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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Bile Salts in Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography: 2000-2020. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185531. [PMID: 34577002 PMCID: PMC8468585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts are naturally occurring chiral surfactants that are able to solubilize hydrophobic compounds. Because of this ability, bile salts were exploited as chiral selectors added to the background solution (BGS) in the chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) of various small molecules. In this review, we aimed to examine the developments in research on chiral MEKC using bile salts as chiral selectors over the past 20 years. The review begins with a discussion of the aggregation of bile salts in chiral recognition and separation, followed by the use of single bile salts and bile salts with other chiral selectors (i.e., cyclodextrins, proteins and single-stranded DNA aptamers). Advanced techniques such as partial-filling MEKC, stacking and single-drop microextraction were considered. Potential applications to real samples, including enantiomeric impurity analysis, were also discussed.
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Steflova J, Storch G, Wiesner S, Stockinger S, Berg R, Trapp O. Investigation of Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloadditions in Aqueous Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:604-613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Steflova
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Golo Storch
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sarah Wiesner
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Skrollan Stockinger
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Regina Berg
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
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Silva VLM, Santos LMNBF, Silva AMS. Ohmic Heating: An Emerging Concept in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:7853-7865. [PMID: 28294435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ohmic heating also known as direct Joule heating, is an advanced thermal processing method, mainly used in the food industry to rapidly increase the temperature for either cooking or sterilization purposes. Its use in organic synthesis, in the heating of chemical reactors, is an emerging method that shows great potential, the development of which has started recently. This Concept article focuses on the use of ohmic heating as a new tool for organic synthesis. It presents the fundamentals of ohmic heating and makes a qualitative and quantitative comparison with other common heating methods. A brief description of the ohmic reactor prototype in operation is presented as well as recent examples of its use in organic synthesis at laboratory scale, thus showing the current state of the research. The advantages and limitations of this heating method, as well as its main current applications are also discussed. Finally, the prospects and potential implications of ohmic heating in future research in chemical synthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L M Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luis M N B F Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Caronna T, Mele A, Famulari A, Mendola D, Fontana F, Juza M, Kamuf M, Zawatzky K, Trapp O. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Stereodynamics of Monoaza[5]helicenes: Solvent‐Induced Increase of the Enantiomerization Barrier in 1‐Aza‐[5]helicene. Chemistry 2015; 21:13919-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Caronna
- Università di Bergamo, INSTM R.U. and Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (Bergamo) (Italy)
| | - Andrea Mele
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Daniele Mendola
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano (Italy)
| | - Francesca Fontana
- Università di Bergamo, INSTM R.U. and Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (Bergamo) (Italy)
| | - Markus Juza
- Corden Pharma Switzerland LLC, Eichenweg 1, 4410 Liestal (Switzerland)
| | - Matthias Kamuf
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) www.trapp.uni‐hd.de
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Cannazza G, Battisti UM, Carrozzo MM, Cazzato AS, Braghiroli D, Parenti C, Troisi L. Development of an in vitro liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to evaluate stereo and chemical stability of new drug candidates employing immobilized artificial membrane column. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maier F, Trapp O. Selektorinduzierte dynamische Deracemisierung eines selektandmodifizierten tropos-BIPHEPO-Liganden: Anwendung in der organokatalysierten asymmetrischen Doppelaldolreaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maier F, Trapp O. Selector-Induced Dynamic Deracemization of a Selectand-Modified Tropos BIPHEPO-Ligand: Application in the Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Double-Aldol-Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8756-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Timerbaev AR. Element speciation analysis using capillary electrophoresis: twenty years of development and applications. Chem Rev 2012; 113:778-812. [PMID: 23057472 DOI: 10.1021/cr300199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Molecular modeling studies, synthesis, configurational stability and biological activity of 8-chloro-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Cannazza G, Battisti U, Carrozzo MM, Brasili L, Braghiroli D, Parenti C. Evaluation of stereo and chemical stability of chiral compounds. Chirality 2011; 23:851-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lu H, Chen G. Recent advances of enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:488-508. [PMID: 32938063 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration techniques for enantioseparations from January 2006 to June 2010 is presented. The techniques include capillary electrophoresis, chip capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. The separation principles and the chiral recognition mechanisms are discussed. Additionally, on-line preconcentrations in chiral capillary electrophoresis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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Svobodová J, Dubský P, Tesařová E, Gaš B. Accuracy and sensitivity of the determination of rate constants of interconversion in achiral and chiral environments by dynamic enantioselective electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:595-603. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Epimerization and hydrolysis of 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro[1,2,4]thiadiazino[6,5,4-hi]indole 1,1-dioxide. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Trapp O, Sahraoui L, Hofstadt W, Könen W. The stereodynamics of 1,2-dipropyldiaziridines. Chirality 2010; 22:284-91. [PMID: 19496154 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated trans-diaziridines are an intriguing class of compounds with two stereogenic nitrogen atoms which easily interconvert. In the course of our investigations of the nature of the interconversion process via nitrogen inversion or electrocyclic ring opening ring closure, we synthesized and characterized the three constitutionally isomeric diaziridines 1,2-di-n-propyldiaziridine 1, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine 2, and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine 3 to study the influence of the substituents on the interconversion barriers. Enantiomer separation was achieved by enantioselective gas chromatography on the chiral stationary phase Chirasil-beta-Dex with high separation factors alpha (1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine: 1.18; 1, 2-diisopropyldiaziridine: 1.24; 100 degrees C 50 kPa He) for the isopropyl substituted diaziridines. These compounds showed pronounced plateau formation between 100 and 150 degrees C, and peak coalescence at elevated temperatures. The enantiomerization barriers DeltaG(double dagger) and activation parameters DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger) were determined by enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC) and direct evaluation of the elution profiles using the unified equation implemented in the software DCXplorer. Interestingly, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine exhibit similar high interconversion barriers DeltaG(double dagger) (100 degrees C) of 128.3 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and 129.8 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which indicates that two sterically demanding substituents do not substantially increase the barrier as expected for a distinct nitrogen inversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cannazza G, Carrozzo MM, Battisti U, Braghiroli D, Parenti C, Troisi A, Troisi L. Determination of kinetic parameters of enantiomerization of benzothiadiazines by DCXplorer. Chirality 2010; 22:789-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trapp O. Investigation of the stereodynamics of molecules and catalyzed reactions by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:786-813. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Lin CE, Ko TC, Kuo CM, Trapp O, Lin WY, Lin CH, Wu JC, Liu YC. Determination of enantiomerization barrier of thioridazine by dynamic capillary electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3071-3078. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evenhuis CJ, Haddad PR. Joule heating effects and the experimental determination of temperature during CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:897-909. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Carrozzo MM, Cannazza G, Battisti U, Braghiroli D, Parenti C. Simultaneous determination of enantiomerization and hydrolysis kinetic parameters of chiralN-alkylbenzothiadiazine derivatives. Chirality 2009; 22:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Villani C, Gasparrini F, Pierini M, Mortera SL, D'Acquarica I, Ciogli A, Zappia G. Dynamic HPLC of stereolabile iron(II) complexes on chiral stationary phases. Chirality 2009; 21:97-103. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bremer S, Trapp O. Investigation of the stereodynamics of tris-(α-diimine)-transition metal complexes by enantioselective dynamic MEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:329-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Preinerstorfer B, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Advances in enantioselective separations using electromigration capillary techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:100-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Research Spotlight: J. Sep. Sci. 12/2008. J Sep Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200890046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Grant KA, Keryou KM, Sermon PA. In situ investigation of Pt(100--x)Au(x) and Pt(100--y)Sn(y) nanoalloys. Faraday Discuss 2008; 138:257-71; discussion 317-35, 433-4. [PMID: 18447020 DOI: 10.1039/b708810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dispersed sols of 1-10 nm sized Pt(100--x)Au(x) and Pt(100--y)Sn(y) nanoalloys have been prepared separately at various x and y above and below the miscibility limit in the bulk metals. Pt(100--x)Au(x) was derived from trisodium citrate reduction of aqueous solutions of H2PtCl6 and HAuCl4. Pt(100--y)-Sn(y) was produced by (i) complexing Sn2+ with glucose at 323 K at pH > 7, (ii) neutralising this with H2PtC16 addition and (iii) reducing the bimetallic precursor with glucose on raising the temperature to 373 K. For Pt(100--x)Au(x (where both metals were zero-valent) as x increased the average size of nanoalloy particles increased. These particles adsorbed onto graphite, where the extent of hydrogen chemisorption at 298 K decreased by 67% at 9 at % Au. Pt/SnO2 nanoparticles (<3 nm in size) were adsorbed onto alumina. The Pt interacted with and catalysed the reduction of SnO2, with some Pt(100--y)Sn(y) nanoalloy formation at about 673 K which even in the bulk occurs over a wider range of compositions than Pt-Au) and enhanced H2 chemisorption at 17-33 at % Sn. Nevertheless some Sn must remain in a positive oxidation state on the alumina surface. The ratio of rates of 2MP/ 3MP formation from MCP and n-hexane may be informative in chemically fingerprinting (and revealing fundamental differences in) these nanoalloy surfaces. The reasons for this are seen in terms of the surface structures on these two types of nanoalloy particles (i.e. the availability of contiguous asymmetric pairs of active surface atoms *, which, as expected, is found to pass through a maximum or decrease beyond specific values of x and y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Grant
- Chemistry, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK GU2 7XH
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