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Kang X, Zhao S, Lin S, Li J, Wang S. Synergistic upregulation of PD‑L1 in tumor cells and CD39 in tumor‑infiltrating CD8 + T cells leads to poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:368. [PMID: 38933811 PMCID: PMC11200054 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune escape of tumor cells and functional status of tumor-infiltrating T cells may serve pivotal roles in the tumor immune microenvironment and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study enrolled 91 patients with HCC and examined programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells and CD39 expression in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in patient samples using multiplex immunofluorescence assays. The impact of PD-L1 and CD39 expression levels on the prognosis of patients with HCC was investigated utilizing Kaplan-Meier analyses. The individual upregulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells, as well as the individual upregulation of CD39 expression in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells did not significantly affect the prognosis of patients with HCC. However, the simultaneous upregulation of both PD-L1 in tumor cells and CD39 in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells was associated with reduced overall survival in patients with HCC. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that the interplay between tumor cell immune escape and tumor-infiltrating immune cell functional status within the tumor immune microenvironment may have had a substantial impact on the prognosis of patients with HCC. Mechanistically, increased expression levels of PD-L1 in tumor cells may improve the immune escape capacity of tumors, whilst upregulation of CD39 in tumor-infiltrating T cells may be associated with T cell exhaustion. Therefore, the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, in conjunction with the exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, could serve as a future potential prognostic indicator of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Sinan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Dai L, Xiao J, Li X, Tao Y, Zhou P, Lyu L, Shi Z, Liang X, Jia Z, Jiang S. Autophagy-related CMTM6 promotes glioblastoma progression by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and acts as an onco-immunological biomarker. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3685. [PMID: 38686653 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is identified as one of the most prevalent and malignant brain tumors, characterized by poor treatment outcomes and a limited prognosis. CMTM6, a membrane protein, has been found to upregulate the expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein (PD-L1) and acts as an immune checkpoint inhibitor by inhibiting the programmed death 1 protein/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Recent research has demonstrated a high expression of CMTM6 in GBM, suggesting its potential role in influencing the pathogenesis and progression of GBM, as well as its association with immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. However, the underlying mechanism of CMTM6 in GBM requires further investigation. METHODS Data from cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas cohorts were consolidated for the current study. Through multi-omics analysis, the study systematically examined the expression profile of CMTM6, epigenetic modifications, prognostic significance, biological functions, potential mechanisms of action and alterations in the immune microenvironment. Additionally, the study investigated CMTM6 expression in GBM cell lines and normal cells using reverse transcription PCR and western blot analysis. The impact of CMTM6 on GBM cell proliferation, migration and invasion was evaluated using a combination of cell counting kit-8 assay, clone formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, wound healing assay and Transwell assay. In order to explore the mechanism of CMTM6, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and autophagy-related genes were further verified through western blot analysis. RESULTS CMTM6 is highly expressed in multiple tumors, particularly GBM. CMTM6 has been shown to be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker by various bioinformatics approaches. Additionally, CMTM6 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cancer, specifically GBM, by modulating various biological processes such as DNA methyltransferase expression, RNA modification, copy number variation, genomic heterogeneity, tumor stemness and DNA methylation. The findings of the experiment indicate a significant correlation between elevated CMTM6 expression and the proliferation, invasion, migration and autophagy of GBM cells, with potential key roles mediated through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, CMTM6 is implicated in modulating tumor immune cell infiltration and is closely linked to the expression of various immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune modulators, particularly within the context of GBM. High levels of CMTM6 expression also enhance the responsiveness of GBM patients to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, thereby offering valuable insights for guiding treatment strategies for GBM. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy-related CMTM6 is highly expressed in various types of cancer, especially GBM, and it can regulate GBM progression through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and is capable of being used as an underlying target for the diagnosis, treatment selection and prognosis of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Adenoma Multidisciplinary Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjia Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Adenoma Multidisciplinary Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peizhi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Adenoma Multidisciplinary Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Adenoma Multidisciplinary Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zimin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xianyin Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ziyang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Adenoma Multidisciplinary Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Wang M, Xue W, Yuan H, Wang Z, Yu L. Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Targeting CAFs: A Promising Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2823-2849. [PMID: 38525013 PMCID: PMC10959015 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s451151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors. PC is typically diagnosed at a late stage, exhibits a poor response to conventional treatment, and has a bleak prognosis. Unfortunately, PC's survival rate has not significantly improved since the 1960s. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME). They play a vital role in maintaining the extracellular matrix and facilitating the intricate communication between cancer cells and infiltrated immune cells. Exploring therapeutic approaches targeting CAFs may reverse the current landscape of PC therapy. In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems have evolved rapidly and have been able to accurately target and precisely release drugs with little or no toxicity to the whole body. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the origin, heterogeneity, potential targets, and recent advances in the nano-drug delivery system of CAFs in PC. We will also propose a novel integrated treatment regimen that utilizes a nano-drug delivery system to target CAFs in PC, combined with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Additionally, we will address the challenges that this regimen currently faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Dai M, Lan T, Chen H, Li X, Zhao Z, Jiang Y, Yang L, Wang S. Nomogram based on CMTM6 expression and clinical characteristics to predict postoperative overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:381-390. [PMID: 37366540 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of CMTM6 in HCC tissues and its prognostic value, and to try to develop a nomogram prognostic model based on CMTM6. METHODS In this retrospective study, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed in 178 patients who underwent radical hepatectomy in the same surgical team. R software was used to construct the nomogram model. The Bootstrap sampling method was used for internal validation. RESULTS CMTM6 is significantly expressed in HCC tissues and is closely associated with decreased overall survival (OS). PVTT (HR = 6.2, 95% CI: 3.06 12.6, P<0.001), CMTM6 (HR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.27 4.0, P=0.006) and MVI (HR=10.8, 95% CI: 4.19-27.6, P<0.001) were independent predictors of OS. The nomogram combined with CMTM6, PVTT and MVI was more predictive than the traditional TNM scoring system, and the prediction effects of 1-year and 3-year OS were accurate. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of a patient may be predicted using high levels of CMTM6 expression in HCC tissues, and the nomogram model including CMTM6 expression has the best predictive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Lan
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - Yingxue Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - Long Yang
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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Hao L, Li S, Deng J, Li N, Yu F, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Shi X, Hu X. The current status and future of PD-L1 in liver cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1323581. [PMID: 38155974 PMCID: PMC10754529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of immunotherapy in tumor, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has played an important role in the treatment of advanced unresectable liver cancer. However, the efficacy of ICIs varies greatly among different patients, which has aroused people's attention to the regulatory mechanism of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in the immune escape of liver cancer. PD-L1 is regulated by multiple levels and signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including gene variation, epigenetic inheritance, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modification. More studies have also found that the high expression of PD-L1 may be the main factor affecting the immunotherapy of liver cancer. However, what is the difference of PD-L1 expressed by different types of cells in the microenvironment of HCC, and which type of cells expressed PD-L1 determines the effect of tumor immunotherapy remains unclear. Therefore, clarifying the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in liver cancer can provide more basis for liver cancer immunotherapy and combined immune treatment strategy. In addition to its well-known role in immune regulation, PD-L1 also plays a role in regulating cancer cell proliferation and promoting drug resistance of tumor cells, which will be reviewed in this paper. In addition, we also summarized the natural products and drugs that regulated the expression of PD-L1 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenghao Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinli Shi
- Center of Experimental Management, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Pei Y, Zhang Z, Tan S. Current Opinions on the Relationship Between CMTM Family and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1411-1422. [PMID: 37649636 PMCID: PMC10464892 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s417202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typically malignant tumor in the digestive system. The mortality of HCC ranks third place in the world, second only to lung cancer and colorectal cancer. For the characteristics of high invasiveness, high metastasis, high recurrence rate as well as short survival time, HCC treatment has always been difficult in clinical practice. Many causes have contributed to the appearance of these features, including insidious onset, high degree of malignancy, lack of effective early molecular diagnostic markers, and disease prediction models. The human chemokine-like factor superfamily (CMTMs) is a new gene family consisting of CKLF and CMTM1-CMTM8. CMTMs have a marvel domain which can activate and chemotaxis immune cells. Many studies have reported that CMTMs are involved in the regulation of cell growth and development, and play an important role in the malignant progression of the immune system and reproductive system, especially in the development of tumors. In this review, we summarized the structure and function of the human CMTMs, the relationship between its family members and HCC, the prognostic value, potential functions, and mechanisms in HCC. CMTMs could provide a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in clinical practice for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Pei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Public Health Department of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengbao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Public Health Department of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- Public Health Department of Youjiang Medical University For Nationalities, Baise, GuangxiPeople's Republic of China
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Toshida K, Itoh S, Harada N, Morinaga A, Yugawa K, Tomiyama T, Kosai-Fujimoto Y, Tomino T, Kurihara T, Nagao Y, Morita K, Oda Y, Yoshizumi T. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote tumor cell growth via miR-493-5p in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:937-947. [PMID: 36369960 PMCID: PMC9986089 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) progression is poorly understood. This study aimed to reveal whether specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from CAFs were involved in ICC progression. Conditioned medium (CM) and EVs in the CM of CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) derived from ICC specimens were used to investigate the effects on tumor cell lines. miRNA microarray assay was used to examine the miRNAs of EVs derived from CAFs and NFs in ICC, and the effects of miR-493-5p on tumor cell lines were examined. Additionally, databases were used to identify miR-493-5p targets, and the relationship between prognosis of ICC patients and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript propeptide (CARTPT), one of the targets of miR-493-5p, expression in ICC tissues was retrospectively analyzed. Compared with NF-derived CM and EVs, CAF-derived CM and EVs promoted cell lines in proliferation, scratch, migration, and invasion assays. miRNA microarray analysis revealed that miR-493-5p was significantly increased in CAF-derived EVs compared to NF-derived EVs. Tumor cell lines transfected with miR-493-5p were promoted in proliferation and scratch assays. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 76 ICC specimens; both overall and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly worse in the CARTPT-negative group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that low CARTPT expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall and recurrence-free survival. Overall, our data suggest that CAFs in the ICC TME suppress CARTPT in tumor cells and promote tumor cells via miR-493-5p in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kosai-Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomino
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Long Y, Chen R, Yu X, Tong Y, Peng X, Li F, Hu C, Sun J, Gong L. Suppression of Tumor or Host Intrinsic CMTM6 Drives Antitumor Cytotoxicity in a PD-L1-Independent Manner. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:241-260. [PMID: 36484740 PMCID: PMC9896022 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 6 (CMTM6) is known to be a regulator of membranal programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) stability and a factor associated with malignancy progression, but the effects and mechanisms of CMTM6 on tumor growth, as well as its potential as a target for therapy, are still largely unknown. Here, we show that CMTM6 expression increased with tumor progression in both patients and mice. Ablation of CMTM6 significantly reduced human and murine tumor growth in a manner dependent on T-cell immunity. Tumor CMTM6 suppression broke resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors and remodeled the tumor immune microenvironment, as specific antitumor cytotoxicity was enhanced and contributed primarily to tumor inhibition. Without the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, CMTM6 suppression still significantly dampened tumor growth dependent on cytotoxic cells. Furthermore, we identified that CMTM6 was widely expressed on immune cells. T-cell CMTM6 levels increased with sustained immune activation and intratumoral immune exhaustion and affected T cell-intrinsic PD-L1 levels. Host CMTM6 knockout significantly restrained tumor growth in a manner dependent on CD8+ T cells and not entirely dependent on PD-L1. Thus, we developed and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of CMTM6-targeting adeno-associated virus (AAV), which effectively mobilized antitumor immunity and could be combined with various antitumor drugs. Our findings reveal that both tumor and host CMTM6 are involved in antitumor immunity with or without the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and that gene therapy targeting CMTM6 is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xionghua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
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9
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Jia D, Xiong L, Xue H, Li J. CMTM6 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and can be used as a biomarker of a poor diagnosis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14668. [PMID: 36643629 PMCID: PMC9838204 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CMTM6 which is chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like Marvel transmembrane domain containing family member 6 is involved in the occurrence and progression of various tumors. However, the role of CMTM6 is still unclear in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Immunohistochemical, Western blotting and RT‒PCR methods were used to detect the expression of CMTM6 in LUAD. Cox regression and the Kaplan‒Meier method were performed to assess overall survival. Immunogenic features were evaluated according to immune cell infiltrations, immune checkpoints. The sensitivity to chemotherapy agents was estimated using the pRRophetic package. Results In LUAD, the expression of CMTM6 was obviously upregulated and was significantly associated with T stage (p = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.018). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that CMTM6 was a specialty prognostic risk factor. Based on GSEA enrichment analysis, we found that high expression of CMTM6 is associated with multiple immune signaling pathways. The group with high CMTM6 expression showed a positive association with various types of tumor-infiltrating cells. Moreover, a total of 36 chemotherapeutic drugs were significantly correlated with the expression of CMTM6. Among them, two chemotherapeutic drugs had better therapeutic effects in the high CMTM6 expression group, while 34 chemotherapeutic drugs had therapeutic effects in the low CMTM6 expression group. Conclusion This study confirmed that CMTM6 is highly expressed in LUAD and is a new independent poor prognostic factor. In addition, the high expression of CMTM6 is closely related to the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy, providing new ideas for the treatment of posterior LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Jia
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichaun, China
| | - Honggang Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Fuxin Mining Industry Group of Liaoning Health Industry Group, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
| | - Jidong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichaun, China
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10
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Meng H, Li S, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang G, Qu Y. Chemokine-like factor-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6: Bioinformatics and experiments in vitro analyze in glioblastoma multiforme. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1026927. [PMID: 36698778 PMCID: PMC9869805 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1026927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6) is a protein localized to the cell membrane and is known for its ability to co-localize with PD-L1 on the plasma membrane, prevent PD-L1 degradation, and maintain PD-L1 expression on the cell membrane. CMTM6 is highly expressed and plays an important role in various tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC), however, its role in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is unclear. Methods In this paper, to investigate the role of CMTM6 in GBM, we analyzed the expression of CMTM6 in GBM, the interaction with CMTM6 and the associated genes by bioinformatics. Importantly, we analyzed the expression of CMTM6 in GBM in relation to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immunoinhibitors, immunostimulators, chemokines and chemokine receptors. We further analyzed the function of CMTM6 and performed in vitro experiments to verify it. Finally, the sensitivity of CMTM6 to drugs was also analyzed and the relationship between CMTM6 and the anticancer drug Piperlonguminine (PL) was verified in vitro. Results The results showed that CMTM6 was highly expressed in GBM and correlated with multiple genes. Furthermore, CMTM6 is closely related to the immune microenvironment and inflammatory response in GBM. Bioinformatic analysis of CMTM6 correlated with the function of GBM, and our experiments demonstrated that CMTM6 significantly promoted the migration of GBM cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but had no significant effect on other functions. Interestingly, we found that in GBM, PL promotes the expression of CMTM6. Discussion In this paper, we have performed a detailed analysis and validation of the role of CMTM6 in GBM using bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments to demonstrate that CMTM6 may be a potential target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingshu Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Guoan Wang, ✉
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China,Yan Qu, ✉
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11
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Dai M, Lan T, Li X, Xiao B. High expression of CMTM6 is a risk factor for poor prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors: A meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2023; 46:66-72. [PMID: 35739024 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on the link between CMTM6 expression dysregulation and tumor prognosis has been conflicting. In this study, the predictive effect of CMTM6 in malignant tumors was carefully evaluated using meta-analysis. The literature on the relationship between CMTM6 expression level and malignant tumor prognosis was searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases until April 2021. Data were extracted from eligible studies and analyzed using RevMan5.3 and STATA 12.0 software. The HR and 95%CI were used to analyze the link between CMTM6 expression and OS. And the correlation between CMTM6 expression and clinicopathological features LNM and DM was evaluated by OR and 95%CI. Literature screening eventually included 12 studies involving 2133 patients with malignant tumors. High CMTM6 expression was found to be strongly linked with shorter OS and PFS in cancer patients (HR = 1.84,95%CI: 1.28-2.63, P = 0.001). High CMTM6 expression in gastrointestinal cancers was found to be significantly related with a shorter OS (HR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.75-2.78, P 0.001). PFS was observed to be related with high CMTM6 expression in cancer patients (HR = 2.029, 95%CI: 1.263-3.26, P = 0.003). Meanwhile, high CMTM6 expression was highly associated to LNM (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.02-2.64, P = 0.043) and DM (OR = 4.07, 95%CI: 1.73-9.56, P = 0.001). However, the expression level of CMTM6 in non-gastrointestinal tumors was not statistically significant with OS or LNM. High CMTM6 expression in gastrointestinal cancers is linked to shorter OS and PFS, as well as LNM and DM, suggesting that high CMTM6 expression could be employed as a new diagnosis for poor prognosis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Dai
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Tao Lan
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
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12
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Helmy DO, Khattab F, Hegazy AE, Sabry RM. Immunohistochemical expression of immune check point protein PDL-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma denotes its prognostic significance and association with survival. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2022; 44:213-228. [PMID: 36281205 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2022.2137810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells (TCs) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to correlate its expression with clinicopathological parameters. Seventy-two formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of HCC were collected. The data were collected from the patients' records. The blocks were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, they were immunostained with PD-L1. Membranous staining was considered positive expression including the entire membrane or part of it ± cytoplasmic staining, and the percentage of total cancer cells ≥ 5% was evaluated as positive staining for TCs. The TICs were considered positive if they expressed membranous ± cytoplasmic staining of PD-L1 ≥ 1%. Of the total cases, 34.7% expressed PD-L1 positively in TCs and 15.3% expressed PD-L1 positively in TICs. Significant associations were observed between PD-L1 expression in TCs and tumor grade, capsular and/or vascular invasion, tumor stage, nodal metastasis, and the expression of PD-L1 in paracancerous tissue. The cases that positively expressed PD-L1 exhibited reduced overall survival (OS). PD-L1 was expressed in HCC TCs and TICs. Its expression in TCs was associated with higher HCC grades, advanced stages, capsular and/or vascular invasion, and nodal metastasis, and cases that expressed PD-L1 displayed reduced OS. Therefore, PD-L1 might serve as a poor prognostic indicator and a tumor immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Omar Helmy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Kasralainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Khattab
- Department of Pathology, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Elsayed Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Mohamed Sabry
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Kasralainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Zhang T, Yu H, Dai X, Zhang X. CMTM6 and CMTM4 as two novel regulators of PD-L1 modulate the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:971428. [PMID: 35958549 PMCID: PMC9359082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays crucial roles in regulating tumor occurrence, progress, metastasis and drug resistance. However, it remains largely elusive how the components of TME are regulated to govern its functions in tumor biology. Here, we discussed how the two novel functional proteins, chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (CMTM6) and CMTM4, which involved in the post-translational regulation of PD-L1, modulate the TME functions. The roles of CMTM6 and CMTM4 in regulating TME components, including immune cells and tumor cells themselves were discussed in this review. The potential clinical applications of CMTM6 and CMTM4 as biomarkers to predict therapy efficacy and as new or combined immunotherapy targets are also highlighted. Finally, the current hot topics for the biological function of CMTM6/4 and several significant research directions for CMTM6/4 are also briefly summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai, ; Xiaoling Zhang,
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai, ; Xiaoling Zhang,
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Kosai‑Fujimoto Y, Itoh S, Yugawa K, Fukuhara T, Okuzaki D, Toshima T, Harada N, Oda Y, Yoshizumi T, Mori M. Impact of JMJD6 on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 17:131. [PMID: 35911665 PMCID: PMC9326512 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6) with the prognosis of various types of cancer has been demonstrated, except in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The present study aimed to clarify the impact of JMJD6 on ICC. The liver specimens of 51 patients who underwent surgery for ICC were analyzed for JMJD6 expression using immunohistochemistry staining. The relationship between clinicopathological factors and JMJD6 expression was investigated. The cellular activity was also evaluated in JMJD6 knocked down cells with Transwell migration assay and viability assay. In the immunohistochemistry staining of clinical samples, high expression of JMJD6 was seen in 32 of 51 samples. High expression was also associated with improved overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P=0.0033 and 0.048, respectively). Further analyses revealed that higher JMJD6 expression was one of the improved independent prognostic factors of OS and RFS. Expression of JMJD6 was knocked down in commercial culture cell lines of ICC, and RNA and protein were extracted to analyze the downstream gene expression using RNA-sequencing and western blotting. JMJD6 knockdown was associated with higher programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in RNA-sequencing and western blotting. In addition, PD-L1 expression was higher in JMJD6 low expression clinical samples when measured using immunohistochemistry staining. In conclusion, high expression of JMJD6 was an independent favorable prognostic factor of ICC. JMJD6 may influence the prognosis of ICC through the regulation of PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kosai‑Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑8638, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
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Li J, Wang X, Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng N, Xu P, Zhang X, Xue L. CMTM Family and Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers: A Comprehensive Review. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1551-1563. [PMID: 35502328 PMCID: PMC9056025 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s358963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract cancers are a highly heterogeneous group of malignant diseases, contributing significantly to the burden of death worldwide. Chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTMs) plays important roles in cancer development and progression. Since the first member was cloned, there have been abundant studies on the relationships between the CMTM family and human cancers. It has been reported that the CMTM family has a large potential prognostic value for multiple cancers. Meanwhile, upregulated or downregulated expression of the family members was related to advanced tumor stage, metastasis, and overall survival. Studies have also reported that these proteins play critical roles in antitumor immunity. We performed a systematic review to sum up the latest advances of CMTM family’ roles in gastrointestinal tract cancers, with a primary focus on hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozi Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Xu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Xue
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Liying Xue, Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 311 86265561, Email
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16
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. CMTM6 as a master regulator of PD-L1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2325-2340. [PMID: 35294592 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), play critical roles in the pathology of chronic inflammatory pathological conditions, particularly cancer. In addition, the activation of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is involved in mediating resistance to certain anti-cancer chemo- and immuno-therapeutics. Unfortunately, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by the available anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs can benefit only a small proportion of cancer patients. Thus, studying the factors that regulate the expression of these immune checkpoint proteins is of central importance in this context. Recent investigations have identified CMTM6 and, to a lesser extent, CMTM4, as master regulators of PD-L1 expression in various cancer cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which such proteins upregulate the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells, and determining the potential regulators of CMTM6 expression in different types of cancers will accelerate the development of new therapeutic targets and/or lead to the enhancement of the currently available PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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17
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The clinical and prognostic significance of CMTM6/PD-L1 in oncology. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1478-1491. [PMID: 35278198 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of CMTM6 and to a lesser extent CMTM4, two members of the chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family, as master positive regulators of PD-L1 expression, the primary ligand of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), on tumor and immune cells has opened new horizons for investigating the role of CMTM6/CMTM4 in different aspects of oncology including their clinical and prognostic values in different cancer types. The absence of a specific review article addressing the available results about the clinical and prognostic roles of CMTM6 alone and/or in combination with PD-L1 in cancer has encouraged us to write this paper.
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Huang Y, Zhu Y, Yang J, Pan Q, Zhao J, Song M, Yang C, Han Y, Tang Y, Wang Q, He J, Li Y, He J, Chen H, Weng D, Xiang T, Xia JC. CMTM6 inhibits tumor growth and reverses chemoresistance by preventing ubiquitination of p21 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:251. [PMID: 35304440 PMCID: PMC8933468 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies and has a poor prognosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for the degradation of most short-lived proteins. CMTM6 has been implicated in the progression of various tumors, but its biological function and the underlying molecular mechanisms in HCC are still unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of CMTM6 was significantly reduced in HCC and predicted better prognosis of HCC patients. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, CMTM6 was shown to inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells by blocking the G1/S phase transition. Mechanistically, CMTM6 interacted with p21 and prevented its ubiquitination mediated by SCFSKP2, CRL4CDT2 and APC/CCDC20 in a cell-cycle–independent manner. As a result, CMTM6 stabilized p21 protein, leading to the inactivation of pRB/E2F pathway. Additionally, CMTM6 sensitized HCC cells to doxorubicin and cisplatin, positively correlated with better clinical outcomes of the transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment for postoperative recurrence. Taken together, our study reports a novel mechanism by which p21 can be stabilized by CMTM6 and pinpoints a crucial role of the CMTM6-p21 axis in suppressing the progression of HCC and sensitizing patients with postoperative recurrence to TACE treatment.
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Tomiyama T, Itoh S, Iseda N, Toshida K, Morinaga A, Yugawa K, Fujimoto Y, Tomino T, Kurihara T, Nagao Y, Morita K, Harada N, Kohashi K, Oda Y, Mori M, Yoshizumi T. Myeloid‑derived suppressor cell infiltration is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35154424 PMCID: PMC8822414 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinicopathological features of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. The present study examined MDSC and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in surgically resected primary HCC specimens and investigated the association of MDSC and CD8+ T-cell infiltration with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes. Using a database of 466 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC, immunohistochemical staining of CD33 (an MDSC marker) and CD8 was performed. High infiltration of MDSCs within the tumor was observed in patients with a poorer Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, larger tumor size, more poorly differentiated HCC, and greater presence of portal venous thrombosis, microscopic vascular thrombosis and macroscopic intrahepatic metastasis. MDSC infiltration and CD8+ T-cell infiltration were independent predictors of recurrence-free survival and overall survival, respectively. Stratification based on the MDSC and CD8+ T-cell status of the tumors was also associated with recurrence-free survival (10 year-recurrence-free survival; MDSChighCD8+ T-cellLow, 3.68%; others, 25.7%) and overall survival (10 year-overall survival; MDSChighCD8+ T-cellLow, 12.0%; others, 56.7%). In conclusion, the present large cohort study revealed that high MDSC infiltration was associated with a poor clinical outcome in patients with HCC. Furthermore, the combination of the MDSC and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell status enabled further classification of patients based on their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Katuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomino
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Morita
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
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Yanagaki M, Shirai Y, Hamura R, Taniai T, Tanji Y, Haruki K, Furukawa K, Onda S, Shiba H, Ikegami T. Novel combined fibrosis-based index predicts the long-term outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. Int J Clin Oncol 2022; 27:717-728. [PMID: 35015195 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-02111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Liver fibrosis influences liver regeneration and surgical outcomes. The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index is strongly associated with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This study aimed to examine the prognostic significance of the combination of FIB-4 index and Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) (PIVKA-II-FIB-4 index score) in patients who underwent curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We included 284 patients who underwent elective hepatic resection for HCC between January 2000 and December 2018. We retrospectively investigated how FIB-4 index is related to disease-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS According to a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the optimal cutoff value of the FIB-4 index was 3.44. In a multivariate analysis, high PIVKA-II and FIB-4 index values were independent predictors of both disease-free survival (P = 0.013 and P = 0.005, respectively) and overall survival (P = 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively). We classified the PIVKA-II and FIB-4 index levels into two groups (high vs. low) and calculated a new score (PIVKA-II-FIB-4 index score; 0-2) by the sum of each measurement (high, 1; low, 0). The 5 year overall survival rates of patients with PIVKA-II-FIB-4 index scores of 0, 1, and 2 were 84.9, 74.4, and 47.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The combination of the preoperative PIVKA-II and FIB-4 index may be a prognostic factor of HCC after hepatic resection, suggesting that the combined score is useful in assessing the liver fibrosis status in cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Yanagaki
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shirai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Ryoga Hamura
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taniai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanji
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shinji Onda
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shiba
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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21
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CMTM6, a potential immunotherapy target. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:47-56. [PMID: 34783871 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 6 (CMTM6), which binds to the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and stabilizes the expression of PD-L1 on the cell surface, has been recently discovered as a novel regulator of PD-L1 expression in cancer. PD-L1 is an immune checkpoint inhibitory molecule that can mediate the immune escape of tumor cells in various tumors and has been studied intensively in recent years. In 2017, two articles simultaneously reported that CMTM6 can stabilize the expression of PD-L1 on the plasma membrane and prevent PD-L1 from being degraded by lysosomes; therefore, CMTM6 may play an important role in tumor cell immune escape and immunosuppression. At present, there are few studies on the relationship between the expression of CMTM6 and PD-L1 in different tumors and diseases. These studies together suggested that CMTM6 may be a potential novel immunotherapy target. In this review, we briefly describe the latest research progresses of CMTM6 in various cancers and other diseases.
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22
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Iseda N, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Tomiyama T, Morinaga A, Yugawa K, Shimokawa M, Shimagaki T, Wang H, Kurihara T, Kitamura Y, Nagao Y, Toshima T, Harada N, Kohashi K, Baba S, Ishigami K, Oda Y, Mori M. Impact of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Cancer Metabolism and Immune Status. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:665-678. [PMID: 34687175 PMCID: PMC8948647 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (P‐NRF2) expression in surgically resected primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigated the association of P‐NRF2 expression with clinicopathological features and patient outcome. We also evaluated the relationship among NRF2, cancer metabolism, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. In this retrospective study, immunohistochemical staining of P‐NRF2 was performed on the samples of 335 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC. Tomography/computed tomography using fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose was performed, and HCC cell lines after NRF2 knockdown were analyzed by array. We also analyzed the expression of PD‐L1 after hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) knockdown in NRF2‐overexpressing HCC cell lines. Samples from 121 patients (36.1%) were positive for P‐NRF2. Positive P‐NRF2 expression was significantly associated with high alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) expression, a high rate of poor differentiation, and microscopic intrahepatic metastasis. In addition, positive P‐NRF2 expression was an independent predictor for recurrence‐free survival and overall survival. NRF2 regulated glucose transporter 1, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase isoenzymes L/R, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 expression and was related to the maximum standardized uptake value. PD‐L1 protein expression levels were increased through hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α after NRF2 overexpression in HCC cells. Conclusions: Our large cohort study revealed that P‐NRF2 expression in cancer cells was associated with clinical outcome in HCC. Additionally, we found that NRF2 was located upstream of cancer metabolism and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Tokyo medical and dental university, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanlin Wang
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Baba
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kousei Ishigami
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Co-Expression with Membrane CMTM6/4 on Tumor Epithelium Enhances the Prediction Value of PD-L1 on Anti-PD-1/L1 Therapeutic Efficacy in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205175. [PMID: 34680324 PMCID: PMC8533876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapeutic efficacy is low even in PD-L1 positive patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Based on the results of 6-color multiplex immunofluorescence staining of the gastric tumor tissues in tissue array and 48-case pre-immunotherapy patients, a better prognostic value was found in the membrane co-expression of CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 in tumor epithelial cells than PD-L1 alone. The membrane co-expression of CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 can be used as a valuable tool for precision pre-immunotherapy patient screening in gastric adenocarcinoma. Abstract Anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy has been intensively used in heavily treated population with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. However, the immunotherapeutic efficacy is low even in PD-L1 positive patients. We aimed to establish a new strategy based on the co-expression of CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 for patient stratification before immunotherapy. By analyzing the data obtained from TCGA and single-cell RNA sequencing at the mRNA level, and 6-color multiplex immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissues in tissue array and 48-case pre-immunotherapy patients at the protein level, we found that CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 co-expressed in both epithelial and mesenchymal regions of gastric adenocarcinoma. The tumor tissues had higher levels of CMTM6/4 expression than their adjacent ones. A positive correlation was found between the expression of CMTM6/4 and the expression of PD-L1 in tumor epithelium. Epithelial co-expression of CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 in gastric tumor region was associated with shorter overall survival but better short-term response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy. Thus, we developed a predictive model and three pathological patterns based on the membrane co-expression of CMTM6/4 and PD-L1 in tumor epithelial cells for pre-immunotherapy patient screening in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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24
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Mao X, Xu J, Wang W, Liang C, Hua J, Liu J, Zhang B, Meng Q, Yu X, Shi S. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:131. [PMID: 34635121 PMCID: PMC8504100 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 858] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Through multiple pathways, activated CAFs can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, along with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and even chemoresistance. Numerous previous studies have confirmed the critical role of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells in tumorigenesis and development. However, recently, the mutual effects of CAFs and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have been identified as another key factor in promoting tumor progression. The TIME mainly consists of distinct immune cell populations in tumor islets and is highly associated with the antitumor immunological state in the TME. CAFs interact with tumor-infiltrating immune cells as well as other immune components within the TIME via the secretion of various cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, exosomes and other effector molecules, consequently shaping an immunosuppressive TME that enables cancer cells to evade surveillance of the immune system. In-depth studies of CAFs and immune microenvironment interactions, particularly the complicated mechanisms connecting CAFs with immune cells, might provide novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapies. Herein, we shed light on recent advances regarding the direct and indirect crosstalk between CAFs and infiltrating immune cells and further summarize the possible immunoinhibitory mechanisms induced by CAFs in the TME. In addition, we present current related CAF-targeting immunotherapies and briefly describe some future perspectives on CAF research in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Mao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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25
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Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Kitamura Y, Yugawa K, Iseda N, Shimagaki T, Nagao Y, Toshima T, Harada N, Kohashi K, Baba S, Ishigami K, Oda Y, Mori M. Impact of Metabolic Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Association With Immune Status and Vascular Formation. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1278-1289. [PMID: 34278175 PMCID: PMC8279470 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prognostic value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their association with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and vascular formation was further investigated. In this retrospective study, using a database of 418 patients who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT before hepatic resection for HCC, immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1, clusters of differentiation (CD) 8, CD68, and CD34 was performed. Patients with a high maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a significantly worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.500; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.088-2.069; P = 0.0133) and overall survival (OS) (HR: 2.259; 95% CI: 1.276-4.000; P = 0.0052) than patients with a low SUVmax. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high SUVmax in HCC was significantly associated with PD-L1-positive expression (odds ratio: 4.407; 95% CI: 2.265-8.575; P < 0.0001). SUVmax values of HCC were associated with intratumoral CD8-positive T-cell counts (P = 0.0044) and CD68-positive macrophage counts (P = 0.0061). Stratification based on SUVmax, PD-L1 expression, and the vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters (VETC) status was also significantly associated with RFS and OS. SUVmax, VETC, and PDL1 expression were independently predictive of survival on multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Our large cohort study showed that a high SUVmax on 18F-FDG PET/CT is associated with a poor clinical outcome and PD-L1 expression in patients with HCC. Additionally, stratification of patients based on the combination of SUVmax, PD-L1 expression, and the VETC status predicts poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kitamura
- Department of Clinical RadiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan.,Department of Anatomic PathologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic PathologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shingo Baba
- Department of Clinical RadiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kousei Ishigami
- Department of Clinical RadiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic PathologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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26
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Yugawa K, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Morinaga A, Iseda N, Toshima T, Harada N, Kohashi K, Oda Y, Mori M. Lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio as a prognostic marker associated with the tumor immune microenvironment in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:1901-1910. [PMID: 34117554 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-01962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in immune cell and inflammation-associated protein levels, either independently or in combination, are commonly used as prognostic factors for various cancers. The ratio of lymphocyte count to C-reactive protein concentration (lymphocyte-CRP ratio; LCR) is a recently identified prognostic marker for several cancers. Here, we examined the prognostic value of LCR and its relationship to various aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective study of patients who underwent surgical resection for ICC between 1998 and 2018. Patients were dichotomized into high- and low-LCR status groups, and the relationships between LCR status, prognosis, and other clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and FOXP3s+ lymphocytes and tumor expression of CD34 and programmed death-ligand 1 were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of resected tumors. RESULTS A total of 78 ICC patients were enrolled and assigned to the high (n = 44)- and low (n = 34)-LCR groups. Compared with the high-LCR group, patients in the low-LCR group had a significantly higher serum CA19-9 level (median 20.6 vs. 77.3 U/mL, P = 0.0017) and larger tumor size (median 3.5 vs. 5.5 cm, P = 0.0018). LCR correlated significantly with tumor microvessel density (r = 0.369, P = 0.0009) and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration (r = 0.377, P = 0.0007) but not with FOXP3+ T lymphocyte infiltration or tumor PD-L1 expression. Low-LCR status was significantly associated with worse overall survival by multivariate analysis (P = 0.0348). CONCLUSIONS Low-LCR status may reflect a poor anti-tumor immune response and predict worse outcomes in ICC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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