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Ramachandran A, Akakpo JY, Curry SC, Rumack BH, Jaeschke H. Clinically relevant therapeutic approaches against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116056. [PMID: 38346541 PMCID: PMC11315809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Liver injury and acute liver failure caused by an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a significant clinical problem in western countries. With the introduction of the mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity in the 1970 s, fundamental mechanisms of cell death were discovered. This included the recognition that part of the APAP dose is metabolized by cytochrome P450 generating a reactive metabolite that is detoxified by glutathione. After the partial depletion of glutathione, the reactive metabolite will covalently bind to sulfhydryl groups of proteins, which is the initiating event of the toxicity. This insight led to the introduction of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a glutathione precursor, as antidote against APAP overdose in the clinic. Despite substantial progress in our understanding of the pathomechanisms over the last decades viable new antidotes only emerged recently. This review will discuss the background, mechanisms of action, and the clinical prospects of the existing FDA-approved antidote N-acetylcysteine, of several new drug candidates under clinical development [4-methylpyrazole (fomepizole), calmangafodipir] and examples of additional therapeutic targets (Nrf2 activators) and regeneration promoting agents (thrombopoietin mimetics, adenosine A2B receptor agonists, Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells). Although there are clear limitations of certain therapeutic approaches, there is reason to be optimistic. The substantial progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of APAP hepatotoxicity led to the consideration of several drugs for development as clinical antidotes against APAP overdose in recent years. Based on the currently available information, it is likely that this will result in additional drugs that could be used as adjunct treatment for N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Steven C Curry
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, and Division of Clinical Data Analytics and Decision Support, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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He J, Li L, Yan X, Li Y, Wang Y, Huang J, Li C, Liu W, Qi J. Sappanone A enhances hepatocyte proliferation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice by promoting injured hepatocyte apoptosis and regulating macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113055. [PMID: 39243556 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is the main toxic component of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria, which is released after bacterial death and widely exists in the living environment. Human exposure to endotoxin may cause sepsis. The occurrence of septic liver injury is a prominent factor contributing to mortality in patients with sepsis. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of Sappanone A (SA), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan Linn., in LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI). METHODS An LPS-induced ALI mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of SA on septic ALI, and murine cells were treated with LPS to explore the mechanisms underlying SA-provided effects. RESULTS Treating SA substantially improved LPS-induced ALI. We also performed in silico prediction and RNA-seq analysis to elucidate SA's potential mechanisms of action. The terms generated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment of predicted target proteins of SA include inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis; protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis indicated that fas binding protein 1 (Fbf1) has the strongest correlation with SA. Consistently, RNA-seq analysis displayed that SA administration regulates cell apoptosis and inflammatory responses, which was further confirmed by checking related markers in livers of mice and murine cells challenged with LPS. Of note, SA significantly decreased the expression of Fbf1 in mouse livers, and promoted apoptosis of injured hepatocytes and hepatocyte proliferation, which were substantially abolished by Fbf1 knockdown in AML12 cells. Besides, SA could increase M2 phenotype polarization but inhibit M1 macrophage polarization in LPS-induced ALI in mice. CONCLUSION SA enhances hepatocyte proliferation and liver repair in LPS-induced ALI in mcie by promoting injured hepatocyte apoptosis through Fbf1 inhibition and regulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Lanqian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Xueqing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Yehaomin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Chutao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
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Cui Y, Wu J, Zhang D, Li D, Zhang J, Li W, Wang C, Yuan C, Liu Z. Changes in chemical components and hepatoprotective effect of red Panax notoginseng processed by aspartic acid impregnation treatment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6085-6099. [PMID: 38445528 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red Panax notoginseng (RPN) is one of the major processed products of P. notoginseng (PN), with more effective biological activities. However, the traditional processing method of RPN has some disadvantages, such as low conversion rate of ginsenosides and long processing time. RESULTS In this work, we developed a green, safe, and efficient approach for RPN processing by aspartic acid impregnation pretreatment. Our results showed that the optimized temperature, steaming time, and concentration of aspartic acid were 120 °C, 1 h, and 3% respectively. The original ginsenosides in PN treated by aspartic acid (Asp-PN) were completely converted to rare saponins at 120 °C within just 1 h. The concentration of the rare ginsenosides in Asp-PN was two times higher than that in untreated RPN. In addition, we examined the protective effect of RPN and Asp-PN on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in a mouse model. The results showed that Asp-PN has significantly more potent hepatoprotective action than the RPN. The hepatoprotection of Asp-PN in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity may be due to its anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSION These results indicated that aspartic acid impregnation pretreatment may provide an effective method to shorten the steaming time, improve the conversion rate of ginsenosides, and enhance hepatoprotective activity of RPN. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfa Wu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Danli Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
| | - Chongzhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunsu Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
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Adelusi OB, Etemadi Y, Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Effect of ferroptosis inhibitors in a murine model of acetaminophen-induced liver injury. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23791. [PMID: 39082238 PMCID: PMC11382325 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Liver injury caused by acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in western countries. The mode of APAP-induced cell death has been controversially discussed with ferroptosis emerging as a more recent hypothesis. Ferroptosis is characterized by ferrous iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation (LPO) causing cell death, which can be prevented by the lipophilic antioxidants ferrostatin-1 and UAMC-3203. To assess the efficacy of these ferroptosis inhibitors, we used two murine models of APAP hepatotoxicity, APAP overdose alone or in combination with FeSO4 in fasted male C57BL/6J mice. APAP triggered severe liver injury in the absence of LPO measured as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In contrast, ferrous iron co-treatment aggravated APAP-induced liver injury and caused extensive LPO. Standard doses of ferrostatin-1 did not affect MDA levels or the injury in both models. In contrast, UAMC-3203 partially protected in both models and reduced LPO in the presence of ferrous iron. However, UAMC-3203 attenuated the translocation of phospho-JNK through downregulation of the mitochondrial anchor protein Sab resulting in reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury. Thus, APAP toxicity does not involve ferroptosis under normal conditions. The lack of effects of ferroptosis inhibitors in the pathophysiology indicates that ferroptosis signaling pathways are not relevant therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Yasaman Etemadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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McGill MR. The Role of Mechanistic Biomarkers in Understanding Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:729-739. [PMID: 37918967 PMCID: PMC11257692 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity began in 1973 to 1974, when investigators at the US National Institutes of Health published seminal studies demonstrating conversion of APAP to a reactive metabolite that depletes glutathione and binds to proteins in the liver in mice after overdose. Since then, additional groundbreaking experiments have demonstrated critical roles for mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and necrotic cell death as well. Over the years, some investigators have also attempted to translate these mechanisms to humans using human specimens from APAP overdose patients. This review presents those studies and summarizes what we have learned about APAP hepatotoxicity in humans so far. Overall, the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans strongly resemble those discovered in experimental mouse and cultured hepatocyte models, and emerging biomarkers also suggest similarities in liver repair. The data not only validate the first mechanistic studies of APAP-induced liver injury performed 50 years ago but also demonstrate the human relevance of numerous studies conducted since then. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human studies using novel translational, mechanistic biomarkers have confirmed that the fundamental mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity discovered in rodent models since 1973 are the same in humans. Importantly, these findings have guided the development and understanding of treatments such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine and 4-methylpyrazole over the years. Additional research may improve not only our understanding of APAP overdose pathophysiology in humans but also our ability to predict and treat serious liver injury in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine; and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Central Mechanisms of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Protein Adducts and Oxidant Stress. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:712-721. [PMID: 37567742 PMCID: PMC11257690 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug used worldwide, which is safe at therapeutic doses. However, an overdose can induce liver injury and even liver failure. Mechanistic studies in mice beginning with the seminal papers published by B.B. Brodie's group in the 1970s have resulted in important insight into the pathophysiology. Although the metabolic activation of APAP with generation of a reactive metabolite, glutathione depletion, and protein adduct formation are critical initiating events, more recently, mitochondria have come into focus as an important target and decision point of cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the induction of mitochondrial superoxide and peroxynitrite formation and its propagation through a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening caused by iron-catalyzed protein nitration, and the mitochondria-dependent nuclear DNA fragmentation. In addition, the role of adaptive mechanisms that can modulate the pathophysiology, including autophagy, mitophagy, nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 activation, and mitochondrial biogenesis, are discussed. Importantly, it is outlined how the mechanisms elucidated in mice translate to human hepatocytes and APAP overdose patients, and how this mechanistic insight explains the mechanism of action of the clinically approved antidote N-acetylcysteine and led to the recent discovery of a novel compound, fomepizole, which is currently under clinical development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in western countries. Extensive mechanistic research over the last several decades has revealed a central role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of APAP hepatotoxicity. This review article provides a comprehensive discussion of a) mitochondrial protein adducts and oxidative/nitrosative stress, b) mitochondria-regulated nuclear DNA fragmentation, c) adaptive mechanisms to APAP-induced cellular stress, d) translation of cell death mechanisms to overdose patients, and e) mechanism-based antidotes against APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Nurhayati T, Ridho MF, Santoso PTR, Setiawan S, Goenawan H, Tarawan VM. Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Liver Histopathology: A Systematic Review. J Nutr Metab 2024; 2024:6815993. [PMID: 38993633 PMCID: PMC11239234 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6815993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), which are members of the Moringaceae family, are one of the herbal plants that are widely known in Indonesia. Phytochemical contents of moringa leaf, such as flavonoid, quercetin, and phenolic acid, are believed to have an effect on improvement of NAFLD. Therefore, moringa leaf is considered as one the herbal plants that can be used as supplementation in the form of adjuvant therapy to NAFLD. The study objective of our research is to review the effect of giving moringa leaf to the liver, especially the histopathologic features. This study will be conducted on literature review research design, more specifically in the form of a systematic review. Research Method. Five major electronic web databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were used in identifying literature from 2014 to 2023. Results From a comprehensive analysis of 13 relevant literature sources, we elucidate the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver histopathology, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we provide insights into its safety profile concerning human health. Conclusion The phytochemical content of Moringa oleifera leaf extract had shown a significant benefit in plant medicinal sector. From the research that had been done, Moringa oleifera leaf extract contributes to give significant improvement on liver histopathological features, glucose, and lipid metabolism on animal sample model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titing Nurhayati
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicinePadjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
- Faculty of MedicinePadjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Setiawan Setiawan
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicinePadjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicinePadjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vita Murniati Tarawan
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicinePadjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
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Hassan R, Hobloss Z, Myllys M, González D, Begher-Tibbe B, Reinders J, Friebel A, Hoehme S, Abdelmageed N, Abbas AA, Seddek AL, Morad SAF, Hengstler JG, Ghallab A. Acetaminophen overdose causes a breach of the blood-bile barrier in mice but not in rats. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1533-1542. [PMID: 38466352 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is known to cause a breach of the blood-bile barrier in mice that, via a mechanism called futile bile acid (BA) cycling, increases BA concentrations in hepatocytes above cytotoxic thresholds. Here, we compared this mechanism in mice and rats, because both species differ massively in their susceptibility to APAP and compared the results to available human data. Dose and time-dependent APAP experiments were performed in male C57BL6/N mice and Wistar rats. The time course of BA concentrations in liver tissue and in blood was analyzed by MALDI-MSI and LC-MS/MS. APAP and its derivatives were measured in the blood by LC-MS. APAP-induced liver damage was analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and by clinical chemistry. In mice, a transient increase of BA in blood and in peri-central hepatocytes preceded hepatocyte death. The BA increase coincided with oxidative stress in liver tissue and a compromised morphology of bile canaliculi and immunohistochemically visualized tight junction proteins. Rats showed a reduced metabolic activation of APAP compared to mice. However, even at very high doses that caused cell death of hepatocytes, no increase of BA concentrations was observed neither in liver tissue nor in the blood. Correspondingly, no oxidative stress was detectable, and the morphology of bile canaliculi and tight junction proteins remained unaltered. In conclusion, different mechanisms cause cell death in rats and mice, whereby oxidative stress and a breach of the blood-bile barrier are seen only in mice. Since transient cholestasis also occurs in human patients with APAP overdose, mice are a clinically relevant species to study APAP hepatotoxicity but not rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hassan
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniela González
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg Reinders
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Friebel
- Institute of Computer Science &, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoehme
- Institute of Computer Science &, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Noha Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Aya A Abbas
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Latief Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Samy A F Morad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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Layman AJ, Alsbrook SM, Koturbash IK, McGill MR. Natural Products That Protect Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: A Call for Increased Rigor in Preclinical Studies of Dietary Supplements. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38562009 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2335573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most common causes of acute liver injury. The current standard-of-care treatment for APAP hepatotoxicity, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, is highly effective when administered early after overdose, but loses efficacy in later-presenting patients. As a result, there is interest in the identification of new treatments for APAP overdose patients. Natural products are a promising source of new treatments because many are purported to have hepatoprotective effects. In fact, a great deal of research has been done to identify natural products that can protect against APAP-induced liver injury. However, serious concerns have been raised about the rigor and human relevance of these studies. Here, we systematically reviewed the APAP-natural product literature from 2013 to 2023 to determine the veracity of these concerns and the scope of the potential problem. The results substantiate the concerns that have been previously raised and point to concrete steps that can be taken to improve APAP-natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Layman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Scott M Alsbrook
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Igor K Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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10
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Ouyang S, Zhu J, Cao Q, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu J, Sun S, Fu J, Chen Y, Tong J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Shen F, Li D, Wang P. Gasdermin-E-Dependent Non-Canonical Pyroptosis Promotes Drug-Induced Liver Failure by Promoting CPS1 deISGylation and Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305715. [PMID: 38417117 PMCID: PMC11040357 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant global health issue that poses high mortality and morbidity risks. One commonly observed cause of DILI is acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. GSDME is an effector protein that induces non-canonical pyroptosis. In this study, the activation of GSDME, but not GSDMD, in the liver tissue of mice and patients with APAP-DILI is reported. Knockout of GSDME, rather than GSDMD, in mice protected them from APAP-DILI. Mice with hepatocyte-specific rescue of GSDME reproduced APAP-induced liver injury. Furthermore, alterations in the immune cell pools observed in APAP-induced DILI, such as the replacement of TIM4+ resident Kupffer cells (KCs) by monocyte-derived KCs, Ly6C+ monocyte infiltration, MerTk+ macrophages depletion, and neutrophil increase, reappeared in mice with hepatocyte-specific rescue of GSDME. Mechanistically, APAP exposure led to a substantial loss of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), resulting in deISGylation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 (CPS1), promoted its degradation via K48-linked ubiquitination, causing ammonia clearance dysfunction. GSDME deletion prevented these effects. Delayed administration of dimethyl-fumarate inhibited GSDME cleavage and alleviated ammonia accumulation, mitigating liver injury. This findings demonstrated a previously uncharacterized role of GSDME in APAP-DILI by promoting pyroptosis and CPS1 deISGylation, suggesting that inhibiting GSDME can be a promising therapeutic option for APAP-DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen‐Xi Ouyang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jia‐Hui Zhu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Qi Cao
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Hepatic SurgeryThe Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jing‐Wen Wu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Si‐Jia Sun
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jiang‐Tao Fu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jia‐Bao Zhang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Fu‐Ming Shen
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Dong‐Jie Li
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Pei Wang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite ResearchNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical EducationNaval Medical University/Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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11
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Xu C, Yan F, Zhao Y, Jaeschke H, Wu J, Fang L, Zhao L, Zhao Y, Wang L. Hepatocyte miR-21-5p-deficiency alleviates APAP-induced liver injury by inducing PPARγ and autophagy. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:50-60. [PMID: 38180883 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is one of the most frequent causes of acute liver failure worldwide. Significant increases in the levels of miRNA-21 in both liver tissues and plasma have been observed in APAP-overdosed animals and humans. However, the mechanistic effect of miRNA-21 on acute liver injury remains unknown. In this study, we generated a new hepatocyte-specific miRNA-21 knockout (miR-21-HKO) mouse line. miR-21-HKO and the background-matched sibling wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a toxic dose of APAP. Compared with WT mice, miR-21 HKO mice showed an increased survival, a reduction of necrotic hepatocytes, and an increased expression of light chain 3 beta, which suggested an autophagy activation. The expression of PPARγ was highly induced in the livers of miR-21-HKO mice after a 2-h APAP treatment, which preceded the activation of LC3B at the 12 h APAP treatment. miR-21 negatively regulated PPARγ protein expression by targeting its 3'-UTR. When PPARγ function was blocked by a potent antagonist GW9662 in miR-21-HKO mice, the autophage activation was significantly diminished, suggesting an indispensable role of PPARγ signaling pathway in miR-21-mediated hepatotoxicity. Taken together, hepatocyte-specific depletion of miRNA-21 alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by activating PPARγ and autophagy, demonstrating a crucial new regulatory role of miR-21 in APAP-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Independent Researcher, Tucson, Arizona 85004, USA
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12
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Li N, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Wei J, Zhang H, Luo H. Synergistic suppression of ovarian cancer by combining NRF2 and GPX4 inhibitors: in vitro and in vivo evidence. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:49. [PMID: 38396022 PMCID: PMC10885431 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a significant challenge in women's health due to the lack of effective screening and diagnostic methods, often leading to late detection and the highest mortality rate among all gynecologic tumors worldwide. Recent research has shown that ovarian cancer has an "iron addiction" phenotype which makes it vulnerable to ferroptosis inducers. We tested the combination of NRF2-targeted inhibitors with GPX4-targeted inhibitors in ovarian cancer through in vitro and in vivo experiment. The data showed that combination treatment effectively suppressed adherent cell growth, inhibited suspended cell spheroid formation, and restrained the ability of spheroid formation in 3D-culture. Mechanistically, the combination induced accumulation of ROS, 4-HNE, as well as activation of caspase-3 which indicates that this combination simultaneously increases cell ferroptosis and apoptosis. Notably, inhibition of GPX4 or NRF2 can suppress ovarian cancer spreading and growth in the peritoneal cavity of mice, while the combination of NRF2 inhibitor ML385 with GPX4 inhibitors showed a significant synergistic effect compared to individual drug treatment in a syngeneic mouse ovarian cancer model. Overall, these findings suggest that combining NRF2 inhibitors with GPX4 inhibitors results in a synergy suppression of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo, and maybe a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China.
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute, the Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute, the Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute, the Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Jinbin Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute, the Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 534023, China.
| | - Hui Luo
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute, the Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China.
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13
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:453-478. [PMID: 38265880 PMCID: PMC11131139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the clinically most relevant drug hepatotoxicity in western countries, and, because of translational relevance of animal models, APAP is mechanistically the most studied drug. This review covers intracellular signaling events starting with drug metabolism and the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving oxidant stress and peroxynitrite. Mitochondria-derived endonucleases trigger nuclear DNA fragmentation, the point of no return for cell death. In addition, adaptive mechanisms that limit cell death are discussed including autophagy, mitochondrial morphology changes, and biogenesis. Extensive evidence supports oncotic necrosis as the mode of cell death; however, a partial overlap with signaling events of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is the basis for controversial discussions. Furthermore, an update on sterile inflammation in injury and repair with activation of Kupffer cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils is provided. Understanding these mechanisms of cell death led to discovery of N-acetylcysteine and recently fomepizole as effective antidotes against APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
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14
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Umbaugh DS, Jaeschke H. Biomarker discovery in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: leveraging single-cell transcriptomics and mechanistic insight. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:143-155. [PMID: 38217408 PMCID: PMC10872301 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2306219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury and can cause a rapid progression to acute liver failure (ALF). Therefore, the identification of prognostic biomarkers to determine which patients will require a liver transplant is critical for APAP-induced ALF. AREAS COVERED We begin by relating the mechanistic investigations in mouse models of APAP hepatotoxicity to the human APAP overdose pathophysiology. We draw insights from the established sequence of molecular events in mice to understand the progression of events in the APAP overdose patient. Through this mechanistic understanding, several new biomarkers, such as CXCL14, have recently been evaluated. We also explore how single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and other omics approaches have been leveraged for identifying novel biomarkers and how these approaches will continue to push the field of biomarker discovery forward. EXPERT OPINION Recent investigations have elucidated several new biomarkers or combination of markers such as CXCL14, a regenerative miRNA signature, a cell death miRNA signature, hepcidin, LDH, CPS1, and FABP1. While these biomarkers are promising, they all require further validation. Larger cohort studies analyzing these new biomarkers in the same patient samples, while adding these candidate biomarkers to prognostic models will further support their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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15
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McGill MR, Curry SC. The Evolution of Circulating Biomarkers for Use in Acetaminophen/Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Humans: A Scoping Review. LIVERS 2023; 3:569-596. [PMID: 38434489 PMCID: PMC10906739 DOI: 10.3390/livers3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used drug, but overdose can cause severe acute liver injury. The first reports of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans were published in 1966, shortly after the development of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as the first biomarkers of liver injury as opposed to liver function. Thus, the field of liver injury biomarkers has evolved alongside the growth in APAP hepatotoxicity incidence. Numerous biomarkers have been proposed for use in the management of APAP overdose patients in the intervening years. Here, we comprehensively review the development of these markers from the 1960s to the present day and briefly discuss possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72212, USA
| | - Steven C Curry
- Division of Clinical Data Analytics and Decision Support, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
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16
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Etemadi Y, Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: A case study with sulforaphane. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23505. [PMID: 37598316 PMCID: PMC10842847 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause severe liver injury and acute liver failure. The only clinically approved antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is highly effective but has a narrow therapeutic window. In the last 2 decades, activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates acute phase proteins and antioxidant defense genes, has emerged as a putative new therapeutic target against APAP hepatotoxicity. However, virtually all studies that propose Nrf2 activation as mechanism of protection used prolonged pretreatment, which is not a clinically feasible approach to treat a drug overdose. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess if therapeutic activation of Nrf2 is a viable approach to treat liver injury after APAP overdose. We used the water-soluble Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN; 5 mg/kg) in a murine model of APAP hepatotoxicity (300 mg/kg). Our results indicate that short-term treatment (≤3 h) with SFN alone did not activate Nrf2 or its target genes. However, posttreatment with SFN after APAP partially protected at 6 h likely due to more rapid activation of the Nrf2-target gene heme oxygenase-1. A direct comparison of SFN with NAC given at 1 h after APAP showed a superior protection with NAC, which was maintained at 24 h unlike with SFN. Thus, Nrf2 activators have inherent problems like the need to create a cellular stress to activate Nrf2 and delayed adaptive responses which may hamper sustained protection against APAP hepatotoxicity. Thus, compared to the more direct acting antidote NAC, Nrf2 activators are less suitable for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Etemadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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17
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Rumack BH, Wallace DP, Jaeschke H. Lack of mitochondrial Cyp2E1 drives acetaminophen-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in mouse and human kidneys: Inhibition by 4-methylpyrazole but not N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology 2023; 500:153692. [PMID: 38042273 PMCID: PMC11097675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes liver injury and acute liver failure, as well as acute kidney injury, which is not prevented by the clinical antidote N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The absence of therapeutics targeting APAP-induced nephrotoxicity is due to gaps in understanding the mechanisms of renal injury. APAP metabolism through Cyp2E1 drives cell death in both the liver and kidney. We demonstrate that Cyp2E1 is localized to the proximal tubular cells in mouse and human kidneys. Virtually all the Cyp2E1 in kidney cells is in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), not in mitochondria. By contrast, hepatic Cyp2E1 is in both the ER and mitochondria of hepatocytes. Consistent with this subcellular localization, a dose of 600 mg/kg APAP in fasted C57BL/6J mice induced the formation of APAP protein adducts predominantly in mitochondria of hepatocytes, but the ER of the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. We found that reactive metabolite formation triggered ER stress-mediated activation of caspase-12 and apoptotic cell death in the kidney. While co-treatment with 4-methylpyrazole (4MP; fomepizole) or the caspase inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO prevented APAP-induced cleavage of procaspase-12 and apoptosis in the kidney, treatment with NAC had no effect. These mechanisms are clinically relevant because 4MP but not NAC also significantly attenuated APAP-induced apoptotic cell death in primary human kidney cells. We conclude that reactive metabolite formation by Cyp2E1 in the ER results in sustained ER stress that causes activation of procaspase-12, triggering apoptosis of proximal tubular cells, and that 4MP but not NAC may be an effective antidote against APAP-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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18
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Hu J, Nieminen AL, Weemhoff JL, Jaeschke H, Murphy LG, Dent JA, Lemasters JJ. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter mediates mitochondrial Fe 2+ uptake and hepatotoxicity after acetaminophen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116722. [PMID: 37848124 PMCID: PMC10872750 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose disrupts hepatocellular lysosomes, which release ferrous iron (Fe2+) that translocates into mitochondria putatively via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) to induce oxidative/nitrative stress, the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and hepatotoxicity. To investigate how MCU deficiency affects mitochondrial Fe2+ uptake and hepatotoxicity after APAP overdose, global MCU knockout (KO), hepatocyte specific (hs) MCU KO, and wildtype (WT) mice were treated with an overdose of APAP both in vivo and in vitro. Compared to strain-specific WT mice, serum ALT decreased by 88 and 56%, respectively, in global and hsMCU KO mice at 24 h after APAP (300 mg/kg). Hepatic necrosis also decreased by 84 and 56%. By contrast, when MCU was knocked out in Kupffer cells, ALT release and necrosis were unchanged after overdose APAP. Intravital multiphoton microscopy confirmed loss of viability and mitochondrial depolarization in pericentral hepatocytes of WT mice, which was decreased in MCU KO mice. CYP2E1 expression, hepatic APAP-protein adduct formation, and JNK activation revealed that APAP metabolism was equivalent between WT and MCU KO mice. In cultured hepatocytes after APAP, loss of cell viability decreased in hsMCU KO compared to WT hepatocytes. Using fructose plus glycine to prevent cell killing, mitochondrial Fe2+ increased progressively after APAP, as revealed with mitoferrofluor (MFF), a mitochondrial Fe2+ indicator. By contrast in hsMCU KO hepatocytes, mitochondrial Fe2+ uptake after APAP was suppressed. Rhod-2 measurements showed that Ca2+ did not increase in mitochondria after APAP in either WT or KO hepatocytes. In conclusion, MCU mediates uptake of Fe2+ into mitochondria after APAP and plays a central role in mitochondrial depolarization and cell death during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Hu
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Laura G Murphy
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Judith A Dent
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America.
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19
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Yiew NKH, Vazquez JH, Martino MR, Kennon-McGill S, Price JR, Allard FD, Yee EU, Layman AJ, James LP, McCommis KS, Finck BN, McGill MR. Hepatic pyruvate and alanine metabolism are critical and complementary for maintenance of antioxidant capacity and resistance to oxidative insult. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101808. [PMID: 37716594 PMCID: PMC10561123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial pyruvate is a critical intermediary metabolite in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and NADH production. As a result, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway. However, recent in vitro data indicate that MPC inhibition diverts glutamine/glutamate away from glutathione synthesis and toward glutaminolysis to compensate for loss of pyruvate oxidation, possibly sensitizing cells to oxidative insult. Here, we explored this in vivo using the clinically relevant acetaminophen (APAP) overdose model of acute liver injury, which is driven by oxidative stress. METHODS We used pharmacological and genetic approaches to inhibit MPC2 and alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2), individually and concomitantly, in mice and cell culture models and determined the effects on APAP hepatotoxicity. RESULTS We found that MPC inhibition sensitizes the liver to APAP-induced injury in vivo only with concomitant loss of alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2). Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of neither MPC2 nor ALT2 alone affected APAP toxicity, but liver-specific double knockout (DKO) significantly worsened APAP-induced liver damage. Further investigation indicated that DKO impaired glutathione synthesis and increased urea cycle flux, consistent with increased glutaminolysis, and these results were reproducible in vitro. Finally, induction of ALT2 and post-treatment with dichloroacetate both reduced APAP-induced liver injury, suggesting new therapeutic avenues. CONCLUSIONS Increased susceptibility to APAP toxicity requires loss of both the MPC and ALT2 in vivo, indicating that MPC inhibition alone is insufficient to disrupt redox balance. Furthermore, the results from ALT2 induction and dichloroacetate in the APAP model suggest new metabolic approaches to the treatment of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel H Vazquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael R Martino
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jake R Price
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Felicia D Allard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexander J Layman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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20
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Lee H, Lee TJ, Galloway CA, Zhi W, Xiao W, de Mesy Bentley KL, Sharma A, Teng Y, Sesaki H, Yoon Y. The mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 is dispensable in the liver and its absence induces mitohormesis to protect liver from drug-induced injury. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6721. [PMID: 37872238 PMCID: PMC10593833 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for metabolic homeostasis of the liver, and their dysfunction is a major cause of liver diseases. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is a mitochondrial fusion protein with a role in cristae shaping. Disruption of OPA1 causes mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the role of OPA1 in liver function is poorly understood. In this study, we delete OPA1 in the fully developed liver of male mice. Unexpectedly, OPA1 liver knockout (LKO) mice are healthy with unaffected mitochondrial respiration, despite disrupted cristae morphology. OPA1 LKO induces a stress response that establishes a new homeostatic state for sustained liver function. Our data show that OPA1 is required for proper complex V assembly and that OPA1 LKO protects the liver from drug toxicity. Mechanistically, OPA1 LKO decreases toxic drug metabolism and confers resistance to the mitochondrial permeability transition. This study demonstrates that OPA1 is dispensable in the liver, and that the mitohormesis induced by OPA1 LKO prevents liver injury and contributes to liver resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakjoo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chad A Galloway
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Wei Xiao
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Karen L de Mesy Bentley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yisang Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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21
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Yoo H, Lee HR, Kang SB, Lee J, Park K, Yoo H, Kim J, Chung TD, Lee KM, Lim HH, Son CY, Sun JY, Oh SS. G-Quadruplex-Filtered Selective Ion-to-Ion Current Amplification for Non-Invasive Ion Monitoring in Real Time. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303655. [PMID: 37433455 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Living cells efflux intracellular ions for maintaining cellular life, so intravital measurements of specific ion signals are of significant importance for studying cellular functions and pharmacokinetics. In this work, de novo synthesis of artificial K+ -selective membrane and its integration with polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based open-junction ionic diode (OJID) is demonstrated, achieving a real-time K+ -selective ion-to-ion current amplification in complex bioenvironments. By mimicking biological K+ channels and nerve impulse transmitters, in-line K+ -binding G-quartets are introduced across freestanding lipid bilayers by G-specific hexylation of monolithic G-quadruplex, and the pre-filtered K+ flow is directly converted to amplified ionic currents by the OJID with a fast response time at 100 ms intervals. By the synergistic combination of charge repulsion, sieving, and ion recognition, the synthetic membrane allows K+ transport exclusively without water leakage; it is 250× and 17× more permeable toward K+ than monovalent anion, Cl- , and polyatomic cation, N-methyl-d-glucamine+ , respectively. The molecular recognition-mediated ion channeling provides a 500% larger signal for K+ as compared to Li+ (0.6× smaller than K+ ) despite the same valence. Using the miniaturized device, non-invasive, direct, and real-time K+ efflux monitoring from living cell spheroids is achieved with minimal crosstalk, specifically in identifying osmotic shock-induced necrosis and drug-antidote dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Yoo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ro Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Soon-Bo Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Juhwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kunwoong Park
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Hyunjae Yoo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinmin Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Lim
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Chang Yun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
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22
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Zhu L, Fan X, Cao C, Li K, Hou W, Ci X. Xanthohumol protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via Nrf2 activation through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115097. [PMID: 37406514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the world's popular and safe painkillers, and overdose can cause severe liver damage and even acute liver failure. The effect and mechanism of the xanthohumol on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. METHODS The hepatoprotective effects of xanthohumol were studied using APAP-induced HepG2 cells and acute liver injury of mouse, seperately. RESULTS In vitro, xanthohumol inhibited H2O2- and acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Xanthohumol up-regulated the expression of Nrf2. Further mechanistic studies showed that xanthohumol triggered Nrf2 activation via the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β pathway to exert a cytoprotective effect. In vivo, xanthohumol significantly ameliorated acetaminophen-induced mortality, the elevation of ALT and AST, GSH depletion, MDA formation and histopathological changes. Xanthohumol effectively suppressed the phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of JNK, mitochondrial translocation of Bax, the activation o cytochrome c, AIF secretion and Caspase-3. In vivo, xanthohumol increased Nrf2 nuclear transcription and AMPK, Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation in vivo. In addition, whether xanthohumol protected against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in Nrf2 knockout mice has not been illustated. CONCLUSION Thus, xanthohumol exerted a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the AMPK/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyu Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China
| | - Xiaoye Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China
| | - Chunyuan Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changzhun, China
| | - Kailiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changzhun, China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Department of Cadre Ward, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Chaoyang, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130001, China.
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23
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Xie W, Jiang R, Xie J, Vince R, More SS. Geometric Isomer of Guanabenz Confers Hepatoprotection to a Murine Model of Acetaminophen Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1071-1080. [PMID: 37348131 PMCID: PMC10355191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen, a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug, is one of the leading causes of drug-induced acute liver injury in the United States and worldwide. Phase-I metabolism of acetaminophen generates the toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) intermediate. Reactions of NAPQI with a wide range of biomolecules cause increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, some of the cellular events contributing toward liver toxicity. Previously, we evaluated the potential of an FDA-approved, ER stress-modulating antihypertensive drug, Wytensin (trans-guanabenz, E-GA), as an antidote for acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. E-GA prevented elevation of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT), even when administered up to 6 h after acetaminophen overdose, and exhibited synergistic analgesic interactions. However, the commercially available guanabenz exists solely as a trans-isomer and suffers from sedative side effects resulting from the inhibition of central α2A-adrenergic receptors in locus coeruleus. Here, we studied the utility of the relatively unexplored cis-isomer of guanabenz as a treatment option for acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity. cis(Z)-Guanabenz acetate (Z-GA) lacks interaction with α2A-adrenoreceptors and is thus devoid of sedative, blood-pressure-lowering side effects of E-GA. Treatment of mice with Z-GA (10 mg/kg) before acetaminophen overdose and up to 6 h post APAP administration prevented liver injury and suppressed the elevation of serum ALT levels. Mechanistically, hepatoprotective effects of both isomers are similar and partly attributed to attenuation of the ER stress and oxidative stress in the liver. The results of this study suggest that Z-GA may be a safer, effective antidote for the clinical management of acute liver injury resulting from acetaminophen overdose. It also raises a tantalizing possibility of a prophylactic combination of the geometric isomer of the approved drug guanabenz with acetaminophen in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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Shin YS, Hwang DB, Won DH, Kim SY, Kim C, Park JW, Jeon Y, Yun JW. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a role in drug-induced liver injury by regulating cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:443-453. [PMID: 37398564 PMCID: PMC10313641 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of acute liver failure and drug withdrawal. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is involved in the metabolism of several drugs, and can induce liver injury through the production of toxic metabolites and the generation of reactive oxygen species. This study aimed to elucidate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CYP2E1 regulation for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. To achieve this, mice were administered cisplatin or acetaminophen (APAP) 1 h after treatment with the CYP2E1 inhibitor dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and histopathological and serum biochemical analyses were performed. APAP treatment induced hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by an increase in liver weight and serum ALT levels. Moreover, histological analysis indicated severe injury, including apoptosis, in the liver tissue of APAP-treated mice, which was confirmed by TUNEL assay. Additionally, APAP treatment suppressed the antioxidant capacity of the mice and increased the expression of the DNA damage markers γ-H2AX and p53. However, these effects of APAP on hepatotoxicity were significantly attenuated by DMSO treatment. Furthermore, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling using the Wnt agonist CHIR99021 (CHIR) increased CYP2E1 expression in rat liver epithelial cells (WB-F344), whereas treatment with the Wnt/β-catenin antagonist IWP-2 inhibited nuclear β-catenin and CYP2E1 expression. Interestingly, APAP-induced cytotoxicity in WB-F344 cells was exacerbated by CHIR treatment and suppressed by IWP-2 treatment. Overall, these results showed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in DILI through the upregulation of CYP2E1 expression by directly binding the transcription factor β-cat/TCF to the Cyp2e1 promoter, thus exacerbating DILI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00180-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Sub Shin
- Department of Research and Development, SML Genetree, Seoul, 05855 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Bin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Won
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Changuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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25
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Abstract
Mitochondria are critical organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Thus, their dysfunction can have severe consequences in cells responsible for energy-intensive metabolic function, such as hepatocytes. Extensive research over the last decades have identified compromised mitochondrial function as a central feature in the pathophysiology of liver injury induced by an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. While hepatocyte mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress coupled with induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition are well recognized after an APAP overdose, recent studies have revealed additional details about the organelle's role in APAP pathophysiology. This concise review highlights these new advances, which establish the central role of the mitochondria in APAP pathophysiology, and places them in the context of earlier information in the literature. Adaptive alterations in mitochondrial morphology as well as the role of cellular iron in mitochondrial dysfunction and the organelle's importance in liver recovery after APAP-induced injury will be discussed.
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26
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Lee J, Ha J, Kim JH, Seo D, Kim M, Lee Y, Park SS, Choi D, Park JS, Lee YJ, Yang S, Yang KM, Jung SM, Hong S, Koo SH, Bae YS, Kim SJ, Park SH. Peli3 ablation ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through inhibition of GSK3β phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1218-1231. [PMID: 37258579 PMCID: PMC10318043 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways governing acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury have been extensively studied. However, little is known about the ubiquitin-modifying enzymes needed for the regulation of APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we examined whether the Pellino3 protein, which has E3 ligase activity, is needed for APAP-induced liver injury and subsequently explored its molecular mechanism. Whole-body Peli3-/- knockout (KO) and adenovirus-mediated Peli3 knockdown (KD) mice showed reduced levels of centrilobular cell death, infiltration of immune cells, and biomarkers of liver injury, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), upon APAP treatment compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Peli3 deficiency in primary hepatocytes decreased mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and reduced the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In addition, the levels of phosphorylation at serine 9 in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β were decreased in primary hepatocytes obtained from Peli3-/- KO mice, and these reductions were accompanied by decreases in JNK phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Pellino3 bound more strongly to GSK3β compared with JNK1 and JNK2 and induced the lysine 63 (K63)-mediated polyubiquitination of GSK3β. In rescue experiments, the ectopic expression of wild-type Pellino3 in Peli3-/- KO hepatocytes restored the mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β, but this restoration was not obtained with expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Pellino3. These findings are the first to suggest a mechanistic link between Pellino3 and APAP-induced liver injury through the modulation of GSK3β polyubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- KoBio Labs, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeob Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minbeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shil Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Choi
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoi Koo
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Medpacto Inc., Seoul, 06668, Republic of Korea.
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Lee M, Ahn C, Kim K, Jeung EB. Mitochondrial Toxic Effects of Antiepileptic Drug Valproic Acid on Mouse Kidney Stem Cells. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050471. [PMID: 37235285 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that is used mainly as an antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drug. The side effects of VPA usually appears as hepatic injury and various metabolic disorders. On the other hand, it is rarely reported to cause kidney injury. Despite the many studies on the influence of VPA exposure on the kidneys, the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study examined the changes after VPA treatment to the mouse kidney stem cells (mKSCs). VPA triggers an increase in mitochondrial ROS, but there was no change in either mitochondrial membrane potential or the mitochondrial DNA copy number in mKSCs. The VPA treatment increased the mitochondrial complex III but decreased complex V significantly compared to the DMSO treatment as a control. The inflammatory marker (IL-6) and the expression of the apoptosis markers (Caspase 3) and were increased by VPA. In particular, the expression of the podocyte injury markers (CD2AP) was increased significantly. In conclusion, VPA exposure has adverse effects on mouse kidney stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - KangMin Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ezugwu AL, Anaduaka EG, Chibuogwu CC, Ezeorba TPC. Meat tenderization using acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP): A review on deductive biochemical mechanisms, toxicological implications and strategies for mitigation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15628. [PMID: 37159697 PMCID: PMC10163616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Meats consist of edible portions originating from domestic and wild animals. Meat's palatability and sensory accessibility largely depend on its tenderness to consumers. Although many factors influence meat tenderness, the cooking method cannot be neglected. Different chemical, mechanical, and natural means of meat tenderization have been considered healthy and safe for consumers. However, many households, food vendors, and bars in developing countries engage in the unhealthy use of acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP) in meat tenderization due to the cost reduction it offers in the overall cooking process. Acetaminophen (paracetamol/APAP) is one of the most popular, relatively cheap, and ubiquitous over-the-counter drugs that induce serious toxicity challenges when misused. It is important to note that acetaminophen during cooking is hydrolyses into a toxic compound known as 4-aminophenol, which damages the liver and kidney and results in organ failure. Despite the reports on the increase in the use of acetaminophen for meat tenderizing in many web reports, there have not been any serious scientific publications on this subject. This study adopted classical/traditional methodology to review relevant literature retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using relevant key terms (Acetaminophen, Toxicity, Meat tenderization, APAP, paracetamol, mechanisms) and Boolean operators (AND and OR). This paper provides in-depth information on the hazard and health implications of consuming acetaminophen tenderized meat via genetic and metabolic pathways deductions. Understanding these unsafe practices will promote awareness and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Linus Ezugwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Godwin Anaduaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Christian Chiazor Chibuogwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
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29
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Abstract
Significance: Liver disease is one of the biggest threats to public health, affecting as much as 5.5 million people worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various acute and chronic liver diseases. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy for damaged/excessive mitochondria, plays a key role either in the pathogenesis or in maintaining hepatic homeostasis in response to various liver diseases. Recent Advances: Significant progress has been achieved to ascertain the causes of liver disease. The conserved pathways for mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy, the deregulation of mitophagy in liver diseases, and pharmacological or genetic maneuvers that alter the mitophagic flux for liver disease treatment have been widely studied but yet to be comprehensively reviewed. Critical Issues: Liver disease is considered a leading cause of mortality globally, causing the heavy burden of disability and the increased health care utilization that needs to be settled urgently. Mitophagy plays an important role in protecting liver from tissue damage to maintain hepatic homeostasis or in pathogenesis of liver disease. Elaborating mitophagy implicated in the pathogenesis of liver disease, as well as potential therapeutic regimens by targeting mitophagy is of great significance for the understanding and treatment of liver disease. Future Directions: This review comprehensively describes the distinct mitophagy signaling pathways and their interplay with various liver diseases. Given that mitophagy affects a wide array of physiological processes, a deeper understanding of how to modulate mitophagy could provide innovative avenues for precise therapy. Future studies based on pharmacologically or genetically targeting mitophagy-relevant factors will uncover the links between intact mitophagic responses and hepatic homeostasis in physiological and pathological settings. This will allow us to overcome obstacles of applying mitophagy as the therapeutic target in the clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 529-549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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30
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used pain reliever that can cause liver injury or liver failure in response to an overdose. Understanding the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death is critical for identifying new therapeutic targets. In this respect it was hypothesized that hepatocytes die by oncotic necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and more recently pyroptosis. The latter cell death is characterized by caspase-dependent gasdermin cleavage into a C-terminal and an N-terminal fragment, which forms pores in the plasma membrane. The gasdermin pores can release potassium, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and other small molecules in a sublytic phase, which can be the main function of the pores in certain cell types such as inflammatory cells. Alternatively, the process can progress to full lysis of the cell (pyroptosis) with extensive cell contents release. This review discusses the experimental evidence for the involvement of pyroptosis in APAP hepatotoxicity as well as the arguments against pyroptosis as a relevant mechanism of APAP-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Based on the critical evaluation of the currently available literature and understanding of the pathophysiology, it can be concluded that pyroptotic cell death is unlikely to be a relevant contributor to APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S. Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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31
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Umbaugh DS, Soder RP, Nguyen NT, Adelusi O, Robarts DR, Woolbright B, Duan L, Abhyankar S, Dawn B, Apte U, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Human Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent acetaminophen-induced liver injury in a mouse model unlike human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3315-3329. [PMID: 36057886 PMCID: PMC9773902 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of hepatotoxicity induced by N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (Acetaminophen or Paracetamol, abbreviated as APAP) as the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States, despite the availability of N-acetylcysteine, illustrates the clinical relevance of additional therapeutic approaches. While human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown protection in mouse models of liver injury, the MSCs used are generally not cleared for human use and it is unclear whether these effects are due to xenotransplantation. Here we evaluated GMP manufactured clinical grade human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs), which are currently being investigated in human clinical trials, in a mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity in comparison to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) to address these issues. C57BL6J mice were treated with a moderate APAP overdose (300 mg/kg) and WJMSCs were administered 90 min later. Liver injury was evaluated at 6 and 24 h after APAP. WJMSCs treatment reduced APAP-induced liver injury at both time points unlike HDFs, which showed no protection. APAP-induced JNK activation as well as AIF and Smac release from mitochondria were prevented by WJMSCs treatment without influencing APAP bioactivation. Mechanistically, WJMSCs treatment upregulated expression of Gclc and Gclm to enhance recovery of liver GSH levels to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerated recovery of pericentral hepatocytes to re-establish liver zonation and promote liver homeostasis. Notably, preventing GSH resynthesis with buthionine sulfoximine prevented the protective effects of WJMSCs. These data indicate that these GMP-manufactured WJMCs could be a clinically relevant therapeutic approach in the management of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Rupal P Soder
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Olamide Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Dakota R Robarts
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ben Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sunil Abhyankar
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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32
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Bashir S, Morgan WA. Inhibition of mitochondrial function: An alternative explanation for the antipyretic and hypothermic actions of acetaminophen. Life Sci 2022; 312:121194. [PMID: 36379307 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acetaminophen is the medication of choice when treating fever because of its limited anti-inflammatory effects. However at overdose it can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and damage, often associated with metabolism to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). What has never been investigated is whether the inhibition of mitochondrial function, particularly fatty acid uptake and oxidation could be the key to its antipyretic and hypothermic properties. METHODS Mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was determined by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in isolated mitochondria and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using the XFp Analyser. Basal fatty acids and adrenergic stimulated OCR of mitochondria and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were assessed with acetaminophen and compared to NAPQI, etomoxir, and various mitochondrial stress compounds. KEY FINDINGS Using the XFp Analyser, acetaminophen (10 mM) decreased FAO by 31 % and 29 % in basal and palmitate stimulated adipocytes. NAPQI (50 μM) caused a 63 % decrease in both basal and palmitate stimulated FAO. Acetaminophen (10 mM) caused a 34 % reduction in basal and adrenergic stimulated OCR. In addition acetaminophen also inhibited complex I and II activity at 5 mM. NAPQI was far more potent at reducing mitochondrial respiratory capacity, maximum respiratory rates and ATP production than acetaminophen. SIGNIFICANCE These studies demonstrate the direct inhibition of mitochondrial function by acetaminophen at concentrations which have been shown to reduce fever and hypothermia in mammals. Understanding how antipyretics directly affect mitochondrial function and heat generation could lead to the development of new antipyretics which are not compromised by the anti-inflammatory and toxicity of the current medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazma Bashir
- The Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Winston A Morgan
- The Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, UK.
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33
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Ding Q, Wang Y, Xia SW, Zhao F, Zhong JF, Wang HL, Chen KL. SIRT4 Expression Ameliorates the Detrimental Effect of Heat Stress via AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in BMECs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13307. [PMID: 36362094 PMCID: PMC9658231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4), a member of the SIRT family, has been reported to be a key factor involved in antioxidant defense in mitochondria. This study aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanism via which SIRT4 regulates heat stress-induced oxidative stress and lactoprotein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Our results showed that SIRT4 was significantly decreased in heat stressed mammary tissue. Depletion of SIRT4 in BMECs induced the generation of ROS, which, as exhibited by the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, changed mitochondrial morphology through mediating protein and mRNA levels related to mitochondrial fission and fusion. Moreover, we found that depletion of SIRT4 or stress conditions inhibited the expression of milk proteins, as well as lipid and glucose synthesis-related genes, and activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Increased SIRT4 expression was found to have the opposite effect. However, blocking the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway could inhibit the regulatory function of SIRT4 in milk synthesis-related gene expression. In summary, our results suggest that SIRT4 may play critical roles in maintaining mammary gland function by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in dairy cows, indicating that SIRT4 may be a potential molecular target for curing heat stress-induced BMEC injury and low milk production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hui-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming/Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kun-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming/Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
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Samuvel DJ, Nguyen NT, Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ, Wang X, Choo YM, Hamann MT, Zhong Z. Platanosides, a Potential Botanical Drug Combination, Decrease Liver Injury Caused by Acetaminophen Overdose in Mice. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1779-1788. [PMID: 35815804 PMCID: PMC9788857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Platanosides (PTSs) isolated from the American sycamore tree (Platanus occidentalis) represent a potential new four-molecule botanical drug class of antibiotics active against drug-resistant infectious disease. Preliminary studies have suggested that PTSs are safe and well tolerated and have antioxidant properties. The potential utility of PTSs in decreasing APAP hepatotoxicity in mice in addition to an assessment of their potential with APAP for the control of infectious diseases along with pain and pyrexia associated with a bacterial infection was investigated. On PTS treatment in mice, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release, hepatic centrilobular necrosis, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were markedly decreased. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation decreased when mice overdosed with APAP were treated with PTSs. Computational studies suggested that PTSs may act as JNK-1/2 and Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors and that the isomeric mixture could provide greater efficacy than the individual molecules. Overall, PTSs represent promising botanical drugs for hepatoprotection and drug-resistant bacterial infections and are effective in protecting against APAP-related hepatotoxicity, which decreases liver necrosis and inflammation, iNOS expression, and oxidative and nitrative stresses, possibly by preventing persistent JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devadoss J. Samuvel
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nga T. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People Republic of China
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Hashmat Z, Channa IS, Safdar M, Ozaslan M, Saeed M, Siddique F, Junejo Y. Adrenergic blocker terazosin potentially suppresses acetaminophen induced-acute liver injury in animal models via CYP2E1 gene. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:323-330. [PMID: 35874506 PMCID: PMC9247125 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a global issue and acetaminophen (APAP) is considered as the main cause of this. Due to increasing incidents of DILI, current study attempted to investigate an alternative but better role of terazosin (alpha-adrenergic blocker) in APAP-induced acute liver injury in an animal model using New Zealand rabbits. APAP (1 g/kg of body weight) was given to New Zealand rabbits either with or without terazosin (0.5 mg/kg) and serum was collected after 4 h. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ferritin level were determined to analyze the liver functioning of treated rabbits. Furthermore, total cholesterol (TC), total lipids (TL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) levels were estimated to find any change in lipid profile of the treated animals. Moreover, the urea and creatinine levels assayed the actual renal functionality. To identify any modification in gene expression, qPCR of cytochrome P2E1 (CYP2E1) was performed. Terazosin in combination with APAP enhanced liver functioning by reducing the levels of liver injury markers viz. ALP and ALT, while lipid profile was also lowered by down regulation of TC, TL, LDL and TG with enhanced HDL levels. It caused significant down regulation of expression level of CYP2E1. It is concluded that terazosin has better effects induced on the recovery of normal liver functioning, by improving the liver profile, lipid profile and renal functioning both at tissue and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Hashmat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Saeed Channa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan
- Health Education Officer, Shaheed Benazirabad, Government of Sindh, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Deparment of Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, 27000 Turkey
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
| | - Mehmet Ozaslan
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Deparment of Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, 27000 Turkey
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
| | - Faisal Siddique
- Derpartment of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
| | - Yasmeen Junejo
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
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36
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Adelusi OB, Ramachandran A, Lemasters JJ, Jaeschke H. The role of Iron in lipid peroxidation and protein nitration during acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116043. [PMID: 35513057 PMCID: PMC9843742 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity, a leading cause of acute liver failure in western countries, is characterized by mitochondrial superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. However, the role of iron, especially as facilitator of lipid peroxidation (LPO), has been controversial. Our aim was to determine the mechanism by which iron promotes cell death in this context. Fasted male C57BL/6J mice were treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine, minocycline (inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter) or vehicle 1 h before 300 mg/kg APAP. Deferoxamine and minocycline significantly attenuated APAP-induced elevations in serum alanine amino transferase levels and hepatic necrosis at 6 h. This protection correlated with reduced 3-nitro-tyrosine protein adducts; LPO (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal) was not detected. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not affected but mitochondrial release of intermembrane proteins was reduced suggesting that the effect of iron was at the level of mitochondria. Co-treatment of APAP with FeSO4 exacerbated liver injury and protein nitration and triggered significant LPO; all effects were reversed by deferoxamine. Thus, after APAP overdose, iron imported into mitochondria facilitates protein nitration by peroxynitrite triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Under these conditions, endogenous defense mechanisms largely prevent LPO. However, after iron overload, protein nitration and LPO contribute to APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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37
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Duan L, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Activation of the adenosine A2B receptor even beyond the therapeutic window of N-acetylcysteine accelerates liver recovery after an acetaminophen overdose. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112911. [PMID: 35292334 PMCID: PMC9018526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the USA. The short therapeutic window of the current antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) highlights the need for novel late acting therapeutics. The neuronal guidance cue netrin-1 provides delayed protection against APAP hepatotoxicity through the adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR). The clinical relevance of this mechanism was investigated here by administration of the A2BAR agonist BAY 60-6583, after an APAP overdose (300 or 600 mg/kg) in fasted male and female C57BL/6J mice with assessment of liver injury 6 or 24 h after APAP in comparison to NAC. BAY 60-6583 treatment 1.5 h after APAP overdose (600 mg/kg) protected against liver injury at 6 h by preserving mitochondrial function despite JNK activation and its mitochondrial translocation. Gender independent protection was sustained when BAY 60-6583 was given 6 h after APAP overdose (300 mg/kg), when NAC administration did not show benefit. This protection was accompanied by enhanced infiltration of macrophages with the reparative anti-inflammatory phenotype by 24 h, accompanied by a decrease in neutrophil infiltration. Thus, our data emphasize the remarkable therapeutic utility of using an A2BAR agonist, which provides delayed protection long after the standard of care NAC ceased to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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38
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Curry SC, Rumack BH, Jaeschke H. Comparing N-acetylcysteine and 4-methylpyrazole as antidotes for acetaminophen overdose. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:453-465. [PMID: 34978586 PMCID: PMC8837711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause hepatotoxicity and even liver failure. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is still the only FDA-approved antidote against APAP overdose 40 years after its introduction. The standard oral or intravenous dosing regimen of NAC is highly effective for patients with moderate overdoses who present within 8 h of APAP ingestion. However, for late-presenting patients or after ingestion of very large overdoses, the efficacy of NAC is diminished. Thus, additional antidotes with an extended therapeutic window may be needed for these patients. Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole), a clinically approved antidote against methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning, recently emerged as a promising candidate. In animal studies, fomepizole effectively prevented APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting Cyp2E1 when treated early, and by inhibiting c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and oxidant stress when treated after the metabolism phase. In addition, fomepizole treatment, unlike NAC, prevented APAP-induced kidney damage and promoted hepatic regeneration in mice. These mechanisms of protection (inhibition of Cyp2E1 and JNK) and an extended efficacy compared to NAC could be verified in primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, the formation of oxidative metabolites was eliminated in healthy volunteers using the established treatment protocol for fomepizole in toxic alcohol and ethylene glycol poisoning. These mechanistic findings, together with the excellent safety profile after methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning and after an APAP overdose, suggest that fomepizole may be a promising antidote against APAP overdose that could be useful as adjunct treatment to NAC. Clinical trials to support this hypothesis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y. Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Steven C. Curry
- Division of Clinical Data Analytics and Decision Support, and Division of Medical Toxicology and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Barry H. Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Noda T, Kato R, Hattori T, Furukawa Y, Ijiri Y, Tanaka K. Role of caspase-8 and/or -9 as biomarkers that can distinguish the potential to cause toxic- and immune related-adverse event, for the progress of acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Life Sci 2022; 294:120351. [PMID: 35092733 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause acute liver failure. Although it is well known that APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) is caused by toxic mechanism, recently it is also reported to be immune related. However, the detail of the mechanism has been unclear. Therefore, elucidation of the pathophysiology is required. MAIN METHODS In AILI model rats (800 mg/kg), the levels of AST, ALT and Caspase (C)-3/-8/-9 levels were measured. In in vitro study using human hepatocyte cells (FLC-4) and THP-1 cells, APAP (1.0 mM) were added to FLC-4 and the cell viability, C-9, cytochrome c, mitochondria membrane potential, and glutathione levels of FLC-4 and inflammasome activation of THP-1 were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS In AILI model rats, the levels of AST and ALT were increased only at 12-24 h. C-3/-9 levels rose at 6-9 h, whereas C-8 level rose hours later, moreover, 24 h after; C-3/-8/-9 levels re-rose. In FLC-4 cells, cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria which is promoted by oxidative stress due to drug metabolism and C-9 was activated. Thus, AILI was caused mitochondrial damage by NAPQI as early reaction (first stage). In the next stage, inflammasomes of human antigen presenting cells, which released inflammatory cytokines were activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from damaged hepatocyte by APAP. SIGNIFICANCE It is confirmed that AILI includes immune related mechanism. Thereby, in case of N-acetylcysteine refractory, additional administration of steroid hormones should be effective and recommended as a novel strategy for AILI with immune related adverse event (irAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Noda
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hattori
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Furukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ijiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan; Kidney Center, Shirasagi Hospital, Kumata, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Nguyen NT, Umbaugh DS, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Kupffer cells regulate liver recovery through induction of chemokine receptor CXCR2 on hepatocytes after acetaminophen overdose in mice. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:305-320. [PMID: 34724096 PMCID: PMC8762790 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic, but also a main cause of acute liver injury in the United States and many western countries. APAP hepatotoxicity is associated with a sterile inflammatory response as shown by the infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes. While the contribution of the immune cells to promote liver repair have been demonstrated, the direct interactions between macrophages or neutrophils with hepatocytes to help facilitate hepatocyte proliferation and tissue repair remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and hepatocytes with a focus on the chemokine receptor CXCR2. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to an APAP overdose (300 mg/kg) and the role of CXCR2 on hepatocytes was investigated using a selective antagonist, SB225002. In addition, clodronate liposomes were used to deplete Kupffer cells to assess changes in CXCR2 expression. Our data showed that CXCR2 was mainly expressed on hepatocytes and it was induced specifically in hepatocytes around the necrotic area 24 h after APAP treatment. Targeting this receptor using an inhibitor caused a delayed liver recovery. Depletion of Kupffer cells significantly prevented CXCR2 induction on hepatocytes. In vitro and in vivo experiments also demonstrated that Kupffer cells regulate CXCR2 expression and pro-regenerative gene expression in surviving hepatocytes through production of IL-10. Thus, Kupffer cells support the transition of hepatocytes around the area of necrosis to a proliferative state through CXCR2 expression.
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BinMowyna MN, AlFaris NA. Kaempferol suppresses acetaminophen-induced liver damage by upregulation/activation of SIRT1. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:146-156. [PMID: 33556299 PMCID: PMC8871688 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1877734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kaempferol, a flavonoid glycoside, has many hepatoprotective effects in several animals due to its antioxidant potential. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of kaempferol against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage and examined whether the protection involved modulation of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) signalling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were classified into four groups (n = 8) and treated as follows: control + normal saline (vehicle), control + kaempferol (250 mg/kg), APAP (800 mg/kg, a single dose) and APAP + kaempferol. Kaempferol was administered for the first seven days followed by administration of APAP. The study was ended 24 h after APAP administration. RESULTS At the histological level, kaempferol reduced liver damage in APAP-treated rats. It also reduced the hepatic levels of TNF-α (66.3%), IL-6 (38.6%) and protein levels of caspase-3 (88.2%), and attenuated the increase in circulatory serum levels of ALT (47.6%), AST (55.8%) and γ-GT (35.2%) in APAP-treated rats. In both the controls and APAP-treated rats, kaempferol significantly increased the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase, suppressed MDA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increased protein levels of Bcl-2 and downregulated protein levels of Bax and cleaved Bax. Concomitantly, it reduced the expression of CYP2E1, and the activity and protein levels of SIRT1. Consequently, it decreased the acetylation of all SIRT1 targets including PARP1, p53, NF-κB, FOXO-1 and p53 that mediate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study encourages the use of kaempferol in further clinical trials to treat APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Abdullah AlFaris
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Nutrition and Food Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- CONTACT Nora Abdullah AlFaris P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh11671, Saudi Arabia
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Clemens MM, Kennon-McGill S, Vazquez JH, Stephens OW, Peterson EA, Johann DJ, Allard FD, Yee EU, McCullough SS, James LP, Finck BN, McGill MR. Exogenous phosphatidic acid reduces acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by activating hepatic interleukin-6 signaling through inter-organ crosstalk. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3836-3846. [PMID: 35024310 PMCID: PMC8727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that endogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) promotes liver regeneration after acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Here, we hypothesized that exogenous PA is also beneficial. To test that, we treated mice with a toxic APAP dose at 0 h, followed by PA or vehicle (Veh) post-treatment. We then collected blood and liver at 6, 24, and 52 h. Post-treatment with PA 2 h after APAP protected against liver injury at 6 h, and the combination of PA and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reduced injury more than NAC alone. Interestingly, PA did not affect canonical mechanisms of APAP toxicity. Instead, transcriptomics revealed that PA activated interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling in the liver. Consistent with that, serum IL-6 and hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) phosphorylation increased in PA-treated mice. Furthermore, PA failed to protect against APAP in IL-6-deficient animals. Interestingly, IL-6 expression increased 18-fold in adipose tissue after PA, indicating that adipose is a source of PA-induced circulating IL-6. Surprisingly, however, exogenous PA did not alter regeneration, despite the importance of endogenous PA in liver repair, possibly due to its short half-life. These data demonstrate that exogenous PA is also beneficial in APAP toxicity and reinforce the protective effects of IL-6 in this model.
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B. Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y. Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S. Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Lazrak A, Jilling T, Matalon S. Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:272-291. [PMID: 34431415 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The halogens chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) are highly reactive oxidizing elements with widespread industrial applications and a history of development and use as chemical weapons. When inhaled, depending on the dose and duration of exposure, they cause acute and chronic injury to both the lungs and systemic organs that may result in the development of chronic changes (such as fibrosis) and death from cardiopulmonary failure. A number of conditions, such as viral infections, coexposure to other toxic gases, and pregnancy increase susceptibility to halogens significantly. Herein we review their danger to public health, their mechanisms of action, and the development of pharmacological agents that when administered post-exposure decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Asaad GF, Ibrahim Abdallah HM, Mohammed HS, Nomier YA. Hepatoprotective effect of kaempferol glycosides isolated from Cedrela odorata L. leaves in albino mice: involvement of Raf/MAPK pathway. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:370-380. [PMID: 34447445 PMCID: PMC8356719 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.319575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Paracetamol is the most implicated xenobiotic in inducing hepatotoxicity. Our study aimed to determine the impact of some kaempferol glycosides isolated from the leaves of Cedrela odorata L. on paracetamol hepatotoxicity. Experimental approach: The methanolic extract of dried leaves of C. odorata L. was subjected to the combination of spectroscopic methods (1H and 13CNMR). Six kaempferol glycosides were isolated: kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glycopyranoside (astragalin), kaempferol-3-O-β-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-rutinoside, kaempferide-3-O-β-D-rutinoside, kaempferide-3-O-β-Drutinosyl-7-O-β-D-rhamnopyranoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D- rutinosyl-7-O-a-D-arabinopyranoside. Fifty-four female Swiss Albino mice were divided randomly into 9 groups including (1) control negative (1 mL/kg saline; IP), (2) control positive (paracetamol 300 mg/kg; IP), (3) silymarin 50 mg/kg (IP). Animals of groups 4-9 were injected with 6 different samples of isolated compounds at 100 mg/kg (IP). One h later, groups 3-9 were injected with paracetamol (300 mg/kg IP). Two h later, tissue samples were taken from all animals to assess nitrotyrosine, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (c-JNK), Raf -1kinase, and oxidative stress biomarkers viz. reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Findings/Results: Isolated glycosides had a prominent anti-apoptotic effect via inhibition of c-JNK and Raf-1 kinase. They also exerted a powerful antioxidant effect by modulating the oxidative stress induced by paracetamol via increasing GSH, reducing MDA and nitrotyrosine concentrations compared to positive control. The glycoside (1) showed a better effect than silymarin (standard) in ameliorating the formation of nitrotyrosine, Raf-1 kinase, c-JNK, and GSH. Conclusion and implication: Kaempferol glycosides isolated for the first time from C. odorata L. leaves exerted antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects via amelioration of oxidative stress and inhibition of Raf/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan Farag Asaad
- National Research Centre, Pharmacology Department, Medical Research Divison, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Yousra Ahmed Nomier
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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Kim IY, Lee TG, Reipa V, Heo MB. Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081943. [PMID: 34443774 PMCID: PMC8400875 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have wide commercial applications, owing to their small size; however, the biosafety of TiO2 NPs should be evaluated further. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of TiO2 NPs in the presence and absence of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. TiO2 NPs did not significantly affect cell viability in the absence of UVA irradiation. Nonetheless, UVA-irradiated TiO2 NPs induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of HaCaT cells. Exposure of HaCaT cells to TiO2 NPs and UVA resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP); both effects were not observed in the absence of UVA irradiation. An analysis of the relationship between LMP and ROS, using CA-074 as a cathepsin inhibitor or NAC as an antioxidant, showed that LMP stimulates ROS generation under these conditions. These results imply that LMP-dependent oxidative stress plays a critical role in the UVA phototoxicity of TiO2 NPs in HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Kim
- Nano-Safety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea; (I.Y.K.); (T.G.L.)
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Nano-Safety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea; (I.Y.K.); (T.G.L.)
| | - Vytas Reipa
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (M.B.H.); Tel.: +1-(301)-975-5056 (V.R.); +82-(042)-604-1052 (M.B.H.)
| | - Min Beom Heo
- Nano-Safety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea; (I.Y.K.); (T.G.L.)
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (M.B.H.); Tel.: +1-(301)-975-5056 (V.R.); +82-(042)-604-1052 (M.B.H.)
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Flores-Toro J, Chun SK, Shin JK, Campbell J, Lichtenberger M, Chapman W, Zendejas I, Behrns K, Leeuwenburgh C, Kim JS. Critical Roles of Calpastatin in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Aged Livers. Cells 2021; 10:1863. [PMID: 34440632 PMCID: PMC8394464 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury unavoidably occurs during hepatic resection and transplantation. Aged livers poorly tolerate I/R during surgical treatment. Although livers have a powerful endogenous inhibitor of calpains, calpastatin (CAST), I/R activates calpains, leading to impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocyte death. It is unknown how I/R in aged livers affects CAST. Human and mouse liver biopsies at different ages were collected during in vivo I/R. Hepatocytes were isolated from 3-month- (young) and 26-month-old (aged) mice, and challenged with short in vitro simulated I/R. Cell death, protein expression, autophagy, and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) between the two age groups were compared. Adenoviral vector was used to overexpress CAST. Significant cell death was observed only in reperfused aged hepatocytes. Before the commencement of ischemia, CAST expression in aged human and mouse livers and mouse hepatocytes was markedly greater than that in young counterparts. However, reperfusion substantially decreased CAST in aged human and mouse livers. In hepatocytes, reperfusion rapidly depleted aged cells of CAST, cleaved autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), and induced defective autophagy and MPT onset, all of which were blocked by CAST overexpression. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology was shifted toward an elongated shape with CAST overexpression. In conclusion, CAST in aged livers is intrinsically short-lived and lost after short I/R. CAST depletion contributes to age-dependent liver injury after I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores-Toro
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Sung-Kook Chun
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Jun-Kyu Shin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Joan Campbell
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Melissa Lichtenberger
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - William Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Ivan Zendejas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Behrns
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.F.-T.); (S.-K.C.); (I.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.-K.S.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (W.C.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Duan L, Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Late Protective Effect of Netrin-1 in the Murine Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity Model. Toxicol Sci 2021; 175:168-181. [PMID: 32207522 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced acute liver failure is an important clinical problem in the United States and the current antidote N-acetylcysteine, has a short early therapeutic window. Since most patients present late to the clinic, there is need for novel late-acting therapeutic options. Though the neuronal guidance cue netrin-1, has been shown to promote hepatic repair and regeneration during liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, its effect in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is unknown. In the quest for a late-acting therapeutic intervention in APAP-induced liver injury, we examined the role of netrin-1 in a mouse model of APAP overdose. Male C57BL/6J mice were cotreated with exogenous netrin-1 or vehicle control, along with 300 mg/kg APAP and euthanized at 6, 12, and 24 h. Significant elevations in alanine aminotransferase indicative of liver injury were seen in control mice at 6 h and this was not affected by netrin-1 administration. Also, netrin-1 treatment did not influence mitochondrial translocation of phospho-JNK, or peroxynitrite formation indicating that there was no interference with APAP-induced injury processes. Interestingly however, netrin-1 administration attenuated liver injury at 24 h, as seen by alanine aminotransferase levels and histology, at which time significant elevations in the netrin-1 receptor, adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) as well as macrophage infiltration was evident. Removal of resident macrophages with clodronate liposomes or treatment with the A2BAR antagonist PSB1115 blocked the protective effects of netrin-1. Thus, our data indicate a previously unrecognized role for netrin-1 in attenuation of APAP hepatotoxicity by enhancing recovery and regeneration, which is mediated through the A2BAR and involves resident liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Ramachandran A. Ferroptosis and Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Are We Going Down Another Rabbit Hole? Gene Expr 2021; 20:169-178. [PMID: 33441220 PMCID: PMC8201653 DOI: 10.3727/105221621x16104581979144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the US. The mechanisms of APAP-induced liver injury have been under extensive investigations for decades, and many key events of this necrotic cell death are known today. Initially, two opposing hypotheses for cell death were proposed: reactive metabolite and protein adduct formation versus reactive oxygen and lipid peroxidation (LPO). In the end, both mechanisms were reconciled, and it is now generally accepted that the toxicity starts with formation of reactive metabolites that, after glutathione depletion, bind to cellular proteins, especially on mitochondria. This results in a mitochondrial oxidant stress, which requires amplification through a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, leading ultimately to enough reactive oxygen and peroxynitrite formation to trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and cell death. However, the earlier rejected LPO hypothesis seems to make a comeback recently under a different name: ferroptosis. Therefore, the objective of this review was to critically evaluate the available information about intracellular signaling mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death and those of ferroptosis. Under pathophysiologically relevant conditions, there is no evidence for quantitatively enough LPO to cause cell death, and thus APAP hepatotoxicity is not caused by ferroptosis. However, the role of mitochondria-localized minor LPO remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Olamide B. Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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50
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Jaeschke H, Akakpo JY, Umbaugh DS, Ramachandran A. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury and Acute Liver Failure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:159-167. [PMID: 31926003 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury and acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen (APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, paracetamol) overdose is a significant clinical problem in most western countries. The only clinically approved antidote is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which promotes the recovery of hepatic GSH. If administered during the metabolism phase, GSH scavenges the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. More recently, it was shown that NAC can also reconstitute mitochondrial GSH levels and scavenge reactive oxygen/peroxynitrite and can support mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, NAC has side effects and may not be efficacious after high overdoses. Repurposing of additional drugs based on their alternate mechanisms of action could be a promising approach. 4-Methylpyrazole (4MP) was shown to be highly effective against APAP toxicity by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in mice and humans. In addition, 4MP is a potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor expanding its therapeutic window. Calmangafodipir (CMFP) is a SOD mimetic, which is well tolerated in patients and has the potential to be effective after severe overdoses. Other drugs approved for humans such as metformin and methylene blue were shown to be protective in mice at high doses or at human therapeutic doses, respectively. Additional protective strategies such as enhancing antioxidant activities, Nrf2-dependent gene induction and autophagy activation by herbal medicine components are being evaluated. However, at this point, their mechanistic insight is limited, and the doses used are high. More rigorous mechanistic studies are needed to advance these herbal compounds. Nevertheless, based on recent studies, 4-methylpyrazole and calmangafodipir have realistic prospects to become complimentary or even alternative antidotes to NAC for APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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