. EK-PFT, in contrast to the hydrodynamic partial filling technique, allowed the removal of the chloride counterions from the chiral selector which otherwise led to poor sensitivity in conductivity detection. The baseline separation of DL-lactic acid as the model analyte was achieved in 5 min in a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. The best resolution was achieved by electrokinetic partial filling of vancomycin cations from the injection solution containing 5 mmol/L oxalate L-histidinium at pH 4.5 with 10 mmol/L vancomycin chloride. Computer simulation was used to explain the observed phenomena in the boundary between the inject vial and the capillary during the EK-PFT of vancomycin cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítezslav Maier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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37
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Yuan H, Thompson RA, Ellison DK. ENANTIOMERIC SEPARATION OF A DRUG SUBSTANCE USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH SULFATED-β-CYCLODEXTRIN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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38
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Long PH, Trung TQ, Oh JW, Kim KH. Chiral purity test of bevantolol by capillaryelectrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:808-13. [PMID: 17024856 DOI: 10.1007/bf02974083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for the chiral purity determination of bevantolol were developed, namely capillary electrophoresis (CE) using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as a chiral selector and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral stationary phase. In the HPLC method, the separation of bevantolol enantiomers was performed on a Chiralpak AD-H column by isocratic elution with n-hexane-ethanol-diethylamine (10:90:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. In the CE method, bevantolol enantiomers were separated on an uncoated fused silica capillary with 50 mM amonium phosphate dibasic adjusted to a pH 6.5 with phosphoric acid containing 15 mM CM-beta-CD as running buffer. Validation data such as linearity, recovery, detection limit, and precision of the two methods are presented. The detection limits of S-(-)-bevantolol were 0.1% and 0.05% for CE and HPLC method, respectively and R-(+)-bevantolol were 0.15% and 0.05% for CE and HPLC method, respectively. There was generally good agreement between the HPLC and CE results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Hai Long
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
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39
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Bonato PS, Jabor VAP, Paias FO, Lanchote VL. CHIRAL CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF SELECTED DRUGS AND METABOLITES USING SULFATED β-CYCLODEXTRIN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Bonato
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - V. A. P. Jabor
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - F. O. Paias
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - V. L. Lanchote
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
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40
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation principles in chromatographic and electromigration techniques. Mol Biotechnol 2006; 32:159-80. [PMID: 16444017 DOI: 10.1385/mb:32:2:159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of the drugs in use today are chiral. It is well established that the pharmacological activity is mostly restricted to one of the enantiomers (eutomer). There can be qualitative and quantitative differences in the activity of the enantiomers. In many cases, the inactive enantiomer (distomer) shows unwanted side effects or even toxic effects. Even if the side effects are not that drastic, the distomer has to be metabolized and this represents an unnecessary burden for the organism. Therefore, the development of methods for the separation of enantiomers, both on analytical and preparative scale, has become increasingly important. Chromatographic techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and above all high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for enantiomer separation for about two decades. More recently, electromigration techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been shown to be powerful alternatives to chromatographic methods. This review gives a short overview of different chiral separation principles and their application. Several new developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Deñola NL, Quiming NS, Catabay AP, Saito Y, Jinno K. Optimization of capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation for basic drugs with native β-CD as a chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2367-75. [PMID: 16718718 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the advantages of the 20 microm inner diameter (id) capillary for the enantioseparation of ten basic drugs with native beta-CD as the chiral selector. The apparent binding constants of each enantiomeric pair were determined to calculate the optimum beta-CD concentration ([beta-CD]opt) and the optimization was subsequently carried out. Comparison of the 20 microm id with 50 microm id were made in terms of the results obtained in the optimization and detection limits. Applying the optimum conditions for each compound, reproducible results (RSD from 0-3; n>5) were obtained for the 20 microm id capillary. Although the sensitivity is lower in the 20 microm id capillary, the LOD determined using this capillary is still found to be acceptable for the ten basic drugs studied. Enhanced resolution and faster analysis times were the main advantages observed with the use of this capillary in enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa L Deñola
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
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42
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Li J, Zhao F, Ju H. Simultaneous electrochemiluminescence determination of sulpiride and tiapride by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin additives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 835:84-9. [PMID: 16569516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulpiride and tiapride are often used in the treatment of depression, schizophrenia and psychopathology of senescence, gastric or duodenal ulcers and are also partly excreted by kidney. This work developed a simple and sensitive method for their simultaneous monitoring in human urine based on capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection by end-column mode. beta-Cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was used as an additive to the running buffer to obtain the absolute separation of sulpiride and tiapride. Under optimized conditions the proposed method displayed a linear range from 1.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-4) M for both sulpiride and tiapride with the correlation coefficients more than 0.995 (n = 6). Their limits of detection were 1.0 x 10(-8) M (45 amol) and 1.5 x 10(-8) M (68 amol) at a signal to noise ratio of 3, respectively. The relative standard deviations for six determinations of 2.0 microM sulpiride and 3.0 microM tiapride were 1.8 and 2.5%, respectively. For practical application an extract step with ethyl acetate at pH 11 was performed to eliminate the influence of ionic strength in sample. The recoveries of sulpiride and tiapride at different levels in human urine were between 84 and 95%, which showed that the method was valuable in clinical and biochemical laboratories for monitoring sulpiride and tiapride for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Education Ministry of China, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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43
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Matthijs N, Vander Heyden Y. Enantiomeric impurity determination in capillary electrophoresis using a highly-sulfated cyclodextrins-based method. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:696-709. [PMID: 16240285 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), using highly-sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors, has been applied to determine the chiral purity of pharmaceutical compounds. A chiral separation strategy, developed earlier for racaemic mixtures, was applied on four basic drugs (propranolol, atenolol, chlorpheniramine and tryptophan methylester). The aim was to develop validated separation methods which allow determination of 0.1% impurity levels of the unwanted enantiomers (distomer) in the presence of 99.9% of the active compound (eutomer). The linearity, quantification limits for the trace enantiomers and the precision of the measurements were determined. In a second part, impurity separations have been simulated in order to evaluate the required resolution when assaying impurities. It is shown that a baseline resolution of 1.5, generally accepted for racaemic mixtures, does not always allow good impurity determinations. Two alternative methods to solve this problem have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Matthijs
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Kavran-Belin G, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Enantioseparation of baclofen with highly sulfated β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2187-92. [PMID: 16318216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) was achieved by CE-LIF with highly sulfated beta-CD (HS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde was used for the derivatization of nonfluorescent baclofen. HS-beta-CD (2%) containing 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.5 was chosen as the optimal running electrolyte and applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The linearity of calibration curves (R2 > or = 0.998) for R-(-) and S-(+)-baclofen was in the 0.1-2.0 microM concentration range. After a simple ACN-protein precipitation, the LOD of baclofen in plasma sample was found as low as 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kavran-Belin
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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45
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Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Enantiomeric separation of ketoconazole and terconazole antifungals by electrokinetic chromatography: Rapid quantitative analysis of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3960-8. [PMID: 16217826 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
EKC using a neutral CD as chiral selector was applied in this work to the development of a method enabling the enantiomeric separation of ketoconazole and terconazole antifungals. The influence of different experimental conditions such as temperature, CD concentration, pH, and nature and concentration of the buffer on the enantiomeric resolution of the compounds studied was investigated. The use of 10 mM heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-CD in a 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) with a temperature of 15 degrees C allowed the separation of the enantiomers of ketoconazole and terconazole with high resolution (R(s) > 2.0). The rapid separation of ketoconazole enantiomers with an analysis time less than 3 min was carried out after fitting some experimental parameters. The developed method was applied to the determination of ketoconazole in different pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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46
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de Pablos RR, García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Marina ML. Separation of etodolac enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis. Validation and application of the chiral method to the analysis of commercial formulations. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1106-13. [PMID: 15765483 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Separation of etodolac enantiomers, which exhibit different biological activity and pharmacokinetic profiles, has been achieved using the randomly substituted (2-hydroxy)propyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. The selection of this CD was made after screening of different CD derivatives of neutral and anionic nature. The effect on the enantioresolution of the buffer concentration and of the degree of substitution (DS) and concentration of the CD as well as of instrumental parameters, such as the capillary temperature and the separation voltage, were studied. The highest resolution of etodolac enantiomers was around 2.5 using 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with 20 mM HP-beta-CD (DS approximately 4.2) and UV detection at 225 (10) nm with a reference wavelength at 360 (50) nm. Validation of the chiral method in terms of selectivity, linearity, precision (instrumental repeatability, method repeatability, intermediate precision), and the limits of detection and quantitation allowed to evaluate its quality to the analysis of etodolac enantiomers in different pharmaceutical preparations containing racemic etodolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez de Pablos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid Barcelona Km. 33.600, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Simó C, Rizzi A, Barbas C, Cifuentes A. Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of amino acids in foods. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1432-41. [PMID: 15759299 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the development of a new chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method to separate D- and L-amino acids is shown. On-line coupling between CE and MS is established through an electrospray-coaxial sheath flow interface. Enantiomer separation is achieved by using a cheap, nonvolatile, chiral selector as beta-cyclodextrin in the background electrolyte (BGE) together with a physically coated capillary that is aimed to prevent contamination of the electrospray. The capillary coating is simple and easy to obtain as it only requires flushing of the capillary with a polymer aqueous solution for 3 min. Optimization of CE parameters (pH of BGE, type and concentration of chiral selector, and capillary inner diameter) and electrospray-MS parameters (nature and flow rate of the sheath liquid, nebulizer pressure) is carried out. Two different derivatization protocols of amino acids using dansyl chloride (DNS) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) are compared in terms of MS sensitivity and chiral resolution. Under optimum CE-MS conditions it is observed that the MS sensitivity obtained for FITC- and DNS-amino acids is similar (with limit of detection (LOD) in the microM range, corresponding to amounts injected in the fmol range) while chiral resolution is better for FITC-amino acids. The optimized method is demonstrated to provide the simultaneous analysis of 15 selected amino acids (i.e., FITC-D/L-Asp, -Glu, -Ser, -Asn, -Ala, -Pro, -Arg, and FITC-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a single chiral CE-MS run, corresponding to the main amino acids that can be found in orange. Moreover, as a result of the high resolution achieved, it is possible to detect down to 2% of D-Asp in the presence of 98% of L-Asp. The good possibilities of chiral CE-MS in food analysis are corroborated through the detection of the main amino acids in a commercial orange juice (i.e., FITC-L-Asp, -Glu, -Ser, -Asn, -Pro, -Arg, and the nonchiral FITC-GABA) as well as the determination of the fraudulent addition of synthetic amino acids (containing D- and L-forms) to a fresh orange juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D, Matthijs N, Perrin C. 18 Chiral separations. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Balss KM, Vreeland WN, Phinney KW, Ross D. Simultaneous Concentration and Separation of Enantiomers with Chiral Temperature Gradient Focusing. Anal Chem 2004; 76:7243-9. [PMID: 15595865 DOI: 10.1021/ac049046r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new technique is demonstrated for the simultaneous concentration and high-resolution separation of chiral compounds. With temperature gradient focusing, a combination of a temperature gradient, an applied electric field, and a buffer with a temperature-dependent ionic strength is used to cause analytes to move to equilibrium, zero-velocity points along a microchannel or capillary. Different analytes are thus separated spatially and concentrated in a manner that resembles isoelectric focusing but that is applicable to a greater variety of analytes including small chiral drug molecules. Chiral separations are accomplished by the addition of a chiral selector, which causes the different enantiomers of an analyte to focus at different positions along a microchannel or capillary. This new technique is demonstrated to provide high performance in a number of areas desirable for chiral separations including rapid separation optimization and method development, facile reversal of peak order (desirable for analysis of trace enantiomeric impurities), and high resolving power (comparable to capillary electrophoresis) in combination with greater than 1000-fold concentration enhancement enabling improved detection limits. In addition, chiral temperature gradient focusing allows for real-time monitoring of the interaction of chiral analyte molecules with chiral selectors that could potentially be applied to the study of other molecular interactions. Finally, unlike CE, which requires long channels or capillaries for high-resolution separations, separations of equivalent resolution can be performed with TGF in very short microchannels (mm); thus, TGF is inherently much more suited to miniaturization and integration into lab-on-a-chip-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Balss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Enantiomeric analysis of rivastigmine in pharmaceuticals by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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