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Torriano S, Baulier E, Garcia Diaz A, Corneo B, Farber DB. CRISPR-AsCas12a Efficiently Corrects a GPR143 Intronic Mutation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from an Ocular Albinism Patient. CRISPR J 2022; 5:457-471. [PMID: 35686978 PMCID: PMC9233509 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GPR143 gene cause X-linked ocular albinism type 1 (OA1), a disease that severely impairs vision. We recently generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from skin fibroblasts of an OA1 patient carrying a point mutation in intron 7 of GPR143. This mutation activates a new splice site causing the incorporation of a pseudoexon. In this study, we present a high-performance CRISPR-Cas ribonucleoprotein strategy to permanently correct the GPR143 mutation in these patient-derived iPSCs. Interestingly, the two single-guide RNAs available for SpCas9 did not allow the cleavage of the target region. In contrast, the cleavage achieved with the CRISPR-AsCas12a system promoted homology-directed repair at a high rate. The CRISPR-AsCas12a-mediated correction did not alter iPSC pluripotency or genetic stability, nor did it result in off-target events. Moreover, we highlight that the disruption of the pathological splice site caused by CRISPR-AsCas12a-mediated insertions/deletions also rescued the normal splicing of GPR143 and its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Torriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edouard Baulier
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alejandro Garcia Diaz
- Stem Cell Core, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Corneo
- Stem Cell Core, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Debora B Farber
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute and UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Keegan NP, Wilton SD, Fletcher S. Analysis of Pathogenic Pseudoexons Reveals Novel Mechanisms Driving Cryptic Splicing. Front Genet 2022; 12:806946. [PMID: 35140743 PMCID: PMC8819188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pre-mRNA splicing is crucial to accurately diagnosing and treating genetic diseases. However, mutations that alter splicing can exert highly diverse effects. Of all the known types of splicing mutations, perhaps the rarest and most difficult to predict are those that activate pseudoexons, sometimes also called cryptic exons. Unlike other splicing mutations that either destroy or redirect existing splice events, pseudoexon mutations appear to create entirely new exons within introns. Since exon definition in vertebrates requires coordinated arrangements of numerous RNA motifs, one might expect that pseudoexons would only arise when rearrangements of intronic DNA create novel exons by chance. Surprisingly, although such mutations do occur, a far more common cause of pseudoexons is deep-intronic single nucleotide variants, raising the question of why these latent exon-like tracts near the mutation sites have not already been purged from the genome by the evolutionary advantage of more efficient splicing. Possible answers may lie in deep intronic splicing processes such as recursive splicing or poison exon splicing. Because these processes utilize intronic motifs that benignly engage with the spliceosome, the regions involved may be more susceptible to exonization than other intronic regions would be. We speculated that a comprehensive study of reported pseudoexons might detect alignments with known deep intronic splice sites and could also permit the characterisation of novel pseudoexon categories. In this report, we present and analyse a catalogue of over 400 published pseudoexon splice events. In addition to confirming prior observations of the most common pseudoexon mutation types, the size of this catalogue also enabled us to suggest new categories for some of the rarer types of pseudoexon mutation. By comparing our catalogue against published datasets of non-canonical splice events, we also found that 15.7% of pseudoexons exhibit some splicing activity at one or both of their splice sites in non-mutant cells. Importantly, this included seven examples of experimentally confirmed recursive splice sites, confirming for the first time a long-suspected link between these two splicing phenomena. These findings have the potential to improve the fidelity of genetic diagnostics and reveal new targets for splice-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P. Keegan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Steve D. Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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3
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Kuijper EC, Bergsma AJ, Pijnappel WP, Aartsma‐Rus A. Opportunities and challenges for antisense oligonucleotide therapies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:72-87. [PMID: 32391605 PMCID: PMC7891411 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (AON) therapies involve short strands of modified nucleotides that target RNA in a sequence-specific manner, inducing targeted protein knockdown or restoration. Currently, 10 AON therapies have been approved in the United States and Europe. Nucleotides are chemically modified to protect AONs from degradation, enhance bioavailability and increase RNA affinity. Whereas single stranded AONs can efficiently be delivered systemically, delivery of double stranded AONs requires capsulation in lipid nanoparticles or binding to a conjugate as the uptake enhancing backbone is hidden in this conformation. With improved chemistry, delivery vehicles and conjugates, doses can be lowered, thereby reducing the risk and occurrence of side effects. AONs can be used to knockdown or restore levels of protein. Knockdown can be achieved by single stranded or double stranded AONs binding the RNA transcript and activating RNaseH-mediated and RISC-mediated degradation respectively. Transcript binding by AONs can also prevent translation, hence reducing protein levels. For protein restoration, single stranded AONs are used to modulate pre-mRNA splicing and either include or skip an exon to restore protein production. Intervening at a genetic level, AONs provide therapeutic options for inherited metabolic diseases as well. This review provides an overview of the different AON approaches, with a focus on AONs developed for inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa C. Kuijper
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Atze J. Bergsma
- Department of PediatricsCenter for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCenter for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - W.W.M. Pim Pijnappel
- Department of PediatricsCenter for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsCenter for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Baulier E, Garcia Diaz A, Corneo B, Farber DB. Generation of a human Ocular Albinism type 1 iPSC line, SEIi001-A, with a mutation in GPR143. Stem Cell Res 2018; 33:274-277. [PMID: 30513407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular albinism type 1 is a genetic eye disease caused by mutations in the GPR143 gene. Little is known about the molecular pathways involved in this disease and no therapeutic candidate has been identified as yet. Here we report the generation of an iPSC line from the skin fibroblasts of a patient with a mutation in the GPR143 gene using Sendai Virus vectors. This new iPSC line will allow a better understanding of the Ocular Albinism type 1 disease and to screen for potential therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Baulier
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Alejandro Garcia Diaz
- Stem Cell Core Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barbara Corneo
- Stem Cell Core Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Debora B Farber
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1977, much has been known about RNA splicing and how it plays a central role in human development, function, and, notably, disease. Defects in RNA splicing account for at least 10% of all genetic disorders, with the number expected to increase as more information is uncovered on the contribution of noncoding genomic regions to disease. Splice modulation through the use of antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) has emerged as a promising avenue for the treatment of these disorders. In fact, two splice-switching AOs have recently obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration: eteplirsen (Exondys 51) for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and nusinersen (Spinraza) for spinal muscular atrophy. These work by exon skipping and exon inclusion, respectively. In this chapter, we discuss the early development of AO-based splice modulation therapy-its invention, first applications, and its evolution into the approach we are now familiar with. We give a more extensive history of exon skipping in particular, as it is the splice modulation approach given the most focus in this book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Rowel Q Lim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research and Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Chair, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Improved diagnostic yield compared with targeted gene sequencing panels suggests a role for whole-genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test. Genet Med 2017; 20:435-443. [PMID: 28771251 PMCID: PMC5895460 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genetic testing is an integral diagnostic component of pediatric medicine. Standard of care is often a time-consuming stepwise approach involving chromosomal microarray analysis and targeted gene sequencing panels, which can be costly and inconclusive. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides a comprehensive testing platform that has the potential to streamline genetic assessments, but there are limited comparative data to guide its clinical use. Methods We prospectively recruited 103 patients from pediatric non-genetic subspecialty clinics, each with a clinical phenotype suggestive of an underlying genetic disorder, and compared the diagnostic yield and coverage of WGS with those of conventional genetic testing. Results WGS identified diagnostic variants in 41% of individuals, representing a significant increase over conventional testing results (24% P = 0.01). Genes clinically sequenced in the cohort (n = 1,226) were well covered by WGS, with a median exonic coverage of 40 × ±8 × (mean ±SD). All the molecular diagnoses made by conventional methods were captured by WGS. The 18 new diagnoses made with WGS included structural and non-exonic sequence variants not detectable with whole-exome sequencing, and confirmed recent disease associations with the genes PIGG, RNU4ATAC, TRIO, and UNC13A. Conclusion WGS as a primary clinical test provided a higher diagnostic yield than conventional genetic testing in a clinically heterogeneous cohort.
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7
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Deep intronic mutations and human disease. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1093-1111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Casaca-Carreira J, Toonen LJ, Evers MM, Jahanshahi A, van-Roon-Mom WM, Temel Y. In vivo proof-of-concept of removal of the huntingtin caspase cleavage motif-encoding exon 12 approach in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:93-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Young A, Dandekar U, Pan C, Sader A, Zheng JJ, Lewis RA, Farber DB. GNAI3: Another Candidate Gene to Screen in Persons with Ocular Albinism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162273. [PMID: 27607449 PMCID: PMC5015898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular albinism type 1 (OA), caused by mutations in the OA1 gene, encodes a G-protein coupled receptor, OA1, localized in melanosomal membranes of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This disorder is characterized by both RPE macro-melanosomes and abnormal decussation of ganglion cell axons at the brain's optic chiasm. We demonstrated previously that Oa1 specifically activates Gαi3, which also signals in the Oa1 transduction pathway that regulates melanosomal biogenesis. In this study, we screened the human Gαi3 gene, GNAI3, in DNA samples from 26 patients who had all clinical characteristics of OA but in whom a specific mutation in the OA1 gene had not been found, and in 6 normal control individuals. Using the Agilent HaloPlex Target Enrichment System and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform, we identified 518 variants after rigorous filtering. Many of these variants were corroborated by Sanger sequencing. Overall, 98.8% coverage of the GNAI3 gene was obtained by the HaloPlex amplicons. Of all variants, 6 non-synonymous and 3 synonymous were in exons, 41 in a non-coding exon embedded in the 3' untranslated region (UTR), 6 in the 5' UTR, and 462 in introns. These variants included novel SNVs, insertions, deletions, and a frameshift mutation. All were found in at least one patient but none in control samples. Using computational methods, we modeled the GNAI3 protein and its non-synonymous exonic mutations and determined that several of these may be the cause of disease in the patients studied. Thus, we have identified GNAI3 as a second gene possibly responsible for X-linked ocular albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Young
- Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Uma Dandekar
- UCLA-GenoSeq Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Calvin Pan
- UCLA-GenoSeq Core, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Avery Sader
- Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jie J. Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Debora B. Farber
- Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Deep intronic GPR143 mutation in a Japanese family with ocular albinism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11334. [PMID: 26061757 PMCID: PMC4650666 DOI: 10.1038/srep11334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep intronic mutations are often ignored as possible causes of human disease. Using whole-exome sequencing, we analysed genomic DNAs of a Japanese family with two male siblings affected by ocular albinism and congenital nystagmus. Although mutations or copy number alterations of coding regions were not identified in candidate genes, the novel intronic mutation c.659-131 T > G within GPR143 intron 5 was identified as hemizygous in affected siblings and as heterozygous in the unaffected mother. This mutation was predicted to create a cryptic splice donor site within intron 5 and activate a cryptic acceptor site at 41nt upstream, causing the insertion into the coding sequence of an out-of-frame 41-bp pseudoexon with a premature stop codon in the aberrant transcript, which was confirmed by minigene experiments. This result expands the mutational spectrum of GPR143 and suggests the utility of next-generation sequencing integrated with in silico and experimental analyses for improving the molecular diagnosis of this disease.
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11
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Falletta P, Bagnato P, Bono M, Monticone M, Schiaffino MV, Bennett DC, Goding CR, Tacchetti C, Valetti C. Melanosome-autonomous regulation of size and number: the OA1 receptor sustains PMEL expression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:565-79. [PMID: 24650003 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known as to how cells ensure that organelle size and number are coordinated to correctly couple organelle biogenesis to the demands of proliferation or differentiation. OA1 is a melanosome-associated G-protein-coupled receptor involved in melanosome biogenesis during melanocyte differentiation. Cells lacking OA1 contain fewer, but larger, mature melanosomes. Here, we show that OA1 loss of function reduces both the basal expression and the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/cAMP-dependent induction of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation. In turn, this leads to a significant reduction in expression of PMEL, a major melanosomal structural protein, but does not affect tyrosinase and melanin levels. In line with its pivotal role in sensing melanosome maturation, OA1 expression rescues melanosome biogenesis, activates MITF expression and thereby coordinates melanosome size and number, providing a quality control mechanism for the organelle in which resides. Thus, resident sensor receptors can activate a transcriptional cascade to specifically promote organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Falletta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Role of pseudoexons and pseudointrons in human cancer. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:810572. [PMID: 24204383 PMCID: PMC3800588 DOI: 10.1155/2013/810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In all eukaryotic organisms, pre-mRNA splicing and alternative splicing processes play an essential role in regulating the flow of information required to drive complex developmental and metabolic pathways. As a result, eukaryotic cells have developed a very efficient macromolecular machinery, called the spliceosome, to correctly recognize the pre-mRNA sequences that need to be inserted in a mature mRNA (exons) from those that should be removed (introns). In healthy individuals, alternative and constitutive splicing processes function with a high degree of precision and fidelity in order to ensure the correct working of this machinery. In recent years, however, medical research has shown that alterations at the splicing level play an increasingly important role in many human hereditary diseases, neurodegenerative processes, and especially in cancer origin and progression. In this minireview, we will focus on several genes whose association with cancer has been well established in previous studies, such as ATM, BRCA1/A2, and NF1. In particular, our objective will be to provide an overview of the known mechanisms underlying activation/repression of pseudoexons and pseudointrons; the possible utilization of these events as biomarkers of tumor staging/grading; and finally, the treatment options for reversing pathologic splicing events.
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Havens MA, Duelli DM, Hastings ML. Targeting RNA splicing for disease therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2013; 4:247-66. [PMID: 23512601 PMCID: PMC3631270 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Splicing of pre-messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA is an essential step for the expression of most genes in higher eukaryotes. Defects in this process typically affect cellular function and can have pathological consequences. Many human genetic diseases are caused by mutations that cause splicing defects. Furthermore, a number of diseases are associated with splicing defects that are not attributed to overt mutations. Targeting splicing directly to correct disease-associated aberrant splicing is a logical approach to therapy. Splicing is a favorable intervention point for disease therapeutics, because it is an early step in gene expression and does not alter the genome. Significant advances have been made in the development of approaches to manipulate splicing for therapy. Splicing can be manipulated with a number of tools including antisense oligonucleotides, modified small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), trans-splicing, and small molecule compounds, all of which have been used to increase specific alternatively spliced isoforms or to correct aberrant gene expression resulting from gene mutations that alter splicing. Here we describe clinically relevant splicing defects in disease states, the current tools used to target and alter splicing, specific mutations and diseases that are being targeted using splice-modulating approaches, and emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A. Havens
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. No conflicts of interest
| | - Dominik M. Duelli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. No conflicts of interest
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA, Phone: 847-578-8517 Fax: 847-578-3253. No conflicts of interest
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Pramono ZAD, Wee KB, Wang JL, Chen YJ, Xiong QB, Lai PS, Yee WC. A prospective study in the rational design of efficient antisense oligonucleotides for exon skipping in the DMD gene. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:781-90. [PMID: 22486275 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated exon skipping to restore dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) therapy shown promise in a number of human clinical trials. Current AON design methods are semi-empirical, involving either trial-and-error and/or preliminary experimentations. Therefore, a rational approach to design efficient AONs to address the wide spectrum of patients' mutations is desirable. Retrospective studies have extracted many AON design variables, but they were not tested prospectively to design AONs for skipping DMD exons. Not only did the variables differ among the various studies, no numerical cutoff for each variable was inferred, which makes their use in AON design difficult. The challenge is to thus select a minimal set of key independent variables that can consistently design efficient AONs. In this prospective study, a novel set of design variables with respective cutoff values was used to design 23 novel AONs, each to skip one of nine DMD exons. Nineteen AONs were found to be efficacious in inducing specific exon skipping (83% of total), of which 14 were considered efficient (61% of total), i.e., they induced exon skipping in >25% of total transcripts. Notably, the satisfactory success rates were achieved by using only three design variables; namely, co-transcriptional binding accessibility of target site, presence of exonic splicing enhancers, and target length. Retrospective analyses revealed that the most efficient AON in every exon targeted has the lowest average cumulative position (ACP) score. Taking the prospective and retrospective studies together, we propose that design guidelines recommend using the ACP score to select the most efficient AON for each exon.
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15
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van Roon-Mom WMC, Aartsma-Rus A. Overview on applications of antisense-mediated exon skipping. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 867:79-96. [PMID: 22454056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-767-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antisense-mediated exon skipping has multiple therapeutic applications. This chapter gives an overview of how this tool has been employed to restore normal splicing for cryptic splicing mutations, to switch between alternative splicing isoforms, to induce exon inclusion, to correct the reading frame to allow the production of internally deleted proteins, or to induce reading frame disruptions to achieve partial protein knockdown. For each application, examples are discussed and the current state of the art is described.
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16
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Hammond SM, Wood MJA. Genetic therapies for RNA mis-splicing diseases. Trends Genet 2011; 27:196-205. [PMID: 21497936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA mis-splicing diseases account for up to 15% of all inherited diseases, ranging from neurological to myogenic and metabolic disorders. With greatly increased genomic sequencing being performed for individual patients, the number of known mutations affecting splicing has risen to 50-60% of all disease-causing mutations. During the past 10years, genetic therapy directed toward correction of RNA mis-splicing in disease has progressed from theoretical work in cultured cells to promising clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the use of antisense oligonucleotides to modify splicing as well as the principles and latest work in bifunctional RNA, trans-splicing and modification of U1 and U7 snRNA to target splice sites. The success of clinical trials for modifying splicing to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy opens the door for the use of splicing modification for most of the mis-splicing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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Aartsma-Rus A, den Dunnen JT, van Ommen GJB. New insights in gene-derived therapy: the example of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1214:199-212. [PMID: 21121926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The two therapeutic approaches currently most advanced in clinical trials for Duchenne muscular dystrophy are antisense-mediated exon skipping and forced read-through of premature stop codons. Interestingly, these approaches target the gene product rather than the gene itself. This review will explain the rationale and current state of affairs of these approaches and will then discuss how these gene-derived therapies might also be applicable to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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18
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Liu H, Li J, Lei H, Zhu T, Gan Y, Ge L. Genetic Etiology and Dental Pulp Cell Deficiency of Hypophosphatasia. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1373-7. [PMID: 20924064 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510379017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia is caused by mutations of the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase ( TNSALP) gene with deficiency of dentin structure. The aim of this study was to examine whether TNSALP mutation in dental pulp cells contributes to dentin dysplasia in hypophosphatasia. Mutation analysis showed that compound heterozygous mutations of TNSALP were identified in three hypophosphatasia patients, including 3 novel mutation sites. Exfoliated teeth from the patients showed abnormal dentin mineralization and loss of cementum, as assessed by ground sections and scanning electron microscope analysis. Dental pulp cells isolated from one of the patients showed a significantly reduced TNSALP activity and mineralization capacity when compared with those in dental pulp cells from the unaffected individuals. Our results suggested that dentin dysplasia in hypophosphatasia may be associated with the decreased mineralization ability of dental pulp cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J. Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - H. Lei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - T. Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Gan
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - L. Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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19
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Pérez B, Rodríguez-Pascau L, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Ugarte M, Desviat LR. Present and future of antisense therapy for splicing modulation in inherited metabolic disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:397-403. [PMID: 20577904 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of mutations identified deep in introns which activate or create novel splice sites resulting in pathogenic pseudoexon inclusion in mRNA continues to grow for inherited metabolic disease (IMD) and other human genetic diseases. A common characteristic is that the native splice sites remain intact thus retaining the potential for normal splicing. Antisense oligonucleotides (AO) have been shown to modulate the splicing pattern by steric hindrance of the recognition and binding of the splicing apparatus to the selected sequences. In the case of pseudoexons, AO force the use of the natural splice sites, recovering normally spliced transcripts encoding functional protein. This review summarizes the present knowledge of antisense splicing modulation as a molecular therapy approach for pseudoexon-activating mutations, with a focus in IMD. Although the feasibility of treatment for patients with IMD has yet to be proven, it appears to be clinically promising, as positive results have been reported in cellular and animal models of disease, and antisense therapy for splicing modulation is currently in the clinical trials phase for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Here, we review the most recent advances in AO stability, targeting and delivery, and other issues to be considered for an effective treatment in the clinical setting. Although the number of patients who can be potentially treated is low for each IMD, it represents an excellent therapeutical option as a type of personalized molecular medicine which is especially relevant for diseases for which there is, to date, no efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Pérez B, Rincón A, Jorge-Finnigan A, Richard E, Merinero B, Ugarte M, Desviat LR. Pseudoexon exclusion by antisense therapy in methylmalonic aciduria (MMAuria). Hum Mutat 2010; 30:1676-82. [PMID: 19862841 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of pseudoexon exclusion therapies by antisense modification of pre-mRNA splicing represents a type of personalized genetic medicine. Here we present the cellular antisense therapy and the cell-based splicing assays to investigate the effect of two novel deep intronic changes c.1957-898A>G and c.1957-920C>A identified in the methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) mutase (MUT) gene. The results show that the nucleotide change c.1957-898A>G is a pathological mutation activating pseudoexon insertion and that antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (AMO) treatment in patient fibroblasts leads to recovery of MUT activity to levels 25 to 100% of control range. On the contrary, the change c.1957-920C>A, identified in two fibroblasts cell lines in cis with c.1885A>G (p.R629G) or c.458T>A (p.D153V), appears to be a rare variant of uncertain clinical significance. The functional analysis of c.1885A>G and c.458T>A indicate that they are the disease-causing mutations in these two patients. The results presented here highlight the necessity of scanning the described intronic region for mutations in MUT-affected patients, followed by functional analyses to demonstrate the pathogenicity of the identified changes, and extend previous work of the applicability of the antisense approach in methylmalonic aciduria (MMAuria) for a novel intronic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Dhir A, Buratti E. Alternative splicing: role of pseudoexons in human disease and potential therapeutic strategies. FEBS J 2010; 277:841-55. [PMID: 20082636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
What makes a nucleotide sequence an exon (or an intron) is a question that still lacks a satisfactory answer. Indeed, most eukaryotic genes are full of sequences that look like perfect exons, but which are nonetheless ignored by the splicing machinery (hence the name 'pseudoexons'). The existence of these pseudoexons has been known since the earliest days of splicing research, but until recently the tendency has been to view them as an interesting, but rather rare, curiosity. In recent years, however, the importance of pseudoexons in regulating splicing processes has been steadily revalued. Even more importantly, clinically oriented screening studies that search for splicing mutations are beginning to uncover a situation where aberrant pseudoexon inclusion as a cause of human disease is more frequent than previously thought. Here we aim to provide a review of the mechanisms that lead to pseudoexon activation in human genes and how the various cis- and trans-acting cellular factors regulate their inclusion. Moreover, we list the potential therapeutic approaches that are being tested with the aim of inhibiting their inclusion in the final mRNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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22
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[Genetic mutation databases: stakes and perspectives for orphan genetic diseases]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2009; 58:387-95. [PMID: 19954899 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New technologies, which constantly become available for mutation detection and gene analysis, have contributed to an exponential rate of discovery of disease genes and variation in the human genome. The task of collecting and documenting this enormous amount of data in genetic databases represents a major challenge for the future of biological and medical science. The Locus Specific Databases (LSDBs) are so far the most efficient mutation databases. This review presents the main types of databases available for the analysis of mutations responsible for genetic disorders, as well as open perspectives for new therapeutic research or challenges for future medicine. Accurate and exhaustive collection of variations in human genomes will be crucial for research and personalized delivery of healthcare.
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Farini A, Razini P, Erratico S, Torrente Y, Meregalli M. Cell based therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:526-34. [PMID: 19688776 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause an X-linked genetic disorder: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Stem cell therapy is an attractive method to treat DMD because a small number of cells are required to obtain a therapeutic effect. Here, we discussed about multiple types of myogenic stem cells and their possible use to treat DMD. The identification of a stem cell population providing efficient muscle regeneration is critical for the progression of cell therapy for DMD. We speculated that the most promising possibility for the treatment of DMD is a combination of different approaches, such as gene and stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena, Italy
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24
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Abbas L, Whitfield TT. Nkcc1 (Slc12a2) is required for the regulation of endolymph volume in the otic vesicle and swim bladder volume in the zebrafish larva. Development 2009; 136:2837-48. [PMID: 19633174 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endolymph is the specialised extracellular fluid present inside the inner ear. In mammals, disruptions to endolymph homeostasis can result in either collapse or distension of the endolymphatic compartment in the cochlea, with concomitant hearing loss. The zebrafish little ears (lte) mutant shows a collapse of the otic vesicle in the larva, apparently owing to a loss of endolymphatic fluid in the ear, together with an over-inflation of the swim bladder. Mutant larvae display signs of abnormal vestibular function by circling and swimming upside down. The two available alleles of lte are homozygous lethal: mutant larvae fail to thrive beyond 6 days post-fertilisation. Patterning of the otic vesicle is apparently normal. However, the expression of several genes thought to play a role in endolymph production is downregulated, including the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter gene nkcc1 (slc12a2) and several Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase channel subunit genes. We show here that lte mutations correspond to lesions in nkcc1. Each allele has a point mutation that disrupts splicing, leading to frame shifts in the coding region that predict the generation of truncated products. Endolymph collapse in the lte/nkcc1 mutant shows distinct parallels to that seen in mouse Nkcc1 mutants, validating zebrafish as a model for the study of endolymph disorders. The collapse in ear volume can be ameliorated in the to27d allele of lte by injection of a morpholino that blocks splicing at an ectopic site introduced by the mutation. This exemplifies the use of morpholinos as potential therapeutic agents for genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abbas
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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25
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Vega AI, Pérez-Cerdá C, Desviat LR, Matthijs G, Ugarte M, Pérez B. Functional analysis of three splicing mutations identified in the PMM2 gene: toward a new therapy for congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:795-803. [PMID: 19235233 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of diseases caused by genetic defects affecting N-glycosylation. The most prevalent form of CDG-type Ia-is caused by defects in the PMM2 gene. This work reports the study of two new nucleotide changes (c.256-1G>C and c.640-9T>G) identified in the PMM2 gene in CDG1a patients, and of a previously described deep intronic nucleotide change in intron 7 (c.640-15479C>T). Cell-based splicing assays strongly suggest that all these are disease-causing splicing mutations. The c.256-1G>C mutation was found to cause the skipping of exons 3 and 4 in fibroblast cell lines and in a minigene expression system. The c.640-9T>G mutation was found responsible for the activation of a cryptic intronic splice-site in fibroblast cell lines and in a hybrid minigene when cotransfected with certain serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins. Finally, the deep intronic change c.640-15479C>T was found to be responsible for the activation of a pseudoexon sequence in intron 7. The use of morpholino oligonucleotides allowed the production of correctly spliced mRNA that was efficiently translated into functional and immunoreactive PMM protein. The present results suggest a novel mutation-specific approach for the treatment of this genetic disease (for which no effective treatment is yet available), and open up therapeutic possibilities for several genetic disorders in which deep intronic changes are seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Vega
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Davis RL, Homer VM, George PM, Brennan SO. A deep intronic mutation in FGB creates a consensus exonic splicing enhancer motif that results in afibrinogenemia caused by aberrant mRNA splicing, which can be corrected in vitro with antisense oligonucleotide treatment. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:221-7. [PMID: 18853456 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a novel homozygous point mutation (FGB c.115-600A>G) located deep within intron 1 of the fibrinogen beta gene (FGB), as a likely cause of afibrinogenemia. While this was the only mutation detected, its pathological mechanism was unclear. Here we show the mutation causes the inclusion of a 50-bp cryptic exon by creating a consensus heptad motif recognized by the spliceosome recruiting protein pre-mRNA splicing factor (SF2)/arginine/serine-rich alternative splicing factor (ASF) splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor (SF2/ASF). Translation of the aberrant mRNA would result in truncation of the Bbeta chain, preventing fibrinogen synthesis. Selective introduction of a second mutation into the enhancer motif abolished the SF2/ASF binding motif and re-established normal pre-mRNA splicing. Subsequent introduction of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) into transfected cells containing the mutant construct blocked the protein-RNA interaction and successfully restored normal splicing ( approximately 50% at 2 microM and approximately 90% at 10 microM). The molecular characterization of this case has revealed a unique disease mechanism, shown the importance of screening for deep intronic mutations, and provided evidence that antisense gene therapy is potentially practical for the treatment of diseases caused by this class of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Davis
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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27
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Abstract
Patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease have severe, recurrent life-threatening infections with otherwise poorly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae. The extreme susceptibility is the result of genetic defects in the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma (IL-12/IFN-gamma) pathway. The infections are difficult to treat, and therapeutic options are limited. We explored the feasibility of antisense-mediated exon skipping as therapy for Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease with cells from a complete IL-12Rbeta1(-/-) patient. Expression constructs were first studied to determine whether IL12RB1 lacking exon 2 encodes a functional protein. The IL-12Rbeta1 expression construct lacking exon 2 was expressed on T cells. On IL-12 or IL-23 stimulation, this construct phosphorylated similar amounts of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT4 and induced similar amounts of IFN-gamma compared with a normal IL-12Rbeta1 construct. Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) directed at exon 2 resulted in transcripts lacking exon 2 in both controls' and patients' T cells. In IL-12Rbeta1(-/-) cells, skipping of exon 2 led to expression of IL-12Rbeta1 on the cell surface and responsiveness to IL-12. We showed that IL12RB1 lacking exon 2 encodes a functional IL-12Rbeta1. We demonstrated that T cells can be highly efficiently transduced with AONs and are amenable to antisense-mediated exon skipping. Furthermore, we showed that exon skipping (partly) corrects the IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency in patients' cells.
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28
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Meregalli M, Farini A, Torrente Y. Combining stem cells and exon skipping strategy to treat muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1051-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.8.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Moulton HM, Moulton JD. Antisense Morpholino Oligomers and Their Peptide Conjugates. THERAPEUTIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558275-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong M. Moulton
- AVI BioPharma Inc. 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis OR 97333 USA
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30
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Dynamics of co-transcriptional pre-mRNA folding influences the induction of dystrophin exon skipping by antisense oligonucleotides. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1844. [PMID: 18365002 PMCID: PMC2267000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) mediated exon skipping offers potential therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, the identification of effective AON target sites remains unsatisfactory for lack of a precise method to predict their binding accessibility. This study demonstrates the importance of co-transcriptional pre-mRNA folding in determining the accessibility of AON target sites for AON induction of selective exon skipping in DMD. Because transcription and splicing occur in tandem, AONs must bind to their target sites before splicing factors. Furthermore, co-transcriptional pre-mRNA folding forms transient secondary structures, which redistributes accessible binding sites. In our analysis, to approximate transcription elongation, a “window of analysis” that included the entire targeted exon was shifted one nucleotide at a time along the pre-mRNA. Possible co-transcriptional secondary structures were predicted using the sequence in each step of transcriptional analysis. A nucleotide was considered “engaged” if it formed a complementary base pairing in all predicted secondary structures of a particular step. Correlation of frequency and localisation of engaged nucleotides in AON target sites accounted for the performance (efficacy and efficiency) of 94% of 176 previously reported AONs. Four novel insights are inferred: (1) the lowest frequencies of engaged nucleotides are associated with the most efficient AONs; (2) engaged nucleotides at 3′ or 5′ ends of the target site attenuate AON performance more than at other sites; (3) the performance of longer AONs is less attenuated by engaged nucleotides at 3′ or 5′ ends of the target site compared to shorter AONs; (4) engaged nucleotides at 3′ end of a short target site attenuates AON efficiency more than at 5′ end.
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Rincón A, Aguado C, Desviat LR, Sánchez-Alcudia R, Ugarte M, Pérez B. Propionic and methylmalonic acidemia: antisense therapeutics for intronic variations causing aberrantly spliced messenger RNA. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:1262-70. [PMID: 17966092 PMCID: PMC2276355 DOI: 10.1086/522376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) to restore normal splicing caused by intronic molecular defects identified in methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia (PA). The three new point mutations described in deep intronic regions increase the splicing scores of pseudoexons or generate consensus binding motifs for splicing factors, such as SRp40, which favor the intronic inclusions in MUT (r.1957ins76), PCCA (r.1284ins84), or PCCB (r.654ins72) messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Experimental confirmation that these changes are pathogenic and cause the activation of the pseudoexons was obtained by use of minigenes. AMOs were targeted to the 5? or 3? cryptic splice sites to block access of the splicing machinery to the pseudoexonic regions in the pre-mRNA. Using this antisense therapeutics, we have obtained correctly spliced mRNA that was effectively translated, and propionyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (PCC) or methylmalonylCoA mutase (MCM) activities were rescued in patients' fibroblasts. The effect of AMOs was sequence and dose dependent. In the affected patient with MUT mutation, close to 100% of MCM activity, measured by incorporation of (14)C-propionate, was obtained after 48 h, and correctly spliced MUT mRNA was still detected 15 d after treatment. In the PCCA-mutated and PCCB-mutated cell lines, 100% of PCC activity was measured after 72 h of AMO delivery, and the presence of biotinylated PCCA protein was detected by western blot in treated PCCA-deficient cells. Our results demonstrate that the aberrant inclusions of the intronic sequences are disease-causing mutations in these patients. These findings provide a new therapeutic strategy in these genetic disorders, potentially applicable to a large number of cases with deep intronic changes that, at the moment, remain undetected by standard mutation-detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rincón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitad Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Buratti E, Baralle M, Baralle FE. Defective splicing, disease and therapy: searching for master checkpoints in exon definition. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:3494-510. [PMID: 16855287 PMCID: PMC1524908 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of aberrant splicing processes causing human disease is growing exponentially and many recent studies have uncovered some aspects of the unexpectedly complex network of interactions involved in these dysfunctions. As a consequence, our knowledge of the various cis- and trans-acting factors playing a role on both normal and aberrant splicing pathways has been enhanced greatly. However, the resulting information explosion has also uncovered the fact that many splicing systems are not easy to model. In fact we are still unable, with certainty, to predict the outcome of a given genomic variation. Nonetheless, in the midst of all this complexity some hard won lessons have been learned and in this survey we will focus on the importance of the wide sequence context when trying to understand why apparently similar mutations can give rise to different effects. The examples discussed in this summary will highlight the fine 'balance of power' that is often present between all the various regulatory elements that define exon boundaries. In the final part, we shall then discuss possible therapeutic targets and strategies to rescue genetic defects of complex splicing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 9934012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Baralle
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 9934012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francisco E. Baralle
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 9934012 Trieste, Italy
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Mayeur H, Roche O, Vêtu C, Jaliffa C, Marchant D, Dollfus H, Bonneau D, Munier FL, Schorderet DF, Levin AV, Héon E, Sutherland J, Lacombe D, Said E, Mezer E, Kaplan J, Dufier JL, Marsac C, Menasche M, Abitbol M. Eight previously unidentified mutations found in the OA1 ocular albinism gene. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:41. [PMID: 16646960 PMCID: PMC1468396 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is an X-linked ocular disorder characterized by a severe reduction in visual acuity, nystagmus, hypopigmentation of the retinal pigmented epithelium, foveal hypoplasia, macromelanosomes in pigmented skin and eye cells, and misrouting of the optical tracts. This disease is primarily caused by mutations in the OA1 gene. Methods The ophthalmologic phenotype of the patients and their family members was characterized. We screened for mutations in the OA1 gene by direct sequencing of the nine PCR-amplified exons, and for genomic deletions by PCR-amplification of large DNA fragments. Results We sequenced the nine exons of the OA1 gene in 72 individuals and found ten different mutations in seven unrelated families and three sporadic cases. The ten mutations include an amino acid substitution and a premature stop codon previously reported by our team, and eight previously unidentified mutations: three amino acid substitutions, a duplication, a deletion, an insertion and two splice-site mutations. The use of a novel Taq polymerase enabled us to amplify large genomic fragments covering the OA1 gene. and to detect very likely six distinct large deletions. Furthermore, we were able to confirm that there was no deletion in twenty one patients where no mutation had been found. Conclusion The identified mutations affect highly conserved amino acids, cause frameshifts or alternative splicing, thus affecting folding of the OA1 G protein coupled receptor, interactions of OA1 with its G protein and/or binding with its ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mayeur
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Olivier Roche
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Vêtu
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Carolina Jaliffa
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Dominique Marchant
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Alex V Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Joanne Sutherland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edith Said
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, St. Luke's Hospital, Gwardamangia, Malta
| | - Eedy Mezer
- Alberto Moscona Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- Service de Génétique Médicale du CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Unité INSERM 393, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dufier
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Marsac
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Maurice Menasche
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
| | - Marc Abitbol
- EA no 2502 du ministère de la Recherche, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Technologie, CEntre de Recherches Thérapeutiques en Ophtalmologie, (CERTO), Université René Descartes-Paris V, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes-Site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris cedex, France
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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