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Reyes A, Hatcher JD, Salazar E, Galan J, Iliuk A, Sanchez EE, Suntravat M. Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Plasma and Peritoneal Exudate in Mice Induced by Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Crude Venom and Its Purified Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein (Css-CRiSP). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:434. [PMID: 37505703 PMCID: PMC10467150 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability is a frequent outcome of viperid snakebite envenomation, leading to local and systemic complications. We reported that snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins (svCRiSPs) from North American pit vipers increase vascular permeability both in vitro and in vivo. They also induce acute activation of several adhesion and signaling molecules that may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of snakebites. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained interest for their diverse functions in intercellular communication, regulating cellular processes, blood-endothelium interactions, vascular permeability, and immune modulation. They also hold potential as valuable biomarkers for diagnosing, predicting, and monitoring therapeutic responses in different diseases. This study aimed to identify proteins in peritoneal exudate and plasma EVs isolated from BALB/c mice following a 30 min post-injection of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venom and its purified CRiSP (Css-CRiSP). EVs were isolated from these biofluids using the EVtrap method. Proteomic analysis of exudate- and plasma-derived EVs was performed using LC-MS/MS. We observed significant upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, signal transduction, immune responses, and vesicle-mediated transports. These findings suggest that svCRiSPs play a crucial role in the acute effects of venom and contribute to the local and systemic toxicity of snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Reyes
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (A.R.); (J.D.H.); (E.S.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Joseph D. Hatcher
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (A.R.); (J.D.H.); (E.S.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Emelyn Salazar
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (A.R.); (J.D.H.); (E.S.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Jacob Galan
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Anton Iliuk
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Elda E. Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (A.R.); (J.D.H.); (E.S.); (E.E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (A.R.); (J.D.H.); (E.S.); (E.E.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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2
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Yang C, Zhu S, Feng W, Chen X. Calponin 3 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:634. [PMID: 34267826 PMCID: PMC8258620 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin 3 (CNN3) is known to serve a role in certain types of cancer, such as gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the clinical significance of CNN3 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by evaluating its expression profile and relationship with disease prognosis using the Gene Expression Omnibus repository, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) and Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis. CNN3 mRNA expression was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, while the protein expression level was measured using western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, and migration and invasion were analyzed using MTS assay, flow cytometry and Transwell assays, respectively. These results revealed that CNN3 mRNA expression was downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with that in normal tissues. Additionally, CNN3 expression had a high diagnostic value based on the GSE2514 dataset and the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype Tissue Expression database, whereas it had a low diagnostic value based on the GSE10072 dataset. Furthermore, CNN3 expression was associated with survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), whereas it was not associated with survival in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) according to the Kaplan-Meier plotter results. According to the data from GEPIA2, and the GSE72094, GSE41271 and GSE31210 datasets, CNN3 expression was not associated with the prognosis of patients with LUAD and LUSC. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CNN3 were lower in two NSCLC cell lines (A549 and SK-MES-1) than in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). CNN3 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, induced G1-phase arrest, promoted apoptosis and suppressed PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation in the NSCLC cell lines, whereas CNN3 overexpression had no effect on cell morphology. In conclusion, CNN3 suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells by downregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, making it a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Feng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of Yima Coal Industry Group Co. Ltd., Yima, Henan 472300, P.R. China
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3
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Ichise E, Chiyonobu T, Ishikawa M, Tanaka Y, Shibata M, Tozawa T, Taura Y, Yamashita S, Yoshida M, Morimoto M, Higurashi N, Yamamoto T, Okano H, Hirose S. Impaired neuronal activity and differential gene expression in STXBP1 encephalopathy patient iPSC-derived GABAergic neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1337-1348. [PMID: 33961044 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1; also called MUNC18-1), encoded by STXBP1, is an essential component of the molecular machinery that controls synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. De novo pathogenic variants of STXBP1 cause a complex set of neurological disturbances, namely STXBP1 encephalopathy (STXBP1-E) that includes epilepsy, neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration. Several animal studies have suggested the contribution of GABAergic dysfunction in STXBP1-E pathogenesis. However, the pathophysiological changes in GABAergic neurons of these patients are still poorly understood. Here, we exclusively generated GABAergic neurons from STXBP1-E patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by transient expression of the transcription factors ASCL1 and DLX2. We also generated CRISPR/Cas9-edited isogenic iPSC-derived GABAergic (iPSC GABA) neurons as controls. We demonstrated that the reduction in STXBP1 protein levels in patient-derived iPSC GABA neurons was slight (approximately 20%) compared to the control neurons, despite a 50% reduction in STXBP1 mRNA levels. Using a microelectrode array-based assay, we found that patient-derived iPSC GABA neurons exhibited dysfunctional maturation with reduced numbers of spontaneous spikes and bursts. These findings reinforce the idea that GABAergic dysfunction is a crucial contributor to STXBP1-E pathogenesis. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed specific dysregulation of genes previously implicated in epilepsy, neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in patient-derived iPSC GABA neurons, namely KCNH1, KCNH5, CNN3, RASGRF1, SEMA3A, SIAH3 and INPP5F. Thus, our study provides new insights for understanding the biological processes underlying the widespread neuropathological features of STXBP1-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ichise
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiyonobu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Tanaka
- Research Institute for the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Mami Shibata
- Research Institute for the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takenori Tozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Taura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiko Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masafumi Morimoto
- Department of Medical Science, School of Nursing, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Norimichi Higurashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Valian N, Sorayya M, Asadi S, Sherafati F, Ershad A, Savaheli S, Ahmadiani A. Preconditioning by ultra-low dose of tramadol reduces the severity of tramadol-induced seizure: Contribution of glutamate receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111031. [PMID: 33249277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol, a weak agonist of mu-opioid receptors, causes seizure via several mechanisms. Preconditioning has been purposed to reduce the epileptic seizures in animal models of epilepsy. The preconditioning effect of tramadol on seizure is not studied yet. This study was designed to evaluate the preconditioning effect of ultra-low dose of tramadol on the seizures induced by tramadol at high dose. Furthermore, regarding the critical role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, the effect of preconditioning on some glutamate signaling elements was also examined. Male Wistar rats received tramadol (2 mg/kg, i.p) or normal saline (1 mL/kg, i.p) in preconditioning and control groups, respectively. After 4 days, the challenging tramadol dose (150 mg/kg) was injected to all rats. Epileptic behaviors were recorded during 50 min. The expression of Norbin (as a regulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5), Calponin3 (as a regulator of excitatory synaptic markers), NR1 (NMDA receptor subunit 1) and GluR1 (AMPA receptor subunit 1) was measured in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala. Preconditioning decreased the number and duration of tremors and tonic-clonic seizures. Norbin, Calponin3, NR1 and GluR1 expression were decreased in hippocampus, and preconditioning had no effect on them. In contrast, it increased Norbin expression in PFC and amygdala, and attenuated NR1 and GluR1 upregulation following tramadol at high dose. These findings indicated that preconditioning by ultra-low dose of tramadol protected the animals against seizures following high dose of tramadol mediated, at least in part, by Norbin up regulation, and NR1 and GluR1 down regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Sorayya
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Asadi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sherafati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ershad
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Savaheli
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Sbai O, Soussi R, Bole A, Khrestchatisky M, Esclapez M, Ferhat L. The actin binding protein α-actinin-2 expression is associated with dendritic spine plasticity and migrating granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus following pilocarpine-induced seizures. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113512. [PMID: 33098872 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-actinin-2 (α-actn-2) is an F-actin-crosslinking protein, localized in dendritic spines. In vitro studies suggested that it is involved in spinogenesis, morphogenesis, actin organization, cell migration and anchoring of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in dendritic spines. However, little is known regarding its function in vivo. We examined the levels of α-actn-2 expression within the dentate gyrus (DG) during the development of chronic limbic seizures (epileptogenesis) induced by pilocarpine in rats. In this model, plasticity of the DG glutamatergic granule cells including spine loss, spinogenesis, morphogenesis, neo-synaptogenesis, aberrant migration, and alterations of NMDA receptors have been well characterized. We showed that α-actn-2 immunolabeling was reduced in the inner molecular layer at 1-2 weeks post-status epilepticus (SE), when granule cell spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur. This low level persisted at the chronic stage when new functional synapses are established. This decreased of α-actn-2 protein is concomitant with the recovery of drebrin A (DA), another actin-binding protein, at the chronic stage. Indeed, we demonstrated in cultured cells that in contrast to DA, α-actn-2 did not protect F-actin destabilization and DA inhibited α-actn-2 binding to F-actin. Such alteration could affect the anchoring of NR1 in dendritic spines. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of α-actn-2 and NR1 are co-down-regulated in membrane fractions of pilocarpine animals at chronic stage. Last, we showed that α-actn-2 is expressed in migrating newly born granule cells observed within the hilus of pilocarpine-treated rats. Altogether, our results suggest that α-actn-2 is not critical for the structural integrity and stabilization of granule cell dendritic spines. Instead, its expression is regulated when spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur and within migrating granule cells. Our data also suggest that the balance between α-actn-2 and DA expression levels may modulate NR1 anchoring within dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Rabia Soussi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Bole
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Monique Esclapez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Lotfi Ferhat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
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6
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Kim SM, Cho SY, Kim MW, Roh SR, Shin HS, Suh YH, Geum D, Lee MA. Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies NURR1-Controlled Network of New Synapse Formation and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Neural Stem Cells. Mol Cells 2020; 43:551-571. [PMID: 32522891 PMCID: PMC7332357 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1) protein has been identified as an obligatory transcription factor in midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis, but the global set of human NURR1 target genes remains unexplored. Here, we identified direct gene targets of NURR1 by analyzing genome-wide differential expression of NURR1 together with NURR1 consensus sites in three human neural stem cell (hNSC) lines. Microarray data were validated by quantitative PCR in hNSCs and mouse embryonic brains and through comparison to published human data, including genome-wide association study hits and the BioGPS gene expression atlas. Our analysis identified ~40 NURR1 direct target genes, many of them involved in essential protein modules such as synapse formation, neuronal cell migration during brain development, and cell cycle progression and DNA replication. Specifically, expression of genes related to synapse formation and neuronal cell migration correlated tightly with NURR1 expression, whereas cell cycle progression correlated negatively with it, precisely recapitulating midbrain dopaminergic development. Overall, this systematic examination of NURR1-controlled regulatory networks provides important insights into this protein's biological functions in dopamine-based neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Min Woong Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Seung Ryul Roh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Shin
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University Medical School, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 6499, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Ham S, Kim TK, Hong H, Kim YS, Tang YP, Im HI. Big Data Analysis of Genes Associated With Neuropsychiatric Disorders in an Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:407. [PMID: 29962931 PMCID: PMC6013555 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the impairment of cognitive function and loss of memory, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. With the dramatic increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, it is expected to impose extensive public health and economic burden. However, this burden is particularly heavy on the caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients eliciting neuropsychiatric symptoms that include mood swings, hallucinations, and depression. Interestingly, these neuropsychiatric symptoms are shared across symptoms of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression disorder. Despite the similarities in symptomatology, comorbidities of Alzheimer's disease and these neuropsychiatric disorders have not been studied in the Alzheimer's disease model. Here, we explore the comprehensive changes in gene expression of genes that are associated with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression disorder through the microarray of an Alzheimer's disease animal model, the forebrain specific PSEN double knockout mouse. To analyze the genes related with these three neuropsychiatric disorders within the scope of our microarray data, we used selected 1207 of a total of 45,037 genes that satisfied our selection criteria. These genes were selected on the basis of 14 Gene Ontology terms significantly relevant with the three disorders which were identified by previous research conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Our study revealed that the forebrain specific deletion of Alzheimer's disease genes can significantly alter neuropsychiatric disorder associated genes. Most importantly, most of these significantly altered genes were found to be involved with schizophrenia. Taken together, we suggest that the synaptic dysfunction by mutation of Alzheimer's disease genes can lead to the manifestation of not only memory loss and impairments in cognition, but also neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Ham
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae K Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heeok Hong
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong S Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ya-Ping Tang
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Heh-In Im
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
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Junghans D, Herzog S. Cnn3 regulates neural tube morphogenesis and neuronal stem cell properties. FEBS J 2018; 285:325-338. [PMID: 29151265 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calponin 3 (Cnn3) is a member of the Cnn family of actin-binding molecules that is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and has been shown to control dendritic spine morphology, density, and plasticity by regulating actin cytoskeletal reorganization and dynamics. However, little is known about the role of Cnn3 during embryonic development. In this study, we analyzed mutant animals deficient in Cnn3 to gain a better understanding of its role in brain morphogenesis. Embryos lacking Cnn3 exhibited massive malformation of the developing brain including exoencephaly, closure defects at the rostral neural tube, and strong enlargement of brain tissue. In wild-type animals, we found Cnn3 being localized to the apical lining of the neuroepithelium in close vicinity to beta-Catenin and N-cadherin. By performing immunohistochemistry on beta-Catenin and p-Smad, and furthermore taking advantage of Wnt-reporter animals, we provide evidence that the loss of Cnn3 during development can affect signaling pathways crucial for correct morphogenesis of the neural tube. In addition, we used embryonic neurosphere cultures to investigate the role of Cnn3 in embryonic neuronal stem cells (NSC). Here, we observed that Cnn3 deficiency in NSCs increased the number of newly formed neurospheres and increased neurosphere size without perturbing their differentiation potential. Together, our study provides evidence for an important role of Cnn3 during development of the embryonic brain and in regulating NSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Junghans
- Institute of Embryology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Hu J, Xie W, Shang L, Yang X, Li Q, Xu M, Dou J, Zhou Y, Niu W, Wu Y. Knockdown of calponin 2 suppressed cell growth in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706455. [PMID: 28714360 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin family members are actin filament-associated regulatory proteins with distinct expression patterns. Previous studies on CNN2 (calponin 2) have demonstrated that CNN2 is expressed in a broad range of tissues and cell types, exhibiting potential regulatory roles in a number of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, cell migration, and platelet adhesion. In this work, we found that both messenger RNA and protein expression levels of CNN2 were remarkably upregulated in 60%-70% of gastric cancer tissues by comparison with those of neighboring non-tumorous mucosa. By utilizing specific shCNN2 (small hairpin RNA targeting CNN2), the potential role of CNN2 in regulating AGS gastric cancer cell growth was then further investigated. AGS cells infected with shCNN2 exhibited significantly decreased cell growth ability by comparison with control cells in vitro. Moreover, while there was no obvious difference in cell cycle distribution between two groups, enhanced cell apoptosis was detected in cells with reduced CNN2 expression. Consistently, caspase 3/7 activity was also remarkably activated upon shCNN2 lentivirus infection. Taken together, our results demonstrated that knockdown of endogenous CNN2 in AGS cells could significantly activate cell apoptosis pathway and therefore suppress cell growth in vitro. The deletion of CNN2 might be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit aggressive growth of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Hu
- 1 Endoscopy Center and Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lingyue Shang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Quanlin Li
- 1 Endoscopy Center and Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meidong Xu
- 1 Endoscopy Center and Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Dou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiren Zhou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weixin Niu
- 1 Endoscopy Center and Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Kobeissy FH, Hansen K, Neumann M, Fu S, Jin K, Liu J. Deciphering the Role of Emx1 in Neurogenesis: A Neuroproteomics Approach. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:98. [PMID: 27799894 PMCID: PMC5065984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emx1 has long been implicated in embryonic brain development. Previously we found that mice null of Emx1 gene had smaller dentate gyri and reduced neurogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect was not well understood. To decipher the role of Emx1 gene in neural regeneration and the timing of its involvement, we determine the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs) in embryonic and adult forebrains of Emx1 wild type (WT) and knock out (KO) mice in the neurosphere assay. Emx1 gene deletion reduced the frequency and self-renewal capacity of NSCs of the embryonic brain but did not affect neuronal or glial differentiation. Emx1 KO NSCs also exhibited a reduced migratory capacity in response to serum or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the Boyden chamber migration assay compared to their WT counterparts. A thorough comparison between NSC lysates from Emx1 WT and KO mice utilizing 2D-PAGE coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed 38 proteins differentially expressed between genotypes, including the F-actin depolymerization factor Cofilin. A global systems biology and cluster analysis identified several potential mechanisms and cellular pathways implicated in altered neurogenesis, all involving Cofilin1. Protein interaction network maps with functional enrichment analysis further indicated that the differentially expressed proteins participated in neural-specific functions including brain development, axonal guidance, synaptic transmission, neurogenesis, and hippocampal morphology, with VEGF as the upstream regulator intertwined with Cofilin1 and Emx1. Functional validation analysis indicated that apart from the overall reduced level of phosphorylated Cofilin1 (p-Cofilin1) in the Emx1 KO NSCs compared to WT NSCs as demonstrated in the western blot analysis, VEGF was able to induce more Cofilin1 phosphorylation and FLK expression only in the latter. Our results suggest that a defect in Cofilin1 phosphorylation induced by VEGF or other growth factors might contribute to the reduced neurogenesis in the Emx1 null mice during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katharina Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Neumann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuping Fu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan Francisco, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Minister of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Kulin Jin
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Liu R, Jin JP. Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Gene 2016; 585:143-153. [PMID: 26970176 PMCID: PMC5325697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and many types of non-muscle cells. Three homologous genes, CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3, encoding calponin isoforms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are present in vertebrate species. All three calponin isoforms are actin-binding proteins with functions in inhibiting actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton, while each isoform executes different physiological roles based on their cell type-specific expressions. Calponin 1 is specifically expressed in smooth muscle cells and plays a role in fine-tuning smooth muscle contractility. Calponin 2 is expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and regulates multiple actin cytoskeleton-based functions. Calponin 3 participates in actin cytoskeleton-based activities in embryonic development and myogenesis. Phosphorylation has been extensively studied for the regulation of calponin functions. Cytoskeleton tension regulates the transcription of CNN2 gene and the degradation of calponin 2 protein. This review summarizes our knowledge learned from studies over the past three decades, focusing on the evolutionary lineage of calponin isoform genes, their tissue- and cell type-specific expressions, structure-function relationships, and mechanoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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12
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Schulte C, Rodighiero S, Cappelluti MA, Puricelli L, Maffioli E, Borghi F, Negri A, Sogne E, Galluzzi M, Piazzoni C, Tamplenizza M, Podestà A, Tedeschi G, Lenardi C, Milani P. Conversion of nanoscale topographical information of cluster-assembled zirconia surfaces into mechanotransductive events promotes neuronal differentiation. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:18. [PMID: 26955876 PMCID: PMC4784317 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thanks to mechanotransductive components cells are competent to perceive nanoscale topographical features of their environment and to convert the immanent information into corresponding physiological responses. Due to its complex configuration, unraveling the role of the extracellular matrix is particularly challenging. Cell substrates with simplified topographical cues, fabricated by top-down micro- and nanofabrication approaches, have been useful in order to identify basic principles. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this conversion remain only partially understood. Results Here we present the results of a broad, systematic and quantitative approach aimed at understanding how the surface nanoscale information is converted into cell response providing a profound causal link between mechanotransductive events, proceeding from the cell/nanostructure interface to the nucleus. We produced nanostructured ZrO2 substrates with disordered yet controlled topographic features by the bottom-up technique supersonic cluster beam deposition, i.e. the assembling of zirconia nanoparticles from the gas phase on a flat substrate through a supersonic expansion. We used PC12 cells, a well-established model in the context of neuronal differentiation. We found that the cell/nanotopography interaction enforces a nanoscopic architecture of the adhesion regions that affects the focal adhesion dynamics and the cytoskeletal organization, which thereby modulates the general biomechanical properties by decreasing the rigidity of the cell. The mechanotransduction impacts furthermore on transcription factors relevant for neuronal differentiation (e.g. CREB), and eventually the protein expression profile. Detailed proteomic data validated the observed differentiation. In particular, the abundance of proteins that are involved in adhesome and/or cytoskeletal organization is striking, and their up- or downregulation is in line with their demonstrated functions in neuronal differentiation processes. Conclusion Our work provides a deep insight into the molecular mechanotransductive mechanisms that realize the conversion of the nanoscale topographical information of SCBD-fabricated surfaces into cellular responses, in this case neuronal differentiation. The results lay a profound cell biological foundation indicating the strong potential of these surfaces in promoting neuronal differentiation events which could be exploited for the development of prospective research and/or biomedical applications. These applications could be e.g. tools to study mechanotransductive processes, improved neural interfaces and circuits, or cell culture devices supporting neurogenic processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0171-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schulte
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | | | - Martino Alfredo Cappelluti
- SEMM European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16, Milan, 20139, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, via le Ortles 22/4, Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Luca Puricelli
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, Milan, 20133, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, via le Ortles 22/4, Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Francesca Borghi
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Armando Negri
- DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, Milan, 20133, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, via le Ortles 22/4, Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Elisa Sogne
- SEMM European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16, Milan, 20139, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, via le Ortles 22/4, Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- DIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, Milan, 20133, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, via le Ortles 22/4, Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Kim HJ, Kim JH, Song YJ, Seo YK, Park JK, Kim CW. Overexpressed Calponin3 by Subsonic Vibration Induces Neural Differentiation of hUC-MSCs by Regulating the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:48-62. [PMID: 26175098 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used proteomics to investigate the effects of sonic vibration (SV) on mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cords (hUC-MSCs) during neural differentiation to understand how SV enhances neural differentiation of hUC-MSCs. We investigated the levels of gene and protein related to neural differentiation after 3 or 5 days in a group treated with 40-Hz SV. In addition, protein expression patterns were compared between the control and the 40-Hz SV-treated hUC-MSC groups via a proteomic approach. Among these proteins, calponin3 (CNN3) was confirmed to have 299 % higher expression in the 40-Hz SV stimulated hUC-MSCs group than that in the control by Western blotting. Notably, overexpression of CNN3-GFP in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells had positive effects on the stability and reorganization of F-actin compared with that in GFP-transfected cells. Moreover, CNN3 changed the morphology of the cells by making a neurite-like form. After being subjected to SV, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of glutamate receptors such as PSD95, GluR1, and NR1 as well as intracellular calcium levels were upregulated. These results suggest that the activity of glutamate receptors increased because of CNN3 characteristics. Taken together, these results demonstrate that overexpressed CNN3 during SV increases expression of glutamate receptors and promotes functional neural differentiation of hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- College of Life of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1-5, Anam Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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14
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Flemming A, Huang QQ, Jin JP, Jumaa H, Herzog S. A Conditional Knockout Mouse Model Reveals That Calponin-3 Is Dispensable for Early B Cell Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128385. [PMID: 26046660 PMCID: PMC4457629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calponins form an evolutionary highly conserved family of actin filament-associated proteins expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Whereas calponin-1 and calponin-2 have already been studied to some extent, little is known about the role of calponin-3 under physiological conditions due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. Here, we have used an unbiased screen to identify novel proteins implicated in signal transduction downstream of the precursor B cell receptor (pre-BCR) in B cells. We find that calponin-3 is expressed throughout early B cell development, localizes to the plasma membrane and is phosphorylated in a Syk-dependent manner, suggesting a putative role in pre-BCR signaling. To investigate this in vivo, we generated a floxed calponin-3-GFP knock-in mouse model that enables tracking of cells expressing calponin-3 from its endogenous promoter and allows its tissue-specific deletion. Using the knock-in allele as a reporter, we show that calponin-3 expression is initiated in early B cells and increases with their maturation, peaking in the periphery. Surprisingly, conditional deletion of the Cnn3 revealed no gross defects in B cell development despite this regulated expression pattern and the in vitro evidence, raising the question whether other components may compensate for its loss in lymphocytes. Together, our work identifies calponin-3 as a putative novel mediator downstream of the pre-BCR. Beyond B cells, the mouse model we generated will help to increase our understanding of calponin-3 in muscle and non-muscle cells under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Flemming
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qi-Quan Huang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Sala C, Segal M. Dendritic spines: the locus of structural and functional plasticity. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:141-88. [PMID: 24382885 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
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16
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Liu Y, Deng B, Zhao Y, Xie S, Nie R. Differentiated markers in undifferentiated cells: expression of smooth muscle contractile proteins in multipotent bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:591-605. [PMID: 23557080 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In studying the differentiation of stem cells along smooth muscle lineage, smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractile proteins serve as markers for the relative state of maturation. Yet, recent evidence suggests that some SMC markers are probably expressed in multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Such a paradox necessitates investigations to re-examine their role as differentiated markers in MSCs. We tried to detect the expression of four widely used SMC markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), h1-calponin, desmin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), as well as the other isoforms of calponin family in resting MSCs. Then we used three different conditions to initiate MSCs differentiation along SMC lineage, and examined the alternation of SMC markers expression at both the transcript level and protein level. Desmin and h1-calponin are expressed in MSCs, in the presence or absence of SMC induction conditions. Moreover, MSCs are shown to express all known isoforms of calponin. Double-staining reveals that h1-calponin +/α-SMA - cells constitute the majority of resting MSCs. Under differentiated conditions, expression of SM-MHC was initiated and expression of α-SMA was promoted. The expression of SM-MHC and upregulation of α-SMA are relatively reliable indications of a mature smooth muscle phenotype in MSCs. Given that the cells are particularly rich in calponins expression, we postulate possible roles of these proteins in regulating cellular function by taking part in actin cytoskeleton and signaling. These findings imply that an extensive study of the cell physiology of MSCs should focus on the functional roles for these proteins, rather than simply regard them as differentiated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guanghzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
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17
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Shibukawa Y, Yamazaki N, Daimon E, Wada Y. Rock-dependent calponin 3 phosphorylation regulates myoblast fusion. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:633-48. [PMID: 23276748 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis occurs during embryonic development as well as regeneration following postnatal muscle fiber damage. Herein, we show that acidic calponin or calponin 3 (CNN3) regulates both myoblast cell fusion and muscle-specific gene expressions. Overexpression of CNN3 impaired C2C12 cell fusion, whereas CNN3 gene knockdown promoted skeletal myosin expression and fusion. CNN3 was phosphorylated at Ser293/296 in the C-terminal region. The basal inhibitory property of CNN3 against myoblast differentiation was enhanced by Ser293/296Ala mutation or deletion of the C-terminal region, and this inhibition was reversed by Ser293/296Asp mutation. Ser293/296 phosphorylation was required for CNN3 to bind actin and was dependent on Rho-associated kinases 1/2 (ROCK 1/2). Gene knockdown of ROCK1/2 suppressed CNN3 phosphorylation and impaired myoblast fusion, and these effects were partially attenuated by additional CNN3 overexpression of Ser293/296Asp CNN3. These findings indicated that CNN3 phosphorylation by ROCK blunts CNN3's inhibitory effects on muscle cell differentiation and fusion. In muscle tissues, satellite cells, but not mature myofibrils, expressed CNN3. CNN3 was also expressed and phosphorylated during myotube induction in isolated muscle satellite cells. Taken together, these results indicate that CNN3 is a downstream regulator of the ROCK signaling pathway for myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinao Shibukawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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18
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Potential role of drebrin a, an f-actin binding protein, in reactive synaptic plasticity after pilocarpine-induced seizures: functional implications in epilepsy. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:474351. [PMID: 22611398 PMCID: PMC3349265 DOI: 10.1155/2012/474351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurological disorders characterized by cognitive deficits, including Alzheimer's disease, down syndrome, and epilepsy exhibit abnormal spine density and/or morphology. Actin-based cytoskeleton network dynamics is critical for the regulation of spine morphology and synaptic function. In this paper, I consider the functions of drebrin A in cell shaping, spine plasticity, and synaptic function. Developmentally regulated brain protein (drebrin A) is one of the most abundant neuron-specific binding proteins of F-actin and its expression is increased in parallel with synapse formation. Drebrin A is particularly concentrated in dendritic spines receiving excitatory inputs. Our recent findings point to a critical role of DA in dendritic spine structural integrity and stabilization, likely via regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and glutamatergic synaptic function that underlies the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures in pilocarpine-treated animals. Further research into this area may provide useful insights into the pathology of status epilepticus and epileptogenic mechanisms and ultimately may provide the basis for future treatment options.
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19
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Han Y, Yin H, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Luo J, Wang X, Chen G. Increased expression of calponin-3 in epileptic patients and experimental rats. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:430-7. [PMID: 22119193 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calponin-3 is an actin-interacting protein and is expressed in the brain. Our previous microarray scan has found an up-regulation of calponin-3 gene CNN3 in the temporal lobe of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Here we investigated in epileptic patients the changes of brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) calponin-3 expressions, and assessed calponin-3 expression pattern in a rat model of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. We showed that in the temporal neocortices of 30 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, both mRNA and protein level of calponin-3 were significantly increased. In addition, the augmentation of CSF calponin-3 from 126 epileptic patients was closely correlated with disease duration. Moreover, in the cortices of temporal lobes of pilocarpine-treated rats, calponin-3 increased along with the time and maintained at significant high levels for up to 2 months, while the up-regulation of hippocampal calponin-3 only occurred at 24h and 1 week. The elevated calponin-3 suggests that deregulation of actin filament dynamics in axonal and dendritic outgrowth and synaptic rearrangement may contribute to pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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20
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Sbai O, Khrestchatisky M, Esclapez M, Ferhat L. Drebrin A expression is altered after pilocarpine-induced seizures: Time course of changes is consistent for a role in the integrity and stability of dendritic spines of hippocampal granule cells. Hippocampus 2011; 22:477-93. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses and are major sites of information processing and storage in the brain. Changes in the shape and size of dendritic spines are correlated with the strength of excitatory synaptic connections and heavily depend on remodeling of its underlying actin cytoskeleton. Emerging evidence suggests that most signaling pathways linking synaptic activity to spine morphology influence local actin dynamics. Therefore, specific mechanisms of actin regulation are integral to the formation, maturation, and plasticity of dendritic spines and to learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirta Hotulainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Appel S, Allen PG, Vetterkind S, Jin JP, Morgan KG. h3/Acidic calponin: an actin-binding protein that controls extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity in nonmuscle cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1409-22. [PMID: 20181831 PMCID: PMC2854098 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-06-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of fibroblasts is important in wound healing. Here, we demonstrate a role and a mechanism for h3/acidic calponin (aCaP, CNN3) in REF52.2 cell motility, a fibroblast line rich in actin filaments. We show that the actin-binding protein h3/acidic calponin associates with stress fibers in the absence of stimulation but is targeted to the cell cortex and podosome-like structures after stimulation with a phorbol ester, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). By coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase C (PKC)alpha constitutively associate with h3/acidic calponin and are cotargeted with h3/acidic calponin in the presence of PDBu. This targeting can be blocked by a PKC inhibitor but does not require phosphorylation of h3/acidic calponin at the PKC sites S175 or T184. Knockdown of h3/acidic calponin results in a loss of PDBu-mediated ERK1/2 targeting, whereas PKCalpha targeting is unaffected. Caldesmon is an actin-binding protein that regulates actomyosin interactions and is a known substrate of ERK1/2. Both ERK1/2 activity and nonmuscle l-caldesmon phosphorylation are blocked by h3/acidic calponin knockdown. Furthermore, h3/acidic calponin knockdown inhibits REF52.2 migration in an in vitro wound healing assay. Our findings are consistent with a model whereby h3/acidic calponin controls fibroblast migration by regulation of ERK1/2-mediated l-caldesmon phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip G. Allen
- Whitaker Imaging Facility, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | | | - Jian-Ping Jin
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
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Datson NA, Morsink MC, Steenbergen PJ, Aubert Y, Schlumbohm C, Fuchs E, de Kloet ER. A molecular blueprint of gene expression in hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3, and DG is conserved in the brain of the common marmoset. Hippocampus 2009; 19:739-52. [PMID: 19156849 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in rodents have shown that there are significant differences in gene expression profiles between the hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3, and DG. These differences in molecular make-up within the hippocampus most likely underlie the differences in morphology, physiology, and vulnerability to insults that exist between the subregions of the hippocampus and are as such part of the basic molecular architecture of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to investigate at large scale whether these subregional differences in gene expression are conserved in the hippocampus of a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset. This study is very timely, given the recent development of the first marmoset-specific DNA microarray, exclusively containing sequences targeting transcripts derived from the marmoset hippocampus. Hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3, and DG were isolated by laser microdissection and RNA was isolated, amplified, and hybridized to the marmoset-specific microarray (EUMAMA) containing more than 1,500 transcripts expressed in the adult marmoset hippocampus. Large differences in expression were observed in particular between the DG region and both pyramidal subregions. Moreover, the subregion-specific patterns of gene expression showed a remarkable conservation with the rodent brain both in terms of individual genes and degree of differential expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating large scale hippocampal gene expression in a nonhuman primate. The obtained expression profiles not only provide novel data on the expression of more than 1,500 transcripts per hippocampal subregion but also are of potential interest to neuroscientists interested in the role of the different subregions in learning and memory in the nonhuman primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Datson
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ivanov A, Esclapez M, Pellegrino C, Shirao T, Ferhat L. Drebrin A regulates dendritic spine plasticity and synaptic function in mature cultured hippocampal neurons. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:524-34. [PMID: 19174472 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.033464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drebrin A, one of the most abundant neuron-specific F-actin-binding proteins, is found exclusively in dendrites and is particularly concentrated in dendritic spines receiving excitatory inputs. We investigated the role of drebrin A in synaptic transmission and found that overexpression of drebrin A augmented the glutamatergic synaptic transmission, probably through an increase of active synaptic site density. Interestingly, overexpression of drebrin A also affected the frequency, amplitude and kinetics of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs), despite the fact that GABAergic synapse density and transmission efficacy were not modified. Downregulation of drebrin A led to a decrease of both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic activity. In heterologous cells, drebrin A reorganized and stabilized F-actin and these effects were mediated by its actin-binding domain. Thus, drebrin A might regulate dendritic spine morphology via regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and dynamics. Our data demonstrate for the first time that drebrin A modulates glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanov
- INMED/INSERM U29, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
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Sugiura H, Tanaka H, Yasuda S, Takemiya T, Yamagata K. Transducing Neuronal Activity into Dendritic Spine Morphology: New Roles for p38 MAP Kinase and N-cadherin. Neuroscientist 2008; 15:90-104. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858408324024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity depends on the generation, modification and disconnection of synapses. An excitatory synapse is connected to a specialized dendritic compartment called a spine, which undergoes activity-induced remodeling. Here, we discuss a signaling pathway that transduces neuronal activity into the remodeling of spine through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and N-cadherin. Dendritic spines change their morphology and density in response to neuronal activity. In the early phase, posttranslational modifications of synaptic molecules regulate spine morphology, whereas activity-induced gene products reduce spine density in the late phase. One of the targets of these mechanisms is N-cadherin. An activity-induced protocadherin, arcadlin, stimulates thousand and one 2β (TAO2β) kinase, which in turn activates p38 MAPK through MAPK kinase 3 (MEK3), resulting in the endocytosis of N-cadherin and the decrease in spine number. This pathway also underlies the mechanism of the spine decrease in neuronal disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. Development of new p38 MAPK inhibitors brings a ray of hope with respect to the development of more effective therapies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sugiura
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Tokyo Metropolitan
Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Tokyo Metropolitan
Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Medical
School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Tokyo Metropolitan
Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Takemiya
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Tokyo Metropolitan
Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Tokyo Metropolitan
Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan, , Department of Pharmacology, Shukutoku University, Chiba,
Japan
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Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Calponin is an inhibitor of the actin-activated myosin ATPase. Three isoforms of calponin have been found in the vertebrates. Whereas the role of calponin in regulating smooth muscle contractility has been extensively investigated, the function and regulation of calponin in non-muscle cells is much less understood. Based on recent progresses in the field, this review focuses on the studies of calponin in non-muscle cells, especially its regulation by cytoskeleton tension and function in cell motility. The ongoing research has demonstrated that calponin plays a regulatory role in non-muscle cell motility. Therefore, non-muscle calponin is an attractive target for the control of cell proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, and the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Wu
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Sekino Y, Kojima N, Shirao T. Role of actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spine morphogenesis. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:92-104. [PMID: 17590478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic receptive regions of most excitatory synapses, and their morphological plasticity play a pivotal role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. The dynamics of spine morphology is due to the actin cytoskeleton concentrated highly in spines. Filopodia, which are thin and headless protrusions, are thought to be precursors of dendritic spines. Drebrin, a spine-resident side-binding protein of filamentous actin (F-actin), is responsible for recruiting F-actin and PSD-95 into filopodia, and is suggested to govern spine morphogenesis. Interestingly, some recent studies on neurological disorders accompanied by cognitive deficits suggested that the loss of drebrin from dendritic spines is a common pathognomonic feature of synaptic dysfunction. In this review, to understand the importance of actin-binding proteins in spine morphogenesis, we first outline the well-established knowledge pertaining to the actin cytoskeleton in non-neuronal cells, such as the mechanism of regulation by small GTPases, the equilibrium between globular actin (G-actin) and F-actin, and the distinct roles of various actin-binding proteins. Then, we review the dynamic changes in the localization of drebrin during synaptogenesis and in response to glutamate receptor activation. Because side-binding proteins are located upstream of the regulatory pathway for actin organization via other actin-binding proteins, we discuss the significance of drebrin in the regulatory mechanism of spine morphology through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, we discuss the possible involvement of an actin-myosin interaction in the morphological plasticity of spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sekino
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Gingras M, Champigny MF, Berthod F. Differentiation of human adult skin-derived neuronal precursors into mature neurons. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:498-506. [PMID: 17111366 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of autologous neuronal precursors from skin-derived precursor cells extracted from adult human skin would be a very efficient source of neurons for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that these neuronal precursors were able to differentiate into mature neurons. We isolated neuronal precursors from breast skin and expanded them in vitro for over ten passages. We showed that 48% of these cells were proliferating after the first passage, while this growth rate decreased after the second passage. We demonstrated that 70% of these cells were nestin-positive after the third passage, while only 17% were neurofilament M-positive after 7 days of differentiation. These neuronal precursors expressed betaIII tubulin, the dendritic marker MAP2 and the presynaptic marker synaptophysin after 7 days of in vitro maturation. They also expressed the postsynaptic marker PSD95 and the late neuronal markers NeuN and neurofilament H after 21 days of differentiation, demonstrating they became terminally differentiated neurons. These markers were still expressed after 50 days of culture. The generation of autologous neurons from an accessible adult human source opens many potential therapeutic applications and has a great potential for the development of experimental studies on normal human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gingras
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du St-Sacrement and Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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