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Aydoğan C, Rigano F, Krčmová LK, Chung DS, Macka M, Mondello L. Miniaturized LC in Molecular Omics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11485-11497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000,Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000,Turkey
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mirek Macka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00Brno, Czech Republic
- School of Natural Sciences and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome I-00128, Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
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2
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Aydoğan C, Gökaltun A, Denizli A, El‐Rassi Z. Organic polymer‐based monolithic capillary columns and their applications in food analysisψ. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:962-979. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Aydoğan
- Department of Food EngineeringBingöl University Bingöl Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Gökaltun
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Ziad El‐Rassi
- Department of ChemistryOklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
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3
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Moravcová D, Rantamäki AH, Duša F, Wiedmer SK. Monoliths in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:880-912. [PMID: 26800083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have reviewed separation studies utilizing monolithic capillary columns for separation of compounds preceding MS analysis. The review is divided in two parts according to the used separation method, namely CEC and capillary LC (cLC). Based on our overview, monolithic CEC-MS technique have been more focused on the syntheses of highly specialized and selective separation phase materials for fast and efficient separation of specific types of analytes. In contrast, monolithic cLC-MS is more widely used and is often employed, for instance, in the analysis of oligonucleotides, metabolites, and peptides and proteins in proteomic studies. While poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based and silica-based monolithic capillaries found their place in proteomic analyses, the other laboratory-synthesized monoliths still wait for their wider utilization in routine analyses. The development of new monolithic materials will most likely continue due to the demand of more efficient and rapid separation of increasingly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Duša
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Recent applications of microchip electrophoresis to biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:72-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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De Smet S, Lynen F. Investigation of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-vinylsulfonic acid) as retentive and electroosmotic flow generating phase in open-tubular electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1404:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Aguiar VS, Bottoli CBG. Development and characterization of hydrophobic organic monolithic columns for use in capillary electrochromatography. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Walsh Z, Paull B, Macka M. Inorganic monoliths in separation science: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:28-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Chen Z, Wang J, Chen D, Fan G, Wu Y. Sodium desoxycholate-assisted capillary electrochromatography with methacrylate ester-based monolithic column on fast separation and determination of coumarin analogs in Angelica dahurica extract. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2884-91. [PMID: 22930555 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive CEC method with methacrylate ester-based monolithic column has been developed for separation and determination of five coumarins (byakangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, xanthotoxol, 5-hydroxy-8-methoxypsoralen and bergapten) in Angelica dahurica extract. Surfactant sodium desoxycholate (SDC) was introduced into the mobile phase as the pseudostationary to dynamically increase the selectivity of analytes instead of increasing the hydrophobicity of stationary phase. In addition, other factors, pH of phosphate buffer, ACN content and applied voltage, for instance, have also an obvious effect on the resolution but little on the retention time. Satisfactory separation of these five coumarins was achieved within 6 min under a 30:70 v/v ACN-buffer containing 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH(2) PO(4) ) and 0.25 mM SDC at pH 2.51. The RSDs of intraday and interday for relative peak areas were less than 3.0% and 4.7%, respectively; and the recoveries were between 87.5% and 95.0%. The LODs were lower than 0.15 μg/mL and the LOQs were lower than 0.30 μg/mL, respectively, while calibration curves showed a good linearity (r(2) > 0.9979). Finally, five target coumarins from the crude extracts of A. dahurica were separated, purified, and concentrated by D-101 macroporous resin, and were successfully separated and quantitatively determined within 6 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. cz04101103@ hotmail.com
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9
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Zhu T, Row KH. Preparation and applications of hybrid organic-inorganic monoliths: A review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1294-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Zheng Y, Wang X, Ji Y. Monoliths with proteins as chiral selectors for enantiomer separation. Talanta 2012; 91:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Gunasena DN, El Rassi Z. Organic monoliths for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography/chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:251-61. [PMID: 22147366 PMCID: PMC3415793 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article is aimed at providing a review of the progress made over the past decade in the preparation of polar monoliths for hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC)/capillary electrochromatography (HI-CEC) and in the design of immuno-monoliths for immunoaffinity chromatography that are based on some of the polar monolith precursors used in HILIC/HI-CEC. In addition, this review article discusses some of the applications of polar monoliths by HILIC and HI-CEC, and the applications of immuno-monoliths. This article is by no means an exhaustive review of the literature; it is rather a survey of the recent progress made in the field with 83 references published in the past decade on the topics of HILIC and immunoaffinity chromatography monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani N. Gunasena
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071
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12
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Huang X, Yuan D. Recent Developments of Extraction and Micro-extraction Technologies with Porous Monoliths. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.629950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Yone A, Carballo RR, Grela DA, Rezzano IN, Vizioli NM. Study of peptide-ligand interactions in open-tubular capillary columns covalently modified with porphyrins. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2840-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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15
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Namera A, Nakamoto A, Saito T, Miyazaki S. Monolith as a new sample preparation material: Recent devices and applications. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:901-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Karenga S, El Rassi Z. Trends in nonpolar polymer-based monolithic columns for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:90-104. [PMID: 21171116 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review article is concerned with describing the various strategies that have been introduced for the preparation of nonpolar polymer-based monolithic columns for RP-CEC. First, the various traditional ways of generating the EOF that involved the introduction of fixed charges on the surface of the monoliths are reviewed. This is followed by a description of the development of neutral monoliths as the most promising monoliths for the separation of a wide range of neutral and charged species at a relatively moderate to strong EOF in the absence of electrostatic attraction or repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Karenga
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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17
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Monoliths with chiral surface functionalization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1091-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Lerma-García MJ, Cerretani L, Herrero-Martínez JM, Bendini A, Simó-Alfonso EF. Methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns for nano-LC separation of tocopherols in vegetable oils. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Nema T, Chan E, Ho P. Application of silica-based monolith as solid phase extraction cartridge for extracting polar compounds from urine. Talanta 2010; 82:488-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Ding G, Zhang J, Bao JJ. Preparation and evaluation of amphiphilic silica-based monolithic column having surface-bound octanoyl-aminopropyl moieties for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1983-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Fast preparation of photopolymerized poly(benzyl methacrylate-co-bisphenol A dimethacrylate) monoliths for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3628-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Preparation of macroporous monoliths based on epoxy-bearing hydrophilic terpolymers and applied for affinity separations. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Svec F. Porous polymer monoliths: amazingly wide variety of techniques enabling their preparation. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:902-24. [PMID: 19828151 PMCID: PMC2829304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The porous polymer monoliths went a long way since their invention two decades ago. While the first studies applied the traditional polymerization processes at that time well established for the preparation of polymer particles, creativity of scientists interested in the monolithic structures has later led to the use of numerous less common techniques. This review article presents vast variety of methods that have meanwhile emerged. The text first briefly describes the early approaches used for the preparation of monoliths comprising standard free radical polymerizations and includes their development up to present days. Specific attention is paid to the effects of process variables on the formation of both porous structure and pore surface chemistry. Specific attention is also devoted to the use of photopolymerization. Then, several less common free radical polymerization techniques are presented in more detail such as those initiated by gamma-rays and electron beam, the preparation of monoliths from high internal phase emulsions, and cryogels. Living processes including stable free radicals, atom transfer radical polymerization, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization are also discussed. The review ends with description of preparation methods based on polycondensation and polyaddition reactions as well as on precipitation of preformed polymers affording the monolithic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 67R6110, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA.
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Nischang I, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Downscaling limits and confinement effects in the miniaturization of porous polymer monoliths in narrow bore capillaries. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7390-6. [PMID: 19642657 PMCID: PMC2773294 DOI: 10.1021/ac901162x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) columns have been prepared in capillaries ranging in inner diameter from 5 to 75 microm using thermally initiated free-radical polymerization of a mixture of butyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, and porogens at different temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy and the measurement of hydrodynamic properties reveal that the downward scalability of the monolithic columns is greatly affected by the confinement effect of the capillary wall resulting from the decreased volume-to-surface ratio as the capillary diameter is decreased. The downscaling process is affected most by the polymerization temperature, the diffusion of the propagating radicals, and the density of coverage of polymerizable groups on the inner walls of the capillary. Optimization of all these factors enables the preparation of monolithic structures in capillaries with inner diameters as low as 5 microm while retaining the desirable properties of monoliths prepared in much larger capillaries. Under these conditions, formation of undesired dense polymer layers attached to the capillary wall was minimized. The chromatographic performance of 10, 25, and 50 microm capillaries evaluated in the reversed phase gradient separation of three proteins showed no change in elution times at identical flow velocities and gradient times, while peak elution width was the smallest with the narrowest capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Nischang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Yone Á, Carballo RR, Rezzano IN, Vizioli NM. Separation of peptides by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using Fe(III)-deuteroporphyrin as a covalently attached stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2293-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nischang I, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Effect of capillary cross-section geometry and size on the separation of proteins in gradient mode using monolithic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) columns. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2355-61. [PMID: 19201413 PMCID: PMC2677079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porous polymer monoliths have been prepared in capillaries with circular or square cross-sections and lateral dimensions of 50, 75, 100 microm as well as in a rectangular 38 microm x 95 microm capillary. These capillaries have been used to determine the effect of the size and shape of their cross-section on the porous and hydrodynamic properties of poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths. The capillaries were studied by scanning electron microscopy and evaluated for their permeability to flow and their performance in the liquid chromatographic separation of a protein mixture comprising ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and ovalbumin using a linear gradient of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. No differences resulting from channel geometry were found for the various capillary columns. These results demonstrate that standard capillaries with circular geometry are a good and affordable alternative conduit for modeling the processes carried out in microfluidic chips with a variety of geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Nischang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA
| | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA
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Cantó-Mirapeix A, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mongay-Fernández C, Simó-Alfonso EF. CEC column behaviour of butyl and lauryl methacrylate monoliths prepared in non-aqueous media. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:607-15. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li H, Liu X, Niu W, Zhu S, Fan L, Shi L, Xu G. CEC with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescent detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4475-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Cantó‐Mirapeix A, Herrero‐Martínez JM, Mongay‐Fernández C, Simó‐Alfonso EF. Preparation and characterization of hexyl methacrylate monolithic columns for CEC. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3866-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cantó‐Mirapeix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Herrero‐Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Mongay‐Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernesto F. Simó‐Alfonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Cantó‐Mirapeix A, Herrero‐Martínez JM, Mongay‐Fernández C, Simó‐Alfonso EF. Preparation and evaluation of butyl acrylate‐based monolithic columns for CEC using ammonium peroxodisulfate as a chemical initiator. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3858-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cantó‐Mirapeix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Mongay‐Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernesto F. Simó‐Alfonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Rapid separation and determination of microcystins using monolithic columns in isocratic elution mode by pressurized capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3887-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Huang G, Zeng W, Lian Q, Xie Z. Pressurized CEC of neutral and charged solutes using silica monolithic stationary phases functionalized with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl ligands. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2244-51. [PMID: 18563758 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel silica monolithic stationary phase functionalized with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl ligands for pressurized CEC has been presented. The monolithic capillary columns were prepared by a sol-gel process in 75 microm id fused-silica capillaries and followed by a chemical modification. The diamino groups on the surface of the stationary phase are meant to generate the chromatographic surface and a substantial anodic EOF as well as to provide electrostatic interaction sites for charged solutes. The electrochromatographic characterization and column performance were evaluated by a variety of neutral and charged solutes. It was observed that the anodic EOF for the diamine-bonded monolith was greatly affected by the reaction time with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane and the PEG amount in the sol-gel reaction mixture in addition to the mobile phase conditions. The monolithic stationary phase exhibited hydrophilic interaction chromatographic behavior toward neutral solutes. Good separations of various solutes including phenols, nucleic acid bases, nucleosides and nucleotides were achieved under different experimental conditions. Fast and efficient separations were obtained with high plate counts reaching more than 130,000 plates/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Zhang J, Hu Y, Liu J, Hu Z. Overlapping-peak resolution and quantification using derivative spectrophotometry in capillary electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cantó-Mirapeix A, Herrero-Martínez JM, Benavente D, Mongay-Fernández C, Simó-Alfonso EF. Peroxodisulfate as a chemical initiator for methacrylate-ester monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:910-8. [PMID: 18213597 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organic monolithic stationary phases for CEC were synthesized in situ in fused-silica capillaries. Polymerization mixtures were composed of butyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride in the presence of a porogenic solvent, using ammonium peroxodisulfate as chemical initiator, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine to activate the reaction. The influence of the amount of initiator, temperature, and composition of porogenic solvent on the physical and chromatographic properties of monolithic stationary phases has been investigated. A minimum plate height of 14.5 microm was obtained at 18 wt% of 1,4-butanediol in the polymerization mixture. The produced monolithic stationary phases exhibited a good repeatability and batch-to-batch and mixture-to-mixture reproducibility, with RSD values below 5.6% in the electrochromatographic parameters studied. A comparison with columns prepared by thermal initiation with alpha,alpha'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was also performed. The most efficient column initiated with peroxodisulfate showed better efficiencies and selectivities than that prepared with AIBN at the same composition mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cantó-Mirapeix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Wahl A, Al-Rimawi F, Schnell I, Kornysova O, Maruska A, Pyell U. Synthesis of a polyrotaxane-based macroporous polymer as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatographyviahost–guest complexation ofN,N ′-ethylenedianilinediacrylamide with statistically methylated β-cyclodextrin. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1519-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Núñez O, Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:231-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Laschober S, Rosenberg E. Chromatographic characterisation of monolithic capillary columns for liquid chromatography based on methyltrimethoxysilane as sole precursor. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Preinerstorfer B, Hoffmann C, Lubda D, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Enantioselective silica-based monoliths modified with a novel aminosulfonic acid-derived strong cation exchanger for electrically driven and pressure-driven capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1626-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Geiser L, Eeltink S, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. In-line system containing porous polymer monoliths for protein digestion with immobilized pepsin, peptide preconcentration and nano-liquid chromatography separation coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:88-96. [PMID: 18342870 PMCID: PMC2435401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of two different monoliths located in capillaries for on-line protein digestion, preconcentration of peptides and their separation has been demonstrated. The first monolith was used as support for covalent immobilization of pepsin. This monolith with well-defined porous properties was prepared by in situ copolymerization of 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone and ethylene dimethacrylate. The second, poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith with a different porous structure served for the preconcentration of peptides from the digest and their separation in reversed-phase liquid chromatography mode. The top of the separation capillary was used as a preconcentrator, thus enabling the digestion of very dilute solutions of proteins in the bioreactor and increasing the sensitivity of the mass spectrometric detection of the peptides using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. Myoglobin, albumin, and hemoglobin were digested to demonstrate feasibility of the concept of using the two monoliths in-line. Successive protein injections confirmed both the repeatability of the results and the ability to reuse the bioreactor for at least 20 digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Geiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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40
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Gu C, Lin L, Chen X, Jia J, Ren J, Fang N. Effects of inner diameter of monolithic column on separation of proteins in capillary-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:15-22. [PMID: 17915238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer monolithic columns with I.D. between 100 and 320 microm were prepared by in-situ polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in fused silica capillaries. The effects of monolithic column I.D. on the separation of proteins in reversed-phase capillary-liquid chromatography under gradient elution were systemically studied. The loading capacity was positively proportional to the volume of the stationary phase. It was found that the smaller diameter columns showed better performance for protein separation. The minimum plate height decreases from 34.99 microm (320 microm I.D. column) to 5.39 microm (100 microm I.D. column) for a retained protein. After studying the three parameters of the Van Deemter equation, it was interpreted that the smaller diameter can provide less flow resistance and the better performance may also be improved by the increasing of the effective diffusion. This conclusion was also supported by the data of separation permeability and breakthrough curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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41
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Lü H, Wang J, Wang X, Wu X, Lin X, Xie Z. Single-step preparation and characterization of polymeric monolith for pressurized capillary electrochromatography of typical homologs. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2993-9. [PMID: 17880031 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A monolithic stationary phase was prepared in a single step by in situ copolymerization of iso-butyl methacrylate (IBMA), ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), and N,N-dimethylallylamine (DMAA) in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-butanediol. As the frame structures of monoliths, the amino groups are linked to support the EOF necessary for driving the mobile phase through the monolithic capillary, while the hydrophobic groups are introduced to provide the nonpolar sites for the chromatographic retention. To evaluate the column performance, separations of typical kinds of neutral or charged homologs, such as alkylbenzenes, phenols (including isomeric compounds of hydroquinone, resorcin, and catechol), and anilines (including isomeric compounds of o-phenylenediamine and 1,4-phenylenediamine), were performed, respectively on the prepared column under the mode of pressurized pCEC. Effects of the buffer pH and the mobile phase composition on the linear velocity of mobile phase and the retention factors of these compounds were investigated. It was found that the retention mechanism of charged solutes could be attributed to a mixed mode of hydrophobic interaction and electrophoresis, while an RP chromatographic behavior on the monolithic stationary phases was exhibited for neutral solutes. Especially, basic compounds such as anilines were well separated on the monolithic columns in the "counterdirectional mode," which effectively eliminated the electrostatic adsorption of basic analytes on the charged surface of the stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lü
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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42
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Messina A, Sinibaldi M. CEC enantioseparations on chiral monolithic columns: A study of the stereoselective degradation of (R/S)-dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] in soil. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2613-8. [PMID: 17592614 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For the study of the stereoselective degradation of the herbicide 2-aryloxipropionic acid dichlorprop (DCPP) in soil, a porous monolithic chiral column (100 microm id) was prepared by in situ copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of formamide and 1-propanol as the porogen solvents. Subsequently, the epoxide groups at the surface of the monolith were reacted with (+)-1-(4-aminobutyl)-(5R,8S,10R)-terguride as the chiral selector. Optimum conditions for the herbicide resolution by CEC were found using mobile phases consisting of acetic acid/triethylamine mixtures in ACN-methanol (9:1 v/v). Under these conditions fully separation of DCPP enantiomers in the presence of clofibric acid (internal standard) was achieved in about 5 min. Experiments on the incubation of rac-DCPP in soil at room temperature showed the herbicide undergone during 23 incubation days to a degradation to levels </=20% of the initial concentration, with rates for (R)-DCPP slower than (S)-DCPP. More interesting results were observed when herbicide enantiomers were individually incubated. In both the experiments, the formation of the opposite isomer in the presence of the initial one, and reversed enantiomeric interconversion in the case of (S)-DCPP was observed. (R)-DCPP was found to be the most persistent isomer after incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Messina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Puy G, Roux R, Demesmay C, Rocca JL, Iapichella J, Galarneau A, Brunel D. Influence of the hydrothermal treatment on the chromatographic properties of monolithic silica capillaries for nano-liquid chromatography or capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:150-9. [PMID: 17537447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, silica monolithic capillaries have focused more and more attention on miniaturized separation techniques like capillary electrochromatography (CEC), nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) and chip electrochromatography owing to their unique chromatographic properties and their simplified preparation compared with packed columns. They are synthesized according to a sol-gel multi-step process that includes, after a gelation step at 40 degrees C leading to the formation of the macropores network and the silica skeleton, a post-gelation step (hydrothermal treatment at 120 degrees C in basic medium) that allows to tailor the mesopores and finally a calcination or a washing step to remove remaining polymers. In order to reduce the synthesis time, the number of synthesis steps and above all the temperature synthesis, to adapt the synthesis of such silica monoliths in polymeric microsystem devices, we extensively studied the influence of the hydrothermal treatment and its duration on textural (pore size distribution) and chromatographic properties (retention, efficiency) of in situ-synthesized capillary monoliths in nano-LC and CEC. This study was performed on pure silica and octyl chains grafted silica monoliths. Untreated monoliths show small pores (<6 nm), whereas hydrothermally treated monoliths exhibit medium and large mesopores (8-17 nm). It was demonstrated that the hydrothermal treatment at 120 degrees C was not necessary for pure silica monolithic capillaries dedicated to normal phase liquid chromatography or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and electrochromatography: the suppression of the hydrothermal treatment did not impair efficiencies in CEC and in nano-LC but contributed to increase in retention factors. Minimal plate heights of ca. 5 microm in CEC and 6 microm in nano-LC were obtained with or without hydrothermal treatment with bare silica. In the same way, the hydrothermal treatment was not necessary for grafted silica monoliths only dedicated to CEC. However, the results clearly indicate that the hydrothermal treatment becomes essential before grafting in order to preserve the efficiency of the monolithic silica capillaries dedicated to nano-LC: in this particular case, the suppression of the hydrothermal treatment leads approximately to a loss of a factor two in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Puy
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment CPE, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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44
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Svec F, Kurganov AA. Less common applications of monoliths. III. Gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:281-95. [PMID: 17645884 PMCID: PMC2293291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous polymer monoliths emerged about two decades ago. Despite this short time, they are finding applications in a variety of fields. In addition to the most common and certainly best known use of this new category of porous media as stationary phases in liquid chromatography, monolithic materials also found their applications in other areas. This review article focuses on monoliths in capillaries designed for separations in gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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45
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Barceló-Barrachina E, Moyano E, Puignou L, Galceran MT. CEC separation of heterocyclic amines using methacrylate monolithic columns. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1704-13. [PMID: 17465421 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two methacrylate-based monolithic columns, one with a negatively charged group (sulfonic group) and another with a new monomer N,N-dimethylamino ethyl acrylate (DMAEA), were prepared and tested for the separation of basic compounds by CEC. This new monolithic stationary phase was prepared by the in situ polymerization of DMAEA with butyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate, using a ternary porogenic solvent consisting of water, 1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol. The performance of this column was evaluated by means of the analysis of a family of heterocyclic amines. Separation conditions such as pH, amount of organic modifier, ionic strength and elution mode (normal or counterdirectional flow) were studied. At the optimal running electrolyte composition, and using the counterdirectional mode, symmetrical electrochromatographic peaks were obtained, with the number of theoretical plates up to 30,000 and a good resolution between closely related peaks. The 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid column was used for CEC-MS, taking advantage of the compatibility of its elution mode (normal flow) with the MS coupling.
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46
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Zhu G, Zhang L, Yuan H, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Recent development of monolithic materials as matrices in microcolumn separation systems. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:792-803. [PMID: 17536723 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the development of monolithic materials, including both organic and inorganic polymers, according mainly to the papers published in the past two years. Due to their good permeability, fast mass transfer, high stability, and their ease of modification, such materials have been widely used in microcolumn separation systems, not only as stationary phases for CEC and capillary HPLC, but also as substances for sample concentration and enzyme reactor. All the research results demonstrate that monolithic materials in microseparation systems can be expected to play an increasingly important role in the analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Zhu
- National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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47
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Ohyama K, Kuroda N. Capillary Electrochromatography of Charged Biomolecules with Mixed‐Mode Stationary Phases. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701191128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Ohyama
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Nagasaki University Hospital of Medicine and Dentistry , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Naotaka Kuroda
- b Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
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48
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Laschober S, Sulyok M, Rosenberg E. Tailoring the macroporous structure of monolithic silica-based capillary columns with potential for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:55-62. [PMID: 17241639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims at the optimisation of the synthesis of methyl-silsesquioxane monolithic capillary columns using a sol-gel based protocol. The influence of reaction conditions such as temperature, reaction mixture composition and catalyst concentration has been examined. The morphology of the products was studied by scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. Monolithic capillary columns were obtained with a skeleton-like structure with open pores. Pore diameters vary from 0.8 to 15 microm, diameters of the xerogel network vary from 0.4 to 12 microm, respectively. Specific surface areas up to 334 m2/g have been observed, however, many materials did not possess areas above few m2/g which represents the limit of detection of the nitrogen porosimetry measurements. Excellent adhesion to the capillary wall was observed in all cases, and drying was possible at ambient conditions without the formation of cracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Laschober
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-AC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Ou J, Dong J, Dong X, Yu Z, Ye M, Zou H. Recent progress in polar stationary phases for CEC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:148-63. [PMID: 17136736 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes most of the recent developments in the preparation and application of polar stationary phases for CEC covering the literature published since the year 2004. These polar stationary phases have been adopted for separation of analytes by the modes of packing column CEC, open-tubular CEC (o-CEC) and monolithic column CEC. Currently, development of o-CEC using biomolecules, such as protein and DNA, as the immobilized ligands is highlighted partly due to the simplicity of preparation. Furthermore, monolithic columns have been extended quickly, particularly inorganic materials-based monoliths, such as silica, zirconia, hafnium, etc., as an alternative to packed columns have been developed quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ou
- National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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50
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Eeltink S, Svec F. Recent advances in the control of morphology and surface chemistry of porous polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in CEC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:137-47. [PMID: 17149783 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on developments in the field of polymer-based monolithic columns for CEC published in the literature since the beginning of the year 2005. The possibility of in-situ preparation as well as easy control over their porous properties and surface chemistries clearly make monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particles. Different variables such as polymerization conditions, morphology, and surface chemistry are shown to directly affect performance of monolithic capillary columns in terms of efficiency, analysis time, and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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