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Yohannes AM, Casaburi R, Dryden S, Hanania NA. Sex differences and determinants of anxiety symptoms in patients with COPD initiating pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med 2024; 227:107633. [PMID: 38631527 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is little evidence available regarding gender differences, and severity of dyspnea in relation to anxiety in patients with COPD. AIMS We examined gender differences and the association of dyspnea with anxiety in a cohort of patients with COPD prior to entering a pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program. METHOD We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of COPD patients who attended PR from 2013 to 2019 in Lytham, Lancashire, UK. Patients were aged 40 years or older with a post-bronchodilation forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) less than 80 % of the predicted normal value and FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio less than 0.7. We assessed quality of life (QoL) using the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), anxiety using the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory disease (AIR), dyspnea using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, and exercise capacity using the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT). RESULTS Nine hundred ninety-three patients with COPD (mean age = 71 years, FEV1/FVC = 58 % predicted, 51 % male) entered the PR program. Of these, 348 (35 %) had anxiety symptoms (AIR ≥8); of these 165 (47 %) were male and 183 (53 %) female, (χ2 = 3.33, p = 0.06). On logistic multivariate analysis, the following variables were independently associated with elevated anxiety: younger age (p < 0.001), female sex (p = 0.03), higher SGRQ-total score (p < 0.001) and high FEV1/FVC (p < 0.002). Dyspnea was associated with anxiety r = 0.25, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION Over a third of COPD patients had clinically relevant anxiety symptoms with a higher prevalence in women than men. Anxiety was associated with younger age, female gender, and impaired QoL. Early recognition and treatment of anxiety in patients with COPD is worthy of consideration for those attending PR, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Yohannes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R Casaburi
- Respiratory Research Institute, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - S Dryden
- St. Annes Primary Care Center, Lytham, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - N A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Dayal P, Uikey MS. Psychometric Validity of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR) Scale in an Indian Sample of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e36241. [PMID: 37065399 PMCID: PMC10104423 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Researchers have found that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients suffer from anxiety more than the general population. The Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR) scale has been primarily used to assess non-somatic anxiety in COPD patients. The validity of AIR among COPD patients has not been evaluated in Indian settings. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the validity of AIR in these patients. The study aimed to evaluate concurrent criterion and discriminative validity of the AIR screening scale among patients with COPD using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) 7.0.2 as the gold standard measure for diagnosing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) anxiety disorders. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatients Department (OPD) of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, from August 2018 to July 2019. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with COPD and aged 30 or above were recruited. All participants were further assessed in person by a psychiatry resident doctor using semi-structured proforma, MINI 7.0.2, and AIR Disease (Hindi). Mann-Whitney U and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted. The two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results To assess the concurrent criterion validity of the AIR scale for screening clinical anxiety disorders, the ROC curve was constructed using MINI diagnoses of anxiety disorder as the gold standard measure. A cut-off score of 5.5 was found to maximize both the specificity and sensitivity of the AIR scale for screening anxiety disorders among COPD patients with COPD. The AIR scale showed a high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (89%) at this cut-point. Conclusion The findings of this study recommend a cut-off score of 5.5 on the AIR scale instead of 8 in previous studies, as maintaining the previously recommended cut-offs in Indian settings may lead to an increase in false negatives. This could have negative consequences for patients seeking treatment. Further studies may be planned to explore the psychometric properties of the current tool in a larger population.
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Aldhahi MI, Baattaiah BA, Nazer RI, Albarrati A. Impact of Psychological Factors on Functional Performance among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1285. [PMID: 36674041 PMCID: PMC9859091 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of anxiety and depression in functional performance during walking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is controversial. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the effects of anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) on the functional performance of this patient population. Seventy COPD patients aged 63 ± 11 years participated in the study. To measure their functional performance, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) was used. Anxiety and depression were assessed using two questionnaires: the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR) scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used to assess HRQOL. Based on their anxiety levels, the patients were divided into a no anxiety group and a high anxiety group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of pulmonary function profile or smoking status. The mean AIR and HADS (depression) scores were high (12.78 ± 4.07 and 9.90 ± 3.41, respectively). More than one-third of the patients (46%) reported high anxiety levels (above the standard cutoff score of 8). The mean score of the aggregated HADS scale was significantly higher in the high anxiety group (20.87 ± 6.13) than in the no anxiety group (9.26 ± 4.72; p = 0.01). Patients with high anxiety had poorer functional performance (6MWT: 308.75 ± 120.16 m) and HRQOL (SGRQ: 56.54 ± 22.36) than patients with no anxiety (6MWT: 373.76 ± 106.56 m; SGRQ: 42.90 ± 24.76; p < 0.01). The final multivariate model explained 33% of the variance in functional performance after controlling for COPD severity (F = 8.97). The results suggest that anxiety, depression, and poor health status are significantly associated with poor functional performance. This study highlights the need to screen patients with COPD at all stages for anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baian A. Baattaiah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan I. Nazer
- Cardiac Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chen MC, Lin HR. The experiences of family caregivers in response to a dementia diagnosis disclosure. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:475. [PMID: 35840911 PMCID: PMC9287885 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a serious disease that can lead to disability because it impacts the individual's memory, cognition, behavior, and capacity to perform activities of daily living. While most people prefer to receive a full diagnostic disclosure, the actual care requirements of family caregivers of persons with dementia are often unknown after a dementia diagnosis is disclosed. The primary aim of this study was to explore the experiences of family caregivers in response to a dementia diagnosis disclosure and analyze the care needs of caregivers. METHODS A qualitative study conducted in accordance with COREQ guidelines. The grounded theory approach was undertaken in 20 family caregivers of persons with dementia, who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS The core category of this study was "diagnostic disclosure: Start the long road of care challenges", which was defined as describing the experiences of family caregivers of persons with dementia after first being informed of diagnosis. Five major categories describing the experiences of family caregivers following a dementia diagnosis was developed: 'deciding to seek medical attention,' 'the moment of disclosure,' 'conveying information,' 'maintaining the persons' functioning,' and 'receiving support and living well with dementia.' Subcategories within each major category also emerged. CONCLUSIONS Clear diagnostic disclosure is important for ensuring that positive developments can occur in response to disclosure. Healthcare professionals must develop strategies to prevent disclosure from triggering overreactive emotions from persons with cognitive impairments, assist them in understanding their illness in a tactful manner, and ensure that they understand how to cooperate in any subsequent care plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chuan Chen
- grid.418428.3Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ru Lin
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, No.365, Ming Te Rd, Pei Tou, District, Taipei, 11219, Taiwan.
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Test Performance Characteristics of the AIR, GAD-7, and HADS-Anxiety Screening Questionnaires for Anxiety in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15:926-934. [PMID: 29986152 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201708-631oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Anxiety is a common comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We evaluated three anxiety screening questionnaires: the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety subscale (HADS-A), and the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR).Objectives: To evaluate and compare the test performance characteristics of three anxiety screening questionnaires, using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), version 7.0, as the "gold standard."Methods: Individuals with COPD were recruited at 16 centers. The MINI and questionnaires were administered by trained research coordinators at an in-person visit and readministered by telephone 2-4 weeks later. A composite score for the presence of any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V) anxiety disorder was computed, based on the MINI as the gold standard, compared with a participant screening positive on self-report measures for these analyses.Results: Two hundred and twenty eligible individuals with COPD were enrolled; 219 completed the study. Eleven percent were identified as having a DSM-V anxiety disorder, based on the MINI. Elevated anxiety symptoms based on questionnaires were 38% for the AIR, 30% for the GAD-7, and 20% for the HADS-A. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was highest for the GAD-7 (0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.87), followed by the HADS-A (0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84) and the AIR (0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.76). The AUC for the GAD-7 was significantly greater than for the AIR (P = 0.014). Sensitivity was not statistically different among the questionnaires: 77% for the GAD-7, 63% for the HADS-A, and 66% for the AIR. The HADS-A had the highest specificity, 85%, which was significantly higher than that of the GAD-7 (77%; P < 0.001) and the AIR (65%; P < 0.001); GAD-7 specificity was higher than AIR specificity (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Symptoms of anxiety among patients with COPD as identified by screening questionnaires were common and significantly higher than the prevalence of anxiety disorder meeting DSM-V criteria. The GAD-7, the HADS-A and the AIR questionnaires had fair to moderate psychometric properties as screening tools for anxiety in individuals with COPD, indicating the need for improved measures for this patient population.
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Dong XY, Wang L, Tao YX, Suo XL, Li YC, Liu F, Zhao Y, Zhang Q. Psychometric properties of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease in patients with COPD in China. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 12:49-58. [PMID: 28053516 PMCID: PMC5191851 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s117626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is a common comorbidity in patients with COPD in China, and it can significantly decrease patients' quality of life. Almost all anxiety measurements contain somatic items that can overlap with symptoms of COPD and side effects of medicines, which can lead to bias in measuring anxiety in patients with COPD. Therefore, a brief and disease-specific non-somatic anxiety measurement scale, the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR), which has been developed and validated in its English version, is needed for patients with COPD in China. METHODS A two-center study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Tianjin, China. A total of 181 outpatients with COPD (mean age 67.21±8.10 years, 32.6% women), who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled in the study. Test-retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach's α. Content validity was examined using the Content Validity Index (CVI), scale-level CVI/universal agreement, and scale-level CVI/average agreement (S-CVI/Ave). Besides, convergent validity and construct validity were also examined. RESULTS The AIR-C (AIR-Chinese version) scale had high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.904) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.914); the content validity of the AIR-C scale was calculated by CVI, scale-level CVI/universal agreement, and S-CVI/Ave at values of 0.89-1, 0.90, and 0.98, respectively. Meanwhile, the AIR-C scale had good convergent validity, correlating with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (r=0.81, P<0.01), and there were significant correlations between the AIR-C and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ; r=0.44, P<0.01) and Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS; r=0.36, P<0.01). A two-factor model of general anxiety and panic symptoms in the AIR-C scale had the best fit according to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). CONCLUSION The AIR-C scale had a good reliability and validity for patients with COPD and can be used as a user-friendly and valid tool for measuring anxiety symptoms among patients with COPD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yan-Xia Tao
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Xiu-Li Suo
- Department of Respiratory Care, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Chuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Care, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University
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Yohannes AM, Dryden S, Hanania NA. The Responsiveness of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease Scale Following Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chest 2016; 150:188-95. [PMID: 26953219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there are no studies that have examined the responsiveness of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory disease (AIR) scale to any intervention in patients with COPD. We examined the responsiveness of the AIR scale in an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program. METHODS A total of 192 patients with COPD who were clinically stable and had a percent predicted FEV1 < 70% completed 8-week outpatient multidisciplinary PR. The duration of the program was 2 h per/week (1 h exercise and 1 h education). Pre- and postrehabilitation outcome measures were evaluated: exercise capacity by the incremental shuttle walk test, quality of life by the St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and severity of dyspnea by the Medical Research Council (nMRC) scale. Anxiety was measured using the self-administered AIR scale. RESULTS The mean (SD) age was 71 (8.4) years and 51% were women. The AIR scale was responsive to PR with (AIR ≥ 8, high anxiety load) a mean change pre- vs post scores (12.25 vs 6.70, t = 7.56, P < .001), in incremental shuttle walk test (183 vs 258, t = 9.49, P < .001), in total SGRQ score (62.54 vs 55.70, t = 4.77, P < .001) and in nMRC score (3.32 vs 3.04, t = 2.57, P = .03) following PR. Change in AIR was significantly correlated with change in total SGRQ (r = 0.16, P = .02) and in nMRC (r = 0.15, P = .03). The effect size for the AIR was 1.01 and minimal clinical important difference was 5.55. Anxiety is a predictor of noncompletion of PR. CONCLUSIONS The AIR scale is sensitive to change following PR in patients with COPD and can be used in future studies evaluating interventions that reduce anxiety in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw M Yohannes
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England.
| | - Sheila Dryden
- St. Annes Primary Care Center, Lytham, Lancashire, England
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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