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Fan J, Jia Y, Xu D, Ye Z, Zhou J, Huang J, Fu Y, Shen C. Anaerobic condition induces a viable but nonculturable state of the PCB-degrading Bacteria Rhodococcus biphenylivorans TG9. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142849. [PMID: 33757234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant microbial removal of highly chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) requires the cooperation of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. During the sequencing process of anaerobic dechlorination and aerobic degradation of PCBs, aerobic degrading bacteria have to undergo anaerobic stress. However, the survival strategy of aerobic degrading bacteria under anaerobic condition is not well-understood. In this study, the culturable cells of Rhodococcus biphenylivorans TG9 decreased from 108 CFU/mL to values below the detection limit after 60 days of anaerobic stress while the viable cells remained 105-106 cells/mL, indicating that anaerobic condition induced TG9 entering into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Cell resuscitation was observed when oxygen was supplied further confirming the VBNC state of TG9. The results of single-cell Raman spectroscopy combined with heavy water indicated the significant decrease of metabolic activity after TG9 entering into the VBNC state. Additionally, the degradation ability of TG9 in the VBNC state was also significantly reduced, while it recovered after resuscitation. Our research proved that entering into the VBNC state is a survival strategy of TG9 under anaerobic conditions, and the limited culturability and degrading capacity could be overcome by resuscitation. The present study provides new insights for improving the remediation efficiency of PCBs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Ye
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jionghao Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zeb A, Li S, Wu J, Lian J, Liu W, Sun Y. Insights into the mechanisms underlying the remediation potential of earthworms in contaminated soil: A critical review of research progress and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140145. [PMID: 32927577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, soil pollution is a major global concern drawing worldwide attention. Earthworms can resist high concentrations of soil pollutants and play a vital role in removing them effectively. Vermiremediation, using earthworms to remove contaminants from soil or help to degrade non-recyclable chemicals, is proved to be an alternative, low-cost technology for treating contaminated soil. However, knowledge about the mechanisms and framework of the vermiremediation various organic and inorganic contaminants is still limited. Therefore, we reviewed the research progress of effects of soil contaminants on earthworms and potential of earthworm used for remediation soil contaminated with heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, as well as crude oil. Especially, the possible processes, mechanisms, advantages and limitations, and how to boost the efficiency of vermiremediation are well addressed in this review. Finally, future prospects of vermiremediation soil contamination are listed to promote further studies and application of vermiremediation in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Song Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiapan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuebing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Kaya D, Sowers KR, Demirtepe H, Stiell B, Baker JE, Imamoglu I, Kjellerup BV. Assessment of PCB contamination, the potential for in situ microbial dechlorination and natural attenuation in an urban watershed at the East Coast of the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:154-165. [PMID: 31129325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sediment contamination is a major environmental issue in many urban watersheds and coastal areas due to the potential toxic effects of contaminants on biota and human health. Characterizing and delineating areas of sediment contamination and toxicity are important goals of coastal resource management in terms of ecological and economical perspectives. Core and surficial sediment samples were collected from an industrialized urban watershed at the East Coast of the United Stated and analyzed to evaluate the PCB contamination profile and toxicity resulting from dioxin-like PCBs as well as reductive dechlorination potential of indigenous PCB halorespiring bacteria through dechlorination activity assays. To support the experimental results an anaerobic dechlorination model was applied to identify microbial dechlorination pathways. The total PCB concentration in core samples ranged from 3.9 to 225.6 ng/g·dry weight (dw) decreasing with depth compared to 353.2 to 1213.7 ng/g·dw in surficial samples. The results of this study indicated an increase in PCB contamination over the last century as the industrial activity intensified. The toxicity resulting from dioxin-like PCBs was reduced up to 94% in core samples via 21 pathways resulting from the dechlorination model. Dechlorination rates in surficial sediment were between 1.8 and 13.2 · 10-3 mol% PCB116/day, while lower rates occurred in the core sediment samples. Dechlorination was achieved mainly through meta followed by para dechlorination. However, the rarer ortho dechlorination was also observed. Detection of indigenous PCB dechlorinating bacteria in the sediments and reduction of toxicity indicated potential for natural attenuation when point and nonpoint source PCBs in the urban watershed are controlled and PCB loading reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kaya
- University of Maryland College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1146 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin R Sowers
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Hale Demirtepe
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Joel E Baker
- University of Washington Tacoma, The Center for Urban Waters, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98402-3100, USA
| | - Ipek Imamoglu
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- University of Maryland College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1146 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Sharma JK, Gautam RK, Nanekar SV, Weber R, Singh BK, Singh SK, Juwarkar AA. Advances and perspective in bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16355-16375. [PMID: 28488147 PMCID: PMC6360087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbial degradation and bioremediation approaches of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been studied extensively considering their toxicity, carcinogenicity and persistency potential in the environment. In this direction, different catabolic enzymes have been identified and reported for biodegradation of different PCB congeners along with optimization of biological processes. A genome analysis of PCB-degrading bacteria has led in an improved understanding of their metabolic potential and adaptation to stressful conditions. However, many stones in this area are left unturned. For example, the role and diversity of uncultivable microbes in PCB degradation are still not fully understood. Improved knowledge and understanding on this front will open up new avenues for improved bioremediation technologies which will bring economic, environmental and societal benefits. This article highlights on recent advances in bioremediation of PCBs in soil. It is demonstrated that bioremediation is the most effective and innovative technology which includes biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation and rhizoremediation and acts as a model solution for pollution abatement. More recently, transgenic plants and genetically modified microorganisms have proved to be revolutionary in the bioremediation of PCBs. Additionally, other important aspects such as pretreatment using chemical/physical agents for enhanced biodegradation are also addressed. Efforts have been made to identify challenges, research gaps and necessary approaches which in future, can be harnessed for successful use of bioremediation under field conditions. Emphases have been given on the quality/efficiency of bioremediation technology and its related cost which determines its ultimate acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Ravindra K Gautam
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Sneha V Nanekar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sidney, Sidney, Australia
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Asha A Juwarkar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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Kaya D, Imamoglu I, Sanin FD, Sowers KR. A comparative evaluation of anaerobic dechlorination of PCB-118 and Aroclor 1254 in sediment microcosms from three PCB-impacted environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:328-335. [PMID: 28800567 PMCID: PMC5593791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aroclor 1254 (A1254) is the most toxic commercial PCB mixture produced, primarily due to its relatively high concentrations of dioxin-like congeners. This study demonstrates a comparative evaluation of dechlorination of A1254 and PCB-118 by indigenous organohalide respiring bacteria enriched from three PCB impacted sites: Grasse River (GR), NY; Fox River (FR), WI; and Baltimore Harbor (BH), MD. PCB-118 dechlorination rates in GR, BH, and FR was 0.0308, 0.015, and 0.0006 Cl-/biphenyl/day, respectively. A1254 dechlorination rates in GR, FR, and BH were 0.0153, 0.0144, and 0.0048 Cl-/biphenyl/day, respectively. A1254 dechlorination was achieved through the removal of doubly-/singly-flanked chlorines in meta and para positions of mostly penta- followed by hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners by 88%, 69%, and 51% in GR, and 88%, 87%, and 83% in FR, respectively, while in BH mostly hepta- (70%) followed by hexa-chlorinated congeners (66%) were dechlorinated. A previously developed Anaerobic Dechlorination Model (ADM) quantified a total of 17 toxicity-related dechlorination pathways in all three sediment microcosms. The toxic equivalency of A1254 based on seven dioxin-like congeners decreased by about 53%, 45% and 21%, in GR, FR and BH microcosms, respectively. The dechlorination products were generally tetra- and tri-chlorinated congeners with unflanked chlorines, all of which is susceptible to further degradation by aerobic bacteria. Concerning the toxic congeners, ADM can be useful to initiate further research focusing on the stimulation of the toxicity reducing pathways for risk assessment and effective remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ipek Imamoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Dilek Sanin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kevin R Sowers
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lu YF, Lu M, Peng F, Wan Y, Liao MH. Remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil by using a combination of ryegrass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 106:44-50. [PMID: 24457052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the influences of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus caledoniun L. and/or epigeic earthworms (Eisenia foetida) on phytoremediation of a PCB-contaminated soil by ryegrass grown for 180d. Planting ryegrass, ryegrass inoculated with earthworms, ryegrass inoculated with AMF, and ryegrass co-inoculated with AMF and earthworms decreased significantly initial soil PCB contents by 58.4%, 62.6%, 74.3%, and 79.5%, respectively. Inoculation with AMF and/or earthworms increased the yield of plants, and the accumulation of PCBs in ryegrass. However, PCB uptake by ryegrass accounted for a negligible portion of soil PCB removal. The number of soil PCB-degrading populations increased when ryegrass was inoculated with AMF and/or earthworms. The data show that fungal inoculation may significantly increase the remedial potential of ryegrass for soil contaminated with PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Lu
- College of Landscape and Art, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; College of Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Mang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen 333403, China
| | - Fang Peng
- College of Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yun Wan
- College of Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Min-Hong Liao
- Jiangxi Chenmin Paper Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330013, China
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Lehtinen T, Mikkonen A, Sigfusson B, Ólafsdóttir K, Ragnarsdóttir KV, Guicharnaud R. Bioremediation trial on aged PCB-polluted soils--a bench study in Iceland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1759-1768. [PMID: 23979849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose a threat to the environment due to their high adsorption capacity to soil organic matter, stability and low reactivity, low water solubility, toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate. With Icelandic soils, research on contamination issues has been very limited and no data has been reported either on PCB degradation potential or rate. The goals of this research were to assess the bioavailability of aged PCBs in the soils of the old North Atlantic Treaty Organization facility in Keflavík, Iceland and to find the best biostimulation method to decrease the pollution. The effectiveness of different biostimulation additives (N fertiliser, white clover and pine needles) at different temperatures (10 and 30 °C) and oxygen levels (aerobic and anaerobic) were tested. PCB bioavailability to soil fauna was assessed with earthworms (Eisenia foetida). PCBs were bioavailable to earthworms (bioaccumulation factor 0.89 and 0.82 for earthworms in 12.5 ppm PCB soil and in 25 ppm PCB soil, respectively), with less chlorinated congeners showing higher bioaccumulation factors than highly chlorinated congeners. Biostimulation with pine needles at 10 °C under aerobic conditions resulted in nearly 38 % degradation of total PCBs after 2 months of incubation. Detection of the aerobic PCB degrading bphA gene supports the indigenous capability of the soils to aerobically degrade PCBs. Further research on field scale biostimulation trials with pine needles in cold environments is recommended in order to optimise the method for onsite remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Lehtinen
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, 311, Borgarnes, Iceland.
| | - Anu Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kristín Ólafsdóttir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Rannveig Guicharnaud
- Department of Land Resources, Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, 311, Borgarnes, Iceland
- Land Resource Management Unit, Soil Action, Institute for Environment & Sustainability (IES), European Commission-DG JRC, Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
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Tejada M, Masciandaro G. Application of organic wastes on a benzo(a)pyrene polluted soil. Response of soil biochemical properties and role of Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:668-674. [PMID: 21112089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we studied the bioremediation effects of a soil artificially contaminated by benzo(a)pyrene with and without two organic wastes (organic municipal solid waste, MSW, and poultry manure, PM) and with and without worms (Eisenia fetida) over 90 days. For the organic treatments, soil samples were mixed with MSW at a rate of 10% or PM at a rate of 7.6%, in order to apply the same amount of organic matter to the soil. An unamended and non-polluted soil was used as control. Cellulase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in worms and the earthworms' weight were measured at four different incubation times (3, 15, 60 and 90 days). Cocoon numbers, average weight per cocoon and number of juveniles per cocoon were measured 30 days after the benzo(a)pyrene exposure. Extractable benzo(a)pyrene in soils and E. fetida was determined during the incubation period. To observe the effects of bioremediation of the contaminated soil, ATP, urease and phosphatase activities were measured. At the end of the incubation period and when compared with the polluted soil without worms and organic matter, the extractable benzo(a)pyrene decreased by 41.2% for the unamended polluted soil and without worms, by 45.8% for the organic-PM polluted soil and without worms, 48.3% for the organic-MSW polluted soil and without worms, 55.4% for the organic-PM polluted soil and with worms, and 66.3% for the organic-MSW polluted soil and with worms. This meant that worm hydrocarbon absorption was lowest in the contaminated soil amended with MSW and with worms, causing an increase in catabolic activity of the soil. These results suggested that the co-application of organic wastes and E. fetida for the bioremediation of benzo(a)pyrene polluted soil is potentially advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tejada
- Department of Crystallography, Mineralogy and AgroChemistry, Crta de Utrera Km1, University of Seville, E-41013 Seville, Spain.
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Hickman ZA, Reid BJ. Earthworm assisted bioremediation of organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:1072-81. [PMID: 18433870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their biological, chemical and physical actions, earthworms can be directly employed within bioremediation strategies to promote biodegradation of organic contaminants. Earthworms have been shown to aerate and bioturbate soils and improve their nutritional status and fertility, which are variables known to limit bioremediation. Earthworms have also been shown to retard the binding of organic contaminants to soils, release previously soil-bound contaminants for subsequent degradation, and promote and disperse organic contaminant degrading microorganisms. This review discusses these earthworm actions upon the soil environment and how they might influence the fate and behaviour of soil associated organic contaminants, subsequently improving bioremediation potential. The latter part of this review considers organic compounds in the following order: agrochemicals, petroleum and crude oil hydrocarbons, PAHs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Hickman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, NR4 7TJ
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Vasilyeva GK, Strijakova ER. Bioremediation of soils and sediments contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626170706001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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