1
|
Chen J, Hu J, Guo X, Yang Y, Qin D, Tang X, Huang Z, Wang F, Hu D, Peng D, Yu B. Apolipoprotein O modulates cholesterol metabolism via NRF2/CYB5R3 independent of LDL receptor. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:389. [PMID: 38830896 PMCID: PMC11148037 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein O (APOO) plays a critical intracellular role in regulating lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the roles of APOO in metabolism and atherogenesis in mice. Hepatic APOO expression was increased in response to hyperlipidemia but was inhibited after simvastatin treatment. Using a novel APOO global knockout (Apoo-/-) model, it was found that APOO depletion aggravated diet-induced obesity and elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Upon crossing with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) knockout hyperlipidemic mouse models, Apoo-/- Apoe-/- and Apoo-/- Ldlr-/- mice exhibited elevated plasma cholesterol levels, with more severe atherosclerotic lesions than littermate controls. This indicated the effects of APOO on cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and APOE. Moreover, APOO deficiency reduced cholesterol excretion through bile and feces while decreasing phospholipid unsaturation by inhibiting NRF2 and CYB5R3. Restoration of CYB5R3 expression in vivo by adeno-associated virus (AAV) injection reversed the reduced degree of phospholipid unsaturation while decreasing blood cholesterol levels. This represents the first in vivo experimental validation of the role of APOO in plasma cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and elucidates a previously unrecognized cholesterol metabolism pathway involving NRF2/CYB5R3. APOO may be a metabolic regulator of total-body cholesterol homeostasis and a target for atherosclerosis management. Apolipoprotein O (APOO) regulates plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis through a pathway involving CYB5R3 that regulates biliary and fecal cholesterol excretion, independently of the LDL receptor. In addition, down-regulation of APOO may lead to impaired mitochondrial function, which in turn aggravates diet-induced obesity and fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiarui Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, NO.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Donglu Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sacher S, Mukherjee A, Ray A. Deciphering structural aspects of reverse cholesterol transport: mapping the knowns and unknowns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1160-1183. [PMID: 36880422 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cholesterol-loaded foam cells play a pivotal role in forming atherosclerotic plaques. Induction of cholesterol efflux from these cells may be a promising approach in treating CVD. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway delivers cholesteryl ester (CE) packaged in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) from non-hepatic cells to the liver, thereby minimising cholesterol load of peripheral cells. RCT takes place via a well-organised interplay amongst apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1), and the amount of free cholesterol. Unfortunately, modulation of RCT for treating atherosclerosis has failed in clinical trials owing to our lack of understanding of the relationship between HDL function and RCT. The fate of non-hepatic CEs in HDL is dependent on their access to proteins involved in remodelling and can be regulated at the structural level. An inadequate understanding of this inhibits the design of rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. Herein we extensively review the structure-function relationships that are essential for RCT. We also focus on genetic mutations that disturb the structural stability of proteins involved in RCT, rendering them partially or completely non-functional. Further studies are necessary for understanding the structural aspects of RCT pathway completely, and this review highlights alternative theories and unanswered questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Sacher
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Dhiti Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, B-107, Okhla Phase I, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Arjun Ray
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steck TL, Lange Y. Is reverse cholesterol transport regulated by active cholesterol? J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100385. [PMID: 37169287 PMCID: PMC10279919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the hypothesis that a small portion of plasma membrane cholesterol regulates reverse cholesterol transport in coordination with overall cellular homeostasis. It appears that almost all of the plasma membrane cholesterol is held in stoichiometric complexes with bilayer phospholipids. The minor fraction of cholesterol that exceeds the complexation capacity of the phospholipids is called active cholesterol. It has an elevated chemical activity and circulates among the organelles. It also moves down its chemical activity gradient to plasma HDL, facilitated by the activity of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. ABCA1 initiates this process by perturbing the organization of the plasma membrane bilayer, thereby priming its phospholipids for translocation to apoA-I to form nascent HDL. The active excess sterol and that activated by ABCA1 itself follow the phospholipids to the nascent HDL. ABCG1 similarly rearranges the bilayer and sends additional active cholesterol to nascent HDL, while SR-BI simply facilitates the equilibration of the active sterol between plasma membranes and plasma proteins. Active cholesterol also flows downhill to cytoplasmic membranes where it serves both as a feedback signal to homeostatic ER proteins and as the substrate for the synthesis of mitochondrial 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). 27HC binds the LXR and promotes the expression of the aforementioned transport proteins. 27HC-LXR also activates ABCA1 by competitively displacing its inhibitor, unliganded LXR. § Considerable indirect evidence suggests that active cholesterol serves as both a substrate and a feedback signal for reverse cholesterol transport. Direct tests of this novel hypothesis are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:323-336. [PMID: 35332444 PMCID: PMC9050774 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As both a cholesterol acceptor and carrier in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is putatively atheroprotective. However, current pharmacological therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration have paradoxically failed to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that free cholesterol (FC) transfer between surfaces of lipoproteins and cells is reversible, excess plasma FC can be transferred to the cells of peripheral tissue sites resulting in atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize potential mechanisms contributing to this paradox and highlight the role of excess free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability in atherosclerosis vs. atheroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have established a complex relationship between HDL-c concentration and atherosclerosis. Systemic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) knock out (KO) mice exhibit with increased diet-induced atherosclerosis despite having an elevated plasma HDL-c concentration compared to wild type (WT) mice. The greater bioavailability of HDL-FC in SR-B1 vs. WT mice is associated with a higher FC content in multiple cell types and tissue sites. These results suggest that dysfunctional HDL with high FC bioavailability is atheroprone despite high HDL-c concentration. Past oversimplification of HDL-c involvement in cholesterol transport has led to the failures in HDL targeted therapy. Evidence suggests that FC-mediated functionality of HDL is of higher importance than its quantity; as a result, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which HDL-FC bioavailability can induce atherosclerosis can have far-reaching clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minh T H Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Abrar Mamun
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Pownall
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao F, Ma S, Zhou Y, Wei B, Hao Z, Cui X, Xing L, Liu G, Jin L, Ma T, Shi L. miRNA-223 Suppresses Mouse Gallstone Formation by Targeting Key Transporters in Hepatobiliary Cholesterol Secretion Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4459-4473. [PMID: 34803510 PMCID: PMC8579439 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA-223 has been previously reported to play an essential role in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. However, its role in regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion and gallstone formation remains unknown. Hence, mice with conventional knockout (KO), hepatocyte-specific knockout (ΔHepa) / knockdown (KD) or gain expression of miRNA-223 were included in the study and were subjected to lithogenic diet (LD) for various weeks. The gall bladders and liver tissues were harvested for cholesterol crystal imaging, gallstone mass measurement and molecular analysis. Levels of cholesterol, bile salt, phospholipids, and triglyceride were determined in serum, liver tissues, and bile by enzyme color reactive assays. A 3' UTR reporter gene assay was used to verify the direct target genes for miRNA-223. LD-induced gallstone formation was remarkably accelerated in miRNA-223 KO, ΔHepa, and KD mice with concurrent enhancement in total cholesterol levels in liver tissues and bile. Key biliary cholesterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 were identified as direct targets of miRNA-223. Reversely, AAV-mediated hepatocyte-specific miRNA-223 overexpression prevented gallstone progression with reduced targets expression. Therefore, the present study demonstrates a novel role of miRNA-223 in the gallstone formation by targeting ABCG5 and ABCG8 and elevating miRNA-223 would be a potentially novel approach to overcome the sternness of cholesterol gallstone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shiyu Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Bailing Wei
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Xing
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nyandwi JB, Ko YS, Jin H, Yun SP, Park SW, Kim HJ. Rosmarinic Acid Exhibits a Lipid-Lowering Effect by Modulating the Expression of Reverse Cholesterol Transporters and Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1470. [PMID: 34680102 PMCID: PMC8533102 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a potent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process has been shown to alleviate hyperlipidemia and protect against cardiovascular diseases. Recently, rosmarinic acid was reported to exhibit lipid-lowering effects. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to investigate whether rosmarinic acid lowers lipids by modulating the RCT process in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic C57BL/6J mice. Our results indicated that rosmarinic acid treatment significantly decreased body weight, blood glucose, and plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in HFD-fed mice. Rosmarinic acid increased the expression levels of cholesterol uptake-associated receptors in liver tissues, including scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R). Furthermore, rosmarinic acid treatment notably increased the expression of cholesterol excretion molecules, ATP-binding cassette G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8) transporters, and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1) as well as markedly reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels in liver tissues. In addition, rosmarinic acid facilitated fatty acid oxidation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) induction. In conclusion, rosmarinic acid exhibited a lipid-lowering effect by modulating the expression of RCT-related proteins and lipid metabolism-associated molecules, confirming its potential for the prevention or treatment of hyperlipidemia-derived diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 4285, Rwanda
| | - Young Shin Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
| | - Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.B.N.); (Y.S.K.); (H.J.); (S.P.Y.); (S.W.P.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams K, Segard A, Graf GA. Sitosterolemia: Twenty Years of Discovery of the Function of ABCG5ABCG8. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2641. [PMID: 33807969 PMCID: PMC7961684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a lipid disorder characterized by the accumulation of dietary xenosterols in plasma and tissues caused by mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8. ABCG5 ABCG8 encodes a pair of ABC half transporters that form a heterodimer (G5G8), which then traffics to the surface of hepatocytes and enterocytes and promotes the secretion of cholesterol and xenosterols into the bile and the intestinal lumen. We review the literature from the initial description of the disease, the discovery of its genetic basis, current therapy, and what has been learned from animal, cellular, and molecular investigations of the transporter in the twenty years since its discovery. The genomic era has revealed that there are far more carriers of loss of function mutations and likely pathogenic variants of ABCG5 ABCG8 than previously thought. The impact of these variants on G5G8 structure and activity are largely unknown. We propose a classification system for ABCG5 ABCG8 mutants based on previously published systems for diseases caused by defects in ABC transporters. This system establishes a framework for the comprehensive analysis of disease-associated variants and their impact on G5G8 structure-function.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/history
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/history
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/metabolism
- Animals
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Enterocytes/metabolism
- Enterocytes/pathology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/history
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Intestinal Diseases/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases/history
- Intestinal Diseases/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/history
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/history
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phytosterols/adverse effects
- Phytosterols/genetics
- Phytosterols/history
- Phytosterols/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kori Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Allison Segard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hou X, Zhang C, Wang L, Wang K. Natural Piperine Improves Lipid Metabolic Profile of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice by Upregulating SR-B1 and ABCG8 Transporters. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:373-381. [PMID: 33492139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural piperine from black pepper is known to function as hypocholesterolemic agent, but how it lowers the blood cholesterol remains unclear. In this study, we found that intragastric administrations of piperine (25 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks significantly reduced the plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. H&E staining indicated that piperine significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with the control group. The Oil Red O staining further showed that piperine attenuated lipid deposition in liver HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistically, piperine treatment caused a significant upregulation of hepatic scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) in the liver and transporter protein of ATP binding cassette SGM8 (ABCG8) in the small intestine. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the role of natural piperine in improving lipid metabolic profile that is involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)-mediated mechanism through upregulation of SR-B1 in the liver and ABCG8 in the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Congxiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Allen JN, Dey A, Cai J, Zhang J, Tian Y, Kennett M, Ma Y, Liang TJ, Patterson AD, Hankey-Giblin PA. Metabolic Profiling Reveals Aggravated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Lacking Ron Receptor Signaling. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080326. [PMID: 32796650 PMCID: PMC7464030 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents the progressive sub-disease of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that causes chronic liver injury initiated and sustained by steatosis and necroinflammation. The Ron receptor is a tyrosine kinase of the Met proto-oncogene family that potentially has a beneficial role in adipose and liver-specific inflammatory responses, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Since its discovery two decades ago, the Ron receptor has been extensively investigated for its differential roles on inflammation and cancer. Previously, we showed that Ron expression on tissue-resident macrophages limits inflammatory macrophage activation and promotes a repair phenotype, which can retard the progression of NASH in a diet-induced mouse model. However, the metabolic consequences of Ron activation have not previously been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of Ron receptor activation on major metabolic pathways that underlie the development and progression of NASH. Mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice that lack ApoE and Ron were maintained on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks. We observed that, in DKO mice, the loss of ligand-dependent Ron signaling aggravated key pathological features in steatohepatitis, including steatosis, inflammation, oxidation stress, and hepatocyte damage. Transcriptional programs positively regulating fatty acid (FA) synthesis and uptake were upregulated in the absence of Ron receptor signaling, whereas lipid disposal pathways were downregulated. Consistent with the deregulation of lipid metabolism pathways, the DKO animals exhibited increased accumulation of FAs in the liver and decreased level of bile acids. Altogether, ligand-dependent Ron receptor activation provides protection from the deregulation of major metabolic pathways that initiate and aggravate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn N. Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yanling Ma
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
| | - Pamela A. Hankey-Giblin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou Y, Hu S, Li X, He W, Wu G. Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:21-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
12
|
Mistry RH, Liu F, Borewicz K, Lohuis MAM, Smidt H, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Long-Term β-galacto-oligosaccharides Supplementation Decreases the Development of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900922. [PMID: 32380577 PMCID: PMC7379190 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The gut microbiota might critically modify metabolic disease development. Dietary fibers such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) presumably stimulate bacteria beneficial for metabolic health. This study assesses the impact of GOS on obesity, glucose, and lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Following Western-type diet feeding (C57BL/6 mice) with or without β-GOS (7% w/w, 15 weeks), body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, lipid profiles, fat kinetics and microbiota composition are analyzed. GOS reduces body weight gain (p < 0.01), accumulation of epididymal (p < 0.05), perirenal (p < 0.01) fat, and insulin resistance (p < 0.01). GOS-fed mice have lower plasma cholesterol (p < 0.05), mainly within low-density lipoproteins, lower intestinal fat absorption (p < 0.01), more fecal neutral sterol excretion (p < 0.05) and higher intestinal GLP-1 expression (p < 0.01). Fecal bile acid excretion is lower (p < 0.01) in GOS-fed mice with significant compositional differences, namely decreased cholic, α-muricholic, and deoxycholic acid excretion, whereas hyodeoxycholic acid increased. Substantial changes in microbiota composition, conceivably beneficial for metabolic health, occurred upon GOS feeding. CONCLUSION GOS supplementation to a Western-type diet improves body weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin sensitivity, supporting a therapeutic potential of GOS for individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima H. Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics
University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningen9713GZThe Netherlands
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics
University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningen9713GZThe Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm141 83Sweden
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenP.O. Box 8033, 6700 EHThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. M. Lohuis
- Department of Pediatrics
University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningen9713GZThe Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenP.O. Box 8033, 6700 EHThe Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics
University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningen9713GZThe Netherlands
| | - Uwe J. F. Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics
University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningen9713GZThe Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholm141 83Sweden
- Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSE‐141 86Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dietary Isomalto/Malto‐Polysaccharides Increase Fecal Bulk and Microbial Fermentation in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000251. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Roscam Abbing RL, Slijepcevic D, Donkers JM, Havinga R, Duijst S, Paulusma CC, Kuiper J, Kuipers F, Groen AK, Oude Elferink RP, van de Graaf SF. Blocking Sodium-Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide Stimulates Biliary Cholesterol and Phospholipid Secretion in Mice. Hepatology 2020; 71:247-258. [PMID: 31136002 PMCID: PMC7003915 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Active secretion of bile salts into the canalicular lumen drives bile formation and promotes biliary cholesterol and phospholipid output. Disrupting hepatic bile salt uptake, by inhibition of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypetide (NTCP; Slc10a1) with Myrcludex B, is expected to limit bile salt flux through the liver and thereby to decrease biliary lipid excretion. Here, we show that Myrcludex B-mediated NTCP inhibition actually causes an increase in biliary cholesterol and phospholipid excretion whereas biliary bile salt output and bile salt composition remains unchanged. Increased lysosomal discharge into bile was excluded as a potential contributor to increased biliary lipid secretion. Induction of cholesterol secretion was not a consequence of increased ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 activity given that NTCP inhibition still promoted cholesterol excretion in Abcg8-/- mice. Stimulatory effects of NTCP inhibition were maintained in Sr-b1-/- mice, eliminating the possibility that the increase in biliary lipids was derived from enhanced uptake of high-density lipoprotein-derived lipids. NTCP inhibition shifts bile salt uptake, which is generally more periportally restricted, toward pericentral hepatocytes, as was visualized using a fluorescently labeled conjugated bile salt. As a consequence, exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts was increased, allowing for more cholesterol and phospholipid molecules to be excreted per bile salt. Conclusion: NTCP inhibition increases biliary lipid secretion, which is independent of alterations in bile salt output, biliary bile salt hydrophobicity, or increased activity of dedicated cholesterol and phospholipid transporters. Instead, NTCP inhibition shifts hepatic bile salt uptake from mainly periportal hepatocytes toward pericentral hepatocytes, thereby increasing exposure of the canalicular membrane to bile salts linking to increased biliary cholesterol secretion. This process provides an additional level of control to biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinout L.P. Roscam Abbing
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dolezelova E, Sa ICI, Prasnicka A, Hroch M, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Lastuvkova H, Cermanova J, Pericacho M, Visek J, Lasticova M, Micuda S, Nachtigal P. High soluble endoglin levels regulate cholesterol homeostasis and bile acids turnover in the liver of transgenic mice. Life Sci 2019; 232:116643. [PMID: 31299237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Increased plasma soluble endoglin concentrations (sEng) are frequently detected in metabolic disorders accompanied with hypercholesterolemia in serum, but effect of sEng on the cholesterol biochemistry is unknown. Cholesterol and bile acids (BA) are important products of liver metabolism with numerous functions within the organism. Turnover of these substances requires precise regulation due to potential toxicities during their cumulation. In this study, we hypothesized that high sEng levels affect cholesterol homeostasis and BA turnover in mice liver. MAIN METHODS Nine-month-old transgenic male mice overexpressing human sEng and wild-type mice underwent plasma, bile, stool, and organ samples analysis by analytical, qRT-PCT and Western blot methods. KEY FINDINGS sEng mice demonstrated decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations due to upregulation of hepatic Sr-b1 and Ldlr receptors, increased liver cholesterol content, and increased Abcg8-mediated cholesterol efflux into bile. sEng also increased conversion of cholesterol into bile acids (BA) via upregulation of Cyp7a1 and increased Mdr1 expression. Plasma concentrations of BA were increased in sEng mice due to their enhanced reabsorption via ileum. Increased hepatic disposition of BA led to their increased biliary excretion coupled with choleretic activity. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, we have shown that high sEng plasma levels affect cholesterol and BA homeostasis on the basis of complex liver and intestinal effects. The significance of these findings for pathophysiology of diseases associated with increased sEng concentrations remains to be elucidated in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolezelova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Ivone Cristina Igreja Sa
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Prasnicka
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Hyspler
- Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ticha
- Centrum for Research and Development, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Lastuvkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Jolana Cermanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jakub Visek
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lasticova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dergunov AD, Savushkin EV, Dergunova LV, Litvinov DY. Significance of Cholesterol-Binding Motifs in ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-B1 Structure. J Membr Biol 2018; 252:41-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Lohuis MAM, Werkman CCN, Harmsen HJM, Tietge UJF, Verkade HJ. Absence of Intestinal Microbiota during Gestation and Lactation Does Not Alter the Metabolic Response to a Western-type Diet in Adulthood. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800809. [PMID: 30471233 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Microbiota composition in early life is implied to affect the risk to develop obesity in adulthood. It is unclear whether this risk is due to long-lasting microbiome-induced changes in host metabolism. This study aims to identify whether the presence or total absence of early-life microbiota affects host metabolism in adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of a germ-free (Former GF) versus conventional status during gestation and lactation on the metabolic status in adult offspring are compared. Upon conventionalization at weaning, all mice were metabolically challenged with a Western-type diet (WTD) at 10 weeks age. Between age 10 and 30 weeks, a former GF status does not notably affect overall body weight gain, cholesterol metabolism, glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity at adult age. However, Former GF mice have lower bile flow and bile acid secretion in adulthood, but similar bile acid composition. CONCLUSIONS A germ-free status during gestation and lactation does not substantially affect key parameters of the metabolic status before 10 weeks of age on chow diet or in adulthood following a WTD challenge. These data imply that microbiota in early life does not critically affect adult metabolic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam A M Lohuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelieke C N Werkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of the prebiotic fiber inulin on cholesterol metabolism in wildtype mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13238. [PMID: 30185894 PMCID: PMC6125380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates are perceived to improve health via gut microbiota-dependent generation of products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). In addition, SCFA are also precursors for lipid and cholesterol synthesis potentially resulting in unwanted effects on lipid metabolism. Inulin is a widely used model prebiotic dietary fiber. Inconsistent reports on the effects of inulin on cholesterol homeostasis have emerged in humans and preclinical models. To clarify this issue, the present study aimed to provide an in-depth characterization of the effects of short-chain (sc)- and long-chain (lc)- inulin on cholesterol synthesis, absorption and elimination in mice. Feeding wildtype C57BL/6J mice diets supplemented with 10% (w/w) of either sc- or lc-inulin for two weeks resulted in approximately 2.5-fold higher fecal SCFA levels (P < 0.01) compared with controls, but had no significant effects on plasma and liver lipids. Subtle shifts in fecal and plasma bile acid species were detected with beta-muricholic acid increasing significantly in plasma of the inulin fed groups (1.7-fold, P < 0.05). However, neither sc-inulin nor lc-inulin affected intestinal cholesterol absorption, mass fecal cholesterol excretion or trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). Combined, our data demonstrate that sc- and lc-inulin have no adverse effects on cholesterol metabolism in mice despite increased generation of SCFA.
Collapse
|
20
|
Allen RM, Zhao S, Ramirez Solano MA, Zhu W, Michell DL, Wang Y, Shyr Y, Sethupathy P, Linton MF, Graf GA, Sheng Q, Vickers KC. Bioinformatic analysis of endogenous and exogenous small RNAs on lipoproteins. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1506198. [PMID: 30128086 PMCID: PMC6095027 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1506198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To comprehensively study extracellular small RNAs (sRNA) by sequencing (sRNA-seq), we developed a novel pipeline to overcome current limitations in analysis entitled, "Tools for Integrative Genome analysis of Extracellular sRNAs (TIGER)". To demonstrate the power of this tool, sRNA-seq was performed on mouse lipoproteins, bile, urine and livers. A key advance for the TIGER pipeline is the ability to analyse both host and non-host sRNAs at genomic, parent RNA and individual fragment levels. TIGER was able to identify approximately 60% of sRNAs on lipoproteins and >85% of sRNAs in liver, bile and urine, a significant advance compared to existing software. Moreover, TIGER facilitated the comparison of lipoprotein sRNA signatures to disparate sample types at each level using hierarchical clustering, correlations, beta-dispersions, principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. TIGER analysis was also used to quantify distinct features of exRNAs, including 5' miRNA variants, 3' miRNA non-templated additions and parent RNA positional coverage. Results suggest that the majority of sRNAs on lipoproteins are non-host sRNAs derived from bacterial sources in the microbiome and environment, specifically rRNA-derived sRNAs from Proteobacteria. Collectively, TIGER facilitated novel discoveries of lipoprotein and biofluid sRNAs and has tremendous applicability for the field of extracellular RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Allen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Wanying Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danielle L. Michell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - MacRae F. Linton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey C. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dimova LG, Lohuis MAM, Bloks VW, Tietge UJF, Verkade HJ. Milk cholesterol concentration in mice is not affected by high cholesterol diet- or genetically-induced hypercholesterolaemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8824. [PMID: 29891894 PMCID: PMC5995842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk cholesterol content may imply to affect short- and long-term cholesterol homeostasis in the offspring. However, mechanisms of regulating milk cholesterol concentration are only partly understood. We used different mouse models to assess the impact of high cholesterol diet (HC)- or genetically-induced hypercholesterolaemia on milk cholesterol content. At day 14 postpartum we determined milk, plasma and tissue lipids in wild type (WT), LDL receptor knockout (Ldlr−/−), and ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 knockout (Abcg8−/−) mice fed either low- or 0.5% HC diet. In chow-fed mice, plasma cholesterol was higher in Ldlr−/− dams compared to WT. HC-feeding increased plasma cholesterol in all three models compared to chow diet. Despite the up to 5-fold change in plasma cholesterol concentration, the genetic and dietary conditions did not affect milk cholesterol levels. To detect possible compensatory changes, we quantified de novo cholesterol synthesis in mammary gland and liver, which was strongly reduced in the various hypercholesterolaemic conditions. Together, these data suggest that milk cholesterol concentration in mice is not affected by conditions of maternal hypercholesterolaemia and is maintained at stable levels via ABCG8- and LDLR-independent mechanisms. The robustness of milk cholesterol levels might indicate an important physiological function of cholesterol supply to the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A M Lohuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen WJ, Asthana S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Scavenger receptor B type 1: expression, molecular regulation, and cholesterol transport function. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1114-1131. [PMID: 29720388 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is required for maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity and integrity and for many cellular functions. Cellular cholesterol can be obtained from lipoproteins in a selective pathway of HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake without parallel apolipoprotein uptake. Scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) is a cell surface HDL receptor that mediates HDL-CE uptake. It is most abundantly expressed in liver, where it provides cholesterol for bile acid synthesis, and in steroidogenic tissues, where it delivers cholesterol needed for storage or steroidogenesis in rodents. SR-B1 transcription is regulated by trophic hormones in the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis; in the liver and elsewhere, SR-B1 is subject to posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation. SR-B1 operates in several metabolic processes and contributes to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammation, hepatitis C virus infection, and other conditions. Here, we summarize characteristics of the selective uptake pathway and involvement of microvillar channels as facilitators of selective HDL-CE uptake. We also present the potential mechanisms of SR-B1-mediated selective cholesterol transport; the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulation of SR-B1; and the impact of gene variants on expression and function of human SR-B1. A better understanding of this unique pathway and SR-B1's role may yield improved therapies for a wide variety of conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Drug Discovery Research Center (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Cholesterol Transport Revisited: A New Turbo Mechanism to Drive Cholesterol Excretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:123-133. [PMID: 29276134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fine-tuned balance between cholesterol uptake and excretion by the body is pivotal to maintain health and to remain free from the deleterious consequences of cholesterol accumulation such as cardiovascular disease. The pathways involved in intracellular and extracellular cholesterol transport are a subject of intense investigation and are being unraveled in increasing detail. In addition, insight into the complex interactions between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism has increased considerably in the last couple of years. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake and excretion, with a particular emphasis on the most recent progress in this field. Special attention is given to the transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway, which was recently demonstrated to have a remarkably high transport capacity and to be sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dimova LG, de Boer JF, Plantinga J, Plösch T, Hoekstra M, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Inhibiting Cholesterol Absorption During Lactation Programs Future Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol in Adult Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:382-385.e3. [PMID: 28438611 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In nematodes, the intestine senses and integrates early life dietary cues that lead to lifelong epigenetic adaptations to a perceived nutritional environment-it is not clear whether this process occurs in mammals. We aimed to establish a mouse model of reduced dietary cholesterol availability from maternal milk and investigate the consequences of decreased milk cholesterol availability, early in life, on the metabolism of cholesterol in adult mice. We blocked intestinal absorption of cholesterol in milk fed to newborn mice by supplementing the food of dams (for 3 weeks between birth and weaning) with ezetimibe, which is secreted into milk. Ezetimibe interacts with the intestinal cholesterol absorption transporter NPC1l1 to block cholesterol uptake into enterocytes. Characterization of these offspring at 24 weeks of age showed a 27% decrease in cholesterol absorption (P < .001) and reduced levels of Npc1l1 messenger RNA and protein, but not other cholesterol transporters, in the proximal small intestine. We observed increased histone H3K9me3 methylation at positions -423 to -607 of the proximal Npc1l1 promoter in small intestine tissues from 24-week-old offspring fed ezetimibe during lactation, compared with controls. These findings show that the early postnatal mammalian intestine functions as an environmental sensor of nutritional conditions, responding to conditions such as low cholesterol levels by epigenetic modifications of genes. Further studies are needed to determine how decreased sterol absorption for a defined period might activate epigenetic regulators; the findings of our study might have implications for human infant nutrition and understanding and preventing cardiometabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Josee Plantinga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids improve atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol metabolism. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
26
|
Mistry RH, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Absence of intestinal microbiota increases ß-cyclodextrin stimulated reverse cholesterol transport. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28087885 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Non-digestible oligosaccharides are used as prebiotics for perceived health benefits, among these modulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. The present study characterized the impact of dietary ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD, 10%, w/w), a cyclic oligosaccharide, on sterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in conventional and also germ-free mice to establish dependency on metabolism by intestinal bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS In conventional ßCD-fed C57BL/6J wild-type mice plasma cholesterol decreased significantly (-40%, p < 0.05), largely within HDL, while fecal neutral sterol excretion increased (3-fold, p < 0.01) and fecal bile acid excretion was unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol secretion were unaltered. Changes in cholesterol metabolism translated into increased macrophage-to-feces RCT in ßCD-administered mice (1.5-fold, p < 0.05). In germ-free C57BL/6J mice ßCD similarly lowered plasma cholesterol (-40%, p < 0.05). However, ßCD increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (7.5-fold, p < 0.01), bile acid excretion (2-fold, p < 0.05) and RCT (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) even more substantially in germ-free mice compared with the effect in conventional mice. CONCLUSION In summary, this study demonstrates that ßCD lowers plasma cholesterol levels and increases fecal cholesterol excretion from a RCT-relevant pool. Intestinal bacteria decrease the impact of ßCD on RCT. These data suggest that dietary ßCD might have cardiovascular health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima H Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dimova LG, Zlatkov N, Verkade HJ, Uhlin BE, Tietge UJF. High-cholesterol diet does not alter gut microbiota composition in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:15. [PMID: 28239402 PMCID: PMC5314487 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Western diet containing both saturated fat and cholesterol impairs cardio-metabolic health partly by modulating diversity and function of the microbiota. While diet containing only high fat has comparable effects, it is unclear how diets only enriched in cholesterol impact the microbiota. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the response of host and microbiota to a high cholesterol (HC) diet in mice susceptible to cardio-metabolic disease. Methods LDLR knockout mice received either 1.25% HC or no cholesterol containing control diet (NC) for 12 weeks before characterizing host cholesterol metabolism and intestinal microbiota composition (next generation sequencing). Results HC diet substantially increased plasma (1.6-fold) and liver cholesterol levels (21-fold), biliary cholesterol secretion (4.5-fold) and fecal neutral sterol excretion (68-fold, each p < 0.001) but not fecal bile acid excretion. Interestingly, despite the profound changes in intestinal cholesterol homeostasis no differences in microbial composition between control and HC-fed mice were detected. In both groups the main phyla were Bacteroidetes (55%), Firmicutes (27%) and Verrucomicrobia (14%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that in mice HC diet alone does not alter the microbiota composition despite inducing substantial adaptive changes in whole body cholesterol homeostasis. The impact of Western diet on intestinal microbiota thus appears to be mediated exclusively by its high fat content. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0170-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya G Dimova
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikola Zlatkov
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Kurauchi R, Tanaka Y, Komine T, Suzuki H. Transporters for the Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:347-359. [PMID: 28100881 PMCID: PMC5392472 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin K. For this reason, they must be obtained from the diet via intestinal absorption. As the deficiency or excess of these vitamins has been reported to cause several types of diseases and disorders in humans, the intestinal absorption of these nutrients must be properly regulated to ensure good health. However, the mechanism of their intestinal absorption remains poorly understood. Recent studies on cholesterol using genome-edited mice, genome-wide association approaches, gene mutation analyses, and the development of cholesterol absorption inhibitors have revealed that several membrane proteins play crucial roles in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Surprisingly, detailed analyses of these cholesterol transporters have revealed that they can also transport vitamin E and vitamin K, providing clues to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of these fat-soluble vitamins. In this review, we focus on the membrane proteins (Niemann-Pick C1 like 1, scavenger receptor class B type I, cluster of differentiation 36, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) that are (potentially) involved in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, vitamin E, and vitamin K and discuss their physiological and pharmacological importance. We also discuss the related uncertainties that need to be explored in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dong B, Young M, Liu X, Singh AB, Liu J. Regulation of lipid metabolism by obeticholic acid in hyperlipidemic hamsters. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:350-363. [PMID: 27940481 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays critical roles in plasma cholesterol metabolism, in particular HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a FXR agonist being developed for treating various chronic liver diseases. Previous studies reported inconsistent effects of OCA on regulating plasma cholesterol levels in different animal models and in different patient populations. The mechanisms underlying its divergent effects have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a FXR-modulated gene and the major receptor for HDL-C. We investigated the effects of OCA on hepatic SR-BI expression and correlated such effects with plasma HDL-C levels and hepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters. We demonstrated that OCA induced a time-dependent reduction in serum HDL-C levels after 14 days of treatment, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of liver cholesterol content and increases in fecal cholesterol in OCA-treated hamsters. Importantly, hepatic SR-BI mRNA and protein levels in hamsters were increased to 1.9- and 1.8-fold of control by OCA treatment. Further investigations in normolipidemic hamsters did not reveal OCA-induced changes in serum HDL-C levels or hepatic SR-BI expression. We conclude that OCA reduces plasma HDL-C levels and promotes transhepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters via a mechanism involving upregulation of hepatic SR-BI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Mark Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gutierrez-Pajares JL, Ben Hassen C, Chevalier S, Frank PG. SR-BI: Linking Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism with Breast and Prostate Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:338. [PMID: 27774064 PMCID: PMC5054001 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the significant role of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in the progression of cancer. The SCARB1 gene encodes the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), which is an 82-kDa glycoprotein with two transmembrane domains separated by a large extracellular loop. SR-BI plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol exchange between cells and high-density lipoproteins. Accordingly, hepatic SR-BI has been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, which promotes the removal and excretion of excess body cholesterol. In the context of atherosclerosis, SR-BI has been implicated in the regulation of intracellular signaling, lipid accumulation, foam cell formation, and cellular apoptosis. Furthermore, since lipid metabolism is a relevant target for cancer treatment, recent studies have focused on examining the role of SR-BI in this pathology. While signaling pathways have initially been explored in non-tumoral cells, studies with cancer cells have now demonstrated SR-BI's function in tumor progression. In this review, we will discuss the role of SR-BI during tumor development and malignant progression. In addition, we will provide insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the SCARB1 gene. Overall, studying the role of SR-BI in tumor development and progression should allow us to gain useful information for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Gutierrez-Pajares
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Faculté de Médecine-INSERM UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Tours, France
| | - Céline Ben Hassen
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Faculté de Médecine-INSERM UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Tours, France
| | - Stéphan Chevalier
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Faculté de Médecine-INSERM UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Tours, France
| | - Philippe G Frank
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Faculté de Médecine-INSERM UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clinically used selective estrogen receptor modulators affect different steps of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32105. [PMID: 27601313 PMCID: PMC5013287 DOI: 10.1038/srep32105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are widely prescribed drugs that alter cellular and whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Here we evaluate the effect of SERMs on the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (M-RCT) pathway, which is mediated by HDL. Treatment of human and mouse macrophages with tamoxifen, raloxifene or toremifene induced the accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles of acetyl-LDL-derived free cholesterol. The SERMs impaired cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I and HDL, and lowered ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. These effects were not altered by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 nor were they reproduced by 17β-estradiol. The treatment of mice with tamoxifen or raloxifene accelerated HDL-cholesteryl ester catabolism, thereby reducing HDL-cholesterol concentrations in serum. When [3H]cholesterol-loaded macrophages were injected into mice intraperitoneally, tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, decreased the [3H]cholesterol levels in serum, liver and feces. Both SERMs downregulated liver ABCG5 and ABCG8 protein expression, but tamoxifen reduced the capacity of HDL and plasma to promote macrophage cholesterol efflux to a greater extent than raloxifene. We conclude that SERMs interfere with intracellular cholesterol trafficking and efflux from macrophages. Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, impair M-RCT in vivo. This effect is primarily attributable to the tamoxifen-mediated reduction of the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol mobilization from macrophages.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin J, Lu M, Shao WQ, Chen ZY, Zhu WW, Lu L, Jia HL, Cai D, Qin LX, Chen JH. Osteopontin Deficiency Alters Biliary Homeostasis and Protects against Gallstone Formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30215. [PMID: 27484115 PMCID: PMC4971489 DOI: 10.1038/srep30215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The precipitation of excess biliary cholesterol as solid crystals is a prerequisite for cholesterol gallstone formation, which occurs due to disturbed biliary homeostasis. Biliary homeostasis is regulated by an elaborate network of genes in hepatocytes. If unmanaged, the cholesterol crystals will aggregate, fuse and form gallstones. We have previously observed that the levels of osteopontin (OPN) in bile and gallbladder were reduced in gallstone patients. However, the role and mechanism for hepatic OPN in cholesterol gallstone formation is undetermined. In this study, we found that the expression of hepatic OPN was increased in gallstone patients compared with gallstone-free counterparts. Then, we observed that OPN-deficient mice were less vulnerable to cholesterol gallstone formation than wild type mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that this protective effect was associated with alterations of bile composition and was caused by the increased hepatic CYP7A1 expression and the reduced expression of hepatic SHP, ATP8B1, SR-B1 and SREBP-2. Finally, the correlations between the expression of hepatic OPN and the expression of these hepatic genes were validated in gallstone patients. Taken together, our findings reveal that hepatic OPN contributes to cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating biliary metabolism and might be developed as a therapeutic target for gallstone treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei-Qing Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zong-You Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Duan Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bozaykut P, Sahin A, Karademir B, Ozer NK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress related molecular mechanisms in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 157:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
34
|
Feng D, Sun JG, Sun RB, Ou-Yang BC, Yao L, Aa JY, Zhou F, Zhang JW, Zhang J, Wang GJ. Isoflavones and phytosterols contained in Xuezhikang capsules modulate cholesterol homeostasis in high-fat diet mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1462-72. [PMID: 26592515 PMCID: PMC4816241 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Xuezhikang (XZK), an extract of red yeast rice, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular disease. Three fractions F1, F2 and F3 (primarily containing isoflavones, monacolins or phytosterols, respectively) are extracted from Xuezhikang capsules. In this study we evaluated the lipid-lowering effects of these fractions and explored the potential mechanisms of actions. METHODS Mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) were orally administered lovastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), XZK (1200 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), F1 (27.5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), F2 (11.3 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or F3 (35 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 10 weeks. Lipids were measured using commercial enzymatic kits, and the mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis were evaluated using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS XZK increased the fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids, reduced serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels by 40%, 55% and 46%, respectively, and increased serum HDL-C by 31%. Administration of F1 repressed serum TC and TG by 24% and 52%, respectively, and elevated hepatic synthesis of CYP7A1. It also increased hepatic elimination of bile acids in the fecal excretions by 79% through upregulating BSEP and downregulating NTCP. Administration of F3 decreased serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels by 33%, 29% and 39%, respectively, and increased serum HDL-C by 28%, significantly reduced intestinal absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting the transcription of NPC1L1, and elevated excretion of TC, FC and CE by 96%, 72% and 101%, respectively. Administration of F2 showed pharmacological effects similar to those of lovastatin. CONCLUSION Isoflavones and phytosterols in XZK exert cholesterol-lowering effects in HFD mice through mechanisms that differ from those of lovastatin. Isoflavones and phytosterols act in a complimentary manner: through enhancing the elimination of bile acids and reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Feng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian-guo Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Run-bin Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bing-chen Ou-Yang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ji-ye Aa
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing-wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology for TCM Research School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guang-ji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dikkers A, de Boer JF, Groen AK, Tietge UJF. Hepatic ABCG5/G8 overexpression substantially increases biliary cholesterol secretion but does not impact in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:402-6. [PMID: 26520893 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biliary cholesterol secretion is important for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). ABCG5/G8 contribute most cholesterol mass secretion into bile. We investigated the impact of hepatic ABCG5/G8 on cholesterol metabolism and RCT. METHODS Biliary and fecal sterol excretion (FSE) as well as RCT were determined using wild-type controls, Abcg8 knockout mice, Abcg8 knockouts with adenovirus-mediated hepatocyte-specific Abcg8 reinstitution and hepatic Abcg5/g8 overexpression in wild-types. RESULTS In Abcg8 knockouts, biliary cholesterol secretion was decreased by 75% (p < 0.001), while mass FSE and RCT were unchanged. Hepatic reinstitution of Abcg8 increased biliary cholesterol secretion 5-fold (p < 0.001) without changing FSE or overall RCT. Overexpression of both ABCG5/G8 elevated biliary cholesterol secretion 5-fold and doubled FSE (p < 0.001) without affecting overall RCT. CONCLUSIONS ABCG5/G8 mediate mass biliary cholesterol secretion but not from a RCT-relevant pool. Intervention strategies aiming at increasing hepatic Abcg5/g8 expression for enhancing RCT are not likely to be successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee SD, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors at the intersection of lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:29-36. [PMID: 26164157 PMCID: PMC4546914 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Schugar RC, Wang Z, Sacks J, Rong X, Vallim TDA, Chou J, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Liu X, Parini P, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance. Cell Rep 2015; 10:326-338. [PMID: 25600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling in mouse models of altered reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serendipitously identified the TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) as a powerful modifier of cholesterol metabolism and RCT. Knockdown of FMO3 in cholesterol-fed mice alters biliary lipid secretion, blunts intestinal cholesterol absorption, and limits the production of hepatic oxysterols and cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, FMO3 knockdown stimulates basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated macrophage RCT, thereby improving cholesterol balance. Conversely, FMO3 knockdown exacerbates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in part by decreasing hepatic oxysterol levels and subsequent LXR activation. FMO3 is thus identified as a central integrator of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jeff Chou
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldon J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Low plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) represent a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. HDL particles display a wide spectrum of atheroprotective activities, which include effluxing cellular cholesterol, diminishing cellular death, decreasing vascular constriction, reducing inflammatory response, protecting from pathological oxidation, combating bacterial infection, lessening platelet activation, regulating gene expression by virtue of microRNAs, and improving glucose metabolism. It remains presently indeterminate as to whether some biological activities of HDL are more relevant for the protection of the endothelium from atherogenesis when compared with others. The multitude of such activities raises the question of a proper assay to assess HDL functionality ex vivo. Together with clear understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying atheroprotective properties of HDL, such assay will provide a basis to resolve the ultimate question of the HDL field to allow the development of efficient HDL-targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dikkers A, Annema W, de Boer JF, Iqbal J, Hussain MM, Tietge UJF. Differential impact of hepatic deficiency and total body inhibition of MTP on cholesterol metabolism and RCT in mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:816-25. [PMID: 24511105 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because apoB-containing lipoproteins are pro-atherogenic and their secretion by liver and intestine largely depends on microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity, MTP inhibition strategies are actively pursued. How decreasing the secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins affects intracellular rerouting of cholesterol is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of reducing either systemic or liver-specific MTP activity on cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) using a pharmacological MTP inhibitor or a genetic model, respectively. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in both MTP inhibitor-treated and liver-specific MTP knockout (L-Mttp(-/-)) mice (each P < 0.001). With both inhibition approaches, hepatic cholesterol as well as triglyceride content was consistently increased (each P < 0.001), while biliary cholesterol and bile acid secretion remained unchanged. A small but significant decrease in fecal bile acid excretion was observed in inhibitor-treated mice (P < 0.05), whereas fecal neutral sterol excretion was substantially increased by 75% (P < 0.001), conceivably due to decreased intestinal absorption. In contrast, in L-Mttp(-/-) mice both fecal neutral sterol and bile acid excretion remained unchanged. However, while total RCT increased in inhibitor-treated mice (P < 0.01), it surprisingly decreased in L-Mttp(-/-) mice (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that: i) pharmacological MTP inhibition increases RCT, an effect that might provide additional clinical benefit of MTP inhibitors; and ii) decreasing hepatic MTP decreases RCT, pointing toward a potential contribution of hepatocyte-derived VLDLs to RCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cuperus FJC, Claudel T, Gautherot J, Halilbasic E, Trauner M. The role of canalicular ABC transporters in cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:546-60. [PMID: 24474736 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, a hallmark feature of hepatobiliary disease, is characterized by the retention of biliary constituents. Some of these constituents, such as bile acids, inflict damage to hepatocytes and bile duct cells. This damage may lead to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually carcinogenesis, sequelae that aggravate the underlying disease and deteriorate clinical outcome. Canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which mediate the excretion of individual bile constituents, play a key role in bile formation and cholestasis. The study of these transporters and their regulatory nuclear receptors has revolutionized our understanding of cholestatic disease. This knowledge has served as a template to develop novel treatment strategies, some of which are currently already undergoing phase III clinical trials. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the structure, function, and regulation of canalicular ABC transporters. In addition, we will focus on the role of these transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of cholestatic bile duct and liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans J C Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xie Y, Fung HYJ, Newberry EP, Kennedy S, Luo J, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Davidson NO. Hepatic Mttp deletion reverses gallstone susceptibility in L-Fabp knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:540-8. [PMID: 24474819 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that L-Fabp KO mice are more susceptible to lithogenic diet (LD)-induced gallstones because of altered hepatic cholesterol metabolism and increased canalicular cholesterol secretion. Other studies demonstrated that liver-specific deletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-LKO) reduced LD-induced gallstone formation by increasing biliary phospholipid secretion. Here we show that mice with combined deletion (i.e., DKO mice) are protected from LD-induced gallstone formation. Following 2 weeks of LD feeding, 73% of WT and 100% of L-Fabp KO mice developed gallstones versus 18% of Mttp-LKO and 23% of DKO mice. This phenotype was recapitulated in both WT and L-Fabp KO mice treated with an Mttp antisense oligonucleotide (M-ASO). Biliary cholesterol secretion was increased in LD-fed L-Fabp KO mice and decreased in DKO mice. However, phospholipid secretion was unchanged in LD-fed Mttp-LKO and DKO mice as well as in M-ASO-treated mice. Expression of the canalicular export pump ABCG5/G8 was reduced in LD-fed DKO mice and in M-ASO-treated L-Fabp KO mice. We conclude that liver-specific Mttp deletion not only eliminates apical lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes but also attenuates canalicular cholesterol secretion, which in turn decreases LD-induced gallstone susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Su K, Sabeva NS, Wang Y, Liu X, Lester JD, Liu J, Liang S, Graf GA. Acceleration of biliary cholesterol secretion restores glycemic control and alleviates hypertriglyceridemia in obese db/db mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:26-33. [PMID: 24202306 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies support a role for cholesterol in the development of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mice lacking the ABCG5 ABCG8 (G5G8) sterol transporter have reduced biliary cholesterol secretion and are more susceptible to steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and loss of glycemic control when challenged with a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that accelerating G5G8-mediated biliary cholesterol secretion would correct these phenotypes in obese mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Obese (db/db) male and their lean littermates were administered a cocktail of control adenovirus or adenoviral vectors encoding ABCG5 and ABCG8 (AdG5G8). Three days after viral administration, measures of lipid and glucose homeostasis were determined, and tissues were collected for biochemical analyses. AdG5G8 increased biliary cholesterol and fecal sterol elimination. Fasting glucose and triglycerides declined, and glucose tolerance improved in obese mice expressing G5G8 compared with mice receiving control adenovirus. These changes were associated with a reduction in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in liver, suggesting alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Phosphorylated insulin receptor and protein kinase B were increased, indicating restored hepatic insulin signaling. However, there was no reduction in hepatic triglycerides after the 3-day treatment period. CONCLUSIONS Accelerating biliary cholesterol secretion restores glycemic control and reduces plasma triglycerides in obese db/db mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (K.S., Y.W., X.L., J.D.L., G.A.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico (N.S.S.); Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.L.); and Department of Clinical Laboratories, Jinshan Branch of the Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China (S.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Selective lipid uptake (SLU) is known to be a major pathway of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in experimental animals and humans, but remains poorly understood. This review provides a brief overview of SLU mediated by the HDL receptor scavenger receptor B-type I (SR-BI), and highlights several surprising new findings related to the impact of SLU pathways in cholesterol homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Under certain conditions, SR-BI-mediated SLU contributes to reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) independently of ABCG5/G8-mediated biliary cholesterol secretion, implying a novel trafficking mechanism. Hepatic SR-BI expression and RCT are decreased in diabetic mice. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the microRNAs miR-185, miR-96 and miR-223 are emerging therapeutic targets for increasing SR-BI expression. SR-BI-independent selective cholesteryl ester uptake is a newly characterized pathway in macrophage foam cells. SUMMARY New findings underscore the importance of SR-BI-mediated SLU in hepatic SLU and RCT, while indicating that further investigation is needed to define SLU pathways, including SR-BI-independent macrophage selective cholesteryl ester uptake. The intracellular trafficking of cholesterol in these pathways appears to be critical to their normal function and is a major subject of ongoing studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Meyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Department Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Deneys R. van der Westhuyzen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lorbek G, Perše M, Horvat S, Björkhem I, Rozman D. Sex differences in the hepatic cholesterol sensing mechanisms in mice. Molecules 2013; 18:11067-85. [PMID: 24025456 PMCID: PMC6270450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is linked to many multifactorial disorders, including different forms of liver disease where development and severity depend on the sex. We performed a detailed analysis of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis pathways at the level of genes and metabolites combined with the expression studies of hepatic cholesterol uptake and transport in female and male mice fed with a high-fat diet with or without cholesterol. Lack of dietary cholesterol led to a stronger response of the sterol sensing mechanism in females, resulting in higher expression of cholesterogenic genes compared to males. With cholesterol in the diet, the genes were down-regulated in both sexes; however, males maintained a more efficient hepatic metabolic flux through the pathway. Females had higher content of hepatic cholesterol but this was likely not due to diminished excretion but rather due to increased synthesis and absorption. Dietary cholesterol and sex were not important for gallbladder bile acids composition. Neither sex up-regulated Cyp7a1 upon cholesterol loading and there was no compensatory up-regulation of Abcg5 or Abcg8 transporters. On the other hand, females had higher expression of the Ldlr and Cd36 genes. These findings explain sexual dimorphism of cholesterol metabolism in response to dietary cholesterol in a high-fat diet in mice, which contributes to understanding the sex-basis of cholesterol-associated liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Lorbek
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail: or
- National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yuan Q, Bie J, Wang J, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Cooperation between hepatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase and scavenger receptor BI for hydrolysis of HDL-CE. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3078-84. [PMID: 23990661 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is the sole organ responsible for the final elimination of cholesterol from the body either as biliary cholesterol or bile acids. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived cholesterol is the major source of biliary sterols and represents a mechanism for the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues including artery wall-associated macrophage foam cells. Via selective uptake through scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), HDL-cholesterol is thought to be directly secreted into bile, and HDL cholesteryl esters (HDL-CEs) enter the hepatic metabolic pool and need to be hydrolyzed prior to conversion to bile acids. However, the identity of hepatic CE hydrolase (CEH) as well as the role of SR-BI in bile acid synthesis remains elusive. In this study we examined the role of human hepatic CEH (CES1) in facilitating hydrolysis of SR-BI-delivered HDL-CEs. Over-expression of CEH led to increased hydrolysis of HDL-[³H]CE in primary hepatocytes and SR-BI expression was required for this process. Intracellular CEH associated with BODIPY-CE delivered by selective uptake via SR-BI. CEH and SR-BI expression enhanced the movement of [³H]label from HDL-[³H]CE to bile acids in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that SR-BI-delivered HDL-CEs are hydrolyzed by hepatic CEH and utilized for bile acid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0050
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dikkers A, Freak de Boer J, Annema W, Groen AK, Tietge UJF. Scavenger receptor BI and ABCG5/G8 differentially impact biliary sterol secretion and reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:293-303. [PMID: 23401258 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biliary lipid secretion plays an important role in gallstone disease and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Using Sr-bI/Abcg5 double knockout mice (dko), the present study investigated the differential contribution of two of the most relevant transporters: adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 and 8 (ABCG5/G8) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) to sterol metabolism and RCT. Plasma cholesterol levels increased in the following order, mainly due to differences in high density lipoprotein (HDL): Abcg5 ko < wild type < Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko < Sr-bI ko. Liver cholesterol content was elevated in Sr-bI ko only (P < 0.05). In Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko plasma plant sterols were highest, while hepatic plant sterols were lower compared with Abcg5 ko (P < 0.05). Under baseline conditions, biliary cholesterol secretion rates decreased in the following order: wild type > Sr-bI ko (-16%) > Abcg5 ko (-75%) > Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko (-94%), all at least P < 0.05, while biliary bile acid secretion did not differ between groups. However, under supraphysiological conditions, upon infusion with increasing amounts of the bile salt tauroursodeoxycholic acid, Abcg5 became fully rate-limiting for biliary cholesterol secretion. Additional in vivo macrophage-to-feces RCT studies demonstrated an almost 50% decrease in overall RCT in Sr-bI/Abcg5 dko compared with Abcg5 ko mice (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that (1) SR-BI contributes to ABCG5/G8-independent biliary cholesterol secretion under basal conditions; (2) biliary cholesterol mass secretion under maximal bile salt-stimulated conditions is fully dependent on ABCG5/G8; and (3) Sr-bI contributes to macrophage-to-feces RCT independent of Abcg5/g8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Triolo M, Annema W, Dullaart RPF, Tietge UJF. Assessing the functional properties of high-density lipoproteins: an emerging concept in cardiovascular research. Biomark Med 2013; 7:457-72. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol correlate inversely with the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, results from recent epidemiological, genetic and pharmacological intervention studies resulted in a shift of concept. Rather than HDL cholesterol mass levels, the functionality of HDL particles is increasingly regarded as potentially clinically important. This review provides an overview of four key functional properties of HDL, namely cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport; antioxidative activities; anti-inflammatory activities; and the ability of HDL to increase vascular nitric oxide production resulting in vasorelaxation. Currently available assays are put into context with different HDL isolation procedures yielding compositional heterogeneity of the particle. Gathered knowledge on the impact of different disease states on HDL function is discussed together with potential underlying causative factors modulating HDL functionalities. In addition, a perspective is provided regarding how a better understanding of the determinants of (dys)functional HDL might impact clinical practice and the future design of rational and specific therapeutic approaches targeting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Triolo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin PF Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe JF Tietge
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gautier T, de Haan W, Grober J, Ye D, Bahr MJ, Claudel T, Nijstad N, Van Berkel TJC, Havekes LM, Manns MP, Willems SM, Hogendoorn PCW, Lagrost L, Kuipers F, Van Eck M, Rensen PCN, Tietge UJF. Farnesoid X receptor activation increases cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression in humans and transgenic mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2195-2205. [PMID: 23620138 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity results in a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. In cholestatic conditions, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling by bile acids (BA) is activated and plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are low. This study tested the hypothesis that FXR-mediated induction of CETP contributes to this phenotype. Patients with cholestasis and high plasma BA had lower HDL-C levels and higher plasma CETP activity and mass compared with matched controls with low plasma BA (each P < 0.01). BA feeding in APOE3*Leiden transgenic mice expressing the human CETP transgene controlled by its endogenous promoter increased cholesterol within apoB-containing lipoproteins and decreased HDL-C (each P < 0.01), while hepatic CETP mRNA expression and plasma CETP activity and mass increased (each P < 0.01). In vitro studies confirmed that FXR agonists substantially augmented CETP mRNA expression in hepatocytes and macrophages dependent on functional FXR expression (each P < 0.001). These transcriptional effects are likely mediated by an ER8 FXR response element (FXRE) in the first intron. In conclusion, using a translational approach, this study identifies CETP as novel FXR target gene. By increasing CETP expression, FXR activation leads to a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. These results have clinical relevance, especially when considering FXR agonists as emerging treatment strategy for metabolic disease and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Willeke de Haan
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Grober
- Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Dan Ye
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias J Bahr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Niels Nijstad
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J C Van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laurent Lagrost
- Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bura KS, Lord C, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Thomas G, Warrier M, Zhang J, Davis MA, Sawyer JK, Shah R, Wilson MD, Dikkers A, Tietge UJF, Collet X, Rudel LL, Temel RE, Brown JM. Intestinal SR-BI does not impact cholesterol absorption or transintestinal cholesterol efflux in mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1567-1577. [PMID: 23564696 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can proceed through the classic hepatobiliary route or through the nonbiliary transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays a critical role in the classic hepatobiliary route of RCT. However, the role of SR-BI in TICE has not been studied. To examine the role of intestinal SR-BI in TICE, sterol balance was measured in control mice and mice transgenically overexpressing SR-BI in the proximal small intestine (SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg)). SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice had significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels compared with wild-type controls, yet SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice had normal fractional cholesterol absorption and fecal neutral sterol excretion. Both in the absence or presence of ezetimibe, intestinal SR-BI overexpression had no impact on the amount of cholesterol excreted in the feces. To specifically study effects of intestinal SR-BI on TICE we crossed SR-BI(hApoCIII-ApoAIV-Tg) mice into a mouse model that preferentially utilized the TICE pathway for RCT (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 liver transgenic), and likewise found no alterations in cholesterol absorption or fecal sterol excretion. Finally, mice lacking SR-BI in all tissues also exhibited normal cholesterol absorption and fecal cholesterol disposal. Collectively, these results suggest that SR-BI is not rate limiting for intestinal cholesterol absorption or for fecal neutral sterol loss through the TICE pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwardeep S Bura
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Caleb Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gwyn Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Manya Warrier
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ramesh Shah
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Martha D Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Collet
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases of Rangueil Hospital, BP 84225, Toulouse, France
| | - Lawrence L Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
| |
Collapse
|