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Lim SD, Kim SI, Park JW, Won JK, Kim SK, Phi JH, Chung CK, Choi SH, Yun H, Park SH. Emerging glioneuronal and neuronal tumors: case-based review. Brain Tumor Pathol 2022; 39:65-78. [PMID: 35048219 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-021-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors (GNTs) are rare heterogeneous central nervous system tumors characterized by slow growth and favorable outcomes, but are often associated with diagnostic difficulties. A thorough analysis of three rare and recently recognized GNTs was performed in the context of clinicopathological features and molecular genetic characterization. The current spinal diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) was characterized with oligodendroglioma-like tumor with chromosome 1p/19q codeletion without IDH mutations and KIAA1549:BRAF fusion. The current occipital multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) was characteristic of the variable-sized vague nodules consisted of gangliocytic tumor cells with intracytoplasmic and pericellular vacuolation and the next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed MAP2K1 p.Q56_V60del. A diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglioma-like features and nuclear clusters (DGONC) of the amygdala was characterized by oligodendroglia-like cells and nuclear clusters, and monosomy 14. From the current cases and literature review, we found that DLGNT commonly occurs in the spinal cord and can make mass and more commonly have KIAA1549:BRAF fusion; MVNT is a neoplasm rather than malformation and MAP2K1 deletion is one of the hallmarks of this tumor; although DGONC may require a methylation profile, we can reach a diagnosis through its unique histology, monosomy 14, and exclusion diagnosis without a methylation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, KonKuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Kee Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chen Z, Yao N, Zhang S, Song Y, Shao Q, Gu H, Ma J, Chen B, Zhao H, Tian Y. Identification of critical radioresistance genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by whole-exome sequencing. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:998. [PMID: 32953798 PMCID: PMC7475461 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancer due to insufficient actionable molecules. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a vital role in the treatment of ESCC, while radioresistance is a significant challenge to RT and results in locoregional and distant failure. Methods Radioresistance is a complex involving confounding factors, and its genetic mechanism is challenging to study. Postoperative recurrence after RT is more likely to be due to genetic causes than recurrence in unoperated patients. Therefore, two independent cohorts of ESCC patients who had received postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and had opposite prognoses were set up, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) technology was applied. We compared the differences in the mutant spectra between the two groups. Results The mutation rate was slightly higher in the relapsed group than in the stable group [average mutation rate, 1.15 vs. 0.73 mutations per megabyte (Mb)], while the mutation types and proportions in the two groups were not significantly different. In particular, three mutated genes (TTN, MUC19, and NPIPA5) and two copy number alterations (CNAs) (1q amplification and 14q deletion) were identified to be associated with poor RT prognosis, while MUC4 was a favorable factor. Conclusions These radioresistance biomarkers may supply insight into predicting the radioresponse. Further, these findings offer the first data on the mutational landscape of ESCC radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ninghua Yao
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yao Song
- Department of Radiation oncology, Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianbo Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Buyou Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Kothari C, Ouellette G, Labrie Y, Jacob S, Diorio C, Durocher F. Identification of a gene signature for different stages of breast cancer development that could be used for early diagnosis and specific therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37407-37420. [PMID: 30647841 PMCID: PMC6324778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease where the survival rate of patients decreases with progression of the disease. BC usually has a linear progression, classified into normal/benign, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). This study aimed to identify gene signature for each of these subgroups. We performed human transcriptome array analysis on 5 patient samples from each Normal, ADH, IDC and DCIS and 2 replicates of MCF10A cell line representative of each subgroup. We identified SFRP1 and snoRNAs (especially SNORD115 and SNORD114) as the initial regulators of cancer progression, accompanied by significant changes in extracellular matrix organization. Tumor progression to the IDC stage showed upregulation of tumor promoting genes responsible for increased invasion, inflammation, survival in stress environment and metastasis. The gene signatures identified in this study could represent potential biomarkers for each subgroup of breast cancer progression, which could assist in early diagnosis of breast cancer progression as well as treatment interventions. Moreover, these gene signatures could serve in discovery of specific targeted therapies for each subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Kothari
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Ouellette
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yvan Labrie
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Jacob
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire de pathologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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4
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Chai AWY, Cheung AKL, Dai W, Ko JMY, Ip JCY, Chan KW, Kwong DLW, Ng WT, Lee AWM, Ngan RKC, Yau CC, Tung SY, Lee VHF, Lam AKY, Pillai S, Law S, Lung ML. Metastasis-suppressing NID2, an epigenetically-silenced gene, in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78859-78871. [PMID: 27793011 PMCID: PMC5346683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nidogen-2 (NID2) is a key component of the basement membrane that stabilizes the extracellular matrix (ECM) network. The aim of the study is to analyze the functional roles of NID2 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We performed genome-wide methylation profiling of NPC and ESCC and validated our findings using the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) assay. Results showed that promoter methylation of NID2 was significantly higher in NPC and ESCC samples than in their adjacent non-cancer counterparts. Consistently, down-regulation of NID2 was observed in the clinical samples and cell lines of both NPC and ESCC. Re-expression of NID2 suppresses clonogenic survival and migration abilities of transduced NPC and ESCC cells. We showed that NID2 significantly inhibits liver metastasis. Mechanistic studies of signaling pathways also confirm that NID2 suppresses the EGFR/Akt and integrin/FAK/PLCγ metastasis-related pathways. This study provides novel insights into the crucial tumor metastasis suppression roles of NID2 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Wai Yeeng Chai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Chok Yan Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Tong Ng
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Anne Wing Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Roger Kai Cheong Ngan
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Chung Yau
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Stewart Yuk Tung
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Victor Ho Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Department of Cancer Molecular Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Suja Pillai
- Department of Cancer Molecular Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Simon Law
- Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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5
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Chak WP, Lung RWM, Tong JHM, Chan SYY, Lun SWM, Tsao SW, Lo KW, To KF. Downregulation of long non-coding RNA MEG3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1041-1054. [PMID: 27597634 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis, downregulation of a long non-coding RNA, maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), was identified in NPC samples. This finding suggests the possible role of MEG3 as a tumor suppressor in this distinctive disease. In the present study, two MEG3 variants, AF119863 (MEG3-AF) and BX247998 (MEG3-BX), were found abundantly expressed in a normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line, NP69. Significant downregulation of MEG3-AF was further verified in a panel of NPC samples including xenografts and primary biopsies. MEG3 is an imprinted gene located within chromosome 14q32, a common deleted region in NPC. Both DNA copy number loss and aberrant promoter methylation contributed to MEG3 inactivation. Interestingly, MEG3 expression could successfully be rescued by the treatment of a demethylation agent. Besides, ectopic expression of MEG3 in NPC cell lines resulted in considerable repression of in vitro anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumorigenicity, in addition to significant inhibition in cell proliferation, colony formation, and induction of cell cycle arrest. Finally, we revealed the association between MEG3 activity and the p53 signaling cascade. Our findings characterize MEG3 as a tumor suppressive long non-coding RNA in NPC and encourage the development of precise long non-coding RNA-targeted epigenetic therapy against this malignancy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Po Chak
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Raymond Wai-Ming Lung
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Joanna Hung-Man Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Sylvia Yat-Yee Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Samantha Wei-Man Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.,Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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6
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Gielen GH, Gessi M, Buttarelli FR, Baldi C, Hammes J, zur Muehlen A, Doerner E, Denkhaus D, Warmuth-Metz M, Giangaspero F, Lauriola L, von Bueren AO, Kramm CM, Waha A, Pietsch T. Genetic Analysis of Diffuse High-Grade Astrocytomas in Infancy Defines a Novel Molecular Entity. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:409-17. [PMID: 25231549 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are considered to be different when compared to adult high-grade gliomas in their pathogenesis and biological behavior. Recently, common genetic alterations, including mutations in the H3F3A/ATRX/DAXX pathway, have been described in approximately 30% of the pediatric cases. However, only few cases of infant high-grade gliomas have been analyzed so far. We investigated the molecular features of 35 infants with diffuse high-grade astrocytomas, including 8 anaplastic astrocytomas [World Health Organization (WHO) grade III] and 27 glioblastomas (WHO grade IV) by immunohistochemistry, multiplex ligation probe-dependent amplification (MLPA), pyrosequencing of glioma-associated genes and molecular inversion probe (MIP) assay. MIP and MLPA analyses showed that chromosomal alterations are significantly less frequent in infants compared with high-grade gliomas in older children and adults. We only identified H3F3A K27M in 2 of 34 cases (5.9%), with both tumors located in the posterior fossa. PDGFRA amplifications were absent, and CDKN2A loss could be observed only in two cases. Conversely, 1q gain (22.7%) and 6q loss (18.2%) were identified in a subgroup of tumors. Loss of SNORD located on chromosome 14q32 was observed in 27.3% of the infant tumors, a focal copy number change not previously described in gliomas. Our findings indicate that infant high-grade gliomas appear to represent a distinct genetic entity suggesting a different pathogenesis and biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit H Gielen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Gessi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Francesca R Buttarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Caterina Baldi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Jennifer Hammes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja zur Muehlen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evelyn Doerner
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorota Denkhaus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Pozzilli, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - André O von Bueren
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof M Kramm
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Waha
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Mannoor K, Liao J, Jiang F. Small nucleolar RNAs in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:121-8. [PMID: 22498252 PMCID: PMC3842010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important regulatory molecules involved in various physiological and cellular processes. Alterations of ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), another large class of small ncRNAs, are gaining prominence and more actively involved in carcinogenesis than previously thought. Some snoRNAs exhibit differential expression patterns in a variety of human cancers and demonstrate capability to affect cell transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. We are beginning to comprehend the functional repercussions of snoRNAs in the development and progression of malignancy. In this review, we will describe current studies that have shed new light on the functions of snoRNAs in carcinogenesis and the potential applications for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiissar Mannoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S, Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jipei Liao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S, Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S, Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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8
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Deciphering the molecular genetic basis of NPC through functional approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 22:87-95. [PMID: 22154888 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of cancer genes in sporadic cancers has been recognized as a major challenge in the field. It is clear that deletion mapping, genomic sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization, or global gene expression profiling alone would not have easily identified candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) from the huge array of lost regions or genes observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In addition, the epigenetically silenced genes would not have been recognized by the mapping of deleted regions. In this review, we describe how functional approaches using monochromosome transfer may be used to circumvent the above problems and identify TSGs in NPC. A few examples of selected NPC TSGs and their functional roles are reviewed. They regulate a variety of gene functions including cell growth and proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and angiogenesis. These studies show the advantages of using functional approaches for identification of TSGs.
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9
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Lo PHY, Ko JMY, Yu ZY, Law S, Wang LD, Li JL, Srivastava G, Tsao SW, Stanbridge EJ, Lung ML. The LIM domain protein, CRIP2, promotes apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:39-45. [PMID: 22154084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The group 2 LIM domain protein, Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 2 (CRIP2) was found to play an important role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumorigenesis. Subcellular fractionation studies show that CRIP2 is expressed in the nucleus. Real-time quantitative PCR shows CRIP2 expression is down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Functional studies reveal that CRIP2 reduces colony formation, growth, and invasion abilities. Furthermore, over-expression of CRIP2 induces apoptosis through induction of active caspases 3 and 9 proteins. In conclusion, this study shows CRIP2 plays an important role in the development of ESCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- LIM Domain Proteins/genetics
- LIM Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulisally Hau Yi Lo
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 2 (CRIP2) acts as a repressor of NF-kappaB-mediated proangiogenic cytokine transcription to suppress tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8390-5. [PMID: 21540330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101747108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 14 was transferred into tumorigenic nasopharyngeal carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma cell lines by a microcell-mediated chromosome transfer approach. Functional complementation of defects present in the cancer cells suppressed tumor formation. A candidate tumor-suppressor gene, cysteine-rich intestinal protein 2 (CRIP2), located in the hot spot for chromosomal loss at 14q32.3, was identified as an important candidate gene capable of functionally suppressing tumor formation. Previous studies have shown that CRIP2 is associated with development. To date, no report has provided functional evidence supporting a role for CRIP2 in tumor development. The present study provides unequivocal evidence that CRIP2 can functionally suppress tumorigenesis. CRIP2 is significantly down-regulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and tumors. CRIP2 reexpression functionally suppresses in vivo tumorigenesis and angiogenesis; these effects are induced by its transcription-repressor capability. It interacts with the NF-κB/p65 to inhibit its DNA-binding ability to the promoter regions of the major proangiogenesis cytokines critical for tumor progression, including IL6, IL8, and VEGF. In conclusion, we provide compelling evidence that CRIP2 acts as a transcription repressor of the NF-κB-mediated proangiogenic cytokine expression and thus functionally inhibits tumor formation and angiogenesis.
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Chan SHK, Yee Ko JM, Chan KW, Chan YP, Tao Q, Hyytiainen M, Keski-Oja J, Law S, Srivastava G, Tang J, Tsao SW, Chen H, Stanbridge EJ, Lung ML. The ECM protein LTBP-2 is a suppressor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumor formation but higher tumor expression associates with poor patient outcome. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:565-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Lavon I, Zrihan D, Granit A, Einstein O, Fainstein N, Cohen MA, Cohen MA, Zelikovitch B, Shoshan Y, Spektor S, Reubinoff BE, Felig Y, Gerlitz O, Ben-Hur T, Smith Y, Siegal T. Gliomas display a microRNA expression profile reminiscent of neural precursor cells. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:422-33. [PMID: 20406893 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas express many genes that play a role in neural precursor cells (NPCs), but no direct comparison between glioma and stem cell (SC) gene expression profiles has been performed. To investigate the similarities and differences between gliomas and SCs, we compared the microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures of glial tumors, embryonic SCs (ESCs), NPCs, and normal adult brains from both human and mouse tissues. We demonstrated that both human gliomas (regardless of their grade) and methylcholanthrene-induced mouse glioma shared an miRNA expression profile that is reminiscent of NPCs. About half of the miRNAs expressed in the shared profile clustered in seven genomic regions susceptible to genetic/epigenetic alterations in various cancers. These clusters comprised the miR17 family, mir183-182, and the SC-specific clusters mir367-302 and mir371-373, which are upregulated in gliomas, ESCs, and NPCs. The bipartite cluster of 7 + 46 miRNAs on chromosome 14q32.31, which might represent the largest tumor suppressor miRNA cluster, was downregulated in the shared expression profile. This study provides the first evidence for association between these clusters and gliomas. Despite the broad similarity in the miRNA expression profiles, 15 miRNAs showed disparate expression between SC and gliomas. Ten miRNAs belong to the 2 SC-specific clusters and the remaining (mir135b, mir141, mir205, mir200C, and mir301a) have been previously shown to associate with malignancies. Our finding showed that all gliomas displayed NPC-like miRNA signatures, which may have implications for studies of glioma origins. Furthermore, careful study of the 15 miRNAs that differ in expression between SCs and gliomas, particularly those 5 that are not SC-specific, may enhance our understanding of gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lavon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Leslie and Michael Gaffin Centre for Neuro-Oncology, Jerusalem, Israel.
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13
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Miller JC, Blake DC, Herzog CR. Adenylosuccinate synthetase 1 gene is a novel target of deletion in lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:1116-22. [PMID: 19603421 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke consists of numerous carcinogens whose effect on lung tumor development includes the induction of mutations in key genes as well as the induction of chromosome instability (CIN). Consequently, carcinogen-induced mouse lung adenocarcinomas (LAC) display many more recurrent site- and chromosome-specific changes in DNA copy number compared with noninduced LAC. Here we identified the Adenylosuccinate synthetase 1 (Adss1) gene located on distal chromosome 12q as a focus of bi-allelic or homozygous deletion (HD) in LAC. HDs of Adss1 were detected in 10 out of 84 carcinogen-induced mouse primary LAC and mouse LAC cell lines. In only four of these cases did the deletions affect either Siva1 or Inverted-formin 2 (Inf2), which immediately flank the Adss1 locus, indicating that Adss1 is a selective target of deletion in LAC. Losses of Adss1 not meeting the quantitative threshold of HD were detected in 36 out of 84 (42.9%) of the mouse tumors and cell lines. A similar frequency of ADSS1 deletion was observed in human LAC cell lines, suggesting relevance in human lung cancer. Adss1 losses were also found to be significantly associated with a more extensive CIN phenotype in the primary mouse tumors. These results implicate ADSS1 inactivation as a novel somatic alteration in lung carcinogenesis, and suggest that its selective deletion in LAC may be triggered by CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Miller
- Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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14
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Chromosome 14 transfer and functional studies identify a candidate tumor suppressor gene, mirror image polydactyly 1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14478-83. [PMID: 19667180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900198106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 14 allelic loss is common in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and may reflect essential tumor suppressor gene loss in tumorigenesis. An intact chromosome 14 was transferred to an NPC cell line using a microcell-mediated chromosome transfer approach. Microcell hybrids (MCHs) containing intact exogenously transferred chromosome 14 were tumor suppressive in athymic mice, demonstrating that intact chromosome 14 NPC MCHs are able to suppress tumor growth in mice. Comparative analysis of these MCHs and their derived tumor segregants identified 4 commonly eliminated tumor-suppressive CRs. Here we provide functional evidence that a gene, Mirror-Image POLydactyly 1 (MIPOL1), which maps within a single 14q13.1-13.3 CR and that hitherto has been reported to be associated only with a developmental disorder, specifically suppresses in vivo tumor formation. MIPOL1 gene expression is down-regulated in all NPC cell lines and in approximately 63% of NPC tumors via promoter hypermethylation and allelic loss. SLC25A21 and FOXA1, 2 neighboring genes mapping to this region, did not show this frequent down-regulated gene expression or promoter hypermethylation, precluding possible global methylation effects and providing further evidence that MIPOL1 plays a unique role in NPC. The protein localizes mainly to the nucleus. Re-expression of MIPOL1 in the stable transfectants induces cell cycle arrest. MIPOL1 tumor suppression is related to up-regulation of the p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) protein pathways. This study provides compelling evidence that chromosome 14 harbors tumor suppressor genes associated with NPC and that a candidate gene, MIPOL1, is associated with tumor development.
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15
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Li L, McCormack AA, Nicholson JM, Fabarius A, Hehlmann R, Sachs RK, Duesberg PH. Cancer-causing karyotypes: chromosomal equilibria between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for oncogenic function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 188:1-25. [PMID: 19061776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomes of cancer cells are unstable, because of aneuploidy. Despite chromosomal instability, however, cancer karyotypes are individual and quasi-stable, as is evident especially from clonal chromosome copy numbers and marker chromosomes. This paradox would be resolved if the karyotypes in cancers represent chromosomal equilibria between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for oncogenic function. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the initial and long-term karyotypes of seven clones of newly transformed human epithelial, mammary, and muscle cells. Approximately 1 in 100,000 such cells generates transformed clones at 2-3 months after introduction of retrovirus-activated cellular genes or the tumor virus SV40. These frequencies are too low for direct transformation, so we postulated that virus-activated genes initiate transformation indirectly, via specific karyotypes. Using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA probes, we found individual clonal karyotypes that were stable for at least 34 cell generations-within limits, as follows. Depending on the karyotype, average clonal chromosome numbers were stable within +/- 3%, and chromosome-specific copy numbers were stable in 70-100% cells. At any one time, however, relative to clonal means, per-cell chromosome numbers varied +/-18% and chromosome-specific copy numbers varied +/-1 in 0-30% of cells; unstable nonclonal markers were found within karyotype-specific quotas of <1% to 20% of the total chromosome number. For two clones, karyotypic ploidies also varied. With these rates of variation, the karyotypes of transformed clones would randomize in a few generations unless selection occurs. We conclude that individual aneuploid karyotypes initiate and maintain cancers, much like new species. These cancer-causing karyotypes are in flexible equilibrium between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for transforming function. Karyotypes as a whole, rather than specific mutations, explain the individuality, fluidity, and phenotypic complexity of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Wong VCL, Chan PL, Bernabeu C, Law S, Wang LD, Li JL, Tsao SW, Srivastava G, Lung ML. Identification of an invasion and tumor-suppressing gene,Endoglin(ENG), silenced by both epigenetic inactivation and allelic loss in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2816-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Ko JM, Chan PL, Yau WL, Chan HK, Chan KC, Yu ZY, Kwong FM, Miller LD, Liu ET, Yang LC, Lo PH, Stanbridge EJ, Tang JC, Srivastava G, Tsao SW, Law S, Lung ML. Monochromosome Transfer and Microarray Analysis Identify a Critical Tumor-Suppressive Region Mapping to Chromosome 13q14 and THSD1 in Esophageal Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:592-603. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Assämäki R, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Lasota J, Andersson LC, Llombart-Bosch A, Miettinen M, Knuutila S. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of chromosomal imbalances and their target genes in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:564-76. [PMID: 17330260 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. The tumors characteristically harbor KIT or PDGFRA mutations, and mutant tumors respond to imatinib mesylate (Glivectrade mark). Chromosomal imbalances resulting in altered gene dosage are known to have a role in the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, but the target genes remain to be identified. The present study aimed to identify some of these genes. In total, 35 GIST samples were screened for chromosomal imbalances by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. A cDNA array was used to define the minimal common overlapping areas of DNA copy number change. Eight confirmative, replicate hybridizations were performed using an oligonucleotide array. The most recurrent copy number losses were localized to 14q, 22q, and 1p. Gains were less common with 8q being the most recurrent. Two recurrent deleted regions of 14q were 14q11.2 harboring the PARP2, APEX1, and NDRG2 genes and 14q32.33 harboring SIVA. Additional target candidates were NF2 at chromosome 22, CDKN2A/2B at 9p, and ENO1 at 1p for copy number losses, and MYC at 8q for copy number gains. Array CGH proved to be an effective tool for the identification of chromosome regions involved in the development and progression of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Assämäki
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Staub E, Gröne J, Mennerich D, Röpcke S, Klamann I, Hinzmann B, Castanos-Velez E, Mann B, Pilarsky C, Brümmendorf T, Weber B, Buhr HJ, Rosenthal A. A genome-wide map of aberrantly expressed chromosomal islands in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:37. [PMID: 16982006 PMCID: PMC1601966 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer development is accompanied by genetic phenomena like deletion and amplification of chromosome parts or alterations of chromatin structure. It is expected that these mechanisms have a strong effect on regional gene expression. RESULTS We investigated genome-wide gene expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and normal epithelial tissues from 25 patients using oligonucleotide arrays. This allowed us to identify 81 distinct chromosomal islands with aberrant gene expression. Of these, 38 islands show a gain in expression and 43 a loss of expression. In total, 7.892 genes (25.3% of all human genes) are located in aberrantly expressed islands. Many chromosomal regions that are linked to hereditary colorectal cancer show deregulated expression. Also, many known tumor genes localize to chromosomal islands of misregulated expression in CRC. CONCLUSION An extensive comparison with published CGH data suggests that chromosomal regions known for frequent deletions in colon cancer tend to show reduced expression. In contrast, regions that are often amplified in colorectal tumors exhibit heterogeneous expression patterns: even show a decrease of mRNA expression. Because for several islands of deregulated expression chromosomal aberrations have never been observed, we speculate that additional mechanisms (like abnormal states of regional chromatin) also have a substantial impact on the formation of co-expression islands in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Staub
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Computational Molecular Biology., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: ALTANA Pharma AG, Preclinical Research Bioinformatics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörn Gröne
- Dept. of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Röpcke
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Computational Molecular Biology., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: ALTANA Pharma AG, Preclinical Research Bioinformatics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Irina Klamann
- HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Benno Mann
- Department of Surgery, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt GmbH, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Dept. of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Brümmendorf
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Weber
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: immatics biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Johannes Buhr
- Dept. of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Lo PHY, Leung ACC, Kwok CYC, Cheung WSY, Ko JMY, Yang LC, Law S, Wang LD, Li J, Stanbridge EJ, Srivastava G, Tang JCO, Tsao SW, Lung ML. Identification of a tumor suppressive critical region mapping to 3p14.2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and studies of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, ADAMTS9. Oncogene 2006; 26:148-57. [PMID: 16799631 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A gene critical to esophageal cancer has been identified. Functional studies using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer of intact and truncated donor chromosomes 3 into an esophageal cancer cell line and nude mouse tumorigenicity assays were used to identify a 1.61 Mb tumor suppressive critical region (CR) mapping to chromosome 3p14.2. This CR is bounded by D3S1600 and D3S1285 microsatellite markers. One candidate tumor suppressor gene, ADAMTS9, maps to this CR. Further studies showed normal expression levels of this gene in tumor-suppressed microcell hybrids, levels that were much higher than observed in the recipient cells. Complete loss or downregulation of ADAMTS9 gene expression was found in 15 out of 16 esophageal carcinoma cell lines. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in the cell lines that do not express this gene. Re-expression of ADAMTS9 was observed after demethylation drug treatment, confirming that hypermethylation is involved in gene downregulation. Downregulation of ADAMTS9 was also found in 43.5 and 47.6% of primary esophageal tumor tissues from Hong Kong and from the high-risk region of Henan, respectively. Thus, this study identifies and provides functional evidence for a CR associated with tumor suppression on 3p14.2 and provides the first evidence that ADAMTS9, mapping to this region, may contribute to esophageal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Y Lo
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Kawakami T, Chano T, Minami K, Okabe H, Okada Y, Okamoto K. Imprinted DLK1 is a putative tumor suppressor gene and inactivated by epimutation at the region upstream of GTL2 in human renal cell carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:821-30. [PMID: 16439445 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A common deletion at chromosomal arm 14q32 in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prompted us to explore a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in this region. We report that imprinted DLK1 at 14q32, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, is a candidate TSG in RCCs. DLK1 expression was lost in 39 out of 50 (78%) primary RCC tissues, whereas expression of DLK1 was maintained in every normal kidney tissue examined. DLK1 was expressed in only one of 15 (7%) RCC-derived cell lines. In order to see the biological significance of DLK1 inactivation in RCCs, we tested the effect of restoration of DLK1 in RCC cell lines, using a recombinant retrovirus containing the gene. Reintroduction of DLK1 into DLK1-null RCC cell lines markedly increased anchorage-independent cell death, anoikis and suppressed tumor growth in nude mice. We then investigated the underlying mechanisms for DLK1 inactivation in RCCs. We found loss of heterozygosity at this region in 12 out of 50 RCC tissues (24%). To explore the role of epigenetic regulation of DLK1 inactivation in RCCs, we conducted methylation analysis of the upstream region and the gene body of DLK1. We could not find a differentially methylated region in either the upstream region or the gene body of DLK1. However, we found that gain of methylation upstream of GTL2, a reciprocal imprinted gene for DLK1, is a critical epigenetic alteration for the inactivation of DLK1 in RCCs. The present data have shown that gain of methylation upstream of the untranslated GTL2 leads to pathological downregulation of DLK1 in RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawakami
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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