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Kumar A, Malik AK, Singh B. Recent advances in the analysis of plant alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- Government Post‐Graduate College Department of Chemistry Una Himachal Pradesh India
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology Panjab University Chandigarh India
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Glucosinolates: Natural Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Accessibility, Isolation, Structures, and Biological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194537. [PMID: 33022970 PMCID: PMC7582585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites abundantly found in plant order Brassicales. GSLs are constituted by an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate moiety. The side-chain of the O-sulfate thiohydroximate moiety, which is derived from a different amino acid, contributes to the diversity of natural GSL, with more than 130 structures identified and validated to this day. Both the structural diversity of GSL and their biological implication in plants have been biochemically studied. Although chemical syntheses of GSL have been devised to give access to these secondary metabolites, direct extraction from biomass remains the conventional method to isolate natural GSL. While intact GSLs are biologically inactive, various products, including isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles, and cyanides obtained through their hydrolysis of GSLs, exhibit many different biological activities, among which several therapeutic benefits have been suggested. This article reviews natural occurrence, accessibility via chemical, synthetic biochemical pathways of GSL, and the current methodology of extraction, purification, and characterization. Structural information, including the most recent classification of GSL, and their stability and storage conditions will also be discussed. The biological perspective will also be explored to demonstrate the importance of these prominent metabolites.
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Wimmer B, Pattky M, Zada LG, Meixner M, Haderlein SB, Zimmermann HP, Huhn C. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the direct analysis of glyphosate: method development and application to beer beverages and environmental studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4967-4983. [PMID: 32524371 PMCID: PMC7334262 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and validated a CE-TOF-MS method for the quantification of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and its major degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in different samples including beer, media from toxicological analysis with Daphnia magna, and sorption experiments. Using a background electrolyte (BGE) of very low pH, where glyphosate is still negatively charged but many matrix components become neutral or protonated, a very high separation selectivity was reached. The presence of inorganic salts in the sample was advantageous with regard to preconcentration via transient isotachophoresis. The advantages of our new method are the following: no derivatization is needed, high separation selectivity and thus matrix tolerance, speed of analysis, limits of detection suitable for many applications in food and environmental science, negligible disturbance by metal chelation. LODs for glyphosate were < 5 μg/L for both aqueous and beer samples, the linear range in aqueous samples was 5-3000 μg/L, for beer samples 10-3000 μg/L. For AMPA, LODs were 3.3 and 30.6 μg/L, and the linear range 10-3000 μg/L and 50-3000 μg/L, for aqueous and beer samples, respectively. Recoveries in beer samples for glyphosate were 94.3-110.7% and for AMPA 80.2-100.4%. We analyzed 12 German and 2 Danish beer samples. Quantification of glyphosate and AMPA was possible using isotopically labeled standards without enrichment, purification, or dilution, only degassing and filtration were required for sample preparation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the method for other strong acids, relevant in food and environmental sciences such as N-acetyl glyphosate, N-acetyl AMPA (present in some glyphosate resistant crop), trifluoroacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, glufosinate and its degradation product 3-(methylphosphinico)propionic acid, oxamic acid, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wimmer
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Pattky
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leyla Gulu Zada
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meixner
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Mao X, Zhao X, Huyan Z, Liu T, Yu X. Relationship of Glucosinolate Thermal Degradation and Roasted Rapeseed Oil Volatile Odor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11187-11197. [PMID: 31552744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of glucosinolate (GSL) degradation on the volatile odor of rapeseed oil (RO) during roasting. Volatile compounds of RO and individual GSL contents in the seeds were identified and measured during roasting, separately. Total GSL content decreased by 30.47-84.44%. Nitriles were the key volatile compounds that were negatively correlated with GSLs for all samples. Results indicate that GSL degradation significantly affects the volatile odor of RO and tends to produce low-carbon nitriles. Furthermore, the thermal degradation pathways of GSLs were explored according to the structure of individual GSLs and nitriles. These results provide information for the thermal degradation pathways of GSLs and the formation mechanism of nitriles during seed roasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , 22 Xinong Road , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Zhao
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province , 6 West Gaogangqu Road , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyao Huyan
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , 22 Xinong Road , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , 22 Xinong Road , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , 22 Xinong Road , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
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Sánchez-Marzo N, Lozano-Sánchez J, Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Herranz-López M, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A. Relationships Between Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Isolated Phytocompounds from Lemon Verbena. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080324. [PMID: 31434276 PMCID: PMC6719922 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, people have been concerned about the narrow relationship between nutrition and health leading to an increasing demand of nutraceutical products and functional food. Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth) has been traditionally used for respiratory, digestive, and muscular diseases, showing effects that are promoted by the antioxidant activity of its phytoconstituents. The antioxidant power of several lemon verbena extracts has been tested but its isolated compounds activity has not been described. The aim of the present work was to isolate phytochemicals from a commercial lemon verbena extract through a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography approach for further evaluation of its individual antioxidant activity using three different methods. The structure-antioxidant activity relationships revealed the influence of substitutions in the strong antioxidant power exerted by glycosylated phenylpropanoids, in contrast to the low antioxidant capacity showed by iridoids. Development of enriched extracts in these compounds could lead to greater antioxidant effects and improved functional ingredients to prevent chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- CIBER: CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Olivares-Vicente M, Herranz-López M, Arraez-Roman D, Fernández-Arroyo S, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A. Bioassay-guided purification of Lippia citriodora polyphenols with AMPK modulatory activity. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Hussain SA, Hameed A, Nazir Y, Naz T, Wu Y, Suleria HAR, Song Y. Microencapsulation and the Characterization of Polyherbal Formulation (PHF) Rich in Natural Polyphenolic Compounds. Nutrients 2018; 10:E843. [PMID: 29958444 PMCID: PMC6073146 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation of polyherbal formulation (PHF) extract was carried out by freeze drying method, by employing gum arabic (GA), gelatin (GE), and maltodextrin (MD) with their designated different combinations as encapsulating wall materials. Antioxidant components (i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT)), antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH, β-carotene & ABTS⁺ assays), moisture contents, water activity (aw), solubility, hygroscopicity, glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, morphology, in vitroα-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition and bioavailability ratios of the powders were investigated. Amongst all encapsulated products, TB (5% GA & 5% MD) and TC (10% GA) have proven to be the best treatments with respect to the highest preservation of antioxidant components. These treatments also exhibited higher antioxidant potential by DPPH and β-carotene assays and noteworthy for an ABTS⁺ assays. Moreover, the aforesaid treatments also demonstrated lower moisture content, aw, particle size and higher solubility, hygroscopicity and glass transition temperature (Tg). All freeze dried samples showed irregular (asymmetrical) microcrystalline structures. Furthermore, TB and TC also illustrated the highest in vitro anti-diabetic potential due to great potency for inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. In the perspective of bioavailability, TA, TB and TC demonstrated the excellent bioavailability ratios (%). Furthermore, the photochemical profiling of ethanolic extract of PHF was also revealed to find out the bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ammar Hussain
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Ahsan Hameed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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Cocoa and Grape Seed Byproducts as a Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Proanthocyanidins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020376. [PMID: 28208630 PMCID: PMC5343911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites, are considered an integral part of the human diet. Physiological properties of dietary polyphenols have come to the attention in recent years. Especially, proanthocyanidins (ranging from dimers to decamers) have demonstrated potential interactions with biological systems, such as antiviral, antibacterial, molluscicidal, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. Agroindustry produces a considerable amount of phenolic-rich sources, and the ability of polyphenolic structures to interacts with other molecules in living organisms confers their beneficial properties. Cocoa wastes and grape seeds and skin byproducts are a source of several phenolic compounds, particularly mono-, oligo-, and polymeric proanthocyanidins. The aim of this work is to compare the phenolic composition of Theobroma cacao and Vitis vinifera grape seed extracts by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and equipped with an electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and its phenolic quantitation in order to evaluate the proanthocyanidin profile. The antioxidant capacity was measured by different methods, including electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer-based mechanisms, and total phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents were carried out by Folin–Ciocalteu and Vanillin assays. In addition, to assess the anti-inflammatory capacity, the expression of MCP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was measured.
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Profile of phenolic compounds of Brazilian virgin olive oils by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC–ESI-TOF-MS). Food Chem 2015; 170:366-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Pine bark and green tea concentrated extracts: antioxidant activity and comprehensive characterization of bioactive compounds by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20382-402. [PMID: 25383680 PMCID: PMC4264173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of polyphenols has frequently been associated with low incidence of degenerative diseases. Most of these natural antioxidants come from fruits, vegetables, spices, grains and herbs. For this reason, there has been increasing interest in identifying plant extract compounds. Polymeric tannins and monomeric flavonoids, such as catechin and epicatechin, in pine bark and green tea extracts could be responsible for the higher antioxidant activities of these extracts. The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic compounds in pine bark and green tea concentrated extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-QTOF-MS). A total of 37 and 35 compounds from pine bark and green tea extracts, respectively, were identified as belonging to various structural classes, mainly flavan-3-ol and its derivatives (including procyanidins). The antioxidant capacity of both extracts was evaluated by three complementary antioxidant activity methods: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Higher antioxidant activity values by each method were obtained. In addition, total polyphenol and flavan-3-ol contents, which were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu and vanillin assays, respectively, exhibited higher amounts of gallic acid and (+)-catechin equivalents.
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Hirayama A, Wakayama M, Soga T. Metabolome analysis based on capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cádiz-Gurrea M, Lozano-Sanchez J, Contreras-Gámez M, Legeai-Mallet L, Fernández-Arroyo S, Segura-Carretero A. Isolation, comprehensive characterization and antioxidant activities of Theobroma cacao extract. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Prchalová J, Kovařík F, Ševčík R, Čížková H, Rajchl A. Characterization of mustard seeds and paste by DART ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:811-818. [PMID: 25230177 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) is a novel technique with great potential for rapid screening analysis. The DART ionization method coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has been used for characterization of mustard seeds and table mustard. The possibility to use DART to analyse glucosinolates was confirmed on determination of sinalbin (4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate). The DART-TOF-MS method was optimized and validated. A set of samples of mustard seeds and mustard products was analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography and DART-TOF-MS were used to determine glucosinolates in mustard seeds and compared. The correlation equation between these methods was DART = 0.797*HPLC + 6.987, R(2) = 0.972. The DART technique seems to be a suitable method for evaluation of the quality of mustard seeds and mustard products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prchalová
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Department of Food Preservation, Prague
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Jooß K, Sommer J, Bunz SC, Neusüß C. In-line SPE-CE using a fritless bead string design-Application for the analysis of organic sulfonates including inline SPE-CE-MS for APTS-labeled glycans. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
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Fu Z, Ling Y, Li Z, Chen M, Sun Z, Huang C. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS for analysis of major chemical constituents of Yinchen-Zhizi herb pair extract. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:475-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Shuguang hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yun Ling
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Rd, Zhangjiang Pudong Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
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Quirantes-Piné R, Lozano-Sánchez J, Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS as a powerful analytical tool for characterising phenolic compounds in olive-leaf extracts. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:213-223. [PMID: 22987739 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olea europaea L. leaves may be considered a cheap, easily available natural source of phenolic compounds. In a previous study we evaluated the possibility of obtaining bioactive phenolic compounds from olive leaves by pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) for their use as natural anti-oxidants. The alimentary use of these kinds of extract makes comprehensive knowledge of their composition essential. OBJECTIVE To undertake a comprehensive characterisation of two olive-leaf extracts obtained by PLE using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). METHOD Olive leaves were extracted by PLE using ethanol and water as extraction solvents at 150°C and 200°C respectively. Separation was carried out in a HPLC system equipped with a C₁₈-column working in a gradient elution programme coupled to ESI-QTOF-MS operating in negative ion mode. RESULTS This analytical platform was able to detect 48 compounds and tentatively identify 31 different phenolic compounds in these extracts, including secoiridoids, simple phenols, flavonoids, cinnamic-acid derivatives and benzoic acids. Lucidumoside C was also identified for the first time in olive leaves. CONCLUSION The coupling of HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS led to the in-depth characterisation of the olive-leaf extracts on the basis of mass accuracy, true isotopic pattern and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra. We may conclude therefore that this analytical tool is very valuable in the study of phenolic compounds in plant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Quirantes-Piné
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, c/ Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Fernández-Arroyo S, Joven J, Segura-Carretero A. Comprehensive characterization by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS from an Eryngium bourgatii extract and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Maldini M, Baima S, Morelli G, Scaccini C, Natella F. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach to study "glucosinoloma" in broccoli sprouts. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1198-206. [PMID: 22972788 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are an important class of secondary plant metabolites, possessing health-promoting properties. Young broccoli plants are a very good source of glucosinolates with concentrations several times greater than in mature plants. The aim of our study was to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry qualitative and quantitative method for the measure of glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts. The described method provides high sensitivity and specificity, allowing a rapid and simultaneous determination of 14 glucosinolates. The proposed method has been validated for eight glucosinolates: glucobrassicin, glucoraphanin, glucoiberin, glucoerucin, progoitrin, gluconapin, sinigrin and glucocheirolin. The linear range was 1-150 µg ml(-1), the intra-day and inter-day precision values are within 6% and 8% at the lower limit of quantification, while the overall recovery of the eight glucosinolates was 99 ± 9%. This validated method was used successfully for analysis of glucosinolates content of broccoli sprouts grown in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Maldini
- National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition-INRAN, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Roma, Italy.
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Glauser G, Schweizer F, Turlings TCJ, Reymond P. Rapid profiling of intact glucosinolates in Arabidopsis leaves by UHPLC-QTOFMS using a charged surface hybrid column. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:520-8. [PMID: 22323091 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of glucosinolates (GS) is traditionally performed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection after a time-consuming desulphation step, which is required for increased retention. Simpler and more efficient alternative methods that can shorten both sample preparation and analysis are much needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS) for the rapid profiling of intact GS. METHODOLOGY A simple and short extraction of GS from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was developed. Four sub-2 µm reverse-phase columns were tested for the rapid separation of these polar compounds using formic acid as the chromatographic additive. High-resolution QTOFMS was used to detect and identify GS. RESULTS A novel charged surface hybrid (CSH) column was found to provide excellent retention and separation of GS within a total running time of 11 min. Twenty-one GS could be identified based on their accurate mass as well as isotopic and fragmentation patterns. The method was applied to determine the changes in GS content that occur after herbivory in Arabidopsis. In addition, we evaluated its applicability to the profiling of other Brassicaceae species. CONCLUSION The method developed can profile the full range of GS, including the most polar ones, in a shorter time than previous methods, and is highly compatible with mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Glauser
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Zhou J, Qu F. Analysis of the extracts of Isatis tinctoria by new analytical approaches of HPLC, MS and NMR. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2011; 8:33-45. [PMID: 22754056 PMCID: PMC3252730 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5s.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The methods of extraction, separation and analysis of alkaloids and indole glucosinolates (GLs) ofIsatis tinctoria were reviewed. Different analytical approaches such as High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS), Electrospray Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to validate and identity of these constituents. These methods provide rapid separation, identification and quantitative measurements of alkaloids and GLs of Isatis tinctoria. By connection with different detectors to HPLC such as PDA, ELSD, ESI- and APCI-MS in positive and negative ion modes, complicated compounds could be detected with at least two independent detection modes. The molecular formula can be derived in a second step of ESI-TOF-MS data. But for some constituents, UV and MS cannot provide sufficient structure identification. After peak purification, NMR by semi-preparative HPLC can be used as a complementary method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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El Riachy M, Priego-Capote F, León L, Rallo L, Luque de Castro MD. Hydrophilic antioxidants of virgin olive oil. Part 1: Hydrophilic phenols: A key factor for virgin olive oil quality. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Śmiechowska A, Bartoszek A, Namieśnik J. Determination of Glucosinolates and Their Decomposition Products—Indoles and Isothiocyanates in Cruciferous Vegetables. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2010.490489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fernández-Arroyo S, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray time-of-flight and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry to identify phenolic compounds from a Cistus ladanifer aqueous extract. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:307-313. [PMID: 20039337 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cistus ladanifer is an aromatic shrub that is widespread in the Mediterranean region. The labdanum exudate is used in the fragrance industry and has been characterised. However, there is not enough information about the phenolic content of the raw plant, the aerial part of it being a very rich source of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE Characterisation of the bioactive compounds of the raw plant and its aerial parts. METHODOLOGY High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection was used to carry out the comprehensive characterisation of a Cistus ladanifer shrub aqueous extract. Two different MS techniques were coupled to HPLC: time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Many well-known compounds present in Cistus ladanifer were characterised, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagitanins, hexahydroxydiphenoyl and derivatives, and other compounds. CONCLUSION The method described simultaneously separated a wide range of phenolic compounds and the proposed characterisation of the major compounds of this extract was carried out. It is important to highlight that, to our knowledge, this is the first time that a Cistus ladanifer aqueous extract from the raw plant has been characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Arroyo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Institut (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Cataldi TRI, Lelario F, Orlando D, Bufo SA. Collision-Induced Dissociation of the A + 2 Isotope Ion Facilitates Glucosinolates Structure Elucidation by Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5686-96. [PMID: 20521824 DOI: 10.1021/ac100703w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso R. I. Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126 Bari, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126 Bari, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Orlando
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126 Bari, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126 Bari, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
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Bunz SC, Weinmann W, Neusüß C. The selective determination of sulfates, sulfonates and phosphates in urine by CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1274-1281. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Quantitative determination of glucoraphanin in Brassica vegetables by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 663:105-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Matsuda F, Hirai MY, Sasaki E, Akiyama K, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Provart NJ, Sakurai T, Shimada Y, Saito K. AtMetExpress development: a phytochemical atlas of Arabidopsis development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:566-78. [PMID: 20023150 PMCID: PMC2815869 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.148031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess many metabolic genes for the production of a wide variety of phytochemicals in a tissue-specific manner. However, the metabolic systems behind the diversity and tissue-dependent regulation still remain unknown due to incomplete characterization of phytochemicals produced in a single plant species. Thus, having a metabolome dataset in addition to the genome and transcriptome information resources would enrich our knowledge of plant secondary metabolism. Here we analyzed phytochemical accumulation during development of the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in samples covering many growth stages and organs. We also obtained tandem mass spectrometry spectral tags of many metabolites as a resource for elucidation of metabolite structure. These are part of the AtMetExpress metabolite accumulation atlas. Based on the dataset, we detected 1,589 metabolite signals from which the structures of 167 metabolites were elucidated. The integrated analyses with transcriptome data demonstrated that Arabidopsis produces various phytochemicals in a highly tissue-specific manner, which often accompanies the expression of key biosynthesis-related genes. We also found that a set of biosynthesis-related genes is coordinately expressed among the tissues. These data suggested that the simple mode of regulation, transcript to metabolite, is an origin of the dynamics and diversity of plant secondary metabolism.
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Grata E, Guillarme D, Glauser G, Boccard J, Carrupt PA, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL. Metabolite profiling of plant extracts by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography at elevated temperature coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5660-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray time-of-flight and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry to identify phenolic compounds from a lemon verbena extract. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5391-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Millán S, Sampedro MC, Gallejones P, Castellón A, Ibargoitia ML, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Identification and quantification of glucosinolates in rapeseed using liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1661-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Staub A, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. CE-TOF/MS: Fundamental concepts, instrumental considerations and applications. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1610-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fouad M, Jabasini M, Kaji N, Terasaka K, Tokeshi M, Mizukami H, Baba Y. Microchip analysis of plant glucosinolates. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2280-7. [PMID: 18446802 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new and selective analytical method for the separation and quantitation of plant glucosinolates. The new method, which utilizes microchip CE (micro-CE) with fluorescence detection, circumvents the multistep procedures characteristic of conventional methods. Glucosinolates form charge transfer complexes with the xanthene dyes phloxine-B and eosin-B. The glucosinolates-phloxine-B complex cannot be excited at 470 nm. Thus, the decrease in peak intensity of phloxine-B after complex formation is used to quantitatively measure total glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. For qualitative analysis, complex formation with eosin-B is used. The sensitivity of eosin-B detection at excitation/emission 470 nm/540 nm was low. However, sensitivity increased following complex formation with sinigrin (> or =3 microg/mL). A batch-learning, self-organizing map was applied to visualize and organize analytical data into 2-D matrix with similar and related data clustered together or near each other. This organized matrix was used to optimize electrophoretic conditions for the analysis. This study suggests potential applications of micro-CE in plant metabolomics analyses without use of labeling fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Fouad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Deeken R, Ache P, Kajahn I, Klinkenberg J, Bringmann G, Hedrich R. Identification of Arabidopsis thaliana phloem RNAs provides a search criterion for phloem-based transcripts hidden in complex datasets of microarray experiments. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:746-59. [PMID: 18485061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-mobile signals play a major role in plant nutrition, development and communication. In the latter context, phloem-mobile RNAs have been associated with signalling between plant tissues. In this study, we focused on the identification of transcripts in the shoot phloem of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To isolate transcripts expressed in phloem parenchyma cells and in companion cell-sieve element complexes, we used laser microdissection coupled to laser pressure catapulting (LMPC). Mobile transcripts in sieve elements were isolated from leaf phloem exudates. After optimization of sampling and fixation, RNA of high quality was isolated from both sources. The modifications to the RNA amplification procedure described here were well suited to production of RNA of sufficient yield and quality for microarray experiments. Microarrays hybridized with LMPC-derived phloem tissue or phloem sap RNA allowed differentiation between phloem-expressed and mobile transcript species. Using this set of phloem transcripts and comparing them with microarrays derived from databases of light, hormone and nutrient treatment experiments, we identified phloem-derived RNAs as mobile, potential long-distance signals. Our dataset thus provides a search criterion for phloem-based signals hidden in the complex datasets of microarray experiments. The availability of these comprehensive phloem transcript profiles will facilitate reverse-genetic studies and forward-genetic screens for phloem and long-distance RNA signalling mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Deeken
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Casado-Terrones S, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet and electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry on-line detection for the separation of eight tetracyclines in honey samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1195:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rochfort SJ, Trenerry VC, Imsic M, Panozzo J, Jones R. Class targeted metabolomics: ESI ion trap screening methods for glucosinolates based on MSn fragmentation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1671-9. [PMID: 18396302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are naturally occurring anionic secondary plant metabolites incorporating a thioglucosidic link to the carbon of a sulphonated oxime. There are a large number of naturally occurring glucosinolates and they are found in relatively large quantities in many plant species within the family Crucifereae. These metabolites are of interest for both their anticancer and flavour properties and in the study of nitrogen and sulphur metabolism in model plants such as Arabidopsis. Parent ion mapping is an analytical mass spectrometry approach that allows rapid assessment of glucosinolate content. Ion mapping proved to be highly sensitive and the glucosinolate sinigrin could be detected at three parts per trillion. This method takes advantage of the glucosinolate anion fragmentation which consistently produces a sulphonate ring-opened glucose moiety in the ion trap mass spectrometer, m/z 259. An intramolecular transfer mechanism for this fragmentation is presented here for the first time. This fragmentation can be exploited as a general identifier of the glucosinolate class of metabolites in plant extracts and in LCMSn can be employed provide positive identification and quantification of individual glucosinolates. Such approaches offer sensitive tools for focused metabolomics analysis and screening of plant breeding lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Department of Primary Industries - Werribee Center, 621 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Gaspar A, Englmann M, Fekete A, Harir M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Trends in CE-MS 2005–2006. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:66-79. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gómez-Ruiz JÁ, Ramos M, Recio I. Identification of novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides from ovine milk proteins by CE-MS and chromatographic techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4202-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arráez-Román D, Zurek G, Bässmann C, Almaraz-Abarca N, Quirantes R, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Identification of phenolic compounds from pollen extracts using capillary electrophoresis–electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1909-17. [PMID: 17899027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new, easy and rapid method of analyzing phenolic compounds in pollen extract, based on capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-TOF-MS), has been developed. A systematic investigation of separation parameters has been performed with respect to resolution, sensitivity, analysis time and peak shape. The electrophoretic parameters and electrospray conditions must be optimized to obtain reproducible analyses. Using this method, several important phenolic compounds such as acetin-glucoside, 7-O-methylherbacetin-3-sophoroside, galloyl-glucose, quercetin-3-sophoroside, apigenin-6,8-di-C-glycoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, genistein-7-O-beta-D: -glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and 2',4',6'-trihydroxy-3'-formyldihydrochalcone have been determined directly from pollen extract. The efficiency, the rapidity, the small amounts of sample required, and the high resolution of CE coupled with the sensitivity, the selectivity, the accurate masses and the true isotopic patterns obtained using TOF-MS point to the potential of this approach for identifying the phenolic compounds present in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arráez-Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Yang X, Yuan H, Wang C, Zhao S, Xiao D, Choi MMF. In-column fiber-optic laser-induced fluorescence detection for CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3105-14. [PMID: 17674418 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive in-column fiber-optic LIF detector for CE has been constructed and evaluated. In this detection system, a 457-nm diode-pumped solid-state blue laser was used as the excitation light source and an optical fiber (40 mum od) was used to transmit the excitation light. One end of the optical fiber was inserted into the separation capillary and was in situ positioned at the detection window. The other end of the fiber was protruded from the capillary to capture the excitation light beam from the blue laser. Fluorescence emission was collected by a 40 x microscope objective, focused on a spatial filter, and passed through a yellow color filter before reaching the photomultiplier tube. The present CE-fluorescence detection is a simple and compact optical system. It reduces the laser scattering effect from the capillary and fiber as compared to the conventional LIF detection for CE. Its utility was successfully demonstrated by the separation and determination of D-penicillamine labeled with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. The detection limit was 0.8 nM (S/N = 3). The present detection scheme has been proven to be attractive for sensitive fluorescence detection for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Mohn T, Cutting B, Ernst B, Hamburger M. Extraction and analysis of intact glucosinolates--a validated pressurized liquid extraction/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol for Isatis tinctoria, and qualitative analysis of other cruciferous plants. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1166:142-51. [PMID: 17727865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates have attracted significant interest due to the chemopreventive properties of some of their transformation products. Numerous protocols for the extraction and analysis of glucosinolates have been published, but limited effort has been devoted to optimize and validate crucial extraction parameters and sample preparation steps. We carried out a systematic optimization and validation of a quantitative assay for the direct analysis of intact glucosinolates in Isatis tinctoria leaves (woad, Brassicaceae). Various parameters such as solvent composition, particle size, temperature, and number of required extraction steps were optimized using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). We observed thermal degradation of glucosinolates at temperatures above 50 degrees C, and loss of >60% within 10min at 100 degrees C, but no enzymatic degradation in the leaf samples at ambient temperature. Excellent peak shape and resolution was obtained by reversed-phase chromatography on a Phenomenex Aqua column using 10mM ammonium formate as ion-pair reagent. Detection was carried out by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. Analysis of cruciferous vegetables and spices such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and black mustard (Sinapis nigra L.) demonstrated the general applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mohn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Bendini A, Cerretani L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Lercker G. Phenolic molecules in virgin olive oils: a survey of their sensory properties, health effects, antioxidant activity and analytical methods. An overview of the last decade. Molecules 2007; 12:1679-719. [PMID: 17960082 DOI: 10.3390/12081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among vegetable oils, virgin olive oil (VOO) has nutritional and sensory characteristics that to make it unique and a basic component of the Mediterranean diet. The importance of VOO is mainly attributed both to its high content of oleic acid a balanced contribution quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids and its richness in phenolic compounds, which act as natural antioxidants and may contribute to the prevention of several human diseases. The polar phenolic compounds of VOO belong to different classes: phenolic acids, phenyl ethyl alcohols, hydroxy-isochromans, flavonoids, lignans and secoiridoids. This latter family of compounds is characteristic of Oleaceae plants and secoiridoids are the main compounds of the phenolic fraction. Many agronomical and technological factors can affect the presence of phenols in VOO. Its shelf life is higher than other vegetable oils, mainly due to the presence of phenolic molecules having a catechol group, such as hydroxytyrosol and its secoiridoid derivatives. Several assays have been used to establish the antioxidant activity of these isolated phenolic compounds. Typical sensory gustative properties of VOO, such as bitterness and pungency, have been attributed to secoiridoid molecules. Considering the importance of the phenolic fraction of VOO, high performance analytical methods have been developed to characterize its complex phenolic pattern. The aim of this review is to realize a survey on phenolic compounds of virgin olive oils bearing in mind their chemical-analytical, healthy and sensory aspects. In particular, starting from the basic studies, the results of researches developed in the last ten years will be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bendini
- Department of Food Science, University of Bologna. P.zza Goidanich 60, I-47023 Cesena (FC), Italy.
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Fabre N, Poinsot V, Debrauwer L, Vigor C, Tulliez J, Fourasté I, Moulis C. Characterisation of glucosinolates using electrospray ion trap and electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2007; 18:306-19. [PMID: 17623365 DOI: 10.1002/pca.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Twelve naturally occurring glucosinolates displaying alkenyl, hydroxylated, methylsulphinyl, aromatic and indole side chains were investigated by both negative and positive ion electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). In order to resolve the MS/MS spectra obtained from the anion and cation molecular ions of glucosinolates, the different fragments were investigated by MSn experiments using an ion trap spectrometer. The MS3 spectra obtained permitted possible fragmentation schemes to be proposed. These were supported by accurate mass measurements of some characteristic diagnostic ions with the help of a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. The negative ion ESI-MS/MS behaviour of the different glucosinolates investigated in this study confirmed previously described patterns and revealed new interesting structural informative fragments. Some are common to all the glucosinolates and others are highly specific for a type of variable side chain. The positive ion ESI-MS/MS fragments obtained from the [MNa+Na]+ or [MK+K]+ molecular ions did not provide complementary specific diagnostic ions. Nevertheless, when compared with the negative ion mode, the daughter ions appeared more homogenous and with a better relative abundance for all of the 12 compounds studied. Moreover, the positive ion mode appeared to be more efficient than the negative mode for the study of methoxylated glucosinolates and should be useful to detect the glucosinolates present as organic salts in crude plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fabre
- UMR 152 UPS/IRD, Pharmacochimie des Substances Naturelles et Pharmacophores Redox, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
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Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Neusüss C, Pelzing M, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. CE- and HPLC-TOF-MS for the characterization of phenolic compounds in olive oil. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:806-21. [PMID: 17315149 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present an easy and rapid method for the analysis of phenolic compounds in extra-virgin olive oil by CZE coupled with ESI-TOF-MS. Optimum electrophoretic separation was obtained using a basic carbonate electrolyte. We thus achieved the determination of several important families (phenyl alcohols, phenyl acids, lignans, flavonoids, and secoiridoids) of the polar fraction of the olive oil. Furthermore, other "unknown" compounds were also identified. In addition to the CZE method, HPLC analyses were made, separating compounds belonging to the main families present in this polyphenolic fraction, as well as other new compounds. We compared the results obtained with both techniques and found it was possible to determine more than 45 compounds with both methods. The sensitivity, together with mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern of the TOF-MS, allowed the identification of a broad series of known and so far not described phenolic compounds present in extra-virgin olive oil.
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Monton MRN, Soga T. Metabolome analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:237-46; discussion 236. [PMID: 17376458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS), as an analytical platform, has made significant contributions in advancing metabolomics research, if still limited up to this time. This review, covering reports published between 1998 and 2006, describes how CE-MS has been used thus far in this field, with the majority of the works dealing with targeted metabolite analyses and only a small fraction using it in the comprehensive context. It also discusses how some of the key features of CE-MS were exploited in selected metabolomic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
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Cataldi TRI, Rubino A, Lelario F, Bufo SA. Naturally occurring glucosinolates in plant extracts of rocket salad (Eruca sativa L.) identified by liquid chromatography coupled with negative ion electrospray ionization and quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2374-88. [PMID: 17590871 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for the comprehensive profiling of intact glucosinolates (GLSs), major and minor, occurring in leaves and seeds of rocket salad (Eruca sativa L.) is presented using optimized reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) with electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS). ESI-ITMS in the negative mode was confirmed to be very suitable to analyze these compounds in crude extracts. After extraction from the plant material with methanol/water (70:30 v/v) at 70 degrees C, the analytes of interest were separated on a C18 column using an eluent acidified with formic acid (0.1%) and modified with acetonitrile. All the GLSs found in leaves of rocket salad gave good signals corresponding to the deprotonated precursor ion, [M-H]-. Although the mass spectra also exhibited an analytically important non-covalent adduct ion at [2M-H]-, the structures of glucosinolates were confirmed by extensive sequential MS analysis, thereby substantially improving the identification of unknown compounds. The results obtained not only revealed in leaves of E. sativa at least twelve species of GLSs including seven aliphatic compounds (glucoraphanin with [M-H]- at m/z ratio of 436, glucoerucin at m/z 420, 4-mercaptobutyl-GLS at m/z 406, progoitrin/epiprogoitrin at m/z 388, sinigrin at m/z 358, 4-methylpentyl- and n-hexyl-GLS at m/z 402) and three indole glucosinolates (i.e., three N-heterocyclic compounds: 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin and 5-hydroxyglucobrassicin at m/z 463, and 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin at m/z 477), but also two structurally related compounds containing one intermolecular disulfide linkage (4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyldisulfanyl)butyl-GLS at m/z 600 and a dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl-GLS at m/z 811). This latter symmetric disulfide was previously considered as an artefact formed during extraction of GLSs from vegetative tissues. Glucosinolates were detected in the leaves with a wide range of contents (10-200 micromol/g) and a great variation in the composition. Only three GLSs were identified in seeds of rocket salad, namely glucoraphanin, glucoerucin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin. As expected, the most abundant GLS in seeds is glucoerucin. The feasibility of the strategy was also demonstrated using a rapeseed extract of certified reference material (BCR367R). The results indicated the usefulness of this method for a rapid, sensitive and comprehensive profiling of the GLS family naturally occurring in extracts of crude plant matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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Li P, Li SP, Wang YT. Optimization of CZE for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4808-19. [PMID: 17136720 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Advantages of CZE such as high efficiency, low cost, short analysis time, and easy implementation result in its wide applications for analysis of phytochemical bioactive compounds (e.g. flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acid, saponins, anthraquinones and coumarins). However, several aspects, including sample preparation, separation, and detection have significant effects on CZE analysis. Therefore, optimization of these procedures is necessary for development of the method. In this review, sample preparation such as extraction method and preconcentration, separation factors including buffer type, concentration and pH, additives, voltage and temperature, as well as detection, e.g. direct and indirect UV detection, LIF and MS were discussed for optimization of CZE analysis on phytochemical bioactive compounds. The optimized strategies were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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50
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Simó C, Pérez P, Neusüss C, Pelzing M, San Román J, Gallardo A, Cifuentes A. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of a new cross-linker with acrylic functionality. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2250-8. [PMID: 16645975 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analytical characterization of dimethacrylate-tyrosine-lysine-tyrosine (DMTLT, a new biodegradable acrylic cross-linker synthesized at our laboratory) is carried out using CE-MS. DMTLT is a pseudopeptide composed by tyrosine-lysine-tyrosine amino acids linked through urea bonds with two methacrylic groups, one at each end of the molecule, making this compound an excellent cross-linker for polymerization reactions and for obtaining new biodegradable materials. A new CE-MS method is developed for the characterization of DMTLT and its products of degradation after basic hydrolysis. In order to carry out an exhaustive examination of such degradation products methods based on CE coupled to IT and TOF-MS are employed. Based on CE-IT-MS results and the elemental composition of the degradation products obtained by CE-TOF-MS, conclusions on the mechanism and kinetic of hydrolysis of DMTLT are obtained confirming both the usefulness of CE-MS to characterize new biomaterials and the applicability of DMTLT for preparing new biodegradable polymers. These results are corroborated through the CE-MS detection of the identified products of degradation in a dimethyl acrylamide polymer cross-linked with DMTLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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