1
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Aderorho R, Chouinard CD. Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high-resolution ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:369-379. [PMID: 37491787 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has attracted significant attention due to its illegal production and distribution, resulting in misuse, overdose, and fatalities. Because numerous fentanyl analogs, including structural isomers, with different potency have been discovered in the field, there is a critical need to continue developing analytical methodologies capable of accurate identification in forensic and clinical laboratories. This study aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting and separating fentanyl isomers based on ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), where IM separates gas-phase ions based on differences in their size, shape, and charge. Several strategies for improved differentiation were implemented, including using unconventional cation adducts (e.g., alkali and transition metals) and data post-processing by high-resolution demultiplexing. A collection of collision cross section (CCS) values for the various metal ion adducts was gathered, which can be used to improve confidence of identification in future samples. Notable examples, such as [M + Cu]+ and [M + Ag]+ adducts, contributed to significant improvement of resolution between isomers. Furthermore, the addition of high-resolution post-processing provided resolving power of >150, which constitutes a significant increase in comparison with the normal 50-60 obtained with low-resolution drift tube instruments. Collectively, these improved separation strategies allowed for confident detection and subsequent quantitative analysis. The optimized IM-MS method resulted in quantification of fentanyl in human urine with limits of detection and quantification of 13 pg/mL and 40 pg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Aderorho
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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2
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shi J, Meng H, Chen X, Lan Q, Zhu B. Application of microfluidic technologies in forensic analysis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1725-1743. [PMID: 37857551 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine has steadily expanded over the last two decades due to the favorable features of low cost, rapidity, high throughput, user-friendliness, contamination-free, and minimum sample and reagent consumption. In this context, bibliometric methods were adopted to visualize the literature information contained in the Science Citation Index Expanded from 1989 to 2022, focusing on the co-occurrence analysis of forensic and microfluidic topics. A deep interpretation of the literature was conducted based on co-occurrence results, in which microfluidic technologies and their applications in forensic medicine, particularly forensic genetics, were elaborated. The purpose of this review is to provide an impartial evaluation of the utilization of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine. Additionally, the challenges and future trends of implementing microfluidic technology in forensic genetics are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaoshun Liu
- Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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3
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Hasan MR, Spivak DA. Benzylfentanyl as a Surrogate Template for Fentanyl-Selective Imprinted Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3669. [PMID: 37765523 PMCID: PMC10537390 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The illicit use of fentanyl has led to hundreds of thousands of opioid-related deaths worldwide. Therefore, the detection of fentanyl by law enforcement and recreational users is of utmost importance. However, current detection methods are expensive, time-consuming, require special storage conditions, and necessitate complex instrumentation that is generally unportable and requires skilled personnel to operate. An alternative approach would be using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as the recognition component of a handheld sensor, testing strip, or color-based assay. In this work, a molecularly imprinted polymer was constructed using the functional monomer methacrylic acid (MAA) and the cross-linking monomer ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), with benzylfentanyl (Bfen) as the template. The use of benzylfentanyl is advantageous because it closely mimics fentanyl's structure but does not cause any physiological narcotic effects. Important studies herein determined the optimum ratio of the template/functional monomer, with subsequent evaluations of selectivity of the MIP for the template and fentanyl versus the commonly encountered narcotics such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin. The data obtained from the HPLC analysis showed that the Bfen-MIP was successful in selectively binding the template and actual fentanyl, better than other common narcotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ragib Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David A Spivak
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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4
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Singh NK, Sidhu GK, Gupta K. Current and Future Perspective of Devices and Diagnostics for Opioid and OIRD. Biomedicines 2022; 10:743. [PMID: 35453493 PMCID: PMC9030757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OIRD (opioid-induced respiratory depression) remains a significant public health concern due to clinically indicated and illicit opioid use. Respiratory depression is the sine qua non of opioid toxicity, and early detection is critical for reversal using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. In addition to respiratory monitoring devices such as pulse oximetry, capnography, and contactless monitoring systems, novel implantable sensors and detection systems such as optical detection and electrochemical detection techniques are being developed to identify the presence of opioids both in vivo and within the environment. These new technologies will not only monitor for signs and symptoms of OIRD but also serve as a mechanism to alert and assist first responders and lay rescuers. The current opioid epidemic brings to the forefront the need for additional accessible means of detection and diagnosis. Rigorous evaluation of safety, efficacy, and acceptability will be necessary for both new and established technologies to have an impact on morbidity and mortality associated with opioid toxicity. Here, we summarized existing and advanced technologies for opioid detection and OIRD management with a focus on recent advancements in wearable and implantable opioid detection. We expect that this review will serve as a complete informative reference for the researchers and healthcare professionals working on the subject and allied fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Gurpreet K. Sidhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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5
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Wang H, Zhao X, Shang Y, Wang H, Wang P, Yu X. Quantitative analysis of 20 fentanyl analogues by modified QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS in health products and transdermal patches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114100. [PMID: 33957366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spreading of narcotics especially illicit novel psychoactive substances is a continuing problem in recent years. In response to reduce the morbidity and crime related to fentanyl analogues, the accurate measurement of fentanyl analogues concentrations is significantly important in the analytical laboratories for customs checks and clinical application. In this work, ethyl acetate was selected as extraction solvent, 50 mg of PSA, 100 mg of C18, and 10 mg of GCB were optimized for purification. A modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with the mode of multiple reaction monitoring has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 20 fentanyl analogues in collagen peptides, slimming capsules and fentanyl transdermal patches. The limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.004 to 0.02 μg L-1 with relative standard deviations of 4.89-11.4 % and showed good linearity in the range of 0.02-10 μg L-1 and 0.01-1.00 mg L-1, respectively. The recoveries for 20 fentanyl analogues in the low (at μg L-1 level) and high (at mg L-1 level) concentration spiked samples were in the range of 77.7-114 % and 83.9-116 %, which demonstrated the application potential of the proposed method for the determination of fentanyl analogues with low and high concentration in real case samples. In addition, the matrix effect and the cross-reactivity were also proved to not interfere with quantitation of targeted fentanyl analogues. Thus, the developed method showed high sensitivity and good accuracy, which makes it suitable for the rapid detection of fentanyl analogues for customs and border service as well as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan, 430020, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan, 430020, PR China
| | - Yinzhu Shang
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan, 430020, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan, 430020, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan, 430020, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, PR China.
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6
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Lau JKC, Romanov V, Lukow S, Hopkinson AC, Verkerk UH. Collision-induced dissociation of protonated fentanyl: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Davidson JT, Sasiene ZJ, Jackson GP. The influence of chemical modifications on the fragmentation behavior of fentanyl and fentanyl‐related compounds in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:957-967. [PMID: 32246896 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Tyler Davidson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - Zachary J. Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
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8
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Davidson JT, Sasiene ZJ, Jackson GP. The characterization of isobaric product ions of fentanyl using multi‐stage mass spectrometry, high‐resolution mass spectrometry and isotopic labeling. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:496-503. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Tyler Davidson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative ScienceWest Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - Zachary J. Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative ScienceWest Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
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9
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Klingberg J, Cawley A, Shimmon R, Fu S. Collision-Induced Dissociation Studies of Synthetic Opioids for Non-targeted Analysis. Front Chem 2019; 7:331. [PMID: 31139620 PMCID: PMC6527801 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The continual introduction of a large number of new psychoactive substances, along with the large turnover of these substances, necessitates the development of non-targeted detection strategies to keep pace with the ever-changing drug market. The production of certified reference materials often lags behind the introduction of new substances to the market, therefore these detection strategies need to be able to function without relying on reference materials or library spectra. Synthetic opioids have recently emerged as a drug class of particular concern due to the health issues caused by their incredibly high potency. A common method which has been used for non-targeted analysis in the past involves the identification of common product ions formed as a result of the fragmentation of the parent molecule. These common fragments can then potentially be used as markers to indicate the presence of a particular class of compounds within a sample. In this study, standards of a number of different synthetic opioids, including 14 fentanyl derivatives, 7 AH series opioids, 4 U series opioids, 4 W series opioids and MT-45, were subjected to collision-induced dissociation studies to determine how the compounds fragment. The spectra obtained from these studies included a number of diagnostic fragments common to the different opioid classes that, when used in combination, show potential for use as class predictors. By using simple data processing techniques, such as extracted ion chromatograms, these diagnostic product ions identified can be applied to a non-targeted screening workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Klingberg
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Shimmon
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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10
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Angi C, Lurie IS, Marginean I. Analysis of fentanyl derivatives by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array ultraviolet and single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1686-1694. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Angi
- George Washington University Department of Forensic Sciences NW Washington, DC USA
| | - Ira S. Lurie
- George Washington University Department of Forensic Sciences NW Washington, DC USA
| | - Ioan Marginean
- George Washington University Department of Forensic Sciences NW Washington, DC USA
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11
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Buchalter S, Marginean I, Yohannan J, Lurie IS. Gas chromatography with tandem cold electron ionization mass spectrometric detection and vacuum ultraviolet detection for the comprehensive analysis of fentanyl analogues. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:183-193. [PMID: 30876740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its derivatives are amongst the ever-growing list of emerging drugs which are impinging on current traditional analytical techniques employed in forensic laboratories. To avoid current regulations, fentanyl analogues are being illicitly synthesized by slight alterations of functional groups to the fentanyl skeleton leading to inaccurate identifications, thus posing the greatest challenge to laboratories. In this study, a novel analytical technique is presented in which gas chromatography (GC) is interfaced with both cold electron ionization mass spectrometric (cold EI MS) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) detection by the means of a flow splitter for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of twenty-four fentanyl analogues, including seven sets of positional isomers. For most of the twenty-four analogues, enhanced molecular ions were obtained with at least 1% intensity relative to base peak. In addition to enhanced molecular ions, the GC-cold EI MS maintained fragmentation pathways observed by GCMS with classical electron ionization. For the most part, VUV detection resulted in unique VUV spectra for fentanyl analogues including positional isomers. The combination of these two complementary detectors in tandem with the high resolving power of the gas chromatograph, allows for higher confidence in analyte identification by the combination of retention times, cold EI mass spectra and VUV spectra. The preferred method for quantitation was based on VUV detection and offered excellent determination coefficients (R2≥0.999) for most analytes over two orders of magnitude dynamic range, without the need for deuterated internal standards. For both run-to-run and day-to-day repeatability studies, at moderate solute concentrations, the correct fentanyl related compound was identified in almost every instance from a library containing all the fentanyl analogues plus hundreds of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Buchalter
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Ioan Marginean
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Joshua Yohannan
- Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1520 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15222 USA
| | - Ira S Lurie
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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12
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Duffy J, Urbas A, Niemitz M, Lippa K, Marginean I. Differentiation of fentanyl analogues by low-field NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1049:161-169. [PMID: 30612647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forensic laboratories commonly receive new psychoactive substances such as fentanyl analogues and other synthetic opioids that are difficult to identify. Slight changes to chemical structures, e.g. shifting the position of functional groups such as methyl groups or halogens on the aromatic ring, may not be distinguished using traditional methods. NMR is a powerful tool used to elucidate distinctive structural information needed to differentiate regioisomers. However, the cost, size, and cryogen maintenance of superconducting NMR spectrometers can be impractical for some forensic laboratories. Recent studies have shown potential applications of low-field NMR as an alternative in forensic drug analysis. These benchtop, semi-portable instruments are less costly, have a smaller footprint, do not use cryogens, and require little maintenance. In this study, we show that 65 fentanyl and related substances, including various types of positional isomers, were readily differentiated using low-field (62 MHz) 1H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the use of quantum mechanical spin system analysis was investigated for the purposes of translating experimentally observed high-field 1H spectra to lower field strengths. Spin system analysis of 600 MHz NMR spectra was conducted on a subset (15) of the reference materials analyzed. The results were used to calculate 62 MHz spectra for comparison purposes with the experimental spectra. This was successfully demonstrated, showing that field-strength independent 1H NMR spectral libraries are feasible and can facilitate reference material data dissemination across forensic drug laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Duffy
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aaron Urbas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | - Katrice Lippa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ioan Marginean
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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13
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Acryloylfentanyl, a recently emerged new psychoactive substance: a comprehensive review. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE. In the present chapter, the development of NACE-MS since 2004 is reviewed. Relevant parameters like composition of BGE and its influence on separation and detection in NACE as well as sheath liquid for NACE-MS are discussed. Finally, an overview of the papers published in the field of NACE-MS between 2004 and 2014 is given. Applications are grouped according to the field (analysis of natural products, biomedical analysis, food analysis, analysis of industrial products, and fundamental investigations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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15
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Baciu T, Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Capillary electrophoresis and related techniques in the determination of drugs of abuse and their metabolites. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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17
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Klepárník K. Recent advances in combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: Methodology and theory. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:159-78. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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18
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Deeb SE, Wätzig H, El-Hady DA, Albishri HM, de Griend CSV, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:170-89. [PMID: 24395663 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction about 30 years ago, CE techniques have gained a significant impact in pharmaceutical analysis. The present review covers recent advances and applications of CE for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Both small molecules and biomolecules such as proteins are considered. The applications range from the determination of drug-related substances to the analysis of counterions and the determination of physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, general considerations of CE methods in pharmaceutical analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Drug Analysis and Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kenndler E. A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part I: Mobility and separation selectivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of acidic compounds using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1323:163-73. [PMID: 24315358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is an attractive CE mode, in which water solvent of the background electrolyte (BGE) is replaced by organic solvent or by a mixture of organic solvents. This substitution alters several parameters, such as the pKa, permittivity, viscosity, zeta potential, and conductivity, resulting in a modification of CE separation performance (i.e., selectivity and/or efficiency). In addition, the use of NACE is particularly well adapted to ESI-MS due to the high volatility of solvents and the low currents that are generated. Organic solvents reduce the number of side electrochemical reactions at the ESI tip, thereby allowing the stabilization of the ESI current and a decrease in background noise. All these features make NACE an interesting alternative to the aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode, especially in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of NACE coupled to negative ESI-MS for the analysis of acidic compounds with two available CE-MS interfaces (sheath liquid and sheathless). First, NACE was compared to aqueous CZE for the analysis of several pharmaceutical acidic compounds (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs). Then, the separation performance and the sensitivity achieved by both interfaces were evaluated, as were the impact of the BGE and the sample composition. Finally, analyses of glucuronides in urine samples subjected to a minimal sample pre-treatment ("dilute-and-shoot") were performed by NACE-ESI-MS, and the matrix effect was evaluated. A 20- to 100-fold improvement in sensitivity was achieved using the NACE mode in combination with the sheathless interface and no matrix effect was observed regardless of the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Wang Z, Yue H, Wang Y, Wang L, Fu Z. A highly sensitive CE-chemiluminescence method for the determination of sympathomimetic drugs in urine samples by a facile precolumn derivatization using acridinium ester. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1000-3. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuorong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Huan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Chonqing; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education); College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
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22
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. CE-MS for the analysis of intact proteins 2010-2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:99-112. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht University; CG Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W. Somsen
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht University; CG Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Posch TN, Martin N, Pütz M, Huhn C. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: a versatile, straightforward tool for the analysis of alkaloids from psychoactive plant extracts. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1557-66. [PMID: 22736357 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE-MS) method carefully optimized by a design of experiment can be applied to a very large number of alkaloids in different plant extracts. It is possible to characterize the pattern of the psychoactive alkaloids in several plant samples and preparations thereof, each presenting different challenges in their analysis. The method is shown to be able to separate structurally closely related substances, diastereomers and further isobaric compounds, to separate members of different alkaloid classes within one run and to tolerate significant matrix load. A comparison with methods presented in the literature reveals that a near-generic NACE-MS method for the fast profiling of alkaloids in forensically relevant plant samples has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Jülich, Germany
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