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Schmiderer C, Steinborn R, Novak J. Monoterpene synthases of three closely related sage species (Salvia officinalis, S. fruticosa and S. pomifera, Lamiaceae). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:318-327. [PMID: 36738511 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of plant monoterpenes is largely based on the catalytic activity of monoterpene synthases. Additionally, copy number variation of monoterpene synthase genes may contribute to the quantity of transcripts and hence to the essential oil profile. This study used whole-genome sequencing and digital PCR for the measurement of copy number variation and quantification of gene expression in three closely related Salvia species, namely Salvia officinalis, Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa. Twelve, 13 and 15 monoterpene synthase-encoding open-reading frames were predicted for Salvia officinalis, Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa, respectively. In Salvia officinalis, one of the open reading frames was disrupted indicating a pseudogene. Monoterpene synthase genes were generally single copy per haploid genome, only a few were double or triple copy genes. Expression levels of monoterpene synthases in leaves corresponded generally well with essential oil composition. In some cases, a higher expression level of a certain monoterpene synthase could be explained by its duplication or triplication. The very high content of thujones in Salvia pomifera, for example, was accompanied by gene duplication and increased gene expression of (+)-sabinene synthase responsible for the thujone precursor sabinene. In Salvia officinalis, three individuals different in their essential oil profile showed significant differences in their monoterpene synthase expression levels corresponding roughly to the profile of the essential oils. Transcript expression of monoterpene synthase genes were measured in leaf, calyx and corolla. The corolla differed significantly from leaves, while calyces usually showed a profile intermediary between leaf and corolla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schmiderer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Karalija E, Dahija S, Tarkowski P, Zeljković SĆ. Influence of Climate-Related Environmental Stresses on Economically Important Essential Oils of Mediterranean Salvia sp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864807. [PMID: 35599878 PMCID: PMC9114806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salvia L. is the largest genus in the family Lamiaceae, with about 1,000 species and a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Salvia species are used in both traditional and conventional medicines, and other numerous industries, such as spices and perfumes. The number of papers dealing with Salvia exceeds 12,000 and mostly investigates their chemical composition and bioactive properties. A smaller proportion of papers however consider environmental factors, mostly on the effects of microclimate conditions on its geographic distribution along an altitudinal or longitudinal gradient, and very few studies can be found on the effects of emerging stressors on the commercial production of sages of medicinal and economical importance. Here, we summarize available data on the essential oil composition of three economically important sages from the Mediterranean area, that is, Salvia officinalis, Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia, and Salvia fruticosa, and the effects of climate-related environmental stressors on their chemical profiles. Environmental stress factors, such as an increase in soil salinity and aridity, and changes in annual average temperatures, are going to impose a serious risk on the commercial production of sage essential oils, which are commercially produced in many European countries. This review highlights the already confirmed effects of these stressors on three selected Salvia species and consequently the importance of mitigating the effects of climate change on the commercial production of these essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Karalija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabina Dahija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
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Nunziata A, De Benedetti L, Marchioni I, Cervelli C. High throughput measure of diversity in cytoplasmic and nuclear traits for unravelling geographic distribution of rosemary. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3728-3739. [PMID: 31015962 PMCID: PMC6468057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, variability of both cytoplasmic and nuclear microsatellite traits was investigated with the aim of characterizing a set of rosemary germplasm resources (Salvia rosmarinus). Most of the materials were collected in Italy and France. High-resolution melting curves were compared each other computing their Euclidean distances and estimating the differences within their principal component as a measure of genetic diversity. Mantel correlation results combined to linear discriminant analysis allowed examined populations to be divided in four principal groups corresponding to four geographic areas, with few interesting and discussed exceptions. As rosemary propagates by seeds coming from insect mediated pollination, steady wild populations can be expected to be in panmictic equilibrium. Gained results confirmed and extended precedent characterization of rosemary genotypes and are compatible with the distribution of other Mediterranean species, as well as with the presence of a glacial refugium in the north-east area of Sardinia previously described. As the officinal use of this aromatic shrub is spreading, characterization and conservation of wild Mediterranean germplasm is gaining strategic importance. A core collection of 100 genotypes was pointed out as suitable for a cheaper biodiversity ex situ preservation as well as for subsequent metabolic and linkage disequilibrium analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Nunziata
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit (OFA)C.R.E.A. Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsCasertaItaly
| | - Laura De Benedetti
- Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (OF)C.R.E.A. Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsSanremoItaly
| | - Ilaria Marchioni
- Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (OF)C.R.E.A. Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsSanremoItaly
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE)Università di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Claudio Cervelli
- Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (OF)C.R.E.A. Council for Agricultural Research and EconomicsSanremoItaly
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Sarrou E, Ganopoulos I, Xanthopoulou A, Masuero D, Martens S, Madesis P, Mavromatis A, Chatzopoulou P. Genetic diversity and metabolic profile of Salvia officinalis populations: implications for advanced breeding strategies. PLANTA 2017; 246:201-215. [PMID: 28314999 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a result of this work, we were able to characterize seven indigenous to Greece Salvia officinalis populations using genetic and metabolomic tools. These tools can be used to select the most promising genotypes, capable to design future breeding programs for high valuable varieties. An initial investigation was carried out to compare the genetic and metabolic diversity in S. officinalis grown in Greece and to discern the relationship between the two sets of data. Analysis of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) revealed significant genetic differences among seven sage populations, which were grouped into three main clusters according to an UPGMA ISSR data-based dendrogram and Principle Coordinate Analysis. 80 loci were scored of which up to 90% were polymorphic at species level. According to the composition of their essential oil, the populations were classified into two chemotypes: 1.8 cineole/α-thujone and α-thujone/1.8 cineole. Additionally, a targeted ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS) method was used to qualify and quantify phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of the seven sage genotypes according to which they were districted in six clusters among the sage populations. The main compounds characterizing the seven genotypes were rosmarinic acid and carnosol, followed by apigenin-7-O-glucoside (Ap7glc), and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (Lu7glc). The correlation between matrices obtained from ISSR data and metabolic profiles was non-significant. However, based on the differences in metabolic fingerprint, we aimed to define populations using as main selection criteria the high polyphenol content and desired essential oil composition, using state to the art analytical tools for the identification of parent lines for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Sarrou
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, PB&GRI, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece.
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aliki Xanthopoulou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mavromatis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalina Chatzopoulou
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, PB&GRI, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
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Gudi G, Krähmer A, Krüger H, Schulz H. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy on Intact Dried Leaves of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.): Accelerated Chemotaxonomic Discrimination and Analysis of Essential Oil Composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8743-50. [PMID: 26360136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is cultivated worldwide for its aromatic leaves, which are used as herbal spice, and for phytopharmaceutical applications. Fast analytical strategies for essential oil analysis, performed directly on plant material, would reduce the delay between sampling and analytical results. This would enhance product quality by improving technical control of cultivation. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) method described here provides a reliable calibration model for quantification of essential oil components [EOCs; R(2) = 0.96; root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) = 0.249 mL 100 g(-1) of dry matter (DM); and range = 1.115-5.280 mL 100 g(-1) of DM] and main constituents [e.g., α-thujone/β-thujone; R(2) = 0.97/0.86; RMSECV = 0.0581/0.0856 mL 100 g(-1) of DM; and range = 0.010-1.252/0.005-0.893 mL 100 g(-1) of DM] directly on dried intact leaves of sage. Except for drying, no further sample preparation is required for ATR-FTIR, and the measurement time of less than 5 min per sample contrasts with the most common alternative of hydrodistillation followed by gas chromatography analysis, which can take several hours per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadi Gudi
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute , Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise-Straße 2-4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute , Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Krüger
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute , Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute , Königin-Luise-Straße 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute , Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
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Antibacterial activity of Oregano, Rosmarinus and Thymus essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in beef meatballs. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Miresmailli S, Isman MB. Botanical insecticides inspired by plant-herbivore chemical interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:29-35. [PMID: 24216132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a plethora of secondary chemicals to protect themselves against herbivores and pathogens, some of which have been used historically for pest management. The extraction methods used by industry render many phytochemicals ineffective as insecticides despite their bioactivity in the natural context. In this review, we examine how plants use their secondary chemicals in nature and compare this with how they are used as insecticides to understand why the efficacy of botanical insecticides can be so variable. If the commercial production of botanical insecticides is to become a viable pest management option, factors such as production cost, resource availability, and extraction and formulation techniques need be considered alongside innovative application technologies to ensure consistent efficacy of botanical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Miresmailli
- Center for Teaching, Learning and Technology, University of British Columbia, 1961 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Murray B Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
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Herraiz D, Santana O, Cabrera R, González-Coloma A, Sánchez-Vioque R, De los Mozos-Pascual M, Rodríguez-Conde MF, Laserna-Ruiz I, Usano-Alemany J. Perfil químico y biológico de aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas de interés agro-industrial en Castilla-La Mancha (España). GRASAS Y ACEITES 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Walch SG, Kuballa T, Stühlinger W, Lachenmeier DW. Determination of the biologically active flavour substances thujone and camphor in foods and medicines containing sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Chem Cent J 2011; 5:44. [PMID: 21777420 PMCID: PMC3155476 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sage plant Salvia officinalis L. is used as ingredient in foods and beverages as well as in herbal medicinal products. A major use is in the form of aqueous infusions as sage tea, which is legal to be sold as either food or medicine. Sage may contain two health relevant substances, thujone and camphor. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical methodology to determine these active principles of sage and give a first overview of their concentrations in a wide variety of sage foods and medicines. Results A GC/MS procedure was applied for the analysis of α- and β-thujone and camphor with cyclodecanone as internal standard. The precision was between 0.8 and 12.6%, linearity was obtained from 0.1 - 80 mg/L. The recoveries of spiked samples were between 93.7 and 104.0% (average 99.1%). The time of infusion had a considerable influence on the content of analytes found in the teas. During the brewing time, thujone and camphor show an increase up to about 5 min, after which saturation is reached. No effect was found for preparation with or without a lid on the pot used for brewing the infusion. Compared to extracts with ethanol (60% vol), which provide a maximum yield, an average of 30% thujone are recovered in the aqueous tea preparations. The average thujone and camphor contents were 4.4 mg/L and 16.7 mg/L in food tea infusions and 11.3 mg/L and 25.4 mg/L in medicinal tea infusions. Conclusions The developed methodology allows the efficient determination of thujone and camphor in a wide variety of sage food and medicine matrices and can be applied to conduct surveys for exposure assessment. The current results suggest that on average between 3 and 6 cups of sage tea could be daily consumed without reaching toxicological thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Rapid UHPLC determination of polyphenols in aqueous infusions of Salvia officinalis L. (sage tea). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2459-64. [PMID: 21783434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sage tea, the aqueous infusion of dried sage leaves (Salvia officinalis L.), is used as a form of food as well as a form of traditional herbal medicine. Several in vivo and in vitro studies point to sage polyphenols as active principles that may inhibit lipid peroxidation and improve antioxidant defences. This study describes an UHPLC methodology with MS/MS and UV detection, which allows the separation, identification and quantification of the major phenolic constituents in sage tea within 34 min, and was used to characterize 16 commercial brands of sage tea.The quantitatively dominating compounds were either rosmarinic acid (12.2–296 mg/l) or luteolin-7-o-glucuronide (37.9–166 mg/l) [corrected].In general, considerable differences in polyphenolic composition between the brands were detected, leading to the demand for quality standardization and control, especially if these sage teas are to be used for therapeutic purposes.
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Tedone L, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Cotroneo A, Dugo G, Mondello L. Reliable Identification and Quantification of Volatile Components of Sage Essential Oil Using Ultra HRGC. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia officinalis (common sage) essential oil was chemically characterized by means of GC-MS, using 100 meter capillary columns with two different stationary phases. Identification of the analytes was carried out by means of the FFNSC mass spectrum library and the use of the Linear Retention Index (LRI) as an extra criterion of library searching. Quantitative analysis was also carried out by means of GC-FID with the internal standard method and the use of relative response factors determined for each chemical class of components. A total of 45 compounds were identified and quantified and reported with their experimental LRI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedone
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
- Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Cotroneo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Universita’ di Messina, Viale Annunziata - 98168 Messina, Italy
- Università Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21 - 00128 Roma, Italy
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Lamien-Meda A, Nell M, Lohwasser U, Börner A, Franz C, Novak J. Investigation of antioxidant and rosmarinic acid variation in the sage collection of the genebank in Gatersleben. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3813-9. [PMID: 20187608 DOI: 10.1021/jf903993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant capacities of 19 accessions of Salvia officinalis from the sage collection of the genebank in Gatersleben (Germany) were evaluated. The major phenolic compounds of sage, that is, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid, were quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The aerial parts of different individual plants of each accession were collected in two consecutive years from the same experimental field at the beginning of their flowering period. The results demonstrated a high variability between accessions. A general decreasing tendency from 2007 to 2008 was observed in most of the estimated parameters, that is, total phenolic, total flavonoid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid contents and DPPH antioxidant activity. A slight opposite trend was obtained with the FRAP antioxidant capacity. Low but variable quantities of carnosol and carnosic acid were evaluated in the sample extracts. Individual plants within accessions were identified with high phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. The rosmarinic acid content showed up to 8-fold differences between the lowest and the highest values. Overall, the study demonstrated a high variability in secondary metabolites present in sage, which could be used for breeding of highly antioxidative genotypes of S. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lamien-Meda
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Applied Botany and Pharmacognosy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, Vienna, Austria.
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