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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li M, Shen M, Lu J, Yang J, Huang Y, Liu L, Fan H, Xie J, Xie M. Maillard reaction harmful products in dairy products: Formation, occurrence, analysis, and mitigation strategies. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110839. [PMID: 34980378 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Various harmful Maillard reaction products such as lactulosyl-lysine (furosine), furfurals, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could be formed during the thermal processing of dairy products, which could lead to various chronic diseases. In this review, the furosine, furfurals, and AGEs formation, occurrence, analysis methods, and toxicological and health aspects in various dairy products were summarized to better monitor and control the levels of harmful Maillard reaction products in processed dairy products. It was observed that all types of dairy products, including raw milk, contain harmful Maillard reaction products, with the highest in whey cheese and condensed milk. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the common method for the determination of furosine and furfurals and AGEs in dairy products, respectively. However, the simple, rapid, environment-friendly, and accurate methods of determination are still to be developed. Incorporating resveratrol, pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in milk are effective methods to inhibit AGEs formation. This review provides a guide not only for consumers regarding the selection and consumption of dairy products, but also for monitoring and controlling the quality of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jingnan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yousheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Institute of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Heyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Ge R, Zhu Y, Wang H, Gu S. Methods and Application of Absolute Configuration Assignment for Chiral Compounds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Twenty years of amino acid determination using capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1174:338233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Gogolashvili A, Lomsadze K, Chankvetadze L, Takaishvili N, Peluso P, Dallocchio R, Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Separation of tetrahydrozoline enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin-type chiral selectors and investigation of chiral recognition mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462084. [PMID: 33789195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition power and affinity pattern of various cyclodextrins (CD) towards the enantiomers of tetrahydrozoline (THZ) were studied using capillary electrophoresis (CE). As expected, affinity of THZ enantiomers and selectivity of recognition towards CD derivatives was strongly dependent on the cavity size and substituent type and pattern on the CD rims. Not only were the affinity strength and selectivity of recognition affected by the size of the cavity and chemistry of the CDs but also the affinity pattern. Another interesting example of opposite affinity pattern of enantiomers towards α- and β-CD was observed here. In addition, opposite affinity pattern of THZ enantiomers was seen towards β-CD and its acetylated derivatives, while methylation of β-CD did not affect the affinity pattern of THZ enantiomers. In order to get more information about structural mechanisms of the multivariate dependences mentioned above, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) and computation techniques were used. Significant differences between the structure of THZ complexes with different CDs with both methods were encountered. Good correlations between experimentally determined and computed structure of complexes, as well as between computed complex stabilities and enantiomer migration order (EMO) in CE were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Gogolashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Ketevan Lomsadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia; School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 77a, M. Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0171, Georgia
| | - Lali Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Nino Takaishvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB-CNR, Sede secondary a di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Sassari, Li Punti 07100, Italy
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB-CNR, Sede secondary a di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Sassari, Li Punti 07100, Italy
| | - Antonio Salgado
- NMR Spectroscopy Centre (CERMN), CAI Químicas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia.
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7
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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. Some thoughts about enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2420-2437. [PMID: 31081552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this overview the goal of the authors was to analyze from the historical perspective the reasons of success and failure of chiral capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the current trends are analyzed, unique advantages of capillary electrophoresis are highlighted and some future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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8
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Fan K, Zhang M. Recent developments in the food quality detected by non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2202-2213. [PMID: 29451810 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1441124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a rapid, accurate and non-invasive technology and widely used to detect the quality of food, particularly to fruits and vegetables, meat and aquatic products. This review is a survey of recent developments in experimental results for the quality of food on various NMR technologies in processing and storage over the past decade. Following a discussion of the quality discrimination and classification of food, analysis of food compositions and detection of physical, chemical, structural and microbiological properties of food are outlined. Owing to high cost, low detection limit and sensitivity, the professional knowledge involved and the safety issues related to the maintenance of the magnetic field, so far the practical applications are limited to detect small range of food. In order to promote applications for a broader range of foods further research and development efforts are needed to overcome the limitations of NMR in the detection process. The needs and opportunities for future research and developments are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,b International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Min Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,c Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
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9
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Metabolism studies of chiral pesticides: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:89-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Kodama S, Nakajima S, Ozaki H, Takemoto R, Itabashi Y, Kuksis A. Enantioseparation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3196-3205. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kodama
- School of Science; Tokai University; Hiratsuka Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shota Nakajima
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ozaki
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido Japan
| | - Ryota Takemoto
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yutaka Itabashi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido Japan
| | - Arnis Kuksis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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12
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Corsaro C, Cicero N, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Naccari C, Salvo A, Giofrè SV, Dugo G. HR-MAS and NMR towards Foodomics. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Fast, simple and efficient salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction of naringenin from fruit juice samples prior to their enantioselective determination by liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2016; 211:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Fanali C, Fanali S. Chiral Separations using Miniaturized Techniques: State of the Art and Perspectives. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Rome (Italy)
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (CNR); Area della Ricerca di Roma I; Via Salaria km. 29.300-00015 Monterotondo, Rome (Italy)
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15
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Capillary electrophoresis determination of non-protein amino acids as quality markers in foods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:97-114. [PMID: 26233255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-protein amino acids mainly exist in food as products formed during food processing, as metabolic intermediates or as additives to increase nutritional and functional properties of food. This fact makes their analysis and determination an attractive field in food science since they can give interesting information on the quality and safety of foods. This article presents a comprehensive review devoted to describe the latest advances in the development of (achiral and chiral) analytical methodologies by capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of non-protein amino acids in a variety of food samples. Most relevant information related to sample treatment, experimental separation and detection conditions, preconcentration strategies and limits of detection will be provided.
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16
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Wang B, Chai W, Ding G. The application of functional silica nanoparticles to fulfill the rapid and improved enantioselective capillary electrophoresis separation of amino acid derivatives. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:332-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Weibo Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
- Analysis Center; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
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17
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Cationic permethylated 6-monoamino-6-monodeoxy-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector of dansylated amino acids in capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 99:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Tang J, Tang W. Evaluation of the chiral separation ability of single-isomer cationic β-cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2744-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education of China); Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education of China); Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education of China); Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education of China); Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Weihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education of China); Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
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19
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Mu X, Qi L, Qiao J, Yang X, Ma H. Enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids and dipeptides by chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis based on Zn(II)-L-hydroxyproline complexes coordinating with γ-cyclodextrins. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:68-74. [PMID: 25220143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis (CLE-CE) method using Zn(II) as the central ion and L-4-hydroxyproline as the chiral ligand coordinating with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was developed for the enantioseparation of amino acids (AAs) and dipeptides. The effects of various separation parameters, including the pH of the running buffer, the ratio of Zn(II) to L-4-hydroxyproline, the concentration of complexes and cyclodextrins (CDs) were systematically investigated. After optimization, it has been found that eight pairs of labeled AAs and six pairs of labeled dipeptides could be baseline-separated with a running electrolyte of 100.0mM boric acid, 5.0mM ammonium acetate, 3.0mM Zn(II), 6.0mM L-hydroxyproline and 4.0mM γ-CD at pH 8.2. The quantitation of AAs and dipeptides was conducted and good linearity (r(2)≥0.997) and favorable repeatability (RSD≤3.6%) were obtained. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied in determining the enantiomeric purity of AAs and dipeptides. Meanwhile, the possible enantiorecognition mechanism based on the synergistic effect of chiral metal complexes and γ-CD was explored and discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xinzheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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20
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Moreau J, Challier L, Lalaoui N, Mavré F, Noël V, Limoges B, Schöllhorn B, Fave C. Rational design of a redox-labeled chiral target for an enantioselective aptamer-based electrochemical binding assay. Chemistry 2014; 20:2953-9. [PMID: 24519626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of redox-labeled L-tyrosinamide (L-Tym) derivatives was prepared and the nature of the functional group and the chain length of the spacer were systematically varied in a step-by-step affinity optimization process of the tracer for the L-Tym aptamer. The choice of the labeling position on L-Tym proved to be crucial for the molecular recognition event, which could be monitored by cyclic voltammetry and is based on the different diffusion rates of free and bound targets in solution. From this screening approach an efficient electroactive tracer emerged. Comparable dissociation constants Kd were obtained for the unlabeled and labeled targets in direct or competitive binding assays. The enantiomeric tracer was prepared and its enantioselective recognition by the corresponding anti-D-Tym aptamer was demonstrated. The access to both enantiomeric tracer molecules opens the door for the development of one-pot determination of the enantiomeric excess when using different labels with well-separated redox potentials for each enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Moreau
- ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 (France)
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Fanali C, Dugo L, Dugo P, Mondello L. Capillary-liquid chromatography (CLC) and nano-LC in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Piovezan M, García-Seco D, Micke GA, Gutiérrez-Mañero J, Ramos-Solano B. Method development for determination of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Annual characterization of field grown blackberries. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2251-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gustavo Amadeu Micke
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis; SC; Brazil
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24
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Dziomba S, Belka M, Kowalski P, Plenis A, Bączek T. The advances of electromigration techniques applied for alkaloid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1312-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Hallera 107; 80-416; Gdańsk; Poland
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Tezcan F, Uzaşçı S, Uyar G, Oztekin N, Erim FB. Determination of amino acids in pomegranate juices and fingerprint for adulteration with apple juices. Food Chem 2013; 141:1187-91. [PMID: 23790902 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography-laser induced fluorescence (MEKC-LIF) method was developed using sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as surfactant for the determination of chiral amino acids in pomegranate juices. The use of SDBS as the micellar medium enhanced the fluorescence intensities of amino acids derivatised with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The amino acid profile of pomegranate juices was compared to apple amino acids and l-Asn was proposed as a marker for the adulteration of pomegranate juices with apple juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Tezcan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Silva M. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: A review of methodological and instrumental innovations focusing on practical aspects. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:141-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba; Spain
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27
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Klepárník K. Recent advances in the combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: From element to single-cell analysis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:70-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
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28
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Abstract
This paper presents a revision on the instrumental analytical techniques and methods used in food analysis together with their main applications in food science research. The present paper includes a brief historical perspective on food analysis, together with a deep revision on the current state of the art of modern analytical instruments, methodologies, and applications in food analysis with a special emphasis on the works published on this topic in the last three years (2009–2011). The article also discusses the present and future challenges in food analysis, the application of “omics” in food analysis (including epigenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), and provides an overview on the new discipline of Foodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC, Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Song L, Guo Z, Chen Y. Separation and determination of chiral composition in penicillamine tablets by capillary electrophoresis in a broad pH range. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2056-63. [PMID: 22806473 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A chiral capillary electrophoretic method with nearly full pH window was explored for the separation and determination of dl-penicillamine. A facile one-pot labeling technique was coupled in the method for introduction of chromophore and charge groups onto the analytes to facilitate the electromigration and sensitive detection. By using simply a cost-effective neutral β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, baseline separation of the dl-penicillamine was achieved from pH 2.0 to over pH 10. Quantification of standard d- and l-penicillamines was demonstrated by taking pH 4.5, 7.4, and 9.7 as the representatives of acidic, neutral, and basic conditions. The working curves were constructed between peak area and concentration, having linear ranges of 8.56-8.56 × 10(2) μg/mL for pH 4.5 and 8.56-1.71 × 10(3) μg/mL for pH 7.4 and 9.7, with correlation coefficients all better than 0.999. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 2.58 μg/mL in acidic and neutral conditions or 1.41 μg/mL in basic condition. The method was further validated by assaying the commercial penicillamine tablets, applicable to quantification of the effective enantiomer and the trace impurity of l-penicillamine at a content of down to 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0% for pH 9.7, 4.5, and 7.4, respectively. The recovery determined by spiking technique was in a range from 93.1 to 105 %. The method is easily extendable to the analysis of other chiral amines or amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Li P, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Zhang W, Ding X, Li R. Current development of microfluidic immunosensing approaches for mycotoxin detection via capillary electromigration and lateral flow technology. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2253-65. [PMID: 22887149 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in the food chain has caused serious health issues in humans and animals. Thus, a rapid on-site and lab-independent detection method for mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFTs), is desirable. Microfluidic chip based immunosensor technology is one of the most promising methods for fast mycotoxin assays. In this review, we cover the major microfluidic immunosensors used for mycotoxin analysis, via flow-through (capillary electromigration) and lateral flow technology. Sample preparation from different matrices of agricultural products and foodstuffs is summarized. The choice of materials, fabrication strategies, and detection methods for microfluidic immunosensors are further discussed in detail. The sensors application in mycotoxin determination is also outlined. Finally, future challenges and opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China.
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31
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García-Cañas V, Simó C, Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. Present and future challenges in food analysis: foodomics. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10150-9. [PMID: 22958185 DOI: 10.1021/ac301680q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art of food analysis at the beginning of the 21st century is presented in this work, together with its major applications, current limitations, and present and foreseen challenges.
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32
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Kodama S, Taga A, Aizawa SI, Kemmei T, Honda Y, Suzuki K, Yamamoto A. Direct enantioseparation of lipoic acid in dietary supplements by capillary electrophoresis using trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2441-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Taga
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Kinki University; Higashi-Osaka; Japan
| | - Sen-ich Aizawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; University of Toyama; Toyama; Japan
| | | | | | | | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Aichi; Japan
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33
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Challier L, Mavré F, Moreau J, Fave C, Schöllhorn B, Marchal D, Peyrin E, Noël V, Limoges B. Simple and highly enantioselective electrochemical aptamer-based binding assay for trace detection of chiral compounds. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5415-20. [PMID: 22624981 DOI: 10.1021/ac301048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new electrochemical methodology is reported for monitoring in homogeneous solution the enantiospecific binding of a small chiral analyte to an aptamer. The principle relies on the difference of diffusion rates between the targeted molecule and the aptamer/target complex, and thus on the ability to more easily electrochemically detect the former over the latter in a homogeneous solution. This electrochemical detection strategy is significant because, in contrast to the common laborious and time-consuming heterogeneous binding approaches, it is based on a simple and fast homogeneous binding assay which does not call for an aptamer conformational change upon ligand binding. The methodology is here exemplified with the specific chiral recognition of trace amounts of l- or d-tyrosinamide by a 49-mer d- or l-deoxyribooligonucleotide receptor. Detection as low as 0.1% of the minor enantiomer in a nonracemic mixture can be achieved in a very short analysis time (<1 min). The assay finally combines numerous attractive features including simplicity, rapidity, low cost, flexibility, low volume samples (few microliters), and homogeneous format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lylian Challier
- ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
AbstractEnantiomers (stereoisomers) can exhibit substantially different properties if present in chiral environments. Since chirality is a basic property of nature, the different behaviors of the individual enantiomers must be carefully studied and properly treated. Therefore, enantioselective separations are a very important part of separation science. To achieve the separation of enantiomers, an enantioselective environment must be created by the addition of a chiral selector to the separation system. Many chiral selectors have been designed and used in various fields, such as the analyses of drugs, food constituents and agrochemicals. The most popular have become the chiral selectors and/or chiral stationary phases that are of general use, i.e., are applicable in various separation systems and allow for chiral separation of structurally different compounds. This review covers the most important chiral selectors / chiral stationary phases described and applied in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis during the period of the last three years (2008–2011).
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35
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Papetti A. Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial food components. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:168-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Poinsot V, Carpéné MA, Bouajila J, Gavard P, Feurer B, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:14-35. [PMID: 22213525 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the most important articles that have been published on amino acid analysis using CE during the period from June 2009 to May 2011 and follows the format of the previous articles of Smith (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3078-3083), Prata et al. (Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4129-4138) and Poinsot et al. (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4047-4062; Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 176-194; Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 207-223; Electrophoresis 2010, 31, 105-121). We present new developments in amino acid analysis with CE, which are reported describing the use of lasers or light emitting diodes for fluorescence detection, conductimetry electrochemiluminescence detectors, mass spectrometry applications, and lab-on-a-chip applications using CE. In addition, we describe articles concerning clinical studies and neurochemical applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Université Paul Sabatier, IMRCP, UMR 5623, Toulouse, France
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37
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Castro-Puyana M, García-Cañas V, Simó C, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:147-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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39
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Viglio S, Fumagalli M, Ferrari F, Bardoni A, Salvini R, Giuliano S, Iadarola P. Recent novel MEKC applications to analyze free amino acids in different biomatrices: 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:36-47. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Raggi MA. Chiral analysis of amphetamines, methadone and metabolites in biological samples by electrodriven methods. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2629-39. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Samakashvili S, Ibáñez C, Simó C, Gil-Bea FJ, Winblad B, Cedazo-Mínguez A, Cifuentes A. Analysis of chiral amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid samples linked to different stages of Alzheimer disease. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2757-64. [PMID: 21983823 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (chiral-MEKC-LIF) was used to investigate D- and L-amino acid contents in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples related to different Alzheimer disease (AD) stages. CSF samples were taken from (i) control subjects (S1 pool), (ii) subjects showing a mild cognitive impairment who remained stable (S2 pool), (iii) subjects showing an mild cognitive impairment that progressed to AD (S3 pool) and (iv) subjects diagnosed with AD (S4 pool). The optimized procedure only needed 10 μL of CSF and it included sample cleaning, derivatization with FITC and chiral-MEKC-LIF separation. Eighteen standard amino acids were baseline separated with efficiencies up to 703,000 plates/m, high sensitivity (LODs in the nM range) and good resolution (values ranging from 2.6 to 9.5). Using this method, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Gln, γ-aminobutyric acid, L-Ser, D-Ser, L-Ala, Gly, L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp were detected in all the CSF samples. S3 and S4 samples (i.e. AD subjects) showed significant lower amounts of L-Arg L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp compared to the non-AD S1 and S2 samples, showing in the S4 group the lowest amounts of L-Arg L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp. Moreover, γ-aminobutyric acid was significantly higher in AD subjects with the highest amount also found for S4. No significant differences were observed for the rest of amino acids including D-Ser. Based on the obtained chiral-MEKC-LIF data, it was possible to correctly classify all the samples into the four groups. These results demonstrate that the use of enantioselective procedures as the one developed in this work can provide some new light on the investigations of AD, including the discovery of new biomarkers related to different stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Samakashvili
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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42
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Piñero MY, Bauza R, Arce L. Thirty years of capillary electrophoresis in food analysis laboratories: potential applications. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1379-93. [PMID: 21538397 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CE has generated considerable interest in the research community since instruments were introduced by different trading companies in the 1990s. Nowadays, CE is popular due to its simplicity, speed, highly efficient separations and minimal solvent and reagent consumption; it can also be included as a useful technique in the nanotechnology field and it covers a wide range of specific applications in different fields (chemical, pharmaceutical, genetic, clinical, food and environmental). CE has been very well evaluated in research laboratories for several years, and different new approaches to improve sensitivity (one of the main drawbacks of CE) and robustness have been proposed. However, this technique is still not well accepted in routine laboratories for food analysis. Researching in data bases, it is easy to find several electrophoretic methods to determine different groups of analytes and sometimes they are compared in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, precision and applicability with other separation techniques. Although these papers frequently prove the potential of this methodology in spiked samples, it is not common to find a discussion of the well-known complexity of the matrices to extract analytes from the sample and/or to study the interferences in the target analytes. Summarizing, the majority of CE scientific papers focus primarily on the effects upon the separation of the analytes while ignoring their behavior if these analytes are presented in real samples.
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Righetti PG, Candiano G. Recent advances in electrophoretic techniques for the characterization of protein biomolecules: a poker of aces. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8727-37. [PMID: 21536293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The four classical modes of electrophoresis of protein molecules (sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, IEF, and immobilized pH gradients, IPGs, two-dimensional maps, 2D, and capillary electrophoresis, CE) are here reviewed, with special emphasis on recent innovations. Thus, in the case of SDS-PAGE, a novel method, consisting in focusing SDS-protein micelles against a gradient of cationic charges grafted onto a polyacrylamide gel is presented. In the case of IEF, the recent decoding of the structure, polydispersity, molecular mass distribution and buffering properties of the soluble carrier ampholyte buffers are here discussed. In regard to two dimensional mapping, recent instrumentation for performing 2D maps in horizontal, large gel slabs (up to 30 cm × 40 cm) and in a radial format for the SDS dimension is here evaluated. Finally, in the case of CE, three major applications are presented: a thorough study of capillary IEF and of all experimental variables, a method of importance in screening of rDNA products; the possibility of running proteins and peptide separations in very acidic, amphoteric, isoelectric buffers in absence of any capillary coating; finally, the possibility of producing a facile, user friendly, covalent coating of the wall silanols via bonding of quaternarized piperazines endowed with an iodinated tail. In acidic, volatile buffers, such protein/peptide runs can be directly interfaced with mass spectrometry instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Righetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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