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Tarder-Stoll H, Baldassano C, Aly M. Consolidation Enhances Sequential Multistep Anticipation but Diminishes Access to Perceptual Features. Psychol Sci 2024:9567976241256617. [PMID: 39110746 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241256617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many experiences unfold predictably over time. Memory for these temporal regularities enables anticipation of events multiple steps into the future. Because temporally predictable events repeat over days, weeks, and years, we must maintain-and potentially transform-memories of temporal structure to support adaptive behavior. We explored how individuals build durable models of temporal regularities to guide multistep anticipation. Healthy young adults (Experiment 1: N = 99, age range = 18-40 years; Experiment 2: N = 204, age range = 19-40 years) learned sequences of scene images that were predictable at the category level and contained incidental perceptual details. Individuals then anticipated upcoming scene categories multiple steps into the future, immediately and at a delay. Consolidation increased the efficiency of anticipation, particularly for events further in the future, but diminished access to perceptual features. Further, maintaining a link-based model of the sequence after consolidation improved anticipation accuracy. Consolidation may therefore promote efficient and durable models of temporal structure, thus facilitating anticipation of future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tarder-Stoll
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University
- Baycrest Health Sciences, Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Mariam Aly
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University
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2
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Tanrıverdi B, Cowan ET, Metoki A, Jobson KR, Murty VP, Chein J, Olson IR. Awake Hippocampal-Cortical Co-reactivation Is Associated with Forgetting. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1446-1462. [PMID: 37348130 PMCID: PMC10759317 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Systems consolidation theories posit that consolidation occurs primarily through a coordinated communication between hippocampus and neocortex [Moscovitch, M., & Gilboa, A. Systems consolidation, transformation and reorganization: Multiple trace theory, trace transformation theory and their competitors. PsyArXiv, 2021; Kumaran, D., Hassabis, D., & McClelland, J. L. What learning systems do intelligent agents need? Complementary learning systems theory updated. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 512-534, 2016; McClelland, J. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-457, 1995]. Recent sleep studies in rodents have shown that hippocampus and visual cortex replay the same information at temporal proximity ("co-replay"; Lansink, C. S., Goltstein, P. M., Lankelma, J. V., McNaughton, B. L., & Pennartz, C. M. A. Hippocampus leads ventral striatum in replay of place-reward information. PLoS Biology, 7, e1000173, 2009; Peyrache, A., Khamassi, M., Benchenane, K., Wiener, S. I., & Battaglia, F. P. Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 919-926, 2009; Wierzynski, C. M., Lubenov, E. V., Gu, M., & Siapas, A. G. State-dependent spike-timing relationships between hippocampal and prefrontal circuits during sleep. Neuron, 61, 587-596, 2009; Ji, D., & Wilson, M. A. Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 100-107, 2007). We developed a novel repetition time (TR)-based co-reactivation analysis method to study hippocampal-cortical co-replays in humans using fMRI. Thirty-six young adults completed an image (face or scene) and location paired associate encoding task in the scanner, which were preceded and followed by resting state scans. We identified post-encoding rest TRs (± 1) that showed neural reactivation of each image-location trials in both hippocampus (HPC) and category-selective cortex (fusiform face area [FFA]). This allowed us to characterize temporally proximal coordinated reactivations ("co-reactivations") between HPC and FFA. Moreover, we found that increased HPC-FFA co-reactivations were associated with incorrectly recognized trials after a 1-week delay (p = .004). Finally, we found that these HPC-FFA co-reactivations were also associated with trials that were initially correctly recognized immediately after encoding but were later forgotten in 1-day (p = .043) and 1-week delay period (p = .031). We discuss these results from a trace transformation perspective [Sekeres, M. J., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. The hippocampus and related neocortical structures in memory transformation. Neuroscience Letters, 680, 39-53, 2018; Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. Memory transformation and systems consolidation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 766-780, 2011] and speculate that HPC-FFA co-reactivations may be integrating related events, at the expense of disrupting event-specific details, hence leading to forgetting.
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3
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Michelmann S, Hasson U, Norman KA. Evidence That Event Boundaries Are Access Points for Memory Retrieval. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:326-344. [PMID: 36595492 PMCID: PMC10152118 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221128206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When recalling memories, we often scan information-rich continuous episodes, for example, to find our keys. How does our brain access and search through those memories? We suggest that high-level structure, marked by event boundaries, guides us through this process: In our computational model, memory scanning is sped up by skipping ahead to the next event boundary upon reaching a decision threshold. In adult Mechanical Turk workers from the United States, we used a movie (normed for event boundaries; Study 1, N = 203) to prompt memory scanning of movie segments for answers (Study 2, N = 298) and mental simulation (Study 3, N = 100) of these segments. Confirming model predictions, we found that memory-scanning times varied as a function of the number of event boundaries within a segment and the distance of the search target to the previous boundary (the key diagnostic parameter). Mental simulation times were also described by a skipping process with a higher skipping threshold than memory scanning. These findings identify event boundaries as access points to memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uri Hasson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute,
Princeton University
- Department of Psychology, Princeton
University
| | - Kenneth A. Norman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute,
Princeton University
- Department of Psychology, Princeton
University
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4
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Scleidorovich P, Weitzenfeld A, Fellous JM, Dominey PF. Integration of velocity-dependent spatio-temporal structure of place cell activation during navigation in a reservoir model of prefrontal cortex. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2022; 116:585-610. [PMID: 36222887 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-022-00945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sequential behavior unfolds both in space and in time. The same spatial trajectory can be realized in different manners in the same overall time by changing instantaneous speeds. The current research investigates how speed profiles might be given behavioral significance and how cortical networks might encode this information. We first demonstrate that rats can associate different speed patterns on the same trajectory with distinct behavioral choices. In this novel experimental paradigm, rats follow a small baited robot in a large megaspace environment where the rat's speed is precisely controlled by the robot's speed. Based on this proof of concept and research showing that recurrent reservoir networks are ideal for representing spatio-temporal structures, we then test reservoir networks in simulated navigation contexts and demonstrate they can discriminate between traversals of the same path with identical durations but different speed profiles. We then test the networks in an embodied robotic setup, where we use place cell representations from physically navigating robots as input and again successfully discriminate between traversals. To demonstrate that this capability is inherent to recurrent networks, we compared the model against simple linear integrators. Interestingly, although the linear integrators could also perform the speed profile discrimination, a clear difference emerged when examining information coding in both models. Reservoir neurons displayed a form of statistical mixed selectivity as a complex interaction between spatial location and speed that was not as abundant in the linear integrators. This mixed selectivity is characteristic of cortex and reservoirs and allows us to generate specific predictions about the neural activity that will be recorded in rat cortex in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Scleidorovich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Alfredo Weitzenfeld
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Fellous
- Departments of Psychology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Peter Ford Dominey
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
- Robot Cognition Laboratory, Institute Marey, Dijon, France.
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5
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Jeunehomme O, Heinen R, Stawarczyk D, Axmacher N, D’Argembeau A. Representational dynamics of memories for real-life events. iScience 2022; 25:105391. [PMID: 36345329 PMCID: PMC9636057 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous flow of experience that characterizes real-life events is not recorded as such in episodic memory but is condensed as a succession of event segments separated by temporal discontinuities. To unravel the neural basis of this representational structure, we recorded real-life events using wearable camera technology and used fMRI to investigate brain activity during their temporal unfolding in memory. We found that, compared to the representation of static scenes in memory, dynamically unfolding memory representations were associated with greater activation of the posterior medial episodic network. Strikingly, by analyzing the autocorrelation of brain activity patterns at successive time points throughout the retrieval period, we found that this network showed higher temporal dynamics when recalling events that included a higher density of event segments. These results reveal the key role of the posterior medial network in representing the dynamic unfolding of the event segments that constitute real-world memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jeunehomme
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rebekka Heinen
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - David Stawarczyk
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arnaud D’Argembeau
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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6
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Wang YC, Egner T. Switching task sets creates event boundaries in memory. Cognition 2021; 221:104992. [PMID: 34929522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
People segregate continuously unfolding experiences into discrete events in memory. This process, known as event segmentation, results in better memory for the temporal order of experiences within an event and expands subjective temporal distance for items encoded across event boundaries. Previous research has suggested that the creation of event boundaries is driven by (typically unpredicted) changes in external stimulation, though many prior studies have confounded a change in bottom-up input with a concurrent change in task goal. This raises the question of whether event segmentation can be triggered by the endogenous cognitive control processes involved in switching task sets, independent of changes in bottom-up stimulation. We investigated this question by embedding task set changes during encoding of a series of trial-unique images, and comparing subsequent temporal order and distance memory for item pairs encoded across a change in task set with item pairs encoded within the same task set. Across five experiments, we demonstrate that both cued and voluntary task set changes are sufficient to create event boundaries, while ruling out potential confounding effects of shifts in stimulus set, response set, task cues, and task difficulty. Thus, internal control processes are a key determinant of segmenting episodic memories, and task set updating can trigger event segmentation independent of any externally induced, perceptual or task-based prediction error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Candice Wang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America.
| | - Tobias Egner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
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7
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D'Argembeau A, Jeunehomme O, Stawarczyk D. Slices of the past: how events are temporally compressed in episodic memory. Memory 2021; 30:43-48. [PMID: 33686918 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1896737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Remembering everyday events typically takes less time than the actual duration of the retrieved episodes, a phenomenon that has been referred to as the temporal compression of events in episodic memory. Here, we review recent studies that have shed light on how this compression mechanism operates. The evidence suggests that the continuous flow of experience is not represented as such in episodic memory. Instead, the unfolding of events is recalled as a succession of moments or slices of past experience that includes temporal discontinuities-portions of past experience are omitted when remembering. Consequently, the rate of event compression is not constant but depends on the density of recalled segments of past experience.
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8
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Favila SE, Lee H, Kuhl BA. Transforming the Concept of Memory Reactivation. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:939-950. [PMID: 33041061 PMCID: PMC7688497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation refers to the phenomenon wherein patterns of neural activity expressed during perceptual experience are re-expressed at a later time, a putative neural marker of memory. Reactivation of perceptual content has been observed across many cortical areas and correlates with objective and subjective expressions of memory in humans. However, because reactivation emphasizes similarities between perceptual and memory-based representations, it obscures differences in how perceptual events and memories are represented. Here, we highlight recent evidence of systematic differences in how (and where) perceptual events and memories are represented in the brain. We argue that neural representations of memories are best thought of as spatially transformed versions of perceptual representations. We consider why spatial transformations occur and identify critical questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra E Favila
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hongmi Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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9
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Volumetric spatial behaviour in rats reveals the anisotropic organisation of navigation. Anim Cogn 2020; 24:133-163. [PMID: 32959344 PMCID: PMC7829245 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how access to the vertical dimension influences the natural exploratory and foraging behaviour of rats. Using high-accuracy three-dimensional tracking of position in two- and three-dimensional environments, we sought to determine (i) how rats navigated through the environments with respect to gravity, (ii) where rats chose to form their home bases in volumetric space, and (iii) how they navigated to and from these home bases. To evaluate how horizontal biases may affect these behaviours, we compared a 3D maze where animals preferred to move horizontally to a different 3D configuration where all axes were equally energetically costly to traverse. Additionally, we compared home base formation in two-dimensional arenas with and without walls to the three-dimensional climbing mazes. We report that many behaviours exhibited by rats in horizontal spaces naturally extend to fully volumetric ones, such as home base formation and foraging excursions. We also provide further evidence for the strong differentiation of the horizontal and vertical axes: rats showed a horizontal movement bias, they formed home bases mainly in the bottom layers of both mazes and they generally solved the vertical component of return trajectories before and faster than the horizontal component. We explain the bias towards horizontal movements in terms of energy conservation, while the locations of home bases are explained from an information gathering view as a method for correcting self-localisation.
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10
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Jeunehomme O, Leroy N, D'Argembeau A. The temporal compression of events during episodic future thinking. Cognition 2020; 205:104416. [PMID: 32773151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie episodic future thinking are increasingly well understood, little is known about how the temporal unfolding of events is represented in future simulations. In this study, we leveraged wearable camera technology to examine whether real-world events are structured and compressed in the same way when imagining the future as when remembering the past. We found that future events were simulated at proportionally higher speed than past events and that the density of experience units representing the unfolding of events was lower for future than for past episodes. Despite these differences, the nature of events influenced compression rates in the same way for past and future events. Furthermore, the perceived duration of both types of events depended on the density of represented experience units. These results provide novel insight into the mechanisms that structure the unfolding of events during future simulations.
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11
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Bellmund JLS, Polti I, Doeller CF. Sequence Memory in the Hippocampal-Entorhinal Region. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:2056-2070. [PMID: 32530378 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memories are constructed from sequences of events. When recalling such a memory, we not only recall individual events, but we also retrieve information about how the sequence of events unfolded. Here, we focus on the role of the hippocampal-entorhinal region in processing and remembering sequences of events, which are thought to be stored in relational networks. We summarize evidence that temporal relations are a central organizational principle for memories in the hippocampus. Importantly, we incorporate novel insights from recent studies about the role of the adjacent entorhinal cortex in sequence memory. In rodents, the lateral entorhinal subregion carries temporal information during ongoing behavior. The human homologue is recruited during memory recall where its representations reflect the temporal relationships between events encountered in a sequence. We further introduce the idea that the hippocampal-entorhinal region might enable temporal scaling of sequence representations. Flexible changes of sequence progression speed could underlie the traversal of episodic memories and mental simulations at different paces. In conclusion, we describe how the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus contribute to remembering event sequences-a core component of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L S Bellmund
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ignacio Polti
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Zuo S, Wang L, Shin JH, Cai Y, Zhang B, Lee SW, Appiah K, Zhou YD, Kwok SC. Behavioral evidence for memory replay of video episodes in the macaque. eLife 2020; 9:54519. [PMID: 32310083 PMCID: PMC7234809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans recall the past by replaying fragments of events temporally. Here, we demonstrate a similar effect in macaques. We trained six rhesus monkeys with a temporal-order judgement (TOJ) task and collected 5000 TOJ trials. In each trial, the monkeys watched a naturalistic video of about 10 s comprising two across-context clips, and after a 2 s delay, performed TOJ between two frames from the video. The data are suggestive of a non-linear, time-compressed forward memory replay mechanism in the macaque. In contrast with humans, such compression of replay is, however, not sophisticated enough to allow these monkeys to skip over irrelevant information by compressing the encoded video globally. We also reveal that the monkeys detect event contextual boundaries, and that such detection facilitates recall by increasing the rate of information accumulation. Demonstration of a time-compressed, forward replay-like pattern in the macaque provides insights into the evolution of episodic memory in our lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jung Han Shin
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yudian Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boqiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sang Wan Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kofi Appiah
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-di Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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13
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Brown TI, Gagnon SA, Wagner AD. Stress Disrupts Human Hippocampal-Prefrontal Function during Prospective Spatial Navigation and Hinders Flexible Behavior. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1821-1833.e8. [PMID: 32243859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to anticipate and flexibly plan for the future is critical for achieving goal-directed outcomes. Extant data suggest that neural and cognitive stress mechanisms may disrupt memory retrieval and restrict prospective planning, with deleterious impacts on behavior. Here, we examined whether and how acute psychological stress influences goal-directed navigational planning and efficient, flexible behavior. Our methods combined fMRI, neuroendocrinology, and machine learning with a virtual navigation planning task. Human participants were trained to navigate familiar paths in virtual environments and then (concurrent with fMRI) performed a planning and navigation task that could be most efficiently solved by taking novel shortcut paths. Strikingly, relative to non-stressed control participants, participants who performed the planning task under experimentally induced acute psychological stress demonstrated (1) disrupted neural activity critical for mnemonic retrieval and mental simulation and (2) reduced traversal of shortcuts and greater reliance on familiar paths. These neural and behavioral changes under psychological stress were tied to evidence for disrupted neural replay of memory for future locations in the spatial environment, providing mechanistic insight into why and how stress can alter planning and foster inefficient behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thackery I Brown
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Brunec IK, Ozubko JD, Ander T, Guo R, Moscovitch M, Barense MD. Turns during navigation act as boundaries that enhance spatial memory and expand time estimation. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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D'Argembeau A. Zooming In and Out on One's Life: Autobiographical Representations at Multiple Time Scales. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:2037-2055. [PMID: 32163320 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The ability to decouple from the present environment and explore other times is a central feature of the human mind. Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has shown that the personal past and future is represented at multiple timescales and levels of resolution, from broad lifetime periods that span years to short-time slices of experience that span seconds. Here, I review this evidence and propose a theoretical framework for understanding mental time travel as the capacity to flexibly navigate hierarchical layers of autobiographical representations. On this view, past and future thoughts rely on two main systems-event simulation and autobiographical knowledge-that allow us to represent experiential contents that are decoupled from sensory input and to place these on a personal timeline scaffolded from conceptual knowledge of the content and structure of our life. The neural basis of this cognitive architecture is discussed, emphasizing the possible role of the medial pFC in integrating layers of autobiographical representations in the service of mental time travel.
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16
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Abstract
Events make up much of our lived experience, and the perceptual mechanisms that represent events in experience have pervasive effects on action control, language use, and remembering. Event representations in both perception and memory have rich internal structure and connections one to another, and both are heavily informed by knowledge accumulated from previous experiences. Event perception and memory have been identified with specific computational and neural mechanisms, which show protracted development in childhood and are affected by language use, expertise, and brain disorders and injuries. Current theoretical approaches focus on the mechanisms by which events are segmented from ongoing experience, and emphasize the common coding of events for perception, action, and memory. Abetted by developments in eye-tracking, neuroimaging, and computer science, research on event perception and memory is moving from small-scale laboratory analogs to the complexity of events in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Zacks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA;
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17
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Lee ACH, Thavabalasingam S, Alushaj D, Çavdaroğlu B, Ito R. The hippocampus contributes to temporal duration memory in the context of event sequences: A cross-species perspective. Neuropsychologia 2019; 137:107300. [PMID: 31836410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although a large body of research has implicated the hippocampus in the processing of memory for temporal duration, there is an exigent degree of inconsistency across studies that obfuscates the precise contributions of this structure. To shed light on this issue, the present review article surveys both historical and recent cross-species evidence emanating from a wide variety of experimental paradigms, identifying areas of convergence and divergence. We suggest that while factors such as time-scale (e.g. the length of durations involved) and the nature of memory processing (e.g. prospective vs. retrospective memory) are very helpful in the interpretation of existing data, an additional important consideration is the context in which the duration information is experienced and processed, with the hippocampus being preferentially involved in memory for durations that are embedded within a sequence of events. We consider the mechanisms that may underpin temporal duration memory and how the same mechanisms may contribute to memory for other aspects of event sequences such as temporal order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | | | - Denada Alushaj
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bilgehan Çavdaroğlu
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3G5, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Psychological theories posit that affective experiences can be decomposed into component constituents, yet disagree on the level of representation of these components. Affective experiences have been previously described as emerging from core dimensions of valence and arousal. However, this view needs to be reconciled with accounts of valence processing in appetitive and aversive circuits from the neuroscience literature. Here we offer an account of affect that allows for both perspectives but compares across levels of analysis. At one level of analysis, valence and arousal are observed already in the properties of encountered stimuli and the appetitive and aversive neural circuits that engage accordingly. At another level of analysis, the explicit experiential aspect of affective processes are compressed and appraised in a manner that allows these experiences to be organized along valence and arousal axes. We review both the behavioral neuroscience evidence on appetitive and aversive circuits as well as the cognitive neuroscience literature on compression in information coding across multiple domains of processing. We argue that these processes are domain-general and adapt these principles to provide a perspective on how valence can be represented at multiple scales in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Man
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, USA.,Divisions of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
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19
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Teghil A, Boccia M, Bonavita A, Guariglia C. Temporal features of spatial knowledge: Representing order and duration of topographical information. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112218. [PMID: 31499091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental navigation entails the constant integration of information across space and time; however, the relation between spatial and temporal features involved in wayfinding has not been fully established yet. Here we investigated how two key spatio-temporal aspects of navigation - namely the processing of information concerning the order of landmarks along a route, and the duration of tracts connecting the same landmarks - relate to different types of navigational learning. Participants encoded a path in a real city in both a route and a survey format, and the acquisition of landmark, route and survey knowledge was tested. Participants' knowledge of landmarks order, and their perception of tracts duration were also assessed. Performance in the survey task, but not in the landmark and route tasks, significantly predicted accuracy in landmark ordering. The influence of tract length on retrospectively estimated tracts duration was also found to be significantly predicted only by accuracy in the survey learning task. These results support recent models of spatial navigation, invoking the dynamic interaction between different representation formats. Furthermore, they are consistent with theoretical views of an integrated account of the role of the hippocampus in navigation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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20
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Patai EZ, Javadi AH, Ozubko JD, O’Callaghan A, Ji S, Robin J, Grady C, Winocur G, Rosenbaum RS, Moscovitch M, Spiers HJ. Hippocampal and Retrosplenial Goal Distance Coding After Long-term Consolidation of a Real-World Environment. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2748-2758. [PMID: 30916744 PMCID: PMC6519689 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates the hippocampus may code the distance to the goal during navigation of newly learned environments. It is unclear however, whether this also pertains to highly familiar environments where extensive systems-level consolidation is thought to have transformed mnemonic representations. Here we recorded fMRI while University College London and Imperial College London students navigated virtual simulations of their own familiar campus (>2 years of exposure) and the other campus learned days before scanning. Posterior hippocampal activity tracked the distance to the goal in the newly learned campus, as well as in familiar environments when the future route contained many turns. By contrast retrosplenial cortex only tracked the distance to the goal in the familiar campus. All of these responses were abolished when participants were guided to their goal by external cues. These results open new avenues of research on navigation and consolidation of spatial information and underscore the notion that the hippocampus continues to play a role in navigation when detailed processing of the environment is needed for navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zita Patai
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jason D Ozubko
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew O’Callaghan
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shuman Ji
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Robin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | | | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hugo J Spiers
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Speed of time-compressed forward replay flexibly changes in human episodic memory. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 3:143-154. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Event segmentation and the temporal compression of experience in episodic memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:481-490. [PMID: 29982966 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that episodic memory represents the continuous flow of information that constitutes daily life events in a temporally compressed form, but the nature and determinants of this compression mechanism remain unclear. In the present study, we used wearable camera technology to investigate whether the temporal compression of experience in episodic memory depends on event segmentation. Participants experienced a series of events during a walk on a university campus and were later asked to mentally replay these events. The temporal compression of events in memory and grain size of event segmentation were estimated based on records of participants' experience taken by the camera. The results showed that the temporal compression of events in memory (i.e., the density of recalled moments of experience per unit of time of the actual event duration) closely corresponded to the grain size of event segmentation. Specifically, grain sizes of event segmentation and temporal compression rates were four to five times lower when remembering events that involved goal-directed actions compared to other kinds of events (e.g., spatial displacements). Furthermore, temporal compression rates in memory were significantly predicted by the grain size of event segmentation and event boundaries were more than five times more likely to be remembered than other parts of events. Together, these results provide new insights into the mechanism of temporal compression of events in episodic memory.
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23
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Brunec IK, Moscovitch M, Barense MD. Boundaries Shape Cognitive Representations of Spaces and Events. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:637-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Jeunehomme O, D’Argembeau A. The time to remember: Temporal compression and duration judgements in memory for real-life events. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:930-942. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021818773082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the continuous flow of information that constitutes daily life events is temporally compressed in episodic memory, yet the characteristics and determinants of this compression mechanism remain unclear. This study examined this question using an experimental paradigm incorporating wearable camera technology. Participants experienced a series of real-life events and were later asked to mentally replay various event sequences that were cued by pictures taken during the original events. Estimates of temporal compression (the ratio of the time needed to mentally re-experience an event to the actual event duration) showed that events were replayed, on average, about eight times faster than the original experiences. This compression mechanism seemed to operate by representing events as a succession of moments or slices of prior experience separated by temporal discontinuities. Importantly, however, rates of temporal compression were not constant and were lower for events involving goal-directed actions. The results also showed that the perceived duration of events increased with the density of recalled moments of prior experience. Taken together, these data extend our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the temporal compression and perceived duration of real-life events in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jeunehomme
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud D’Argembeau
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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25
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Riemer M, Shine JP, Wolbers T. On the (a)symmetry between the perception of time and space in large-scale environments. Hippocampus 2018; 28:539-548. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riemer
- Aging & Cognition Research Group; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences; Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Shine
- Aging & Cognition Research Group; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Thomas Wolbers
- Aging & Cognition Research Group; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences; Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
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26
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Abstract
Nothing is more intuitive, yet more complex, than the concepts of space and time. In contrast to spacetime in physics, space and time in neuroscience remain separate coordinates to which we attach our observations. Investigators of navigation and memory relate neuronal activity to position, distance, time point, and duration and compare these parameters to units of measuring instruments. Although spatial-temporal sequences of brain activity often correlate with distance and duration measures, these correlations may not correspond to neuronal representations of space or time. Neither instruments nor brains sense space or time. Neuronal activity can be described as a succession of events without resorting to the concepts of space or time. Instead of searching for brain representations of our preconceived ideas, we suggest investigating how brain mechanisms give rise to inferential, model-building explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Physiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry, and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Rodolfo Llinás
- Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Physiology, Neurology, and Psychiatry, and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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27
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Bonasia K, Sekeres MJ, Gilboa A, Grady CL, Winocur G, Moscovitch M. Prior knowledge modulates the neural substrates of encoding and retrieving naturalistic events at short and long delays. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 153:26-39. [PMID: 29474955 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congruence with prior knowledge and incongruence/novelty have long been identified as two prominent factors that, despite their opposing characteristics, can both enhance episodic memory. Using narrative film clip stimuli, this study investigated these effects in naturalistic event memories - examining behaviour and neural activation to help explain this paradox. Furthermore, we examined encoding, immediate retrieval, and one-week delayed retrieval to determine how these effects evolve over time. Behaviourally, both congruence with prior knowledge and incongruence/novelty enhanced memory for events, though incongruent events were recalled with more errors over time. During encoding, greater congruence with prior knowledge was correlated with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and parietal activation, suggesting that these areas may play a key role in linking current episodic processing with prior knowledge. Encoding of increasingly incongruent events, on the other hand, was correlated with increasing activation in, and functional connectivity between, the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and posterior sensory cortices. During immediate and delayed retrieval the mPFC and MTL each demonstrated functional connectivity that varied based on the congruence of events with prior knowledge; with connectivity between the MTL and occipital regions found for incongruent events, while congruent events were associated with functional connectivity between the mPFC and the inferior parietal lobules and middle frontal gyri. These results demonstrate patterns of neural activity and connectivity that shift based on the nature of the event being experienced or remembered, and that evolve over time. Furthermore, they suggest potential mechanisms by which both congruence with prior knowledge and incongruence/novelty may enhance memory, through mPFC and MTL functional connectivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Bonasia
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Melanie J Sekeres
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave., Waco, TX 76706, USA; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
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28
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Jeunehomme O, Folville A, Stawarczyk D, Van der Linden M, D'Argembeau A. Temporal compression in episodic memory for real-life events. Memory 2017; 26:759-770. [PMID: 29173013 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1406120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Remembering an event typically takes less time than experiencing it, suggesting that episodic memory represents past experience in a temporally compressed way. Little is known, however, about how the continuous flow of real-life events is summarised in memory. Here we investigated the nature and determinants of temporal compression by directly comparing memory contents with the objective timing of events as measured by a wearable camera. We found that episodic memories consist of a succession of moments of prior experience that represent events with varying compression rates, such that the density of retrieved information is modulated by goal processing and perceptual changes. Furthermore, the results showed that temporal compression rates remain relatively stable over one week and increase after a one-month delay, particularly for goal-related events. These data shed new light on temporal compression in episodic memory and suggest that compression rates are adaptively modulated to maintain current goal-relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jeunehomme
- a Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Adrien Folville
- a Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - David Stawarczyk
- a Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Martial Van der Linden
- b Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Arnaud D'Argembeau
- a Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
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29
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Brunec IK, Javadi AH, Zisch FEL, Spiers HJ. Contracted time and expanded space: The impact of circumnavigation on judgements of space and time. Cognition 2017. [PMID: 28624709 PMCID: PMC5495988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Certain locations in the world can only be reached by circumnavigating obstacles. All travel times are underestimated and all distances are overestimated. Travel times are further compressed when circumnavigation is required. Distances are further expanded when circumnavigation is required. Temporal and spatial cognitive biases may be dissociable.
The ability to estimate distance and time to spatial goals is fundamental for survival. In cases where a region of space must be navigated around to reach a location (circumnavigation), the distance along the path is greater than the straight-line Euclidean distance. To explore how such circumnavigation impacts on estimates of distance and time, we tested participants on their ability to estimate travel time and Euclidean distance to learned destinations in a virtual town. Estimates for approximately linear routes were compared with estimates for routes requiring circumnavigation. For all routes, travel times were significantly underestimated, and Euclidean distances overestimated. For routes requiring circumnavigation, travel time was further underestimated and the Euclidean distance further overestimated. Thus, circumnavigation appears to enhance existing biases in representations of travel time and distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva K Brunec
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK; School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Fiona E L Zisch
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK; The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hugo J Spiers
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
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30
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Cued Memory Retrieval Exhibits Reinstatement of High Gamma Power on a Faster Timescale in the Left Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4472-4480. [PMID: 28336569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3810-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that reinstatement of neural activity underlies our ability to successfully retrieve memories. However, the temporal dynamics of reinstatement in the human cortex remain poorly understood. One possibility is that neural activity during memory retrieval, like replay of spiking neurons in the hippocampus, occurs at a faster timescale than during encoding. We tested this hypothesis in 34 participants who performed a verbal episodic memory task while we recorded high gamma (62-100 Hz) activity from subdural electrodes implanted for seizure monitoring. We show that reinstatement of distributed patterns of high gamma activity occurs faster than during encoding. Using a time-warping algorithm, we quantify the timescale of the reinstatement and identify brain regions that show significant timescale differences between encoding and retrieval. Our data suggest that temporally compressed reinstatement of cortical activity is a feature of cued memory retrieval.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that cued memory retrieval reinstates neural activity on a faster timescale than was present during encoding. Our data therefore provide a link between reinstatement of neural activity in the cortex and spontaneous replay of cortical and hippocampal spiking activity, which also exhibits temporal compression, and suggest that temporal compression may be a universal feature of memory retrieval.
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31
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Abstract
When humans draw maps, or make judgments about travel‐time, their responses are rarely accurate and are often systematically distorted. Distortion effects on estimating time to arrival and the scale of sketch‐maps reveal the nature of mental representation of time and space. Inspired by data from rodent entorhinal grid cells, we predicted that familiarity to an environment would distort representations of the space by expanding the size of it. We also hypothesized that travel‐time estimation would be distorted in the same direction as space‐size, if time and space rely on the same cognitive map. We asked international students, who had lived at a college in London for 9 months, to sketch a south‐up map of their college district, estimate travel‐time to destinations within the area, and mark their everyday walking routes. We found that while estimates for sketched space were expanded with familiarity, estimates of the time to travel through the space were contracted with familiarity. Thus, we found dissociable responses to familiarity in representations of time and space. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jafarpour
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Hugo Spiers
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Arnold AEGF, Iaria G, Ekstrom AD. Mental simulation of routes during navigation involves adaptive temporal compression. Cognition 2016; 157:14-23. [PMID: 27568586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mental simulation is a hallmark feature of human cognition, allowing features from memories to be flexibly used during prospection. While past studies demonstrate the preservation of real-world features such as size and distance during mental simulation, their temporal dynamics remains unknown. Here, we compare mental simulations to navigation of routes in a large-scale spatial environment to test the hypothesis that such simulations are temporally compressed in an adaptive manner. Our results show that simulations occurred at 2.39× the speed it took to navigate a route, increasing in compression (3.57×) for slower movement speeds. Participant self-reports of vividness and spatial coherence of simulations also correlated strongly with simulation duration, providing an important link between subjective experiences of simulated events and how spatial representations are combined during prospection. These findings suggest that simulation of spatial events involve adaptive temporal mechanisms, mediated partly by the fidelity of memories used to generate the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden E G F Arnold
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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