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Garzola GCQ. The Relevance of Marketing in Sports Betting Perceptions and Behaviors Across Different age Groups. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1171-1188. [PMID: 38592614 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sports betting and its associated problems are increasing rapidly. Moreover, it has been widely advertised and marketed, successfully reaching young adult males. This work aims to review recent publications regarding the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors across different ages. For this purpose, a search in the PubMed database was set for 5 years (November 2014 - November 2019). The search terms included: "Sports betting AND children", "Sports betting AND young adult", "Sports betting AND adult". The search generated 131 articles, including some duplications. Once duplicates were eliminated, the titles and abstract analysis led to 21 references. To this, four more recent references were added to complement the introduction and discussion sections. The total number of references is 25. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) human study, (b) quantitative, experimental, clinical study, or review, (c) emphasis on the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors, (d) specified number of subjects, (e) male or female gender, and (f) written in English (title and abstract). The findings indicated that: (1) marketing plays a significant role in normalizing gambling in sports, (2) policymakers should consider comprehensive approaches to reduce the exposure of sports betting advertising to young individuals, and (3) future studies should explore potential differences in results based on gender and developmental stage. For instance, sports betting is more prevalent among males than females, and younger children tend to be more impulsive than older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Quintero Garzola
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University - Republic of Panama, City of Knowledge, #227 Jacinto Palacios Cobos Street, Clayton, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
- Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Panama, Republic of Panama.
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2
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Pitt H, McCarthy S, Randle M, Daube M, Thomas SL. Young people's views about the use of celebrities and social media influencers in gambling marketing. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daae012. [PMID: 38341758 PMCID: PMC10859070 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Young people's exposure to gambling marketing has had a clear impact on their gambling attitudes, risk perceptions and consumption intentions. Celebrities and social media influencers (SMIs) are increasingly used by the gambling industry in a wide range of promotions. While there is evidence that these types of promotions are influential in shaping young people's attitudes towards other harmful products, there is limited evidence in relation to gambling. Qualitative focus groups (n = 22) with n = 64, 12-17 year olds were conducted in Australia. These investigated young people's exposure to celebrity and SMI marketing for gambling and the influence they perceived this marketing had on young people's gambling attitudes. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to construct four themes from the data. First, young people perceived that celebrities and SMIs created additional appeal and recall of gambling advertisements because they were attention grabbing and familiar. Second, young people thought that celebrities and SMIs increased the trust, legitimacy and social acceptance of gambling. Third, the use of celebrities and SMIs lowered the perceptions of risk associated with gambling. Lastly, there were suggestions to reduce the impact of celebrity and SMI gambling promotions on young people, such as bans and restrictions. This study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to preventing young people's exposure to gambling marketing, that not only considers imposing stronger regulations to restrict the way the gambling industry is allowed to promote its products, but also aims to counter the novel ways the gambling industry attempts to appeal to children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Locked bag 20000, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia
| | - Simone McCarthy
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Locked bag 20000, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Locked bag 20000, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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3
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Pitt H, McCarthy S, Keric D, Arnot G, Marko S, Martino F, Stafford J, Thomas S. The symbolic consumption processes associated with 'low-calorie' and 'low-sugar' alcohol products and Australian women. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daad184. [PMID: 38158741 PMCID: PMC10757065 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of commercial actors, practices and processes on the health and wellbeing of women is still not well understood. The alcohol industry has developed a range of products to appeal to new 'health conscious' markets, such as 'low-calorie' and 'low-sugar' products. While these products may have specific appeal for women, there has been little in-depth research that has sought to understand how women conceptualize these products and the range of symbolic meanings that women associate with these products. An online qualitatively led survey was conducted with n = 497 Australian women who had consumed alcohol in the last year. Questions related to the reasons for and influences on alcohol use, the purchasing of 'low-calorie' or 'low-sugar' products and the influence that these products might have on women's alcohol use. Data were interpreted using reflexive thematic analysis. Women consumed alcohol to relax, cope with everyday stressors and because of the alignment with social practices and social connection. Women perceived that these products provided a healthier alternative to traditional alcohol products and that they aligned with women's values relating to weight and the thin ideal. Some women were concerned that these products could increase alcohol consumption by reducing the perceptions of risk associated with alcohol. Policy consideration is needed to address how product claims and attributes may influence population groups' interpretations of the risks and benefits of these alcohol products, including the illusion that these products have protective potential and are better for overall health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Simone McCarthy
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Danica Keric
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Level 1/420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Grace Arnot
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Sarah Marko
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Florentine Martino
- Faculty of Health, GLOBE, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Julia Stafford
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Level 1/420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
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4
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Thomas S, van Schalkwyk MCI, Daube M, Pitt H, McGee D, McKee M. Protecting children and young people from contemporary marketing for gambling. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:7080461. [PMID: 36932993 PMCID: PMC10024482 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Around the world, children are being exposed to intensive marketing for gambling products. This normalizes perceptions that gambling is essentially a harmless form of entertainment, despite mounting evidence of the harms it causes. Young people and their parents are supportive of strategies to protect children from being exposed to gambling marketing. Yet existing regulatory efforts are inconsistent and inadequate, and have not protected children from exposure to the many forms of marketing now being developed and exploited by the gambling industry. We outline existing knowledge about strategies used by the gambling industry to market its products, with a specific focus on the potential impact of gambling marketing on young people. We provide a definition of gambling marketing and outline the different forms of promotion that are currently used to market gambling, current regulatory responses, and the impact of marketing on children and young people. We then argue that a comprehensive public health approach to gambling is urgently required, which must include effective action to limit the influence of marketing for gambling products, while recognizing that it is never possible to insulate children entirely from their reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May C I van Schalkwyk
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Martin McKee
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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5
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Boelsen-Robinson T, Thow AM, Lee N, Gill T, Colagiuri S. Gambling, fast food and alcohol sponsorship in elite sport - perspectives from Australian sporting fans. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2155. [PMID: 36419011 PMCID: PMC9685834 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health bodies in Australia remain concerned about marketing of unhealthy commodities; namely unhealthy food, alcohol and gambling products. Children are particularly susceptible to the influence of unhealthy commodity marketing. This study explored adults' perceptions of unhealthy commodities sponsorship in elite sport and policies to restrict them. METHODS Four focus groups of 7-8 frequent sport spectators were recruited, including parents and non-parents, and located in inner and outer suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Results were analysed thematically. RESULTS Participants identified the contradictions of healthy messages of sport and unhealthy commodities, while highlighting the commercial value of sport sponsorship to sporting clubs. There is concern around children's exposure to effective and integrated marketing techniques when viewing sport, which encouraged unhealthy habits. Support for restricting sponsorship related to perceived product harm, with gambling viewed as having the greatest health impact. Participants were supportive of policies that reduced exposure of unhealthy commodities to children, but were concerned about the financial risk to sporting clubs. Governments and sports associations were identified as holding responsibility for enacting changes. CONCLUSION A number of options were identified for advocates to gain public and political traction to reduce unhealthy commodity sponsorship. There is potential for shifts away from unhealthy sponsorship by both governments and sports associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Boelsen-Robinson
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Boden Initiative, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia. .,Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anne-Marie Thow
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nancy Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Gill
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Boden Initiative, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Colagiuri
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Boden Initiative, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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6
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Marko S, Thomas S, Pitt H, Daube M. "Aussies love a bet": Gamblers discuss the social acceptance and cultural accommodation of gambling in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:829-834. [PMID: 36190196 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore regular gamblers' perceptions of the social acceptance and cultural accommodation of gambling in Australia, which are two dimensions of the normalisation of gambling. METHODS Qualitatively focused online survey with 363 adults in New South Wales and Victoria who gambled in a typical month. Open-text responses about the link between gambling and Australian culture were interpreted using reflexive thematic analysis to construct themes from the data. RESULTS Gambling was perceived to be a culturally significant part of Australian life due to existing traditions, the perception that gambling was central to the Australian identity, and perceived economic benefits. Participants considered that gambling was a common and socially accepted activity that was embedded in the activities of social networks. Participants also stated that gambling products, venues and marketing were embedded in everyday environments, although some believed that the embedding of gambling in society was harmful. Conclusion and public health implications: This study demonstrated that regular gamblers largely viewed gambling as being a socially accepted and culturally accommodated activity in Australia. There is scope for governments to develop comprehensive programs to denormalise gambling, including learning from research, evidence and experience in other areas of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marko
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia
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7
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The distribution of harmful product marketing in public outdoor spaces and the effectiveness of marketing bans. Health Place 2022; 76:102861. [PMID: 35830748 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children's exposure to the marketing of harmful products in public outdoor spaces may influence their consumption of those products and affect health into adulthood. This study aimed to: i) examine the spatial distribution of children's exposure to three types of marketing-related 'harms' (alcohol, unhealthy food, and gambling) in outdoor spaces in the Wellington region, New Zealand/Aotearoa; ii) compare differences in the distribution of harms by socioeconomic deprivation; and iii) estimate the effectiveness of different policies that ban such marketing. Data were from 122 children aged 11-13y who wore wearable cameras and GPS devices for four consecutive days from July 2014 to June 2015. Images were analysed to identify harmful product marketing exposures in public outdoor spaces. Eight policy scenarios were examined to identify the effectiveness of marketing bans, for all children and by socioeconomic deprivation. Children's ratio of harmful marketing was higher for children from high deprivation households and was also found to cluster, with hots spots observed around city centers. The effectiveness of marketing bans depended on the target setting and ban area, with banning 400 m around bus stops leading to the largest reduction. Effectiveness varied also by type of harm and socioeconomic deprivation. For example, banning alcohol marketing in residential areas was estimated to have a larger effect on exposure reduction for children from high deprivation households. Our findings suggest that alcohol, unhealthy food and gambling marketing often cluster outdoors and that targeted bans of such marketing would likely improve child health and, for some banning scenarios, promote equity.
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8
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McCarthy S, Thomas S, Marko S, Pitt H, Randle M, Cowlishaw S. Women's perceptions of strategies to address the normalisation of gambling and gambling-related harm. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:821-828. [PMID: 35735793 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has demonstrated that gambling is becoming increasingly normalised for women. As limited research has sought to understand women's perspectives on this issue, we sought women's opinions about the factors that may contribute to the normalisation of gambling for women, and the strategies that may counter this normalisation. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 41 women in young and middle adulthood, aged 20-40 years. RESULTS Participants suggested that gambling was normal for women because gambling environments had been designed to appeal to women, newer technologies had removed the stigma of attending physical venues, and the growing equality and independence of women. To de-normalise gambling, women suggested addressing the influential role of marketing, designing new public education strategies, addressing the availability and accessibility of gambling, and restricting engagement with gambling products. CONCLUSION This study highlighted women's perceptions of strategies to address the normalisation of gambling and the importance of providing risk information paired with broader policy reform and prevention initiatives to address the range of determinants that normalise gambling for women. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Involving women in advocacy and understanding their perspectives is important in developing relevant public health responses to the normalisation of gambling for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone McCarthy
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Sarah Marko
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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9
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Akçayır M, Nicoll F, Baxter DG. Emerging Gambling Problems and Suggested Interventions: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:857-882. [PMID: 35460439 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present systematic review is to identify emerging gambling problems and the harm minimization strategies proposed to address them. Our interdisciplinary research team conducted this systematic literature review in 5 nations between which there is significant gambling research exchange. A keyword search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases followed by filtering using inclusion criteria identified 1292 empirical gambling studies from peer-reviewed journals. The data obtained from the articles were analyzed using the content analysis technique. We then used a unique approach to identify relationships between harm minimization strategies and gambling problems. The findings reveal that the most frequently reported gambling problems are related to young gamblers, online gambling, electronic gaming machines, and children and adolescents (underage gamblers). Harm minimization strategies to address these included creating educational and awareness programs, further restrictions on gambling advertising, developing an intervention mechanism for online gambling, and remote gambling-related help (i.e., online counseling, online treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akçayır
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fiona Nicoll
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David G Baxter
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Killick EA, Griffiths MD. Sports Betting Advertising: A Systematic Review of Content Analysis Studies. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA systematic review of empirical studies that used quantitative, qualitative, or a mixed-methods approach to content analysis sports betting advertising was conducted. Study attributes were examined including the main findings, key themes, research design, focus of analysis, type of interpretation, use of theory, media type, inter-coder reliability measures, and recommendations for future studies. The findings showed that the studies (N=15) were all published relatively recently (since 2012), predominantly focused on the content of television advertisements, and there was a general lack of reporting on inter-coder reliability. The narratives most commonly identified within sports betting advertisements were friendship and humour. Advertisements were found to be embedded into professional sports games, and this type of advertising occurred more frequently when compared to commercial advertising during televised sporting events. In order to enhance the sports betting advertising literature, researchers need to ensure that they are meeting scientific standards, especially when it comes to reliability measures. Such studies can add to an understanding of how sports betting advertisements are presented to the public and infer what the potential impact of the availability and exposure of these advertisements may be.
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11
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Torrance J, John B, Greville J, O'Hanrahan M, Davies N, Roderique-Davies G. Emergent gambling advertising; a rapid review of marketing content, delivery and structural features. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:718. [PMID: 33849493 PMCID: PMC8043759 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling advertising is well-funded and has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years. As the presence and pervasiveness of gambling advertising increases, there is a corresponding need for empirical understanding of the characteristics and trends associated with emergent gambling advertisements and marketing. However, there is limited data on this rapidly evolving phenomenon. METHODS A rapid review was undertaken of the empirical research (2015-2020) that focused upon the content, delivery and structural features incorporated within emerging gambling advertising. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were included in the review. The majority of these studies were conducted in either the UK or Australia; two jurisdictions that have unique and particularly liberal gambling environments. The literature suggests that emergent gambling advertising content is targeted, positively framed and in some instances, may overrepresent riskier bets. The sporting and social media spheres are densely populated with such advertisements that involve both direct and indirect marketing strategies. In relation to the online environment, there is evidence to suggest the emergence of more interactive advertisements that prompt user engagement. In addition, financial incentivisation has diversified and is often subject to strict and esoteric conditions. Despite these emergent trends, little provision is devoted to adequately displaying harm reductive or responsible gambling content within gambling advertising. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is a paucity of research and lack of methodological diversity concerning the characteristics of advertising within the literature. The barriers to investigating emerging gambling advertising are discussed alongside future research priorities. It is important for this research area to expand in order to appropriately inform ethical industry marketing and effective harm-reduction strategies. [Pre-registered online via Prospero: CRD42020184349].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Torrance
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK.
| | - Bev John
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - James Greville
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Marie O'Hanrahan
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Nyle Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Gareth Roderique-Davies
- Addictions Research Group, School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
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12
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Akçayır M, Nicoll F, Baxter DG, Palmer ZS. Whose Responsibility Is It to Prevent or Reduce Gambling Harm? A Mapping Review of Current Empirical Research. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249266. [PMID: 33322378 PMCID: PMC7763018 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although gambling is forbidden for minors, the prevalence of gambling among adolescents is increasing. In order to improve preventive interventions, more evidence on predictors of gambling onset is needed. A longitudinal study was proposed to (1) establish the prevalence of gambling; (2) identify factors associated with gambling behavior the following year; and (3) adjust a model to predict gambling behavior. A cohort of 1074 students (13-18 years old) was followed for 12 months. The prevalence of gambling reached 42.0% in the second measure. Boys gambled 2.7 times more than girls, and the highest percentages of gambling onset showed up between 13 and 14 years old. Gambling onset and maintenance was associated with gender, age, sensation-seeking, risk perception, self-efficacy for not gambling, parents' attitude towards gambling, group pressure (friends), subjective norm, exposure to advertising, accessibility, normative perception, gambling in T1 and parents gambling behavior. Gender, gambling in T1 and risk perception were significant in all three logistic adjusted regression models, with the fourth variable being sensation seeking, peer pressure (friends) and accessibility, respectively. It is suggested that universal prevention should be aimed preferably at children under 15 years old and to alert regulators and public administrations to the directly proportional relationship between accessibility and gambling onset.
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14
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Nyemcsok C, Thomas SL, Bestman A, Pitt H, Daube M, Cassidy R. Young people's recall and perceptions of gambling advertising and intentions to gamble on sport. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1068-1078. [PMID: 30580544 PMCID: PMC6376397 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increased international policy focus on the factors that may contribute to, and prevent, the normalization of gambling for young people. However, there is still limited research, which investigates the role of advertising in shaping young people's gambling attitudes and consumption intentions. METHODS Mixed methods study of 111 young people aged 11-16 years recruited from community basketball stadiums in Victoria, Australia, between May and July 2018. Interviewer-assisted surveys investigated recall and awareness of sports betting brands, perceptions of promotional strategies, intention to gamble, and reasons for betting on particular sports. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 tests. Thematic analyses were used to interpret qualitative responses. RESULTS Young people had high recall and awareness of advertising, with most able to name at least one betting brand (n = 90, 81.1%), and many demonstrating a high awareness of the distinct characteristics (such as colors and appeal strategies) of different brands. A fifth of young people (n = 25, 22.5%) expressed intentions to gamble at 18 years, with boys significantly more likely than girls to state they would gamble (χ2 = 10.90, p = .001). Young people perceived that advertising strategies associated with inducement promotions would be the most influential in encouraging individuals to gamble. While many young people took promotions at face value, there was evidence that some were able to critically engage with and challenge the messages within marketing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Current regulatory structures appear to be ineffective in limiting young people's recall and awareness of gambling advertising. Lessons from tobacco control support the application of precautionary approaches as a more effective way to limit young people's development of positive gambling attitudes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyemcsok
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia,Corresponding author: Samantha L. Thomas; Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; Phone: +61 3 924 45453; E-mail:
| | - Amy Bestman
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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