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Almangush A, Heikkinen I, Mäkitie AA, Coletta RD, Läärä E, Leivo I, Salo T. Prognostic biomarkers for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:856-866. [PMID: 28751758 PMCID: PMC5589992 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying informative prognostic biomarkers for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is of great importance in order to better predict tumour behaviour and to guide treatment planning. Here, we summarise existing evidence regarding immunohistochemical prognostic biomarkers for OTSCC. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed using the databases of Scopus, Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. All studies which had investigated the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in OTSCC during the period from 1985 to 2015 were retrieved. For the five most often evaluated biomarkers a random-effects meta-analysis on overall survival was performed, including those studies that provided the necessary statistical results. RESULTS A total of 174 studies conducted during the last three decades were found, and in these 184 biomarkers were evaluated for the prognostication of OTSCC. The five biomarkers most frequently assessed were p53, Ki-67, p16, VEGFs and cyclin D1. In the meta-analyses, the most promising results of the prognostic power for OTSCC were obtained for cyclin D1. For studies of VEGF A and C the results were equivocal, but the pooled analysis of VEGF A separately showed it to be a useful prognosticator for OTSCC. There was no sufficient evidence to support p53, Ki-67 and p16 as prognostic biomarkers for OTSCC. Limitations in the quality of the published studies (e.g., small cohorts, lack of compliance with REMARK guidelines) are widespread. CONCLUSIONS Numerous biomarkers have been presented as useful prognosticators for OTSCC, but the quality of the conduct and reporting of original studies is overall unsatisfactory which does not allow reliable conclusions. The value of two biomarkers (VEGF-A and cyclin D1) should be validated in a multicentre study setting following REMARK guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Ilkka Heikkinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esa Läärä
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Research Group of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Role of intraoral color Doppler sonography in predicting delayed cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with early-stage tongue cancer: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 119:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kämmerer PW, Al-Nawas B, Kalkan S, Liese J, Fruth K, Frerich B, Brieger J. Angiogenesis-related prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma-role of the VEGF +936 C/T polymorphism. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:429-36. [PMID: 25213013 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was the immunohistological assessment of VEGF-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-related angiogenic activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in correlation with prognosis. METHODS Fifty OSCC samples were immunostained with CD31-antibodies. Mean microvessel density (MVD) and staining intensity were determined and associated with clinicopathological/prognostic features as well as with the VEGF +936C/T SNP. RESULTS A significant higher MVD could be seen for T3 and T4 compared with T1 and T2, N > 0 vs. N0 as well as G3-G4 vs. G1-G2 OSCCs (all: P < 0.05). A higher MVD was also associated with increased and earlier rates of local relapses, more metastases, and a significant decreased overall as well as disease-free survival (all: P < 0.05). When comparing T1 and T2 samples with +936-T-allele with T 1&2 samples without this allele, staining intensity was significantly increased (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Angiogenesis influences local as well as distant growth of OSCCs with a significant correlation between prognostic parameters. The correlation between VEGF +936-T-allele and increased CD31 immunostain needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sasa Kalkan
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Liese
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kai Fruth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Frerich
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Tumor Biology Laboratory, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Pabst AM, Ackermann M, Wagner W, Haberthür D, Ziebart T, Konerding MA. Imaging angiogenesis: perspectives and opportunities in tumour research - a method display. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42:915-23. [PMID: 24518362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of solid tumours necessitates angiogenesis. The aim of this paper is the presentation and evaluation of different ex vivo methods for analysing tumour angiogenesis. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were induced in mice by subcutaneous injection of tumour cells in the groin region and processed for histology and microvascular corrosion casting. Vascularization was analysed light microscopically using CD31 immunochemistry. Corrosion casts were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro computed tomography (μCT) and synchrotron radiation-based micro computed tomography (SRμCT). Immunochemistry allows for a simple and authentic detection and stereological quantification of the SCC vascularization. μCT imaging of the corrosion casts gives a high-quality overview over the three-dimensional (3D) microvascular architecture. SEM and SRμCT allow a high-definition display of the vessel morphology, providing magnificent detail recognition down to the capillary level enabling imaging of different forms of tumour angiogenesis, e.g., sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis. Immunochemistry and SEM are regarded as suitable for most of the morphometrical and morphological assessments because of the simple procedure and the high explanatory power, especially in combination with each other. High resolution SRμCT helps answering specialized questions, however, requires sophisticated data processing for visualization and is of limited availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Max Pabst
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. E. Schulte), Becherweg 13, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. E. Schulte), Becherweg 13, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Willi Wagner
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. E. Schulte), Becherweg 13, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Haberthür
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute (Beamline Head: Prof. Dr. M. Stampanoni), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ziebart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Anton Konerding
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. E. Schulte), Becherweg 13, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Localization and characterization of lymphatic vessels in oral and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2012; 2:793-797. [PMID: 22977577 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is considered a factor in determining the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Both oral and cervical SCC tumor cells prefer lymph vessels as the route of metastasis. D2-40 is a specific marker of lymphatic endothelial cells. This study clarifies the distribution and characteristics of lymphatic vessels in oral and cervical SCCs. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 20 oral and 20 cervical SCCs (10 non-metastatic and 10 metastatic to lymph nodes) using D2-40, CD31, CD34, CD105 and double staining with D2-40 and keratin. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was also determined morphologically. Results showed that lymphatic vessels in both types of SCCs were distributed mainly at the superficial region beneath the epithelium. The LVD in each tumor was significantly higher compared to the corresponding normal mucosa. Moreover, the LVD in lymph node metastasis in each tumor was significantly higher compared to their non-metastatic counterparts. Cancer cell invasion was observed in the lymphatic vessels suggesting the existence of lymph node involvement during metastasis. The new lymphatic vessels that proliferated around the cancer nests in both SCCs have endothelial cell characteristics inferred to be associated with early lymphatic development and initial dissemination of cancer cells.
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Rodrigo JP, Cabanillas R, Chiara MD, García Pedrero J, Astudillo A, Suárez Nieto C. [Prognostic significance of angiogenesis in surgically treated supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2009; 60:272-7. [PMID: 19814974 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES It is now generally accepted that angiogenesis is crucial in tumour growth. However, controversy still exists regarding the prognostic significance of angiogenesis in head and neck carcinomas. The aim of this paper is to determine the prognostic significance of angiogenesis in a homogeneously treated group of supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS 108 patients surgically treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx were studied. Angiogenesis was estimated in the primary tumour and in the nodal metastases by determining microvessel density using the "hot spot" method. Anti-CD34 antibody was used to stain blood vessels. RESULTS The mean microvessel density in primary tumours was 72+/-34 vessels/mm(2) and 58.5+/-31.5 vessels/mm(2) in nodal metastases. No correlation was found between microvessel density in the primary tumours and the corresponding nodal metastasis (P=0.195). No significant differences in microvessel density were observed in relation to clinico-pathological parameters or survival (P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that microvessel density is not a useful prognostic marker in surgically treated supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rodrigo
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, España.
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Rodrigo JP, Cabanillas R, Chiara MD, Pedrero JG, Astudillo A, Nieto CS. Prognostic significance of angiogenesis in surgically treated supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5735(09)70142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Shivakumar S, Prabhakar BT, Jayashree K, Rajan MGR, Salimath BP. Evaluation of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) as prognostic indicators in carcinoma breast. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:627-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Macluskey M, El-Gazzar R, Ogden G. Comment on Letter to the editor by P.A. Kyzas Re: “Vascularity and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma, resection margins, and nodal metastases.” Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;44:193–7 [Epub 2005 August]. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Alkhabuli JO. Significance of neo-angiogenesis and immuno-surveillance cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Libyan J Med 2007; 2:30-9. [PMID: 21503229 PMCID: PMC3078233 DOI: 10.4176/070110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neo-angiogenesis is an essential process in physiological and pathological conditions. However, it is a complex process. Several studies demonstrated that intra-tumoural microvessel number is a significant predictor of metastasis and clinical outcome in many tumours, including oral malignancies. The immuno-surveillance cells, mast cells and eosinophils are implicated in the biological behaviour of tumours. Nevertheless, their function in tissues is uncertain. Mast cells are involved in homeostatic regulation of blood vessels as well as host defence. In some malignancies, high mast cell density has been found to correlate with favourable prognosis. However, others reported unfavourable associations. Tumour associated tissue eosinophilia is a well-known phenomena. It has been associated with good and poor prognosis. However, the role of eosinophils in tumours remains controversial. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prognostic value of microvessel, mast cell and eosinophil densities in the context of clinico-pathological parameters and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Materials and Methods Anti-CD105 and anti-tryptase monoclonal antibodies were utilized to highlight and count microvessels and mast cells respectively in 81 cases of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Eosinophils were demonstrated using carbol chromotrope histochemical stain. The densities were counted per mm2 and correlated with patients’ outcome and other clinico-pathological parameters using non-parametric tests and student's t-test. Clinically, the cases were divided into 4 main groups depending on survival time, lymph-node or distant metastasis. Results The 5 year survival was significantly lower in patients with a low mast cell density than those with a high density (p=0.006, Kruskal-Wallis test). The survival group-A demonstrated significantly higher mast cell and microvessel numbers than group-D (p=0.007, student's t-test) respectively. Patients with well- differentiated squamous cell carcinoma had significantly higher numbers of mast cells when compared to patients with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (p<0.05, student's t-test). The lymph node involvement correlation between the survival group-A and survival group-D was also significant (p=0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusion Data from this study indicates that accumulating mast cells in tumours play a part in inhibiting tumour progression and is potentially angiogenic in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma O Alkhabuli
- Department of oral pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sharjah
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Alkhabuli JO. Significance of neo-angiogenesis and immuno-surveillance cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Libyan J Med 2007. [DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v2i1.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juma O. Alkhabuli
- Department of oral pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sharjah
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El-Gazzar R, Macluskey M, Williams H, Ogden GR. Vascularity and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma, resection margins, and nodal metastases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 44:193-7. [PMID: 16095778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of vascularity as a predictor of the likelihood of lymph node metastases in oral cancer is not clear. To that end, the vascularity and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed at three specific regions: the tumour (inside and around the tumour); the resection margin; and the regional lymph nodes. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 26 oral cancers (11 with no involved nodes and 15 with involved nodes) were stained immunohistochemically and examined. Staining for VEFG was significantly greater in the tumour than in the other sites. No significant differences were found in the intensity of staining in the primary tumour, resection margins, or nodes between cases in which the nodes were involved and in which they were not involved. We found no correlation between vascularity and VEGF staining, suggesting that VEGF is not the primary or only stimulator of angiogenesis in oral cancer. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of metastasis will lead to new treatments. The evidence that is accumulating for oral cancer suggests that such treatments may be better targeted at preventing lymphatic spread, rather than vascular spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El-Gazzar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, King Fisal University, Damman, P.O. Box 1982, P. Code 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Evangelou E, Kyzas PA, Trikalinos TA. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of lymphatic endothelium markers: Bayesian approach. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:1490-7. [PMID: 15990898 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor lymphatic density is evaluated by means of specific lymphatic endothelium markers, and is a potential predictor of clinically meaningful outcomes. There are many claims on the postulated superiority of some of these markers to identify lymphatics, always in the absence of quantitative data. We therefore compared the diagnostic accuracy of the antibody against podoplanin and the commercially available D2-40, employing Bayesian statistics to account for the absence of a gold standard. We used the pan-endothelial marker CD34 to identify 23,542 distinct blood and lymphatic vessels in sections from 30 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue blocks of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens. We stained two adjacent sections with podoplanin and D2-40 and identified the continuum of each stained vessel in the sections with a comprehensive method. Overall, 1,864 vessels were stained with both markers, 119 only with podoplanin and 391 only with D2-40. Significantly more vessels with intraluminal red blood cells were stained with D2-40 compared to podoplanin (McNemar's P<0.0001). Both antibodies had extremely high specificity (99.7% (95% credible interval (CrI): 99.5-99.9%) and 98.8% (95% CrI: 98.3-99.5%) for podoplanin and D2-40, respectively) and very high sensitivity (92.6% (95% CrI: 86.1-97.9%) and 97.3% (95% CrI: 94.9-99.2%) for podoplanin and D2-40, respectively). Inferences were qualitatively similar when we took into account in the analyses the possibility that the two tests (antibodies) may be correlated. We calculated that 96.3% (95% CrI: 94.2-98.6%) of the vessels stained with podoplanin and 88.9% (95% CrI: 83.9-95.7%) of the vessels stained with D2-40 were truly lymphatics. These numbers were in agreement with the observed number of stained vessels without intraluminal red blood cells. Our results suggest that both antibodies are excellent lymphatic endothelium markers and that there may be little reason to prefer either of them in most settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Kyzas PA, Stefanou D, Batistatou A, Agnantis NJ. Prognostic significance of VEGF immunohistochemical expression and tumor angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:624-30. [PMID: 16044346 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor angiogenesis is crucial for both the growth of the primary tumor and the development of metastases. Among the factors causing tumor angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered as a leading candidate. We aimed to assess the prognostic significance of VEGF and tumor angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 69 patients with HNSCC, in order to investigate whether VEGF immunohistochemical expression and tumor angiogenesis correlate with clinicopathological parameters and outcome. Tumor angiogenesis was estimated by determining microvessel density (MVD), and VEGF expression was assessed quantitatively. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor and MVD correlated statistically significant with the clinical stage, but not with the presence of lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Tumors located in the oral cavity and larynx more often expressed high VEGF immunostaining compared with tumors located in the lower lip. High VEGF expression was associated with higher clinical stage and worse overall survival in this cohort of patients. CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial growth factor expression may have prognostic significance for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis A Kyzas
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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Tsai WC, Tsai ST, Ko JY, Jin YT, Li C, Huang W, Young KC, Lai MD, Liu HS, Wu LW. The mRNA profile of genes in betel quid chewing oral cancer patients. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:418-26. [PMID: 14969821 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common types of human cancer in the world. Although the risk factors for oral cancer are well-recognized in different countries, the molecular mechanism responsible for this malignancy remains elusive particularly in the countries where betel quid chewing is prevalent. The cDNA microarray analysis was used to analyse the mRNA expression patterns of 1177 genes in ten oral cancer patients with betel quid chewing history. Eighty-four genes involving cell adhesion, cell shape, growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolism were deregulated. Although the expression profile of these genes was shared by certain clinical patients, there was no significant association of the expression profile with clinical staging. Functional implication of four validated genes including caspase-1, STAT-1, COX-2 and pleiotrophin was discussed. This study provides pilot data for understanding the pathogenesis of oral cancer in countries like Taiwan where betel quid chewing is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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Hannen EJM, Riediger D. The quantification of angiogenesis in relation to metastasis in oral cancer: a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33:2-7. [PMID: 14690652 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2003.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumours need vessels to grow into clinically significant dimensions, and to metastasize. Varying results have been reported for the relation between angiogenic activity in oral carcinomas, and the occurrence of metastasis. Quantification of microvessels in tissue sections is mostly used to assess angiogenesis, but appears subject to biases as reflected in contradicting reports. Especially the choice of immunohistochemical staining technique appears pivotal. Although microvessel density measurements (MVD) appear promising for other tumour types, in oral carcinomas no unambiguous relation could be established. Furthermore, MVD assessment appears more elaborate than expected. New, more time efficient techniques may replace MVD as we know it.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J M Hannen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Catharina-Hospital Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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