1
|
Hellquist H, Agaimy A, Stenman G, Franchi A, Nadal A, Skalova A, Leivo I, Zidar N, Simpson RHW, Slootweg PJ, Hernandez-Prera JC, Ferlito A. Development of head and neck pathology in Europe. Virchows Arch 2022; 480:951-965. [PMID: 35028711 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review gives a brief history of the development of head and neck pathology in Europe from a humble beginning in the 1930s to the explosive activities the last 15 years. During the decades before the introduction of immunohistochemistry in the 1980s, head and neck pathology grew as a subspeciality in many European countries. In the late 1940s, the Institute of Laryngology and Otology with its own pathology laboratory was founded in London, and in 1964 the World Health Organization (WHO) International Reference Centre for the Histological Classification of Salivary Tumours was established at the Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology, also in London. International collaboration, and very much so in Europe, led to the publication of the first WHO Classification of Salivary Gland Tumours in 1972. In the 1960s, a salivary gland register was organised in Hamburg and in Cologne the microlaryngoscopy was invented enabling microscopic endoscopic examination and rather shortly afterwards a carbon dioxide laser attached to the microscope became established and laryngeal lesions could be treated by laser vaporisation. During the last three decades, the use of immunohistochemistry supplemented with cytogenetic and refined molecular techniques has greatly facilitated the pathological diagnostics of head and neck lesions and has had a huge impact on research. Collaboration between different European centres has drastically increased partly due to establishment of scientific societies such as the Head and Neck Working Group (HNWG) within the European Society of Pathology and the International Head and Neck Scientific Group (IHNSG). A very large number of European pathologists have contributed to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th WHO books, and are involved in the upcoming 5th edition. Accredited educational meetings and courses are nowadays regularly arranged in Europe. Numerous textbooks on head and neck pathology have been written and edited by European pathologists. The increased collaboration has created larger series of tumours for research and new entities, mainly defined by their genetic abnormalities, are continuously emerging from Europe, particularly regarding salivary gland neoplasms and "undifferentiated" sinonasal tumours. These findings have led to a better and more precise classification and open the possibilities for new treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hellquist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Epigenetics and Human Disease Group, Algarve Biomedical Centre (ABC), Algarve University, Campus de Gambelas, Ala Norte, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Göran Stenman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfons Nadal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Basic Clinical Practice, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alena Skalova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Central Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Pieter J Slootweg
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diagnostic Significance of HRAS Mutations in Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinomas Exhibiting a Broad Histopathologic Spectrum. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 43:984-994. [PMID: 30994537 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that is histologically characterized by biphasic tubular structures composed of inner ductal and outer clear myoepithelial cells. Because of its histologic variety, it is sometimes challenging to make an accurate diagnosis, and useful ancillary tests are essential for this purpose. We investigated 87 cases of EMC arising in the major and minor salivary glands and seromucinous glands in the nasal cavity or bronchus to describe the histologic features and mutation status of selected key oncogenes. Classic EMC accounted for 40.2% of all cases. Other cases showed various growth patterns and cytologic features in addition to the typical histology; cribriform patterns, a basaloid appearance, and sebaceous differentiation were relatively common (17.2% to 18.4%), whereas oncocytic/apocrine, papillary-cystic, double-clear, squamous, psammomatous, Verocay-like, and high-grade transformation were rare. HRAS mutations were found in 82.7% of EMCs and were concentrated in codon 61. There was no significant correlation between the HRAS mutation status and the histology. No EMC ex pleomorphic adenoma cases had HRAS mutations. PIK3CA and/or AKT1 mutations were the second most frequent mutations (20.7%, 6.5%, respectively) and almost always cooccurred with HRAS mutations. It is noteworthy that the HRAS mutation was not identified in any salivary gland tumor entities manifesting EMC-like features, including adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma/adenocarcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. We conclude that HRAS mutations are a frequent tumorigenic gene alteration in EMC, despite its histologic diversity. This study provides further insight into strategies for diagnosing EMC and discriminating it from its mimics.
Collapse
|
3
|
Primary Cutaneous Adenomyoepithelioma Ex Spiradenoma With Malignant Histologic Features, Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma Type: A First Case Report With Molecular Studies. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:427-435. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896919888579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyoepithelioma is an extremely rare primary cutaneous neoplasm. Although there is ample evidence on the existence of malignant adenomyoepithelioma in the breast, a malignant counterpart in the skin has not been documented. We report a primary cutaneous adenomyoepithelioma (pcAME) with malignant features arising from a spiradenoma in a 39-year-old female patient. The tumor was solid-cystic in appearance and entirely located in the subcutaneous tissue. Histologically, the tumor displayed foci of adenomatous changes and adenomyoepitheliomatous hyperplasia adjacent to a minute spiradenoma. Gradual increase of architectural complexity, cytologic atypia, mitotic activity, and infiltrative growth were observed in a significant portion of the neoplasm, indicative of transformation to adenomyoepithelioma and subsequently low- to high-grade salivary-type epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMCA). The intimate dual populations of ductal and myoepithelial cells were highlighted by a panel of immunohistochemical stains in all different components of the tumor. Molecular studies revealed a PIKCA3 mutation, a genetic aberration that has been documented in EMCA, particularly of breast origin. The current case documents for the first time a pcAME with malignant features arising from a spiradenoma and suggests adenomyoepithelioma ex spiradenoma as a possible tumorigenesis pathway of this rare cutaneous tumor.
Collapse
|
4
|
Advances and challenges in precision medicine in salivary gland cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 80:101906. [PMID: 31644971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare malignancy consisting of 22 subtypes with different genetic, histological and clinical characteristics. This rarity and heterogeneity makes systemic treatment of recurrent or metastatic (R/M) disease challenging. Use of chemotherapy is scarcely studied and chemotherapy at best has moderate effects. New therapeutic strategies are therefore warranted, but advances made in SGC are lagging behind on advances made in more common cancers. By unraveling tumor characteristics of SGC, such as genetic alterations and protein expression profiles, therapeutic strategies tailored to the patient's tumor can be rationalized. This genomic profiling and mapping of immunohistochemical expression profiles is essential in the search for a suitable treatment approach. Thereby, it alleviates the paucity in systemic treatment options and can significantly alter the prognosis of patients with R/M SGC. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of known genetic alterations and expression profiles amenable for targeted therapy in every histological subtype of SGC. We discuss the remaining knowledge gaps and the implications of these targets for future studies and personalized treatments, thereby aiding clinicians faced with this rare and heterogeneous type of cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cimino L, Salemi M, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Giurato G, Marchese G, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Decreased miRNA expression in Klinefelter syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16672. [PMID: 29192217 PMCID: PMC5709391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The widelyvariable phenotypic spectrum and the different severity of symptoms in men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) suggest a role for epigenetic mediators. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the possible involvement of miRNAs in the clinical manifestations of KS. To accomplish this, we performed a transcriptome analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 non-mosaic KS patients, 10 aged-matched healthy men and 10 aged-matched healthy female controls with normal karyotype. After RNA extraction from PBMC and the preparation of RNA libraries, the samples were sequenced using next generation high-throughput sequencing technology. Expression profiling analysis revealed a significant differential expression of 2 miRNAs in KS compared to male controls. In particular, MIR3648 resulted significantly (q-value < 0.0001) down-regulated by -19.084- fold, while MIR3687was strongly down-regulated (q-value < 0.0001) considering KS patients. These results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The functional analysis of the two transcripts showed that they seem to play a role in breast cancer, hemopoietic abnormalities, immune defects and adipocyte differentiation and fat cell maturation. Therefore, we speculate that both miRNAs may play a role in the immune and metabolic disorders and in the risk of breast cancer development in men with KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Michele Salemi
- Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, 94018, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081, Italy
- Genomix4Life Srl, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life Srl, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), 84081, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kamps R, Brandão RD, Bosch BJVD, Paulussen ADC, Xanthoulea S, Blok MJ, Romano A. Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology: Genetic Diagnosis, Risk Prediction and Cancer Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020308. [PMID: 28146134 PMCID: PMC5343844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has expanded in the last decades with significant improvements in the reliability, sequencing chemistry, pipeline analyses, data interpretation and costs. Such advances make the use of NGS feasible in clinical practice today. This review describes the recent technological developments in NGS applied to the field of oncology. A number of clinical applications are reviewed, i.e., mutation detection in inherited cancer syndromes based on DNA-sequencing, detection of spliceogenic variants based on RNA-sequencing, DNA-sequencing to identify risk modifiers and application for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, cancer somatic mutation analysis, pharmacogenetics and liquid biopsy. Conclusive remarks, clinical limitations, implications and ethical considerations that relate to the different applications are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Kamps
- Department of Clinical Genetics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rita D Brandão
- Department of Clinical Genetics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca J van den Bosch
- Department of Clinical Genetics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aimee D C Paulussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Xanthoulea
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marinus J Blok
- Department of Clinical Genetics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bodnar M, Burduk P, Antosik P, Jarmuz-Szymczak M, Wierzbicka M, Marszalek A. Assessment of BRAF V600E (VE1) protein expression and BRAF gene mutation status in codon 600 in benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:340-345. [PMID: 27682157 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of BRAF mutations in cancerogenesis has been demonstrated in several solid tumor types. However, in salivary gland tumors, this genetic alteration is very uncommon, and its role still remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze BRAF V600E (VE1) protein expression with BRAF mutation status in codon 600, in malignant and benign salivary gland tumors. METHODS Studies were performed on archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections derived from 95 patients who underwent surgery for tumors of the salivary gland. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) on tissue microarray slides was performed for evaluation of BRAF V600E (VE1) protein expression, and the automatic molecular diagnostics platform was used for the evaluation of mutations in codon 600 of BRAF gene. RESULTS IHC cytoplasmic expression of BRAF V600E (VE1) protein was found in two of 95 cases: one case of adenocarcinoma NOS (one of three; 33%) and one case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (one of five; 20%). Although, in IHC studies, nuclear BRAF V600E (VE1) protein expression was found in 14 (15%) of the analyzed cases: nine of 28 (32%) cases of pleomorphic adenoma, three of five (60%) cases of ductal carcinoma, one of nine (11%) case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and in one of five (20%) case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. All cases were negative for polymerase chain reaction PCR-based analyses of BRAF mutations in codon 600. CONCLUSIONS In studied salivary gland cancers, no PCR-based prove mutations of BRAF V600 were detected. Further molecular analyses are necessary to rapid molecular arrays for the identification of specific mutations, optimal for individualized targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bodnar
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Burduk
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Antosik
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jarmuz-Szymczak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Cancer Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszalek
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Oncologic Pathology and Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medical Sciences & Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shalmon B, Drendel M, Wolf M, Hirshberg A, Cohen Y. Mutational analysis of PI3K/AKT and RAS/RAF pathway activation in malignant salivary gland tumours with a new mutation of PIK3CA. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 45:721-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Bell D, Bell AH, Bondaruk J, Hanna EY, Weber RS. In-depth characterization of the salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma transcriptome with emphasis on dominant cell type. Cancer 2016; 122:1513-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | | | - Jolanta Bondaruk
- Department of Pathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Ehab Y. Hanna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Randall S. Weber
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsieh MS, Chen JS, Lee YH, Chou YH. Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland Harboring HRAS Codon 61 Mutations With Lung Metastasis. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 24:227-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896915622261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a case involving a 43-year-old man diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma in 2007. At the same time, 2 small lung nodules were incidentally found; however, they presented no indication of growth throughout the follow-up period. However, a 1.5-cm nodule located in the right parotid gland in 2010 gradually increased in size to 2.8 cm by 2012. A parotidectomy revealed an epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, characterized by biphasic tubular structures and solid areas presenting myoepithelial overgrowth. Tumor necrosis and regional lymph node invasion were also observed. During clinical follow-up in 2013, a new 1.3-cm nodule was identified in the left lower lobe of the lung, which enlarged to 3 cm by 2014. Wedge resection of the left lung nodules revealed round nodes with well-defined borders. Histologically, these lung tumors predominantly comprised spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells with occasional tubular structures. Numerous cleft-like spaces lined by entrapped TTF-1-immunoreactive pneumocytes were observed inside the nodules. The lung nodules were characterized by a morphology similar to that of the parotid cancer. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma with lung metastasis was confirmed by molecular testing, which revealed identical HRAS codon 61 (Q61K) mutations in the primary parotid tumor as well as in the lung metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Shu Hsieh
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shing Chen
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|