The role of solar energy and eco-innovation in reducing environmental degradation in China: Evidence from QARDL approach

Enhanced grid integration through advanced predictive control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator - Superconducting magnetic energy storage wind energy system

In this study, the use of an Unscented Kalman Filter as an indicator in predictive current control (PCC) for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) that employs a permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) and a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system connected to the main power grid is presented. The suggested UKF indication in the hybrid WECS-SMES arrangement is in charge of estimating vital metrics such as stator currents, electromagnetic torque, rotor angle, and rotor angular speed. To optimize control strategies, PCCs use these projected properties rather than direct observations. To control the unpredictable wind energy's nature, SMES must be regulated to minimize fluctuations in the DC-link voltage and power output to the main grid. Fractional order-PI (FOPI) controllers are used in a novel control structure for the SMES system to regulate the output power and DC-link voltage. An artificial bee colony optimization approach is employed to optimize the FOPI controllers. Three commonly utilized indicators, including sliding-mode, EKF, and Luenberger, were evaluated using "MATLAB" to evaluate the performance of the UKF estimate. Assessment criteria such as mean absolute percentage error and root mean squared error were used to gauge the accuracy of the estimates. Simulation findings showed the efficiency of fractional order-PI controllers for SMES and the proposed UKF indication for predictive current control, especially in the presence of measurement noise and over a variety of wind speeds. An improvement in estimation accuracy of up to 99.9 % was demonstrated by the UKF indicator. Moreover, the stability of the suggested UKF-based PCC control for the hybrid WECS-SMES combination was confirmed using Lyapunov stability criteria."

From black to green: Quantifying the impact of economic growth, resource management, and green technologies on CO2 emissions

In an exploration of environmental concerns, this groundbreaking research delves into the relationship between GDP per capita, coal rents, forest rents, mineral rents, oil rents, natural gas rents, fossil fuels, renewables, environmental tax and environment-related technologies on CO2 emissions in 30 highly emitting countries from 1995 to 2021 using instrumental-variables regression Two-Stage least squares (IV-2SLS) regression and two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions across all quantiles, showcasing an EKC with diminishing marginal effects. Coal rents exhibit a statistically significant negative relationship with emissions, particularly in higher quantiles, and mineral rents show a negative association with CO2 emissions in lower and middle quantiles, reinforcing the idea of resource management in emissions reduction. Fossil fuels exert a considerable adverse impact on emissions, with a rising effect in progressive quantiles. Conversely, renewable energy significantly curtails CO2 emissions, with higher impacts in lower quantiles. Environmental tax also mitigates CO2 emissions. Environment-related technologies play a pivotal role in emission reduction, particularly in lower and middle quantiles, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, highlighting the importance of tailoring interventions to different emission levels and leveraging diverse strategies for sustainable development.

The impact of green innovation and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in G7 nations

This study aims to explore the effect of eco-innovation and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) for G7 countries. Using regression models, the results reveal that eco-innovation and renewable energy lead to reducing CDE in the presence of governance variables. Additional analysis is conducted to examine whether Hofstede national culture dimensions moderate the nexus of "eco-innovation- carbon emission" and "renewable energy-carbon emission". The results show that individualism, long-term orientation, and indulgence dimensions moderate positively the eco-innovation-carbon emission relationship. Moreover, power distance and uncertainty avoidance dimensions moderate the relationship between renewable energy and CDE and help reduce carbon emissions. The outcomes of this study provide new insights and directives for policymakers and regulators. In fact, increased investment in eco-innovation and renewable energy will support the environmental agenda of G7 countries. National cultural dimensions should be taken into consideration to improve awareness of environmental quality. Moreover, the combination of governance indicators plays a key role in environmental sustainability.

Does financial inclusion and information communication technology affect environmental degradation in oil-producing countries?

Advances in financial inclusions have contributed to economic growth and poverty alleviation, addressing environmental implications and implementing measures to mitigate climate change. Financial inclusions force advanced countries to progress their policies in a manner that does not hinder developing countries' current and future development. Consequently, this research examined the asymmetric effects of information and communication technology (ICT), financial inclusion, consumption of primary energy, employment to population ratio, and human development index on CO2 emissions in oil-producing countries (UAE, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Iraq, USA, and Canada). The study utilizes annual panel data spanning from 1990 to 2021. In addition, this study investigates the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) trend on the entire sample, taking into account the effects of energy consumption and population to investigate the impact of financial inclusion on environmental degradation. The study used quantile regression, FMOLS, and FE-OLS techniques. Preliminary outcomes revealed that the data did not follow a normal distribution, emphasizing the need to use quantile regression (QR). This technique can effectively detect outliers, data non-normality, and structural changes. The outcomes from the quantile regression analysis indicate that ICT consistently reduces CO2 emissions in all quantiles (ranging from the 1st to the 9th quantile). In the same way, financial inclusion, and employment to population ratio constrains CO2 emissions across each quantile. On the other side, primary energy consumption and Human development index were found to increase CO2 emissions in each quantile (1st to 9th). The findings of this research have implications for both the academic and policy domains. By unraveling the intricate interplay between financial inclusion, ICT, and environmental degradation in oil-producing nations, the study contributes to a nuanced understanding of sustainable development challenges. Ultimately, the research aims to guide the formulation of targeted policies that leverage financial inclusion and technology to foster environmentally responsible economic growth in oil-dependent economies.

Dynamic impact of demographic features, FDI, and technological innovations on ecological footprint: evidence from European emerging economies

Climate change effect mitigation is a critical priority for top leaders and communities around the globe. Human-induced environmental issues are affecting humankind's standard of living and development potential and the planetary boundaries. Sustainability objectives aim to enhance environmental quality and ensure sustainable development for all by eliminating social inequalities. This study examines the complex relationships between demographic features, foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and ecological footprint, emphasizing the relevance of population aging, population density, and urbanization in this context. The research uses a selection of emerging European economies during 1995-2018. The reasons for countries' selection are related to the increasing rate of population aging in European countries, the attractiveness for foreign direct investment, the economic growth, and the technological advancement potential these emerging countries possess. In order to investigate the long-run relationship between the selected variables, the study tests the cross-section dependence, homogeneity, and cointegration and uses Konya tests to determine panel causality. Based on Konya methodology, differences between countries in the panel are evidenced and discussed accordingly. Our findings confirm the long-run relationship between environment, technological innovation, population aging, and FDI. The results of this research are highly relevant for policymakers in selected countries for identifying the set of correlations and the relevance of various variables in such national economies. Demographic features such as population aging and population density are critical for Europe, and the results show the impact on the ecological footprint.

Supply chain optimization for environmental sustainability and economic growth

As the globe strives to solve severe environmental challenges, the concept of a low-carbon economy that prioritizes low energy use, little pollution, and sustainable development is gaining support. The supply chain management industry is not safe from the possibilities and threats posed by this new development. In light of the emerging norm, it is imperative that all supply chain links be economically and ecologically sustainable. For conventional businesses, ensuring environmental advantages and practicing the issue of equitably dividing supply network node profits is exacerbated by green supply chain management. This paper was prompted by the increasing need for information on green supply chain management (GSCM). GSCM is based on the idea of incorporating ecological considerations into traditional SCM practices. Therefore, GSCM is vital in shaping the cumulative environmental effect of businesses engaged in supply chain operations. To assess environmental sustainability requirements, we provide a best-worst method (BWM), a subset of China-based sectors in order to fill this void. The BWM was used to evaluate and quantify the impact of a variety of industrial operations and criteria on environmental quality. To make sure this approach is effective and reliable, we polled 34 experts for their input on which indications from our preliminary literature analysis would be most useful. This study's findings, supported by a sensitivity analysis, indicated stated "waste management" was the single most important indication for China-area businesses to achieve environmental sustainability. The results of this study provide industry managers, decision-makers, and practitioners with the information they need to choose areas of focus during the implementation phase that will have the most impact on promoting social sustainability in their organizational supply chain and moving toward sustainable growth.

Does the depth of the Financial Markets matter for establishing Green Growth? Assessing Financial sector's potency in decoupling Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution

China's 2060 carbon neutrality agenda requires implementation of policies that can decouple its economic growth from environmental pollution. Consequently, establishing green growth in the Chinese economy is of utmost significance. Against this milieu, this study questions whether the depth of Chinese financial markets matters for establishing green growth in China. Besides, the green growth effects of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and urbanization are also examined. Accordingly, quarterly frequency data from 1990Q1 to 2020Q4 are utilized to perform econometric tests that accommodate structural break concerns in data. Overall, the findings reveal that the depth of the Chinese financial markets facilitates the prospects of greening the Chinese economy. Notably, deepening of financial markets is seen to initially inhibit green growth while stimulating it later on; thus, the financial markets' depth-green growth nexus is evidenced to depict a U-shape. On the other hand, green growth in China is also found to be catalyzed by the renewable transformation of the Chinese energy sector and through technological innovation in the long-run. Conversely, urbanization is witnessed to inflict anti-green growth impacts. Furthermore, the causality analysis verifies bi-directional causal associations between renewable energy use and green growth while unidirectional causalities running from financial markets' deepening, technological innovation, and urbanization to green growth are also discovered. Therefore, it is recommended that China should try to persistently develop its stock and debt markets so that clean investment can be boosted to decouple economic growth and environmental pollution. Besides, it is also important to undergo renewable energy transition, develop clean technologies, and design low-energy urbanization strategies.

Differential benefit of coal and natural gas efficiency in Denmark: How clean is the environmental-related innovation?

Inspired by Denmark's ambitious renewable energy initiatives and its commitment to achieving a substantial 70 percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, this study delves deeper into examining the roles of energy source efficiency, renewable energy utilization, and environment-related technologies spanning the years from 1990 to 2021. A comprehensive array of wavelet tools, including wavelet coherence, wavelet-based ordinary least squares (WBOLS), Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), Granger causality, and wavelet correlation, was employed to dissect these dynamics. The primary findings underscore the potential for enhancing environmental sustainability through these key indicators. For instance, employing the WBOLS method reveals that a percent increase in renewable energy consumption translates into an approximate reduction of ∼0.02%, ∼0.03%, and ∼0.54% in GHG emissions in the short-, medium-, and long-term, respectively. Similarly, improvements in energy efficiency yield remarkable outcomes. A one percent increase in the efficiency of natural gas utilization leads to GHG emission reductions of ∼0.44%, ∼0.19%, and ∼0.83% in the short-, medium-, and long-term, respectively. Moreover, a 1 percent enhancement in coal energy efficiency results in GHG emission reductions of ∼0.23%, ∼0.19%, and ∼0.91% in the short-, medium-, and long-term, respectively. Furthermore, the study indicates that a surge of 1% in innovation through environment-related technologies corresponds to GHG emission reductions of ∼0.56%, ∼0.10%, and ∼0.02% in the short-, medium-, and long-term, respectively. The results are notably substantiated by the CWT Granger causality approach. Considering the somewhat modest impact of innovation on GHG emissions, especially in the long-term, the study recommends a deliberate emphasis on the design and formulation of environmentally-related innovations that prioritize attributes such as reliability, durability, and adaptability.

The effect of social media environmental information exposure on the intention to participate in pro-environmental behavior

With the threat of global warming, countries worldwide have enhanced their environmental campaigns on social media to increase users' willingness to take pro-environmental actions. In this study, we examined the direct and indirect effects of exposure to environmental information on Chinese young adults' (18-25 years old) intention to participate in environmental protection actions (e.g., recycling, using public transportation, involvement in an environmental group, and participation in eco-friendly events). Data were collected from a sample of 291 Chinese young adults using a web-based survey and a thoroughly designed questionnaire. The accumulated data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Hierarchical regression and mediation analysis were performed for testing hypotheses. The results indicated that exposure to environmental information on Chinese social media platforms (WeChat and Xiaohongshu) positively affected individuals' intention to participate in pro-environmental behavior, perceived pro-environmental behavior control, pro-environmental attitude, and fear of victimization. The indirect effect demonstrated that pro-environmental behavior control and attitude mediated the relationship between exposure to environmental information on both WeChat and Xiaohongshu and the intention to participate in pro-environmental behavior. Extending the existing literature, this study provides empirical evidence on the influence of environmental information exposure on the intention to participate in environmental protection among Chinese adults. In addition, it provides valuable insights into the mediating mechanisms involving cognitive, psychological, and emotional factors in this relationship. Policy makers should implement effective pro-environmental promotions on social media to inspire individuals to engage in environmentally friendly actions. In addition, social media managers should strictly authenticate and remove misleading environmental content.

The impact of CSR and green consumption on consumer satisfaction and loyalty: moderating role of ethical beliefs

The present study introduces an innovative conceptual framework for analyzing the influence of corporate social responsibility and green consumption on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The study employed a quantitative methodology, wherein data was gathered through face-to-face surveys from a sample of 329 participants in Pakistan during the period from November 2022 to February 2023. The collected data was subsequently subjected to analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrate that corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a significant and positive impact on consumer satisfaction, which subsequently serves as a significant predictor of loyalty. The research findings indicate a significant correlation between consumers' ethical beliefs, specifically idealism and relativism, and their engagement in green consumption. Furthermore, it is observed that green consumption positively influences consumer satisfaction. Additionally, the research revealed that the variables of idealism and relativism do not exert a moderating influence on the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and consumer satisfaction. The results underscore the significance of managers directing their attention towards cultivating more robust customer relationships through the prioritization of satisfaction within their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This study aimed to assess a theoretical framework that delineates the fundamental connections between corporate social responsibility (CSR), green consumption, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. While prior research has predominantly concentrated on corporate viewpoints and employee attitudes towards CSR, this research sought to fill the gap by examining the aforementioned relationships from a consumer perspective.

Technology innovations in supply chains: Unlocking Sustainability and SDG Advancement

The study on the "Technology Innovations in Supply Chains: Unlocking Sustainability and SDG Advancement," offers a thorough examination of the intricate connections between technological innovation, supply chain management, sustainability development, and the advancement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in various Chinese cities. The study explores how developments in artificial intelligence (A.I.), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data have changed supply chain practices and their consequent effects on environmental and sustainability results. It does this by utilizing a substantial dataset spanning a decade. The findings showed that different patterns of technological adoption and their impacts might be seen in the assessed cities. While it is clear that technology innovation is essential for improving supply chain effectiveness and encouraging sustainability, not all regions see the same advantages. Variations in supply chain complexity, city size, technology advancement, and environmental legislation are all blamed for these discrepancies. The report also offers detailed knowledge of the connection between the development of modern supply chains and the advancement of the SDGs. Even though many cities showed high relationships, others showed less alignment, pointing to the importance of additional economic, sociopolitical, and environmental factors. The report concludes by highlighting the potential of technology to advance sustainability and the SDGs while emphasizing the necessity for a deliberate and context-specific approach to technology integration. Additionally, it emphasizes how crucial supportive regulations are in maximizing the advantages. These findings significantly impact business executives, educators, and legislators who want to use technology to advance sustainability and the SDGs.

Exploring the impact of sustainable marketing on consumer behavior in the sports industry

The general consensus is that climate change poses a significant danger. Scientists and policymakers are increasingly acknowledging that consumer behavior plays a crucial role in this matter. Specifically, the choices people make regarding what they consume, how they consume it, and the quantities they consume have a direct impact on the environment. In this context, this study aims to examine the effects of sustainable marketing strategies and environmental consciousness on consumer behavior. The research collected data from 532 respondents by administering an online questionnaire. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using the SmartPLS 4 was used to test the hypotheses, and the findings revealed that sustainable marketing strategies positively influence consumer behavior and environmental consciousness levels of consumers. In addition, environmental consciousness positively mediated the relationship between sustainable marketing strategies and consumer behavior. The study also found that environmental knowledge moderates the relationship between sustainable marketing strategies and environmental consciousness. The theoretical implications of the research suggest that sustainable marketing strategies can be effective in shaping consumer behavior and promoting environmental consciousness. The managerial implications propose that manufacturing firms in the sports industry can benefit from implementing sustainable marketing strategies and promoting environmental consciousness among their consumers.

Macro tax incentives and corporate sustainable innovation: Evidence from Chinese Enterprises

Innovation has become the driving force behind China's economy's sustainable growth. Due to the efficient transmission of taxation leverage, preferential tax policies are frequently used to stimulate innovation. Therefore, the incentive effect of preferential tax policies on sustainable innovation has gradually become the focus of attention. This paper takes the 2016-2019 China A-share listed high-tech enterprises as a sample, calculates tax incentive intensity with the aid of B-index, and studies the incentive effect of preferential tax policies on the sustainability of corporate innovation. This study shows that: (1) Tax incentive intensity has a positive incentive effect on corporate sustainable innovation. (2) The R&D expenses plus deduction policy and the preferential tax rate policy can significantly enhance corporate sustainable innovation, but there is a substitution effect between them. (3) Based on the heterogeneity of institutional environment and enterprise characteristics, the incentive effect of tax preferential policies is more obvious in enterprises which are non-state-owned and in areas with low government intervention and sound legal system. However, the incentive effect of different types of preferential policies differs in the size of the enterprise. This study will provide reference for the improvement of preferential tax policy system and the optimization of innovation policy environment.

Unveiling the liaison between financial development dimensions, energy efficiency and ecological footprint in the context of institutional frameworks: evidence from the Emerging-7 economies

Financial development and energy efficiency can facilitate the transition towards a more environmentally sustainable and responsible economy. Simultaneously, the importance of institutional effectiveness cannot undermine the need to manage financial and energy consumption activities. To this end, the primary objective of this study is to examine the effects of financial development and energy efficiency on the ecological footprint of the Emerging-7 economies from 2000 to 2019. The study specifically focuses on the influence of these factors within the context of robust institutional mechanisms. We employ the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model as the analytical framework to accomplish this. This study takes into consideration three aspects of financial development, which are: (i) the depth of financial development, (ii) the stability of financial development, and (iii) the efficiency of financial development. In addition, this study has developed an institutional index using principal component analysis. The index comprises several crucial indicators: Control of Corruption, Government Effectiveness, Political Stability, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Voice and Accountability. The study raises the importance of energy efficiency in terms of energy intensity on ecological footprint. The study's findings suggest that without robust institutional mechanisms, the potential of financial development depth, stability, and efficiency to improve ecological well-being may not be fully realized. However, the study concludes that these institutional mechanisms positively impact mitigating the ecological footprint.

The role of eco-innovation, renewable energy consumption, economic risks, globalization, and economic growth in achieving sustainable environment in emerging market economies

In the last two decades, environmental degradation has been a topic of concern. The rising level of CO2 emissions (CO2E) has adversely affected life in the E7 countries, which comprise of Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey. The increased in CO2E is the cause of rising sea levels in the E7 countries. Visibly, E7 nations which are considered as the largest emitters of CO2 are facing the most severe environmental challenges. This study investigates the impact of eco-innovation, economic growth (EG), renewable energy consumption (REC), economic risk (ERI), and globalization on the CO2E, using the Feasible Generalized Lease Squares (FGLS) and Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) techniques for the period 1995 to 2018. The results indicate an inverted N-shaped relationship between eco-innovation and CO2E. Also, eco-innovation, REC, and economic risk are observed to be significant factors in abating CO2 emissions. On the contrary, globalization and GDP are responsible for rising CO2E in E7 countries. According to empirical estimates, eco-innovation improves the efficiency of carbon emissions, which lowers CO2E. In addition, because they are immune to changes in the price of oil and gas and disruptions brought about by geopolitical events, renewable energy sources can offer countries a more secure energy source than fossil fuels. Alternative energy sources can reasonably cut CO2E while offering a more reliable and secure energy source. Therefore, it is crucial that policies be put in place to cut CO2E by giving priority to environmental innovative policies.

Assessing and validating tourism business model in hospitality industry: role of blockchain platform

The research aims to investigate the potential of blockchain technology to address the challenges facing traditional tourism businesses in the hospitality industry. By assessing and validating tourism business models, the research explores how blockchain can enhance transparency, efficiency, and cost reduction. This research utilizes the ARDL technique to examine the role of blockchain in the tourism in reducing environmental deterioration in China for the period of 2010-2020. The empirical analysis was used in this study. The study presents findings that support the effectiveness of blockchain in validating tourism business models. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of their research for the hospitality industry and suggest future research directions.

Investigation of the relationship between renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption with economic growth in Turkey: evidence from augmented ARDL approach

Energy is an indispensable requirement for the sustainable development of countries. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the policies it has implemented recently. This study investigates the effect of disaggregate energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey via the Augmented ARDL. Robust results are obtained by Augmented ARDL in econometric analysis. In this context, it is to examine the impact of renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption. Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. The paper employs the recently developed augmented ARDL approach in the presence of one structural break to investigate annual time series data during the period 1988-2018. The results obtained in this study showed that all variables were statistically significant eventually. Long-term estimation results suggest that among the energy sources examined in the study, on economic growth has a positive effect coal consumption, natural gas consumption, and renewable energy. Moreover, empirical results indicated that economic growth and energy consumption also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural gas both increases economic growth and is effective in increasing environmental quality. The fact that the positive effect of renewable energy sources on economic growth eventually is greater than natural gas is the most striking finding of the study. In line with these results, it can be said that Turkey can reduce its energy dependence by increasing the use of domestic and renewable energy sources and providing sustainable economic growth.

Unleashing the dynamic and nonlinear relationship among new-type urbanization, foreign direct investment, and inclusive green growth in China: an environmental sustainability perspective

As an important way for China to integrate into the international circulation, foreign direct investment (FDI) can not only increase China's capital accumulation but also directly affect inclusive green growth by promoting the diffusion and transfer of green technologies and activating the domestic market. Based on China's provincial panel data from 2007 to 2019, this paper discusses the following issues: first, Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) productivity index is used to measure and analyze the current situation of inclusive green growth in 30 provinces of China; second, we set a fixed effect panel model to test the relationship between FDI and inclusive green growth in China. Third, based on PVAR (panel vector autoregressive) model, the dynamic impacts of FDI and new urbanization on inclusive green growth are tested. Finally, a regression model with the new urbanization level as the threshold variable is constructed to test the threshold effect of FDI on China's green inclusive growth. Accordingly, each region needs to formulate FDI introduction policies according to the local new urbanization level, so as to give full play to the positive role of FDI in inclusive green growth.

Capital stock, energy, and innovation-related aspects as drivers of environmental quality in high-tech investing economies

By looking at the technological advancement and climate change mitigation plan of the advanced economies, the current study examines the role of sustainable development aspects such as innovations, high technology export, labor productivity, capital stock, research and development (R&D), information and communication technology (ICT), capital stock, and energy use in mitigating environmental degradation for the selected panel of countries with the most investment in technology (China, Denmark, Finland, France, Israel, Korea, Hong Kong, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States) over the period 2000-2018. Foremost, the pooled ordinary least square (POLS) and random-effects (RE) generalized least squares (GLS) approaches provided additional interesting inferences. As such, the POLS result revealed that only capital stock in the panel countries shows a desirable environmental effect. At the same time, labor productivity, innovation, R&D, ICT, and energy further hamper ecological quality in the examined panel countries. Similarly, the GLS result largely affirms the POLS results, with only the capital stock among the explanatory variables showing evidence of emission mitigation effect in the panel. Additionally, the panel Granger causality result illustrates evidence of unidirectional causality only innovation, ICT, and capital stock to environmental degradation.

The influence of economic and non-economic determinants on the sustainable energy consumption: evidence from Vietnam economy

Maintaining ecological quality of energy use without compromising on economic growth has become the key research agenda of existing literature. Emerging economies are particularly facing this dual problem where they need to look in to the factors which impact sustainable energy consumption. The article, thus, aims to examine impact of economic and non-economic determinants on sustainable energy consumption in Vietnamese context. Factors such as industrialization, population growth, inflation, and employment rate are being considered as economic indicators and eco-innovation and political instability are being used as non-economic indicators. The study has taken secondary data from secondary sources such as Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the global economy, and World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1986 to 2020. The study has applied the Bayesian auto-regressive distributed lags (BARDL) model and the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) technique to check the association among variables. The results revealed that industrialization, population growth, inflation, employment rate, and eco-innovation have a positive linkage with SEC in Vietnam. The results also indicated that political instability has a negative association with SEC in Vietnam. In the light of results, it is obvious that government fiscal and monetary policies must be favorable to inflation so that sustainable energy can be introduced and started to consume. The study also conveys that the policymakers must take care of employment rate growth, for it can encourage sustaining energy consumption.

Does environmental responsible effect human resources management practice on firm effectiveness and green technology innovation?

The research uses human resources management ability and practice, opportunity and motivation (AMO) concept and CSR, environmental responsibility and corporate social. How (ER-HRM) environmental responsible human resources management practices affect energy intensive manufacturing. Organizational effectiveness and green technology innovation and firms have several objectives, including competitiveness, long-term survival, and high profit. To test the hypotheses in this research model, a self-completed questionnaire was collected from 220 managers of energy-intensive manufacturing for analysis. The ability ER-HRM practice has the highest influence on green technology innovation and organizational effectiveness. It is worth noting firm effectiveness relationship between ER-HRM practice and green technology innovation. The finding indicates a strong straight positive impact of the motivation, environmental ability, and opportunity ER-HRM practice on green technology innovation and organizational effectiveness. Research also proves that green technology innovation plays a partial mediation link (ER-HRM) with organizational effectiveness. Our research supports the further development of ER-HRM for understanding the drivers of green technology innovation and organizational effectiveness. This research is expected to identify the influence of ER-HRM in energy-intensive manufacturing to achieve innovation and performance through reducing emissions. We recommend to the manager to give due attention.

The impact of clean energy development on economic growth in China: from the perspectives of environmental regulation

Given the finite nature of fossil energy and rising environmental pressures, countries are increasing focus on clean energy. By employing provincial panel data from 2003 to 2019 in China, this study sheds light on the effect of clean energy development on economic growth and the role of environmental regulation in the relationship. The study utilized moderating and threshold effect models for empirical estimation. Results show that clean energy development has a positive impact on economic growth in general. In terms of region heterogeneity, the contribution of clean energy development to economic growth is more pronounced in regions with higher levels of economic development. Furthermore, we provide evidence that market-based environmental regulation has a single threshold, which has a positive regulating effect on the relationship between clean energy development and economic growth, while administrative environmental regulation has a double threshold, which has a negative regulating effect on the relationship between the two. The findings of our study provide useful policy directions for maintaining a balance between economic growth and environmental prosperity.

Estimation of economic, environmental, and social efficiency for sustainable development in G-8 and SAARC countries: a data envelopment analysis

In the recent era, economic growth is not enough to represent sustainable development. Sustainable development has three dimensions (i.e., economic, social, and environment). This study estimated the economic, social, and environmental efficiency using data from 2000 to 2021. Input-oriented data envelopment analysis shows strong heterogeneity across developed (G-8) and developing countries (SAARC). There is a potential to increase economic and environmental efficiency in the G-8 and SAARC countries. The average economic efficiencies are 0.682 and 0.414, which implies the possibility of the same output (GDP/capita) by using 31.8% and 58.6% fewer inputs in G-8 and SAARC countries, respectively. The social efficiency score is more than 0.980 in both panels. The average environmental efficiencies are 0.712 and 0.724, which implies that selected countries can obtain the same output (CO₂ emission reduction) by using 28.8% and 27.6% fewer inputs in G-8 and SAARC countries, respectively. The top three economically efficient countries are (a) the USA, the UK, and Japan in the G-8 panel and (b) Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan in the SAARC panel. The top three environmentally efficient countries are (a) France, the UK, and Italy in the G-8 panel and (b) Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh in the SAARC panel. It is recommended to adopt suitable policies to reduce emission, minimize waste, efficient utilization of resources, increase forest cover, and incentive for clean technologies. It is suggested to promote renewable energy through the provision of micro-credit to the poor, subsidizing renewable energy technologies, implementation of stringent environmental policies, and increasing awareness. It is essential to invest in eco-friendly and innovative technologies; thus, the government should encourage green practices in production. Human development is recommended to increase the living standard and healthy life. The government should invest in the health system and conduct seminars on general health awareness. Investment in basic infrastructure (drinking water, sanitation, and clean fuel) is essential to increase the living standard. The G-8 countries should provide financial and technological help to the SAARC countries.

Exploring the role of coal consumption, solar, and wind power generation on ecological footprint: evidence from India using Fourier ADL cointegration test

The transition to renewable energy sources has been identified as crucial to combating climate change on a global scale. India's future energy vision is becoming increasingly focused on renewable markets, particularly solar and wind power, which would improve energy efficiency and allow the country to shift from a coal-based economy to a renewable-based economy by 2030. In this context, the present study intends to investigate the impact of India's considerable investments in solar and wind power plants on mitigating environmental degradation by reducing reliance on coal-fired power. To this end, this study adopts the Fourier Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ADL) cointegration test and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) to assess the relationship between coal consumption, solar power, wind power, and ecological footprint in India using data from 1995 to 2018. The empirical results show that solar and wind power are significant and negatively related to ecological footprint, indicating that they lessen the environmental degradation. However, coal consumption is significant and positively related to ecological footprint. The study findings confirm the constructive role of solar and wind power in mitigating environmental degradation that is caused by the domination of coal-fired power generation in India, and solar and wind power are cleaner alternatives to replace coal-fired power.

Is it an opportunity? COVID-19's effect on the green supply chains, and perceived service's quality (SERVQUAL): the moderate effect of big data analytics in the healthcare sector

This study examines the relationship between uncertainty-fear toward COVID-19, green supply chain management (GSCM), and perceived service quality based on the five dimensions service quality model (SERVQUAL). It also tests the moderating effect of big data analytics (BDA) capabilities. Based on a sample of 300 healthcare managers and customers, we used partial least squares structural equation modeling to analyze the data and test our hypotheses. The empirical results show that the uncertainty-fear toward COVID-19 positively affects GSCM. Also, BDA moderates the relationship between uncertainty-fear toward COVID-19 and GSCM. GSCM positively impacts service quality (empathy, responsiveness, and assurance) but not reliability or tangible items. In addition, GSCM significantly mediates the relationship between uncertainty-fear toward COVID-19 and services' empathy, responsiveness, and assurance. However, it has an insignificant mediation effect regarding reliability and tangible-item dimensions.

Interface between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, economic growth, and macroeconomic openness in financial action task force countries through the lens of a causality approach

There is strong scientific evidence to suggest that carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are one of the key drivers of global warming. Rising CO₂ emissions across the globe have been traced back to increasing global trade and rapid industrial development powered by fossil fuels. High CO₂ emissions have had an adverse effect on the quality of life and economic growth of communities across the globe. In this study, the Granger causality approach is used to examine scientifically some causal relationships between energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, economic growth, and key macroeconomic variables (trade openness and foreign direct investment) in the panel of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) countries. FATF countries are signatories to agreements to adhere to good financial practices to ensure sustainable development of their economies. The empirical analysis was conducted for the period 1980 to 2020. Results indicate a strong endogenous relationship between the variables in the short and long run. The analysis suggests that careful co-curation of economic, trade, energy, foreign direct investment, and environmental management policies is needed to ensure sustainable economic development in the FATF countries. Global trade and foreign direct investment policies must foster new environmental-friendly industries and greater use of clean renewable energy among these countries. Note: Arrows indicate direction of possible causal links between the variables.

Environmental quality and health expenditures efficiency in Türkiye: the role of natural resources

The environmental pollution caused by climate change and global warming pose significant risks to health. This raises the question how environmental disturbances can affect health expenditures. Based on this, this study examines the asymmetric effect of environmental quality on health expenditures in Türkiye using the non-linear ARDL (NARDL) model for the 1975-2019 period. In addition to environmental quality, natural resources, economic growth, and trade openness variables are also included in the health expenditure model. The findings support the existence of an asymmetric cointegration relationship between the series. The findings also indicate that positive environmental pollution shocks affect health expenditures positively in the long run, while negative environmental pollution shocks do not have a statistically significant effect on health expenditures. Positive and negative natural resource shocks affect health expenditures negatively in the long run. Despite the effect of positive economic growth shocks on health expenditures is positive but statistically insignificant, the effect of negative economic growth shocks is positive and significant. Besides, positive trade openness shocks have a negative effect on health expenditures and negative trade openness shocks have a positive effect. The findings prove that the steps to be taken to protect the environment in the current period will increase the effectiveness of health expenditures in the future. This situation has a guiding feature for policy-makers in terms of policy decisions.

Female CEO succession and corporate social disclosure in China: unveiling the significance of ownership status and firm performance

This study intends to examine the effect of CEO succession with gender change from male to female (i.e., female CEO succession) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. Based on insights from upper echelons theory, it is proposed that female CEO successors are more likely than male CEO successors to improve the firm's CSR reporting level due to variations in their traits, values, and preferences regarding green issues, especially CSR. The study also explores the influence of the firm's ownership status (i.e., SOEs vs. non-SOEs) and performance (high-performance firms vs. low-performance firms) on the relationship between female CEO succession and CSR reporting. Using data from Chinese publicly traded firms from 2010 to 2020, this study employs the logistic regression technique to examine the proposed relationship between female CEO succession and CSR reporting and presents robust evidence that female CEO succession has a positive effect on firm CSR reporting, and that this effect is more prevalent in non-SOEs and high-performance firms than in SOEs and low-performance firms, respectively. The study adds fresh insights to the extant literature on CSR and corporate leadership and offers useful policy recommendations for corporate decision-makers and policymakers while considering women's involvement in succession plans for top leadership positions like CEO to tackle the strategic management of CSR disclosure in China.

Does the US regional greenhouse gas initiative affect green innovation?

This study measures the impact of the implementation of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) on firms' green innovation initiatives. We used 20 years of panel data from the Fortune 500 list of the US largest companies. Based on DID, a benchmark regression, the RGGI has a significant adverse effect on the green innovation of Fortune 500 companies, and we verified these findings with multiple robustness tests. As we investigate how energy-intensive industries were affected by RGGI, we found that it slowed down green innovation, but it was not statistically significant. This study provides a novel perspective on how the RGGI influences green innovation in firms and how different types of sectors respond to the policy. The findings indicate that the "weak" Porter Hypothesis has not been confirmed in the present carbon trading market (particularly the RGGI) for Fortune 500 firms in the USA. In terms of policy, we believe that a well-covered and differentiated legislation that fosters green innovation while being realistic about the policy's goal and the firm's environmental attitude, like emissions reduction through green innovation, is essential.

The roles of energy, natural resources, agriculture and regional integration on CO2 emissions in selected countries of ASEAN: does political constraint matter?

This paper empirically examines the effects of energy, natural resources, agriculture, political constraint and regional integration on CO₂ emissions in four ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries of Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. We distinguish between renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption to see their individual impacts on CO₂ emissions. The study employed a panel data from 1990 to 2019 derived from sources such as World Development Indicators, which were then analysed using Common-Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimates. The findings show that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on CO₂ emissions while fossil fuel energy degrades the environment. The role of natural resources was found to be favourable for environmental quality with the impact of agriculture being found to be detrimental. For regional trade integration, its influence was not significant enough to offset CO₂ emission. Furthermore, we discovered that political constraint induces CO₂ emission. Based on the result, it is recommended that the selected ASEAN countries promote the use of renewable energy and clean technologies in their manufacturing processes, conserve natural resources, adopt eco-friendly political policies and intensify regional integration to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs.

Nexus between environmental vulnerability and agricultural productivity in BRICS: what are the roles of renewable energy, environmental policy stringency, and technology?

This study aims to examine the effect of carbon dioxide emission and air pollution on agricultural productivity while accounting for the effect of renewable energy use, ICT, technological innovation, environmental policy stringency, and democracy for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) during the period 1990-2019. Several econometric procedures including mean group estimates are employed. The result suggests that both carbon dioxide emission and air pollution negatively affect the productivity of the agricultural sector. The effects of renewable energy, ICT, technological innovation, and democracy are found to be increasing agricultural productivity. Environmental policy stringency coefficient confirms the porter hypothesis. The result from the causality test suggests that bidirectional causality exists between CO2, PM2.5, renewable energy, technological innovation, ICT, and agricultural productivity. Finally, the study provides several policy suggestions for the governments of the BRICS economies in order to increase agricultural productivity while tackling the environmental vulnerability.

Production-based disaggregated analysis of energy consumption and CO2 emission nexus: evidence from the USA by novel dynamic ARDL simulation approach

The study investigates the effects of energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by focusing on production sources. In this context, the study focuses on the USA as the leading economy, includes monthly data between January 1973 and April 2022, and performs dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) (DYNARDL) simulations. Besides, kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) and cointegrating regression approaches are applied for robustness checks. The results reveal that (i) there is cointegration between sub-components of the energy production and CO₂ emissions in the long run; (ii) fossil energy and nuclear energy production have an increasing effect on the CO₂ emissions in the both short and long run; (iii) renewable energy production has an increasing effect on the CO₂ emissions in the short run, but has a decreasing effect in the long run; (iv) negative (positive) shocks in the fossil energy production have a decreasing (increasing) effect on the CO₂ emissions, whereas negative (positive) shocks in the renewable energy production have an increasing (decreasing) effect on the CO₂ emissions in case of counterfactual shocks; (v) there is a casual-effect nexus between energy production sources and CO₂ emissions; and (vi) KRLS and cointegrating regression results validate the robustness of the DYNARDL simulation outcomes. Moreover, policy implications are discussed.

Role of energy consumption and sustainability-oriented eco-innovation on economic growth: evidence from Middle Eastern economy

Economic growth is a global requirement that requires extensive energy consumption, and this phenomenon needs researchers' attention and regulators' focus. Thereby, the paper scrutinizes the determinants of energy consumption such as fossil fuel energy consumption (FFEC), energy use, nuclear energy consumption (NEC), energy import, and renewable energy consumption (REC) and sustainability-oriented eco-innovation and their effectiveness on the economic growth of Saudi Arabia. The study extracted data from the World Bank from 1989 to 2020. Stationarity was examined using augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests, and the associations among constructs were analyzed through QARDL model. The findings revealed that FFEC, EU, NEC, EI, REC, and sustainability-oriented eco-innovation are significantly correlated with the EG of Saudi Arabia. The study also provides insights to new researchers who will investigate this area in the future and guides regulators in developing regulations related to economic growth using an appropriate level of energy and adoption of sustainability-oriented eco-innovation.

The impact of blockchain on optimal incentive contracts for online supply chain finance

In China, supply chain finance is still in infancy. However, it is the problems of information sharing, trust transfer, and risk management that have been making it difficult to meet the financing needs of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in supply chain. The emerging blockchain technology, with its unique decentralization, traceability, and other characteristics, has found a digital solution for traditional supply chain finance. Although blockchain has attracted widespread attention and there are more general descriptions of blockchain application areas, there are few researches on the impact mechanisms of blockchain in-depth. Especially in the field of supply chain finance, there is little research on optimal incentive contract in online supply chain finance empowered by blockchain technology. Therefore, this paper explores the influence of blockchain technology maturity on participants, and thus finds the optimal incentive contract in online supply chain empowered by blockchain technology. Because of the mastery of blockchain technology, platforms believe they are well protected against risk and may behave irrationally. Therefore, this paper considers the overconfident behavior of blockchain supply chain finance platform in actual operation, and then applies the principal-agent model and incentive theory to design the incentive mechanism between platforms, banks, and central banks. Finally, numerical analyses show that overconfident behavior and the maturity of blockchain technology have an impact on the optimal decision for the whole supply chain.

The effect of political stability, carbon dioxide emission and economic growth on income inequality: evidence from developing, high income and Belt Road initiative countries

The reduction of income inequality and environmental frailty are important factors which can help achieve sustainable development. In this context, it is important to investigate the nexus between income inequality and carbon dioxide emission by considering the role of political stability. This paper examines the effect of political stability, economic growth, financial development, and carbon dioxide on income inequality in developing countries, high-income countries, and the Belt Road initiative (BRI) countries from 2002 to 2019. By employing a two-step generalized method of moments and panel quantile regression, the findings show that carbon dioxide emission, financial development, and political stability rise income inequality while economic growth significantly reduces income inequality in developing countries. In the case of high-income countries, political stability and carbon dioxide negatively affect income inequality while financial development rise income inequality. In the case of BRI countries, political stability, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission significantly reduce income inequality. Our findings have considerable policy implications regarding reducing income inequality in the sample countries.

The impact of smart city pilots on corporate total factor productivity

The existing literature on smart city pilots mainly focuses on the city level and rarely addresses the firm level. This paper assesses the impact of smart city pilot policy (SCP) on firms' total factor productivity (TFP) and explores the impact of SCP under different heterogeneities as well as the mechanisms of action of the SCP. The LP approach is used in this paper to measure firms' TFP, and the impact of SCP is analyzed by the DID model with firms' panel data from 2009 to 2019 as research objects. First, it was found that the SCP can significantly increase the TFP of firms (0.041). Second, through heterogeneity analysis, we found that SCP can strengthen the monopoly position of monopolistic firms and state-owned enterprises. Moreover, the SCP can also alleviate the development imbalance of TFP between firms in coastal and non-coastal areas. In addition, SCP can significantly improve TFP of heavy polluting enterprises. Finally, we find that the important ways for SCP to improve firms' TFP is increasing investment in technological innovation, talent agglomeration, attracting financing, improving resource allocation efficiency, and digital transformation. The study provides unique insights for policy makers and business managers in China and other emerging countries to enhance TFP and achieve corporate sustainable development.

Sustainability reporting and corporate reputation of Malaysian IPO companies

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between sustainability reporting (SR) and corporate reputation (CR) in the context of initial public offering (IPO) companies in the developing market of Malaysia. This study utilises secondary data from 2007 to 2017 derived from the content analysis of the annual reports and Datastream of 139 sampled IPO companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. The study also employs ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The result shows that CR has a positive association with SR quantity and quality and its dimensions, i.e., society, environmental, employee, and product. This result suggests that IPO companies can use SR practices to improve their CR. Most companies give little attention to SR issues. More research should be conducted to examine the SR by IPO companies due to the significant role that SR plays in improving the CR of Malaysian IPO companies. The findings can be used by financial institutions and regulatory bodies to encourage companies to be more responsible on SR issues. Businesses should incorporate social practices into their SR decisions. This paper underlines the importance of integrating social and organisational activities.

China's industrial green development and its influencing factors under the background of carbon neutrality

To measure and analyze the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of China's industrial green development level is of great significance in achieving carbon neutrality goal. Based on the panel data from 2000 to 2018 of 30 provinces in China, this research uses the super slack-based measuring model and the Malmquist-Luenberger index to calculates China's industrial green total factor productivity and to describe its evolution characteristics using the kernel density function and moreover uses the Spatial Durbin model and the partial differential method to explores its main influencing factors. This study finds that China's overall industrial green development level is not high but shows an upward trend year by year; carbon emissions, fiscal decentralization, and urbanization are not conducive to improving the national industrial green development level, whereas economic development, foreign direct investment, industrial structure, and technological progress are positive contributors. At the same time, the level of economic development and technological progress have significant direct and spatial spillover effect. Our findings also provide some policy implications for improving China's industrial green development.

Modeling oil price uncertainty effects on economic growth in Mexico: a sector-level analysis

This paper analyzes the impact of international oil price uncertainty on the different economic sectors (primary, secondary, and tertiary) in Mexico in the period 1993:1-2020:4 through a bivariate structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model with a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) in mean to capture the impact of oil volatility on economic growth at the sectoral level of economic activity. The results show that the uncertainty of the international price of oil has a differentiated effect on the different sectors of economic activity in Mexico since it does not influence the primary sector; it negatively impacts the secondary sector, and there is mixed evidence in the tertiary sector. Additionally, evidence is provided that both positive and negative shocks to the international oil price have asymmetric effects at the sectoral level in Mexico. The results highlight the need to implement public policies, at the country level, that help mitigate the effect of uncertainty in the oil market and promote economic stability at the sector level.

Capital misallocation, technological innovation, and green development efficiency: empirical analysis based on China provincial panel data

The study aims to analyze the impacts of capital misallocation and technological innovation on green development efficiency in China by using the panel data from 2000 to 2018. We employ the Super-SBM model to evaluate green development efficiency and use the system generalized method of moments (GMM) for empirical estimation. The results suggest that capital misallocation has a significant inhibitory effect on green development efficiency. Moreover, capital misallocation restrains technological innovation, which plays an important role in improving green development efficiency. Further research on the effect of regional heterogeneity indicates that the negative impact of capital misallocation on green development efficiency is more significant in the central and western regions, while the effect is not significant in the eastern region. Our findings provide useful policy implications for improving green development efficiency in China.

Exploring the role of resource endowment and environmental regulations towards the efficiency of China's sports industry ecosystem

This article uses the super-efficiency DEA method to measure the efficiency of the sports industry ecosystem and uses Tobit model to study its influencing factors. Conclusions are as follows: (1) China's sports industry ecosystem average efficiency is 0.541, which has not reached an effective state. Similarly, there are significant spatial differences in the three regions, showing the layout of east high and west low. (2) With national perspective, resource endowment has a positive relationship with national sports industry ecosystem efficiency, environmental regulation has a significant negative impact on the sports industry ecosystem efficiency, and the GDP growth rate has a positive impact. Moreover, the openness is negatively correlated, and the impact of human capital structure is not significant. (3) From a regional perspective, resource endowment has a significant positive impact on the eastern and central regions, and a significant negative correlation with the western region. Environmental regulation has no significant impact on the efficiency of the eastern sports industry ecosystem but has a significant negative correlation in the central and western regions. The effect of GDP growth rate in the eastern and central regions is not significant, but positive effects were found in the western region context. Furthermore, the human capital structure effect is negative in the central region, but no significant relationship in other regions. The openness has a positive impact on the eastern and western regions, while it has a negative impact on the central region.

Asymmetric linkages between renewable energy, technological innovation, and carbon-dioxide emission in developed economies: non-linear ARDL analysis

Although economic development has been strong in the world's 18 most developed economies, carbon-dioxide emission (COE) has been steadily declining in recent decades. As a result, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role of variables that contribute to the reduction of COE in these economies by using a dataset 1990 to 2019. GDP, [Formula: see text], renewable energy use (REC), and technical innovation (INNO) have been selected as the independent variables for this study. A strategy based on asymmetric ARDL (NARDL) technique is utilized in conjunction with a pooled mean group (PMG) estimation technique to investigate the asymmetrical relationships between COE and the exogenous variables under consideration. For the purpose of determining the direction of causality, the Granger non-causality test is utilized. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality is discovered between GDP and CO₂ emissions as well as between GDP and technological innovation. An environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis has been confirmed to exist, and renewable energy has been identified as a significant variable in reducing COE. The study also confirmed that COE is reduced by positive technological innovation shocks and increased by negative shocks. As a result of the findings, the study did a causality test and came up with policy recommendations.

The impact of semi-urbanization on carbon emissions: a spatial econometric perspective

Whether semi-urbanization can effectively help reduce carbon emissions has become increasingly attractive to scholars and policymakers. To the knowledge of the authors, there are no empirical studies that were conducted to explore the impact of semi-urbanization on carbon emissions from a spatial perspective. By employing panel data for the years between 2000 and 2014 of 30 Chinese provinces, this paper examines the relationship between semi-urbanization and carbon emissions by using a spatial regression method. Also, the spatial transmission mechanisms between semi-urbanization and carbon emissions are analyzed. Empirical results indicate a positive spatial spillover effect on carbon emissions across various regions. Simultaneously, we find that semi-urbanization not only facilitates emission reduction in a particular region, but also significantly reduces the carbon emissions in surrounding regions, ultimately implying a significant and negative total effect. Moreover, semi-urbanization has decreased carbon emissions, that is, for every 1% increase in semi-urbanization, the carbon emissions will decrease by 0.803%. Furthermore, semi-urbanization, industrial structure, technological progress, human capital, and energy consumption show spillover impacts on carbon emissions, yet their impact mechanisms vary substantially across various regions. Based on these findings, we suggest several related policy implications for mitigating carbon emissions and promoting semi-urbanization in China.