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Sargsyan A, Dubasi HB. Milk Consumption and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. World J Mens Health 2020; 39:419-428. [PMID: 32777868 PMCID: PMC8255404 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the third most common cancer in men globally, and the most common cancer among men in the United States. Dietary choices may play an important role in developing prostate cancer; in particular, a higher dairy product intake has been associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. The overall positive association between milk consumption and the risk of prostate cancer development and prostate cancer mortality has been well documented in multiple epidemiological studies. However, there is limited literature on the association between types of milk, as classified by fat content (skim, low fat, and whole), and the risk of developing prostate cancer. When further examining current state of the literature on this topic, there is a number of epidemiologic studies assessing the relationship between prostate cancer and milk consumption. On the contrary, very few experimental studies explore this topic. Further experimental research may be necessary to examine the relationship between dairy and dairy products consumption and the increased risk of development of prostate cancer. At this time, there are no formal clinical recommendations regarding dairy products consumption for patients who are at risk of prostate cancer development or who have a history of prostate cancer. In this manuscript, we sought to systematically review the existing literature on the association between milk consumption classified by fat content, and the risk of developing prostate cancer. These findings may be useful for the clinicians who provide recommendations for the patients at risk of developing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sargsyan
- East Tennessee State University College of Nursing, Johnson, TN, USA.
| | - Hima Bindu Dubasi
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research Lexington, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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2
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Zur Hausen H, Bund T, de Villiers EM. Infectious Agents in Bovine Red Meat and Milk and Their Potential Role in Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 407:83-116. [PMID: 28349283 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red meat and dairy products have frequently been suggested to represent risk factors for certain cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the evidence and investigates the possible involvement of infectious factors in these diseases. The isolation of small circular single-stranded DNA molecules from serum and dairy products of Eurasian Aurochs (Bos taurus)-derived cattle, obviously persisting as episomes in infected cells, provides the basis for further investigations. Gene expression of these agents in human cells has been demonstrated, and frequent infection of humans is implicated by the detection of antibodies in a high percentage of healthy individuals. Epidemiological observations suggest their relationship to the development multiple sclerosis, to heterophile antibodies, and to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) containing cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Zur Hausen
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Timo Bund
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Peri S, Kulkarni A, Feyertag F, Berninsone PM, Alvarez-Ponce D. Phylogenetic Distribution of CMP-Neu5Ac Hydroxylase (CMAH), the Enzyme Synthetizing the Proinflammatory Human Xenoantigen Neu5Gc. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:207-219. [PMID: 29206915 PMCID: PMC5767959 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) is responsible for the synthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid present on the cell surface proteins of most deuterostomes. The CMAH gene is thought to be present in most deuterostomes, but it has been inactivated in a number of lineages, including humans. The inability of humans to synthesize Neu5Gc has had several evolutionary and biomedical implications. Remarkably, Neu5Gc is a xenoantigen for humans, and consumption of Neu5Gc-containing foods, such as red meats, may promote inflammation, arthritis, and cancer. Likewise, xenotransplantation of organs producing Neu5Gc can result in inflammation and organ rejection. Therefore, knowing what animal species contain a functional CMAH gene, and are thus capable of endogenous Neu5Gc synthesis, has potentially far-reaching implications. In addition to humans, other lineages are known, or suspected, to have lost CMAH; however, to date reports of absent and pseudogenic CMAH genes are restricted to a handful of species. Here, we analyze all available genomic data for nondeuterostomes, and 322 deuterostome genomes, to ascertain the phylogenetic distribution of CMAH. Among nondeuterostomes, we found CMAH homologs in two green algae and a few prokaryotes. Within deuterostomes, putatively functional CMAH homologs are present in 184 of the studied genomes, and a total of 31 independent gene losses/pseudogenization events were inferred. Our work produces a list of animals inferred to be free from endogenous Neu5Gc based on the absence of CMAH homologs and are thus potential candidates for human consumption, xenotransplantation research, and model organisms for investigation of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sateesh Peri
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno
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4
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L
ong‐term longitudinal changes in baseline
PSA
distribution and estimated prevalence of prostate cancer in male Japanese participants of population‐based
PSA
screening. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1611-1619. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rosato V, Negri E, Parazzini F, Serraino D, Montella M, Ferraroni M, Decarli A, La Vecchia C. Processed meat and selected hormone-related cancers. Nutrition 2018; 49:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Praud D, Parpinel M, Guercio V, Bosetti C, Serraino D, Facchini G, Montella M, La Vecchia C, Rossi M. Proanthocyanidins and the risk of prostate cancer in Italy. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:261-268. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Rowles JL, Ranard KM, Applegate CC, Jeon S, An R, Erdman JW. Processed and raw tomato consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 21:319-336. [PMID: 29317772 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have found an inverse association between increased tomato consumption and PCa risk. This study aims to determine the associations between consumption of various types of tomato products and PCa risk and to investigate potential dose-response relationships. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of dietary tomato in relation to PCa. Eligible studies were published before April 10, 2017 and were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. We estimated pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random and fixed effects models. Linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships were also evaluated for PCa risk. RESULTS Thirty studies related to tomato consumption and PCa risk were included in the meta-analysis, which summarized data from 24,222 cases and 260,461 participants. Higher total tomato consumption was associated with a reduced risk of PCa (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.92, p = 0.001). Specifically, tomato foods (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98, p = 0.030) and cooked tomatoes and sauces (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.98, p = 0.029) were associated with a reduced risk of PCa. However, no associations were found for raw tomatoes (RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.84-1.09, p = 0.487). There was a significant dose-response association observed for total tomato consumption (p = 0.040), cooked tomatoes and sauces (p < 0.001), and raw tomatoes (p = 0.037), but there was not a significant association with tomato foods (plinear = 0.511, pnonlinear = 0.289). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that increased tomato consumption is inversely associated with PCa risk. These findings were accompanied with dose-response relationships for total tomato consumption and for cooked tomatoes and sauces. Further studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katherine M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruopeng An
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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8
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Serretta V, Abrate A, Siracusano S, Gesolfo CS, Vella M, Di Maida F, Cangemi A, Cicero G, Barresi E, Sanfilippo C. Clinical and biochemical markers of visceral adipose tissue activity: Body mass index, visceral adiposity index, leptin, adiponectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-3. Correlation with Gleason patterns 4 and 5 at prostate biopsy. Urol Ann 2018; 10:280-286. [PMID: 30089986 PMCID: PMC6060586 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_188_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: The correlation between aggressive prostate cancer and obesity mainly based on body mass index (BMI) and pathology after surgery remains controversial. Aims: The aim of the study was to correlate BMI, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and the plasmatic levels of leptin, adiponectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and biomarkers of adipose tissue function, with the detection of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 at biopsy. Subjects and Methods: Consecutive patients with prostate cancer at 12-core transrectal biopsy were enrolled. BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood samples to evaluate the plasmatic levels of triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), adiponectin, leptin, and MMP-3 were obtained immediately before biopsy. The VAI was calculated according to the formula: WC/(39.68 + [1.88 × BMI]) × TG/1.03 × 1.31/HDL. Results: One hundred and forty-nine patients were entered. The median PSA, BMI, and VAI were 10.0 ng/ml, 27.6 kg/m2, and 4.6, respectively. Gleason patterns 4 or 5 were detected in 68 (45.6%) patients; in 15 (41.7%), 31 (44.9%), and 22 (50.0%) among normal weight, overweight, and obese patients, respectively (P = 0.55). The statistical analysis did not show any significant correlation between BMI, VAI, the plasmatic levels of leptin, adiponectin, MMP-3, and the detection of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 at biopsy. A statistically significant association emerged with older age (P = 0.017) and higher PSA values (P = 0.02). Conclusion: We did not find any association between BMI, VAI, the plasmatic levels of adiponectin, leptin, and MMP-3 and the detection of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 at prostate biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Serretta
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Abrate
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Siracusano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina Scalici Gesolfo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Vella
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Maida
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Cangemi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cicero
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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9
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Capurso C, Vendemiale G. The Mediterranean Diet Reduces the Risk and Mortality of the Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2017; 4:38. [PMID: 28884114 PMCID: PMC5573712 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the world among men, and is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among men. The aim of our review was to analyze observational and case–control studies to point out the effects of overweight and diets components on the cancer risk, particularly on risk of prostate cancer, and the effect of the Mediterranean diet (MD) on the reduction of risk and mortality of prostate cancer. It is known that incidence and progression of cancer is multifactorial. Cancer of the large bowel, breast, endometrium, and prostate are due also to a high body mass index and to high consumption of high carcinogenic dietary factors, as red and processed meat or saturated fats rich foods, and to a low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Previous meta-analysis suggested that high adherence to diet model based on the traditional MD pattern gives a significant protection from incidence and mortality of cancer of all types. The main component of the MD is olive oil, consumed in high amount by Mediterranean basin populations. In addition, phenolic compounds exert some strong chemo-preventive effects, which are due to several mechanisms, including both antioxidant effects and actions on cancer cell signaling and cell cycle progression and proliferation. The protective effect of the MD against the prostate cancer is also due to the high consumption of tomato sauce. Lycopene is the most relevant functional component in tomatoes; after activating by the cooking of tomato sauce, it exerts antioxidant properties by acting in the modulation of downregulation mechanisms of the inflammatory response. MD, therefore, represents a healthy dietary pattern in the context of a healthy lifestyle habits. In conclusion, our narrative review allows us to reaffirm how nutritional factors play an important role in cancer initiation and development, and how a healthy dietary pattern represented by MD and its components, especially olive oil, could exert a protective role by the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Capurso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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10
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Petimar J, Wilson KM, Wu K, Wang M, Albanes D, van den Brandt PA, Cook MB, Giles GG, Giovannucci EL, Goodman GE, Goodman PJ, Håkansson N, Helzlsouer K, Key TJ, Kolonel LN, Liao LM, Männistö S, McCullough ML, Milne RL, Neuhouser ML, Park Y, Platz EA, Riboli E, Sawada N, Schenk JM, Tsugane S, Verhage B, Wang Y, Wilkens LR, Wolk A, Ziegler RG, Smith-Warner SA. A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Cohort Studies on the Association between Fruit, Vegetable, and Mature Bean Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1276-1287. [PMID: 28446545 PMCID: PMC5540798 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Relationships between fruit, vegetable, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk are unclear.Methods: We examined associations between fruit and vegetable groups, specific fruits and vegetables, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk overall, by stage and grade, and for prostate cancer mortality in a pooled analysis of 15 prospective cohorts, including 52,680 total cases and 3,205 prostate cancer-related deaths among 842,149 men. Diet was measured by a food frequency questionnaire or similar instrument at baseline. We calculated study-specific relative risks using Cox proportional hazards regression, and then pooled these estimates using a random effects model.Results: We did not observe any statistically significant associations for advanced prostate cancer or prostate cancer mortality with any food group (including total fruits and vegetables, total fruits, total vegetables, fruit and vegetable juice, cruciferous vegetables, and tomato products), nor specific fruit and vegetables. In addition, we observed few statistically significant results for other prostate cancer outcomes. Pooled multivariable relative risks comparing the highest versus lowest quantiles across all fruit and vegetable exposures and prostate cancer outcomes ranged from 0.89 to 1.09. There was no evidence of effect modification for any association by age or body mass index.Conclusions: Results from this large, international, pooled analysis do not support a strong role of collective groupings of fruits, vegetables, or mature beans in prostate cancer.Impact: Further investigation of other dietary exposures, especially indicators of bioavailable nutrient intake or specific phytochemicals, should be considered for prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1276-87. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Petimar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Piet A van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary E Goodman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Niclas Håkansson
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathy Helzlsouer
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yikyung Park
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeannette M Schenk
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bas Verhage
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ying Wang
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Rowles JL, Ranard KM, Smith JW, An R, Erdman JW. Increased dietary and circulating lycopene are associated with reduced prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:361-377. [PMID: 28440323 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have investigated the association between prostate cancer and lycopene, however, results have been inconsistent. This study aims to determine the impact of dietary and circulating concentrations of lycopene on PCa risk and to investigate potential dose-response associations. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the for the association between dietary and circulating lycopene and PCa risk. Eligible studies were published before 1 December 2016 and were identified from PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. We estimated pooled relative risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random and fixed effects models. Linear and nonlinear dose-response relationships were also evaluated for PCa risk. RESULTS Forty-two studies were included in the analysis, which included 43 851 cases of PCa reported from 692 012 participants. Both dietary intake (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.78-0.98, P=0.017) and circulating concentrations (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98, P=0.019) of lycopene were significantly associated with reduced PCa risk. Sensitivity analyses within the dose-response analysis further revealed a significant linear dose-response for dietary lycopene and PCa risk such that PCa decreased by 1% for every additional 2 mg of lycopene consumed (P=0.026). Additionally, PCa risk decreased by 3.5 to 3.6% for each additional 10 μgdl-1 of circulating lycopene in the linear and nonlinear models respectively (plinear=0.004, pnonlinear=0.006). While there were no associations between lycopene and advanced PCa, there was a trend for protection against PCa aggressiveness (RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-1.00, P=0.052). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that higher dietary and circulating lycopene concentrations are inversely associated with PCa risk. This was accompanied by dose-response relationships for dietary and circulating lycopene. However, lycopene was not associated with a reduced risk of advanced PCa. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R An
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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12
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Alisson-Silva F, Kawanishi K, Varki A. Human risk of diseases associated with red meat intake: Analysis of current theories and proposed role for metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:16-30. [PMID: 27421909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most consistent epidemiological associations between diet and human disease risk is the impact of red meat consumption (beef, pork, and lamb, particularly in processed forms). While risk estimates vary, associations are reported with all-cause mortality, colorectal and other carcinomas, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and possibly other inflammatory processes. There are many proposed explanations for these associations, some long discussed in the literature. Attempts to explain the effects of red meat consumption have invoked various red meat-associated agents, including saturated fat, high salt intake, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) generation by microbiota, and environmental pollutants contaminating red meat, none of which are specific for red meat. Even the frequently mentioned polycyclic aromatic carcinogens arising from high temperature cooking methods are not red meat specific, as these are also generated by grilling poultry or fish, as well as by other forms of cooking. The traditional explanations that appear to be more red meat specific invoke the impact of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, and the potential of heme to catalyze endogenous nitrosation. However, heme can be denatured by cooking, high levels of plasma hemopexin will block its tissue delivery, and much higher amounts of heme likely originate from red blood cell breakdown in vivo. Therefore, red meat-derived heme could only contribute to colorectal carcinoma risk, via direct local effects. Also, none of these mechanisms explain the apparent human propensity i.e., other carnivores have not been reported at high risk for all these diseases. A more recently proposed hypothesis involves infectious agents in beef from specific dairy cattle as agents of colorectal cancer. We have also described another mechanistic explanation for the human propensity for risk of red-meat associated diseases that is consistent with most observations: metabolic incorporation of a non-human sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) into the tissues of red meat consumers and the subsequent interaction with inflammation-provoking antibodies against this "xenoautoantigen". Overall, we conclude that while multiple mechanisms are likely operative, many proposed theories to date are not specific for red meat, and that the viral and xenoautoantigen theories deserve further consideration. Importantly, there are potential non-toxic dietary antidotes, if the xenoautoantigen theory is indeed correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Alisson-Silva
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center (GRTC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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He Q, Wan ZC, Xu XB, Wu J, Xiong GL. Poultry consumption and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1646. [PMID: 26855875 PMCID: PMC4741082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Several kinds of foods are hypothesized to be potential factors contributing to the variation of prostate cancer (PCa) incidence. But the effect of poultry on PCa is still inconsistent and no quantitative assessment has been published up to date. So we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association between them. Materials and Methods. We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Embase for studies examining the association between poultry consumption and PCa up to June, 2015. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of the highest versus lowest poultry consumption categories were calculated by fixed-effect model or random-effect model. Results. A total of 27 (12 cohort and 15 case-control) studies comprising 23,703 cases and 469,986 noncases were eligible for inclusion. The summary RR of total PCa incidence was 1.03 (95% CI [0.95-1.11]) for the highest versus lowest categories of poultry intake. The heterogeneity between studies was not statistically significant (P = 0.768, I (2) = 28.5%). Synthesized analysis of 11 studies on high stage PCa and 8 studies on chicken exposure also demonstrated null association. We also did not obtain significant association in the subgroup of cohort study (RR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.98-1.10]), as well as in the subgroups of population-based case-control study and hospital-based case-control study. Then the studies were divided into three geographic groups: Western countries, Asia and South America. The pooled RRs in these areas did not reveal statistically significant association between poultry and PCa. Conclusions. This meta-analysis suggests no association between poultry consumption and PCa risk. Further well-designed studies are warranted to confirm the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Zheng-Ce Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiao-Bing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Guang-Lian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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Mishra A, Ahmed K, Froghi S, Dasgupta P. Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants. Int J Clin Pract 2015. [PMID: 26202345 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of artificial sweetener consumption on cancer risk has been debated in animal models for over four decades. To further investigate this relationship, this study aims to synthesise results from several of the most recent studies in humans. METHODS An online literature search was performed in MEDLINE from 2003 to 2014 using Ovid, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using keywords 'artificial', 'sweetener' and 'cancer'. Ninety-two results were then manually assessed for eligibility. Studies were included if the relationship between artificial sweeteners and cancer was their central hypothesis, and if they adjusted for age, gender, smoking status and body mass index. Extracted data included study design, patient characteristics, outcome measure and results. RESULTS In the five publications that satisfied the inclusion criteria, significant direct associations with artificial consumption were found for laryngeal (odds ratio, OR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.20-4.55), urinary tract tumours (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.22-3.89), non-Hodgkin lymphoma in men (RR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.01-1.72), multiple myeloma in men (RR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.20-3.40) and leukaemia (RR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.00-2.02). Inverse relationships were found in breast (OR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54-0.91, p trend = 0.015) and ovarian (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38-0.81, p trend < 0.001) cancers. CONCLUSION The statistical value of this review is limited by the heterogeneity and observational designs of the included studies. Although there is limited evidence to suggest that heavy consumption may increase the risk of certain cancers, overall the data presented are inconclusive as to any relationship between artificial sweeteners and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishra
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ahmed
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - S Froghi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - P Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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Abstract
High intakes of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer at several sites. Evidence has been derived mainly from case-control studies. We reviewed the relationship between consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of several common cancers in a network of Italian and Swiss case-control studies including over 10,000 cases of fourteen different cancers and about 17,000 controls. Data were suggestive of a protective role of vegetable intake on the risk of several common epithelial cancers. OR for the highest compared with the lowest levels of consumption ranged from 0.2 (larynx, oral cavity and pharynx) to 0.9 (prostate). Inverse associations were found for both raw and cooked vegetables, although for upper digestive tract cancers the former were somewhat stronger. Similar inverse associations were found for cruciferous vegetables. Frequent consumption of allium vegetables was also associated with reduced risk of several cancers. Fruit was a favourable correlate of the risk of several cancers, particularly of the upper digestive tract, with associations generally weaker than those reported for vegetables. A reduced risk of cancers of the digestive tract and larynx was found for high consumption of citrus fruit. Suggestive protections against several forms of cancer, mainly digestive tract cancers, were found for high consumption of apples and tomatoes. High intakes of fibres, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were inversely related to various forms of cancer. In conclusion, data from our series of case-control studies suggested a favourable role of high intakes of fruit and vegetables in the risk of many common cancers, particularly of the digestive tract. This adds evidence to the indication that aspects of the Mediterranean diet may have a favourable impact not only on CVD, but also on several common (epithelial) cancers, particularly of the digestive tract.
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Shivappa N, Bosetti C, Zucchetto A, Montella M, Serraino D, La Vecchia C, Hébert JR. Association between dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer among Italian men. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:278-83. [PMID: 25400225 PMCID: PMC4433863 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that various dietary components may be implicated in the aetiology of prostate cancer, although the results remain equivocal. The possible relationship of inflammation derived from dietary exposures with prostate cancer risk has not been investigated. We examined the ability of a newly developed dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict prostate cancer risk in a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002. A total of 1294 patients aged < 75 years with incident, histologically confirmed carcinoma of the prostate served as cases. A total of 1451 subjects aged < 75 years who were admitted to the same hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions served as controls. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a previously validated seventy-eight-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable OR adjusted for age, study centre, years of education, social class, BMI, smoking status, family history of prostate cancer and total energy intake. Men with higher DII scores had a higher risk of prostate cancer when analysed using the DII as both continuous (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00, 1.13) and categorical, i.e., compared with men in the lowest quartile of the DII, men in the third and fourth quartiles were at elevated risk (OR(Quartile 3 v. 1) 1.32, 95% CI 1.03, 1.69 and OR(Quartile 4 v. 1) 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.76; P trend= 0.04). These data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by the increasing DII score, is a risk factor of prostate cancer in Italian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 241, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Cristina Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Zucchetto
- S.O.C. Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Dipartimento di Epidemiologia, ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- S.O.C. Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - James R. Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 241, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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17
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Ola-Mudathir FK, Suru SM. Onion and garlic extracts as potential antidotes for cadmium-induced biochemical alterations in prostate glands of rats. Andrologia 2014; 47:1075-82. [PMID: 25476781 DOI: 10.1111/and.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has been implicated in increased prostate gland malignancy risk in both wildlife and humans. This study examines the chemoprotective roles of onion and garlic extracts on Cd-induced biochemical alterations in the prostate glands of rats. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups: control group received double distilled water; Cd group received Cd alone (1.5 mg/100 g bwt per day); extract-treated groups were pre-treated with varied doses of onion and/or garlic extract (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/100 g bwt per day) for 1 week and then co-treated with Cd (1.5 mg/100 g bwt per day) for additional 3 weeks. Oxidant/antioxidant status and acid phosphatase (ACPtotal and ACPprostatic ) activity were examined in prostate glands. Cd intoxication caused a marked (P < 0.001) increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels, whereas glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were markedly (P < 0.001) decreased. We also observed significant (P < 0.001) decrease in ACPtotal and ACPprostatic activities in prostate glands and a concomitant significant (P < 0.001) increase in the plasma. However, treatment of Cd-intoxicated rats with onion and/or garlic extract significantly minimised these alterations. The onion extract offered a dose-dependent protection. Our findings suggest a chemoprotective capability for onion and garlic extracts against Cd-induced biochemical alteration in the prostate glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Ola-Mudathir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S M Suru
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, P.M.B. 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
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18
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Garg M, Dalela D, Goel A, Kumar M, Sankhwar SN. Prevention of prostate cancer with vitamins - current perspectives. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1897-904. [PMID: 24716908 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prostate is the most common solid malignancy in males of developed countries. With increasing knowledge of the aetiology, pathogenesis and natural history of the disease, influences of dietary factors on prostate cancer development have become more evident. There is ample evidence in the literature of significance of dietary constituents for prostate cancer including vitamins A, D and E. Different vitamins have been found to effect the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells as evident in epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies. Various factors play the major role in determining the relationship between these vitamins and prostate cancer in terms of environmental, pharmacological, or genetic aspects. To explore these aspects, the present article reviews the literature on the present status of vitamin use for prevention and management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Garg
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India E-mail :
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19
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Rosato V, Edefonti V, Bravi F, Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Talamini R, Dal Maso L, Montella M, Ferraroni M, La Vecchia C, Decarli A. Nutrient-based dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk: a case–control study from Italy. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:525-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Di Maso M, Talamini R, Bosetti C, Montella M, Zucchetto A, Libra M, Negri E, Levi F, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Serraino D, Polesel J. Red meat and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies focusing on cooking practices. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:3107-12. [PMID: 24121119 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of red meat has been related to increased risk of several cancers. Cooking methods could modify the magnitude of this association, as production of chemicals depends on the temperature and duration of cooking. METHODS We analyzed data from a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1991 and 2009. The studies included 1465 oral and pharyngeal, 198 nasopharyngeal, 851 laryngeal, 505 esophageal, 230 stomach, 1463 colon, 927 rectal, 326 pancreatic, 3034 breast, 454 endometrial, 1031 ovarian, 1294 prostate and 767 renal cancer cases. Controls included 11 656 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for known confounding factors. RESULTS Daily intake of red meat was significantly associated with the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR for increase of 50 g/day = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.26-1.52), nasopharynx (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04-1.60), larynx (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.30-1.64), esophagus (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.23-1.72), colon (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08-1.26), rectum (OR = 1.22; 95% CI:1.11-1.33), pancreas (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.25-1.82), breast (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04-1.19), endometrium (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.10-1.55) and ovary (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.16-1.43). Fried meat was associated with a higher risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx (OR = 2.80; 95% CI: 2.02-3.89) and esophagus (OR = 4.52; 95% CI: 2.50-8.18). Risk of prostate cancer increased for meat cooked by roasting/grilling (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.12-1.54). No heterogeneity according to cooking methods emerged for other cancers. Nonetheless, significant associations with boiled/stewed meat also emerged for cancer of the nasopharynx (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.30-3.00) and stomach (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.20-2.87). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis confirmed red meat consumption as a risk factor for several cancer sites, with a limited impact of cooking methods. These findings, thus, call for a limitation of its consumption in populations of Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Maso
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano
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21
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Xie B, He H. No association between egg intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4677-81. [PMID: 23167401 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Egg consumption has been suggested to increase the risk of colorectal and some other cancers. The present study summarized and quantified the current evidence relating dietary intake of eggs and prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature searches were conducted to identify peer-reviewed manuscripts published up to July 2012. Twenty manuscripts from nine cohort studies and 11 case-control studies were identified. Summary risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for case-control and cohort studies separately. RESULTS Neither the case-control not the cohort studies showed any association of prostate cancer incidence with egg consumption (case-control studies: odds ratio 1.09, 95% CI 0.86-1.31; cohort studies: relative risk 0.97, 95% CI 0.97-1.07). The results were consistent in subgroup analysis. Furthermore, no association was observed between egg consumption and prostate cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses provided no evidence of a significant influence of egg consumption on prostate cancer incidence and mortality. However, more studies, particularly large prospective studies, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Polesel J, Zucchetto A, Talamini R, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Re: Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk and Progression in the Health Professional Follow-up Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1684-6; author reply 1686. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Tavani A, Malerba S, Pelucchi C, Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, Serraino D, Levi F, Montella M, Franceschi S, Zambon A, La Vecchia C. Dietary folates and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2737-2742. [PMID: 22898036 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate deficiency leads to DNA damage and inadequate repair, caused by a decreased synthesis of thymidylate and purines. We analyzed the relationship between dietary folate intake and the risk of several cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study is based on a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland in 1991-2009. The odds ratios (ORs) for dietary folate intake were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for major identified confounding factors. RESULTS For a few cancer sites, we found a significant inverse relation, with ORs for an increment of 100 μg/day of dietary folate of 0.65 for oropharyngeal (1467 cases), 0.58 for esophageal (505 cases), 0.83 for colorectal (2390 cases), 0.72 for pancreatic (326 cases), 0.67 for laryngeal (851 cases) and 0.87 for breast (3034 cases) cancers. The risk estimates were below unity, although not significantly, for cancers of the endometrium (OR = 0.87, 454 cases), ovary (OR = 0.86, 1031 cases), prostate (OR = 0.91, 1468 cases) and kidney (OR = 0.88, 767 cases), and was 1.00 for stomach cancer (230 cases). No material heterogeneity was found in strata of sex, age, smoking and alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a real inverse association of dietary folate intake with the risk of several common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tavani
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan.
| | - S Malerba
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan
| | - C Pelucchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan
| | - L Dal Maso
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - A Zucchetto
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - D Serraino
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - F Levi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit and Registre Vaudois des Tumeurs, Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Montella
- Unit of Epidemiology, Istituto Tumori 'Fondazione Pascale', Naples, Italy
| | - S Franceschi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - A Zambon
- Department of Statistics, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan; Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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24
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Bosetti C, Filomeno M, Riso P, Polesel J, Levi F, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2198-2203. [PMID: 22328735 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetables have been suggested to protect against various cancers, though the issue is open to discussion. To further understand their role, we analyzed data from a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland. PATIENTS AND METHODS The studies included a total of 1468 cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, 505 of the esophagus, 230 of the stomach, 2390 of the colorectum, 185 of the liver, 326 of the pancreas, 852 of the larynx, 3034 of the breast, 367 of the endometrium, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate, 767 of the kidney, and 11,492 controls. All cancers were incident, histologically confirmed; controls were subjects admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute nonneoplastic conditions. RESULTS The multivariate odds ratio (OR) for consumption of cruciferous vegetables at least once a week as compared with no/occasional consumption was significantly reduced for cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx (OR=0.83), esophagus (OR=0.72), colorectum (OR=0.83), breast (OR=0.83), and kidney (OR=0.68). The OR was below unity, but not significant, for stomach (OR=0.90), liver (OR=0.72), pancreatic (OR=0.90), laryngeal (OR=0.84), endometrial (OR=0.93), ovarian (OR=0.91), and prostate (OR=0.87) cancer. CONCLUSION This large series of studies provides additional evidence of a favorable effect of cruciferous vegetables on several common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan.
| | - M Filomeno
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan
| | - P Riso
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan
| | - J Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - F Levi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit and Registre Vaudois des Tumeurs, Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Talamini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - M Montella
- Unit of Epidemiology, Istituto Tumori 'Fondazione Pascale', Naples, Italy
| | - E Negri
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan
| | - S Franceschi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan; Department of Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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25
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Chagas CEA, Rogero MM, Martini LA. Evaluating the links between intake of milk/dairy products and cancer. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:294-300. [PMID: 22537215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are widely recommended as part of a healthy diet. These products, however, can contain hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1, and some studies have suggested that a high intake of milk and dairy products may increase the risk of cancer. This review examines recent studies on this topic, with the evidence suggesting that the recommended intake of milk and dairy products (3 servings/day) is safe and, importantly, does not seem to increase the risk of cancer. On the basis of the studies included in this review, cultured milk, yogurt, and low-fat dairy products should be preferred as the milk and dairy products of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E A Chagas
- Center for Nutrition Practice and Research, Department of Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucau/Sp, Brazil
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26
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Pettersson A, Kasperzyk JL, Kenfield SA, Richman EL, Chan JM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Milk and dairy consumption among men with prostate cancer and risk of metastases and prostate cancer death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:428-36. [PMID: 22315365 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether milk and dairy intake after a prostate cancer diagnosis is associated with a poorer prognosis is unknown. We investigated postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake in relation to risk of lethal prostate cancer (metastases and prostate cancer death) among participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. METHODS The cohort consisted of 3,918 men diagnosed with apparently localized prostate cancer between 1986 and 2006, and followed to 2008. Data on milk and dairy intake were available from repeated questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate HRs and 95% CIs of the association between postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake and prostate cancer outcomes. RESULTS We ascertained 229 prostate cancer deaths and an additional 69 metastases during follow-up. In multivariate analysis, total milk and dairy intakes after diagnosis were not associated with a greater risk of lethal prostate cancer. Men with the highest versus lowest intake of whole milk were at an increased risk of progression (HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.28-3.60; P(trend) < 0.01). Men in the highest versus lowest quintile of low-fat dairy intake were at a decreased risk of progression (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.95; P(trend) = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS With the exception of whole milk, our results suggest that milk and dairy intake after a prostate cancer diagnosis is not associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer. IMPACT This is the first larger prospective study investigating the relation between postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pettersson
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. apetter
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Major JM, Cross AJ, Watters JL, Hollenbeck AR, Graubard BI, Sinha R. Patterns of meat intake and risk of prostate cancer among African-Americans in a large prospective study. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1691-8. [PMID: 21971816 PMCID: PMC3403708 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the large racial differences in prostate cancer risk, further investigation of diet and prostate cancer is warranted among high-risk groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between type of meat intake and prostate cancer risk among African-American men. METHODS In the large, prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, we analyzed baseline (1995-1996) data from African-American participants, aged 50-71 years. Incident prostate cancer cases (n = 1,089) were identified through 2006. Dietary and risk factor data were ascertained by questionnaires administered at baseline. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) within intake quantiles. RESULTS Neither white nor processed meat intake was associated with prostate cancer, regardless of meat-cooking method. Red meats cooked at high temperatures were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00-1.38 and HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03-1.44, for the upper two intake tertiles). Intake of the heterocyclic amine (HCA), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) was positively associated with prostate cancer (HR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.05-1.61, p = 0.02). No associations were observed for intake of other HCAs. CONCLUSION Red meats cooked at high temperatures were positively associated with prostate cancer risk among African-American men. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Major
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Raimondi S, Mabrouk JB, Shatenstein B, Maisonneuve P, Ghadirian P. Diet and prostate cancer risk with specific focus on dairy products and dietary calcium: a case-control study. Prostate 2010; 70:1054-65. [PMID: 20232354 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the prevalence of prostate cancer worldwide, only a few risk factors have been well-established. The role of diet, especially of dairy products, in the etiology of prostate cancer is still controversial. METHODS This study assessed the association of dietary components, particularly dairy products and dietary calcium, on prostate cancer risk in a case-control study of 197 cases and an equal number of individually matched controls recruited in Montreal, Canada. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered in which the usual consumption frequency and amounts consumed of more than 200 food items were recorded. RESULTS We found a twofold increased risk of prostate cancer associated with an increased intake of dairy products {Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.19; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.22-3.94}. A significant trend of decreasing prostate cancer risk with higher intake was found for legumes, nuts, finfish/shellfish and for alpha-tocopherol after adjustment for calcium intake. Milk was the only dairy product significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, with OR = 2.27; 95% CI (1.25-4.09) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of consumption. Calcium, the main micronutrient contained in dairy products, showed only a borderline association with prostate cancer risk (P = 0.09), with slightly higher risk for higher calcium intake. In conclusion, this study supports the hypothesis that dairy products, especially milk, are involved in the etiology of prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms by which the various nutrients in dairy products and total diet may interact to influence this risk remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Pelucchi C, Bosetti C, Rossi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Selected aspects of Mediterranean diet and cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:756-66. [PMID: 20155613 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903285007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
European Mediterranean populations have a high life expectancy. Several aspects of their diet are considered favorable on health. We considered the role of various aspects of the Mediterranean diet on cancer risk in a series of Italian case-control studies including about 10,000 cases of cancer at 13 different sites and over 17,000 controls. For most epithelial cancers, the risk decreased with increasing vegetable consumption. Allium vegetables were also favorably related to cancer risk. Fruit intake was inversely associated with digestive tract and laryngeal cancers. For digestive tract cancers, the population attributable risks for low intake of vegetables and fruit ranged between 15% and 40%. Olive oil and unsaturated fats, which are typical aspects of the Mediterranean diet, were inversely related to the risk of several cancers, particularly of the upper aerodigestive tract. Whole grain food (and hence possibly fiber) intake was also related to reduced risk of various cancers. In contrast, refined grains and, consequently, glycemic load and index were associated to increased risks. Several micronutrients and food components (including folate, flavonoids, and carotenoids) showed inverse relations with cancer risk, but the main component(s) responsible for the favorable effect of a diet rich in vegetables and fruit remain undefined.
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Citrus fruit and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:237-42. [PMID: 19856118 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus fruit has shown a favorable effect against various cancers. To better understand their role in cancer risk, we analyzed data from a series of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland. PATIENTS AND METHODS The studies included 955 patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer, 395 with esophageal, 999 with stomach, 3,634 with large bowel, 527 with laryngeal, 2,900 with breast, 454 with endometrial, 1,031 with ovarian, 1,294 with prostate, and 767 with renal cell cancer. All cancers were incident and histologically confirmed. Controls were admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, nonneoplastic conditions. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, including terms for major identified confounding factors for each cancer site, and energy intake. RESULTS The ORs for the highest versus lowest category of citrus fruit consumption were 0.47 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.36-0.61) for oral and pharyngeal, 0.42 (95% CI, 0.25-0.70) for esophageal, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.52-0.92) for stomach, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.72-0.93) for colorectal, and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37-0.83) for laryngeal cancer. No consistent association was found with breast, endometrial, ovarian, prostate, and renal cell cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that citrus fruit has a protective role against cancers of the digestive and upper respiratory tract.
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveSeveral aspects of the diet characteristic of the Mediterranean countries are considered favourable not only on cardiovascular disease, but also on cancer risk. We considered some aspects of the Mediterranean diet (including, in particular, the consumption of olive oil and carbohydrates) on cancer risk.Design, Setting and SubjectsData were derived from a series of case-control studies, conducted in Italy since the early 1990s, on over 10 000 cases of thirteen cancer sites and over 17 000 controls.ResultsOlive oil, and other mono- and unsaturated fats, appear to be favourable indicators of breast, ovarian, colorectal, but mostly of upper aero-digestive tract cancers. Whole grain foods are also related to reduced risk of upper aero-digestive tract and various other cancers. In contrast, refined grain intake and, consequently, glycaemic index and glycaemic load were associated to increased risk for several cancer sites. Fish, and hence a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, tended to be another favourable diet indicator, while frequent red meat intake was directly related to some common neoplasms. An a priori defined Mediterranean diet score was inversely related to upper digestive and respiratory tract cancers.ConclusionsThese data provide additional evidence that major characteristics of the Mediterranean diet favourably affect cancer risk.
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Lewis JE, Soler-Vilá H, Clark PE, Kresty LA, Allen GO, Hu JJ. Intake of plant foods and associated nutrients in prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:216-24. [PMID: 19235037 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802419756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant foods and associated nutrients may impact prostate cancer (PC) risk and survival. Therefore, we compared dietary intake, mainly plant food groups among 382 controls and 478 PC cases (373 incident and 105 prevalent cases). Caucasian controls had significantly higher daily servings of vegetables (3.4 vs. 2.5, P= 0.002) and fruits and/or fruit juices (1.6 vs. 1.3, P = 0.02) compared to African American controls. In Caucasians, incident cases reported lower intake of fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, alpha -carotene, beta -carotene, cryptoxanthin, folate, genistein, daidzein, and fruits and/or fruit juice than controls and/or prevalent cases. In African Americans, incident cases had lower intake of alpha -carotene compared to controls and prevalent cases. Reduced PC risk was associated with the highest tertile of cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.35-0.75), fiber (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.35-0.89), vitamin C (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.41-0.88), and fruits and/or fruit juices (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.31-0.68), with significant linear trends. Increased risk of PC was associated with the highest tertile of protein (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.05-3.79) and daily servings of grains (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.23-3.22) with significant linear trends. In summary, we demonstrate racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake of plant foods. The significantly higher consumption of protective dietary constituents among prevalent cases compared to incident cases suggests that PC survivors may be amenable to dietary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Evidence for a human-specific mechanism for diet and antibody-mediated inflammation in carcinoma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18936-41. [PMID: 19017806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803943105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer have circulating heterophile antibodies that agglutinate animal red cells via recognition of the mammalian cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which was long considered an oncofetal antigen in humans. However, humans are genetically deficient in Neu5Gc production and instead metabolically accumulate Neu5Gc from dietary sources, particularly red meats and milk products. Moreover, mice with a human-like defect showed no alternate pathway for Neu5Gc synthesis and even normal humans express anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. We show here that human tumors accumulate Neu5Gc that is covalently attached to multiple classes of glycans. The paradox of human tumor Neu5Gc accumulation in the face of circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies was hypothesized to be due to facilitation of tumor progression by the resulting low-grade chronic inflammation. Indeed, murine tumors expressing human-like levels of Neu5Gc show accelerated growth in syngeneic mice with a human-like Neu5Gc deficiency, coincident with the induction of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells. Transfer of polyclonal monospecific syngeneic mouse anti-Neu5Gc serum also enhanced growth of transplanted syngeneic tumors bearing human-like levels of Neu5Gc, with tumors showing evidence for antibody deposition, enhanced angiogenesis and chronic inflammation. These effects were suppressed by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, a drug type known to reduce human carcinoma risk. Finally, affinity-purified human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies also accelerate growth of Neu5Gc-containing tumors in Neu5Gc-deficient mice. Taken together, the data suggest that the human propensity to develop diet-related carcinomas is contributed to by local chronic inflammation, resulting from interaction of metabolically-accumulated dietary Neu5Gc with circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies.
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Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:421-41. [PMID: 18584476 DOI: 10.1080/01635580801911779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the available evidence and sources of heterogeneity for studies of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D intake and the risk of prostate cancer. We pooled data from 45 observational studies using a general variance-based, meta-analytic method employing CIs. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated for specific dairy products such as milk and dairy micronutrients. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of these summary measures of effect. Cohort studies showed no evidence of an association between dairy [RR = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.22] or milk intake (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91-1.23) and risk of prostate cancer. This was supported by pooled results of case-control analyses (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.00-1.29), although studies using milk as the exposure of interest were heterogeneous and could not be combined. Calcium data from cohort studies were heterogeneous. Case-control analyses using calcium as the exposure of interest demonstrated no association with increased risk of prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.90-1.15). Dietary intake of vitamin D also was not related to prostate cancer risk (RR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.38). The data from observational studies do not support an association between dairy product use and an increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huncharek
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
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Varki A. Multiple changes in sialic acid biology during human evolution. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:231-45. [PMID: 18777136 PMCID: PMC7087641 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans are genetically very similar to “great apes”, (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans), our closest evolutionary relatives. We have discovered multiple genetic and biochemical differences between humans and these other hominids, in relation to sialic acids and in Siglecs (Sia-recognizing Ig superfamily lectins). An inactivating mutation in the CMAH gene eliminated human expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) a major sialic acid in “great apes”. Additional human-specific changes have been found, affecting at least 10 of the <60 genes known to be involved in the biology of sialic acids. There are potential implications for unique features of humans, as well as for human susceptibility or resistance to disease. Additionally, metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from animal-derived materials occurs into biotherapeutic molecules and cellular preparations - and into human tissues from dietary sources, particularly red meat and milk products. As humans also have varying and sometime high levels of circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, there are implications for biotechnology products, and for some human diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC 0687, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Borthakur G, Burns JL, Bowen PE. Correlations of dietary patterns with prostate health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:114-30. [PMID: 18080240 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental influences may be involved in etiology of prostate health and prostate cancer. These include ethnic origin, family history, smoking, and diet. Adiposity and excess energy intake are potentially distinct risk factors and positive associations with prostate cancer risk for both were observed among case-control and cohort studies. Some epidemiological studies support an association between dietary fat, particularly saturated or animal fats, and prostate cancer risk. Of these, several suggest reduced risk with low-fat diets high in n-3 fatty acids and increased risk with high-fat diets rich in n-6 fatty acids. Others suggested association with higher meat intake, possibly due to heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, produced during grilling or frying. Positive association of prostate cancer risk with dairy intake could involve alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity (required for beta-oxidation of phytanic acid present in dairy products and red meat) or the suppression of vitamin D activity by calcium. Inverse associations were observed with dietary intake of plant foods. These include cereals, soy products, and fruit and vegetable sources of carotenoids. Numerous plant constituents may act synergistically in the prevention and inhibition of prostate disorders. These diet-risk associations may lead to future individualized diet recommendations based upon genetic polymorphisms.
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Gallus S, Foschi R, Talamini R, Altieri A, Negri E, Franceschi S, Montella M, Dal Maso L, Ramazzotti V, La Vecchia C. Risk factors for prostate cancer in men aged less than 60 years: a case-control study from Italy. Urology 2008; 70:1121-6. [PMID: 18158031 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the relationship between selected risk factors and prostate cancer risk in men younger than 60 years, using data from a large, multicenter, case-control study conducted in Italy. METHODS Cases were 219 patients, aged 45 to 59 years, with histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and controls were 431 men of the same age group, admitted in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. RESULTS A family history of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5), brain cancer (OR = 3.7), and leukemia (OR = 6.2) were associated with prostate cancer risk. A significantly increased risk was found for high education level (OR = 3.3 for 12 or more years versus less than 7 years) and a decreased risk for physical activity (OR = 0.5 for active versus inactive). Coffee consumption was directly associated with risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.9 for the third versus the first tertile). Bread consumption was directly related (OR = 1.6) and consumption of raw and total vegetables inversely related (OR = 0.6) to prostate cancer risk, although these associations were of borderline significance. No association emerged with marital status, body mass index, history of diabetes, alcohol drinking, and other considered foods. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that some recognized risk factors, including family history of prostate cancer, high level of education, and low physical activity, are associated with prostate cancer risk in middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Gallus
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Bae JM, Lee EJ, Guyatt G. Citrus Fruits Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Quantitative Systematic Review. J Prev Med Public Health 2008; 41:159-64. [DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Myon Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Cheju National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Eun Ja Lee
- Department of Radiology, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- CLARITY Research Group, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Canada
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Cross AJ, Leitzmann MF, Gail MH, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Sinha R. A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e325. [PMID: 18076279 PMCID: PMC2121107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2001] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red meat and processed meat have been associated with carcinogenesis at several anatomic sites, but no prospective study has examined meat intake in relation to a range of malignancies. We investigated whether red or processed meat intake increases cancer risk at a variety of sites. METHODS AND FINDINGS The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP (formerly the American Association for Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study is a cohort of approximately 500,000 people aged 50-71 y at baseline (1995-1996). Meat intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals within quintiles of red and processed meat intake. During up to 8.2 y of follow-up, 53,396 incident cancers were ascertained. Statistically significant elevated risks (ranging from 20% to 60%) were evident for esophageal, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer, comparing individuals in the highest with those in the lowest quintile of red meat intake. Furthermore, individuals in the highest quintile of processed meat intake had a 20% elevated risk for colorectal and a 16% elevated risk for lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Both red and processed meat intakes were positively associated with cancers of the colorectum and lung; furthermore, red meat intake was associated with an elevated risk for cancers of the esophagus and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Cross
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
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Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Fat and meat intake and prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1339-45. [PMID: 17487838 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat and meat as potential risk factors for prostate cancer have been the focus of many epidemiologic investigations, and findings from recent studies in particular have been inconsistent. Therefore, we examined the association between these exposures and prostate cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. The analyses included 82,483 men in Hawaii and Los Angeles aged >or=45, who completed a detailed quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-1996. During the follow-up period of 8 years, a total of 4,404 incident cases, including 1,278 nonlocalized or high-grade cancer cases, were identified. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks of prostate cancer after adjustment for time on study, ethnicity, family history of prostate cancer, education, body mass index, smoking status and energy intake. Intake of different types of fat (total, saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated), n-6 fatty acid, cholesterol, various meats, and fats from meat showed no association with overall prostate cancer risk or with nonlocalized or high-grade prostate cancer. Furthermore, we found little evidence of any relation of fat and meat intake with prostate cancer risk within any of the 4 racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Japanese Americans, Latinos and Whites). There was a suggestion of a protective effect of n-3 fatty acid intake that was limited to Latinos and Whites. However, overall, our findings from a large cohort study of ethnically diverse population give no indication that intake of fat and meat substantially affects prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yi Park
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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41
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Bosetti C, Bravi F, Talamini R, Parpinel M, Gnagnarella P, Negri E, Montella M, Lagiou P, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Flavonoids and prostate cancer risk: a study in Italy. Nutr Cancer 2007; 56:123-7. [PMID: 17474856 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5602_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been associated with a reduced risk of lung, digestive tract, and certain hormone-related cancers. With reference to prostate cancer, a few epidemiological studies have found an inverse relation with intake of isoflavones, flavonols, and flavones, although the evidence remains limited and inconsistent. The role of six principal classes of flavonoids on prostate cancer was investigated using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted between 1991 and 2002 in Italy. This included 1,294 incident, histologically confirmed carcinomas of the prostate and 1,451 controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions. The patients' usual diet was assessed using a validated and reproducible food-frequency questionnaire; food and beverage content of six major classes of flavonoids was obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. No association between prostate cancer risk was found with any of the flavonoids analyzed: the multivariate odds ratios for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake were 0.96 (95% confidence interval, CI = 0.75-1.23) for flavanones, 1.3 (95% CI = 1.01-1.69) for flavan-3-ols, 1.23 (95% CI = 0.95-1.61) for flavonols, 1.09 (95% CI = 0.85-1.40) for flavonols, 1.18 (95% CI = 0.91-1.53) for anthocyanidins, 0.98 (95% CI = 0.76-1.26) for isoflavones, and 1.20 (95% CI = 0.92-1.58) for total flavonoids, all nonstatistically significant. Thus, the results of the present study do not support a protective effect of flavonoids on prostate cancer in this Italian population, characterized by a high intake of flavonoid-containing foods (except isoflavone-rich foods).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bosetti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
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Ambrosini GL, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Mackerras D, Musk B. Fruit, vegetable, vitamin A intakes, and prostate cancer risk. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 11:61-6. [PMID: 17519926 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer risk was examined in relation to intakes of fruit, vegetables, beta-carotene and retinol. Subjects were a cohort of 1985 men previously to asbestos who participated in a cancer prevention programme of beta-carotene and retinol supplements that commenced in July 1990. Diet was assessed at entry to the programme. Ninety-seven cases of prostate cancer were identified during follow-up until the end of 2004. A decreased prostate cancer risk was observed with increasing intakes of vitamin C-rich vegetables, including bell peppers and broccoli. Fruit, other vegetables and vitamin A intakes did not appear to be strong factors in the development of prostate cancer in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Ambrosini
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
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Torniainen S, Hedelin M, Autio V, Rasinperä H, Bälter KA, Klint A, Bellocco R, Wiklund F, Stattin P, Ikonen T, Tammela TLJ, Schleutker J, Grönberg H, Järvelä I. Lactase Persistence, Dietary Intake of Milk, and the Risk for Prostate Cancer in Sweden and Finland. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:956-61. [PMID: 17507622 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. Its primary pathogenesis is mostly unknown. Dairy products containing lactose have been suggested to be risk factors for prostate cancer. Digestion of lactose is dependent on lactase activity in the intestinal wall. A single nucleotide polymorphism C to T residing 13,910 bp upstream of the lactase gene has been shown to associate with the developmental down-regulation of lactase activity underlying persistence/nonpersistence trait. To find out whether lactase persistence is related to the risk for prostate cancer, we genotyped 1,229 Finnish and 2,924 Swedish patients and their 473 Finnish and 1,842 Swedish controls using solid-phase minisequencing. To explore if dairy products have an association with prostate cancer, we analyzed the milk consumption in the Swedish study consisting of 1,499 prostate cancer patients and 1,130 controls (Cancer Prostate in Sweden I study) using a questionnaire. Only the consumption of low-fat milk was found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-2.39]. A statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) lactose intake was observed among subjects with high lactase activity (C/T and T/T genotypes) compared with those with low lactase activity (C/C genotype). Lactase persistence did not associate with increased risk for prostate carcinoma in the Finnish (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.47; P = 0.488) or in the Swedish populations (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91-1.46; P = 0.23). In conclusion, lactase persistence/nonpersistence contains no risk for prostate cancer. Analysis of different milk products showed some evidence for low-fat milk as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Torniainen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gallus S, Foschi R, Negri E, Talamini R, Franceschi S, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Tavani A, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C. Dietary zinc and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study from Italy. Eur Urol 2007; 52:1052-6. [PMID: 17292532 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zinc concentration is higher in the prostate than in most other tissues. Since information on the role of zinc on prostate carcinogenesis is controversial, we analysed the issue in a case-control study. METHODS Between 1991 and 2002, we conducted a multicentre hospital-based case-control study on prostate cancer in Italy. Cases included 1294 men with incident, histologically confirmed prostate cancer. Controls included 1451 patients admitted to the same hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. Zinc intake was computed from a valid and reproducible food frequency questionnaire, with the use of an Italian food composition database. Odds ratios (OR) of dietary intake of zinc and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional multiple logistic regression models, after allowance for several covariates, including total energy. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quintile, the OR for the highest quintile was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.07-2.26), with a significant trend in risk (p=0.04). The trend in risk was significant for advanced cancers only, the OR being 2.02 (95% CI, 1.14-3.59) for prostate cancers with a high Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS In this large study we found a direct association between high zinc intake and prostate cancer risk, particularly for advanced cancers. Our findings allow one to exclude a favourable effect of zinc on prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Gallus
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
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Butcher NJ, Tetlow NL, Cheung C, Broadhurst GM, Minchin RF. Induction of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Type I by Androgens in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:85-92. [PMID: 17210686 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT) bioactivate arylamine and heterocyclic amine carcinogens present in red meat and tobacco products. As a result, factors that regulate expression of NATs have the potential to modulate cancer risk in individuals exposed to these classes of carcinogens. Because epidemiologic studies have implicated well-done meat consumption as a risk factor for prostate cancer, we have investigated the effects of androgens on the expression of arylamine N-acetyltransferase type I (NAT1). We show that NAT1 activity is induced by R1881 in androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate lines 22Rv1 and LNCaP, but not in the AR-negative PC-3, HK-293, or HeLa cells. The effect of R1881 was dose dependent, with an EC(50) for R1881 of 1.6 nmol/L. Androgen up-regulation of NAT1 was prevented by the AR antagonist flutamide. Real-time PCR showed a significant increase in NAT1 mRNA levels for R1881-treated cells (6.60 +/- 0.80) compared with vehicle-treated controls (1.53 +/- 0.17), which was not due to a change in mRNA stability. The increase in NAT1 mRNA was attenuated by concurrent cycloheximide treatment, suggesting that the effect of R1881 may not be by direct transcriptional activation of NAT1. The dominant NAT1 transcript present following androgen treatment was type IIA, indicating transcriptional activation from the major NAT1 promoter P1. A series of luciferase reporter deletions mapped the androgen responsive motifs to a 157-bp region of P1 located 745 bases upstream of the first exon. These results show that human NAT1 is induced by androgens, which may have implications for cancer risk in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Gallus S, Scotti L, Negri E, Talamini R, Franceschi S, Montella M, Giacosa A, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C. Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case–control studies. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:40-44. [PMID: 17043096 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sweeteners on cancer risk has been widely debated over the last few decades. To provide additional information on saccharin and other sweeteners (mainly aspartame), we considered data from a large network of case-control studies. METHODS An integrated network of case-control studies has been conducted between 1991 and 2004 in Italy. Cases were 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate and 767 of the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Controls were 7028 patients (3301 men and 3727 women) admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic disorders. Odds ratios (ORs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were derived by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS The ORs for consumption of saccharin were 0.83 (95% CI 0.30-2.29) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 1.58 (95% CI 0.59-4.25) for oesophageal, 0.95 (95% CI 0.67-1.35) for colon, 0.93 (95% CI 0.60-1.45) for rectal, 1.55 (95% CI 0.76-3.16) for laryngeal, 1.01 (95% CI 0.77-1.33) for breast, 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.74) for ovarian, 0.91 (95% CI 0.59-1.40) for prostate and 0.79 (95% CI 0.49-1.28) for kidney cancer. The ORs for consumption of other sweeteners, mainly aspartame, were 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-1.53) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.77 (95% CI 0.34-1.75) for oesophageal, 0.90 (95% CI 0.70-1.16) for colon, 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-1.02) for rectal, 1.62 (95% CI 0.84-3.14) for laryngeal, 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.97) for breast, 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-1.00) for ovarian, 1.23 (95% CI 0.86-1.76) for prostate and 1.03 (95% CI 0.73-1.46) for kidney cancer. A significant inverse trend in risk for increasing categories of total sweeteners was found for breast and ovarian cancer, and a direct one for laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION The present work indicates a lack of association between saccharin, aspartame and other sweeteners and the risk of several common neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallus
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan.
| | - L Scotti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan
| | - E Negri
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan
| | - R Talamini
- Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Pedemontana Occ.le, 33081 Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - S Franceschi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 cedex 08, Lyon, France
| | - M Montella
- Unità di Epidemiologia, Istituto Tumori 'Fondazione Pascale', Via Mariano Semmola, 80100 Naples
| | - A Giacosa
- Policlinico di Monza, Via Amati 11, 20052 Monza (MI)
| | - L Dal Maso
- Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Pedemontana Occ.le, 33081 Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - C La Vecchia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan; Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo analyse various aspects of the Mediterranean diet in relation to the risk of several common cancers in Italy.DesignData from a series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 2004 on over 20 000 cases of several major cancers and 18 000 controls.ResultsFor most digestive tract cancers, the risk decreased with increasing vegetable and fruit consumption, with relative risks between 0.3 and 0.7 for the highest level of intake, and the population-attributable risks for low intake of vegetables and fruit ranged between 15 and 40%. Less strong inverse relations were observed for other (epithelial) cancers, too. A number of micronutrients contained in vegetables and fruit showed an inverse relation with cancer risk. In particular, flavones, flavonols and resveratrol were inversely related to breast cancer risk. Olive oil, which is a typical aspect of the Mediterranean diet, has also been inversely related to cancers of the colorectum and breast, and mainly of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. Consumption of pizza, one of the most typical Italian foods, was related to a reduced risk of digestive tract cancers, although pizza may simply be an aspecific indicator of the Italian diet.ConclusionsAdherence to the Mediterranean diet is a favourable indicator of the risk of several common epithelial cancers in Italy. A score summarising the major characteristics of the Mediterranean diet was related to a priori defined reduced risks of several digestive tract neoplasms by over 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo La Vecchia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
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Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Levi F, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, La Vecchia C. Onion and garlic use and human cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1027-32. [PMID: 17093154 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in the potential benefits of allium vegetables, in particular, onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum), has its origin in antiquity, but the details of these benefits are still open to discussion. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of allium vegetables in the etiology of various neoplasms. Previous data are scanty and are based mainly on Chinese studies. DESIGN Using data from an integrated network of Italian and Swiss case-control studies, we analyzed the relation between frequency of onion and garlic use and cancer at several sites. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) by using multivariate logistic regression models that were adjusted for energy intake and other major covariates. RESULTS Consumption of onions varied between 0-14 and 0-22 portions/wk among cases and controls, respectively. The multivariate ORs for the highest category of onion and garlic intake were, respectively, 0.16 and 0.61 for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.12 and 0.43 for esophageal cancer, 0.44 and 0.74 for colorectal cancer, 0.17 and 0.56 for laryngeal cancer, 0.75 and 0.90 for breast cancer, 0.27 and 0.78 for ovarian cancer, 0.29 and 0.81 for prostate cancer, and 0.62 and 0.69 for renal cell cancer. CONCLUSIONS This uniquely large data set from southern European populations shows an inverse association between the frequency of use of allium vegetables and the risk of several common cancers. Allium vegetables are a favorable correlate of cancer risk in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Galeone
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy, Italy.
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Gallus S, Bravi F, Talamini R, Negri E, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Giacosa A, La Vecchia C. Milk, dairy products and cancer risk (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:429-37. [PMID: 16596295 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconclusive information is available on the potential role of milk and dairy products on the risk of cancer at several sites. METHODS We analyzed data from a large and integrated network of hospital-based case-control studies in Italy on cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (598 cases, 1491 controls), oesophagus (304 cases, 743 controls), colorectum (1953 cases, 4154 controls), larynx (460 cases, 1088 controls), breast (2569 cases, 2588 controls), ovary (1031 cases, 2411 controls) and prostate (1294 cases, 1451 controls). RESULTS Multivariate odds ratio (OR) for the highest consumption level of any type of milk was 0.94 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.61-1.33) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 1.20 (95% CI: 0.76-1.90) for oesophageal, 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62-0.96) for colon, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.60-1.05) for rectal, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.56-1.21) for laryngeal, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.76-1.10) for breast, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.68-1.15) for ovarian and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.84-1.37) for prostate cancer. A significant trend in risk was found for colon cancer only. Inverse associations were observed between consumption of skim milk and cancers of colon (OR=0.84; 95% CI: 0.73-0.97), rectum (OR=0.76; 95% CI: 0.64-0.91), breast (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.98) and ovary (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.66-0.91). Conversely, whole milk consumption was directly associated with cancer of the rectum (OR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.03-1.44) and ovary (OR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.07-1.46). High consumption of cheese was inversely related to colon cancer risk (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.95). CONCLUSIONS There was a modest direct association between milk and dairy products and prostate cancer, and a moderate inverse one for colorectal cancer. However, our findings indicate that milk and dairy products are not strong risk indicators for any of the cancers considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Gallus
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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