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Jokipii Krueger CC, Park SL, Madugundu G, Patel Y, Le Marchand L, Stram DO, Tretyakova N. Ethnic differences in excretion of butadiene-DNA adducts by current smokers. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:694-704. [PMID: 33693566 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen used in the synthetic polymer industry and also found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust and wood burning smoke. BD is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) 2E1 and 2A6 to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which can be detoxified by GST-catalyzed glutathione conjugation or hydrolysis. We have previously observed ethnic differences in urinary levels of EB-mercapturic acids in white, Japanese American and Native Hawaiian smokers. In the present study, similar analyses were extended to urinary BD-DNA adducts. BD-induced N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts were quantified in urine samples obtained from smokers and non-smokers belonging to three racial/ethnic groups: white, Japanese American and Native Hawaiian. After adjusting for sex, age, nicotine equivalents, body mass index and batch, we found that Japanese American smokers excreted significantly higher amounts of urinary EB-GII than whites [1.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.87) versus 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.85) fmol/ml urine, P = 4 × 10-5]. Levels of urinary EB-GII in Native Hawaiian smokers were not different from those in whites [0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.51-0.84) fmol/ml urine, P = 0.938]. There were no racial/ethnic differences in urinary EB-GII adduct levels in non-smokers. Racial/ethnic differences in urinary EB-GII adduct levels in smokers could not be explained by GSTT1 gene deletion or CYP2A6 enzymatic activity. Urinary EB-GII adduct levels in smokers were significantly associated with concentrations of BD metabolite dihyroxybutyl mercapturic acid. Overall, our results reveal that urinary EB-GII adducts in smokers differ across racial/ethnic groups. Future studies are required to understand genetic and epigenetic factors that may be responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Guru Madugundu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Thaiparambil J, Dong L, Jasso D, Huang JA, El-Zein RA. Mitotic Spindle Apparatus Abnormalities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cells: A Potential Pathway to Lung Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:923-934. [PMID: 32655004 PMCID: PMC7641916 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease characterized by irreversible lung damage resulting in airflow limitation, abnormal permanent air-space enlargement, and emphysema. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of COPD with 15% to 30% of smokers developing either disease. About 50% to 80% of patients with lung cancer have preexisting COPD and smokers who have COPD are at an increased risk for developing lung cancer. Therefore, COPD is considered an independent risk for lung cancer, even after adjusting for smoking. A crucial early event in carcinogenesis is the induction of the genomic instability through alterations in the mitotic spindle apparatus. To date, the underlying mechanism by which COPD contributes to lung cancer risk is unclear. We hypothesized that tobacco smoke carcinogens induce mitotic spindle apparatus abnormalities and alter expression of crucial genes leading to increased genomic instability and ultimately tumorigenesis. To test our hypothesis, we assessed the genotoxic effects of a potent tobacco-smoke carcinogen [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, (NNK)] on bronchial epithelial cells from patients with COPD and normal bronchial epithelial cells and identified genes associated with mitotic spindle defects and chromosome missegregation that also overlap with lung cancer. Our results indicate that exposure to NNK leads to a significantly altered spindle orientation, centrosome amplification, and chromosome misalignment in COPD cells as compared with normal epithelial cells. In addition, we identified several genes (such as AURKA, AURKB, and MAD2L2) that were upregulated and overlap with lung cancer suggesting a potential common pathway in the transition from COPD to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Thaiparambil
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center and Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Lingyun Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Wujiang Hospital of Nantong University, Suzhou, China
| | - Diana Jasso
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center and Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Randa A El-Zein
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center and Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas.
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Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Rice J, Baan RA, Billard M, Birkett N, Krewski D, Zielinski JM. Development of a database on key characteristics of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:264-287. [PMID: 31379270 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1642593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A database on mechanistic characteristics of human carcinogenic agents was developed by collecting mechanistic information on agents identified as human carcinogens (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. A two-phase process is described for the construction of the database according to 24 toxicological endpoints, derived from appropriate test systems that were acquired from data obtained from the mechanisms sections of the IARC Monographs (Section 4) and a supplementary PubMed search. These endpoints were then aligned with 10 key characteristics of human carcinogens that reflect the broader attributes of these agents relating to the development of cancer in humans. The considerations involved in linking of toxicological endpoints to key characteristics are described and specific examples of the determination of key characteristics for six specific agents (tamoxifen, hepatitis B virus, arsenic, ultraviolet and solar radiation, tobacco smoking, and dioxin) are provided. Data for humans and animals were tabulated separately, as were results for in-vivo and for in-vitro sources of information. The database was constructed to support a separate analysis of the expression of these endpoints by 86 Group 1 carcinogens, in-vivo and in-vitro along with an analysis of the key characteristics of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jerry Rice
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Georgetown, DC, USA
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Billard
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jan M Zielinski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Chao MR, Cooke MS, Kuo CY, Pan CH, Liu HH, Yang HJ, Chen SC, Chiang YC, Hu CW. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure: Evidence from biomarkers of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:238-245. [PMID: 30103123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, smoking is a major public health problem, with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affecting both smokers, and passive smokers, including children. Despite ETS also describing secondhand, and thirdhand smoke (SHS, and THS respectively), the health effects of exposure to passive smoking via these sources are not fully understood, particularly in children. Although cotinine, the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine, has been widely used as a biomarker of ETS exposure, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), the metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), provides a uniquely important contribution, both as a biomarker of exposure, and as a specific risk indicator for pulmonary carcinogenesis. METHODS We used LC-MS/MS to study NNK metabolites, cotinine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker of oxidative stress), in the urine of 110 non-smoking adults (age range: 23-62) and 101 children (age range: 9-11), exposed to ETS. RESULTS In our study of passive smoking adults, and children exposed to ETS, we showed that although the children had a similar urinary level of cotinine compared to the adults, the children had approximately two times higher levels of urinary total NNAL (P = 0.002), and free NNAL (P = 0.01), than adults. The children also had three times lower ability to detoxify NNK than adults (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the children showed 1.5 times higher ratio of total NNAL/cotinine than adults (P = 0.01), implying that THS is another important source of ETS in this population. Furthermore, ETS exposure in children appeared to lead to an increase in levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that, in children, THS may play an important role in the ETS exposure, and that children are at particular risk of ETS-induced health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Chung-Yih Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Liu
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Park SL, Patel YM, Loo LWM, Mullen DJ, Offringa IA, Maunakea A, Stram DO, Siegmund K, Murphy SE, Tiirikainen M, Le Marchand L. Association of internal smoking dose with blood DNA methylation in three racial/ethnic populations. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:110. [PMID: 30139389 PMCID: PMC6108111 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. While cigarette smoking is the primary cause of this malignancy, risk differs across racial/ethnic groups. For the same number of cigarettes smoked, Native Hawaiians compared to whites are at greater risk and Japanese Americans are at lower risk of developing lung cancer. DNA methylation of specific CpG sites (e.g., in AHRR and F2RL3) is the most common blood epigenetic modification associated with smoking status. However, the influence of internal smoking dose, measured by urinary nicotine equivalents (NE), on DNA methylation in current smokers has not been investigated, nor has a study evaluated whether for the same smoking dose, circulating leukocyte DNA methylation patterns differ by race. METHODS We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of NE in 612 smokers from three racial/ethnic groups: whites (n = 204), Native Hawaiians (n = 205), and Japanese Americans (n = 203). Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of blood leukocyte DNA was measured using the Illumina 450K BeadChip array. Average β value, the ratio of signal from a methylated probe relative to the sum of the methylated and unmethylated probes at that CpG, was the dependent variables in linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, race (for pan-ethnic analysis), and estimated cell-type distribution. RESULTS We found that NE was significantly associated with six differentially methylated CpG sites (Bonferroni corrected p < 1.48 × 10-7): four in or near the FOXK2, PBX1, FNDC7, and FUBP3 genes and two in non-annotated genetic regions. Higher levels of NE were associated with increasing methylation beta-valuesin all six sites. For all six CpG sites, the association was only observed in Native Hawaiians, suggesting that the influence of smoking dose on DNA methylation patterns is heterogeneous across race/ethnicity (p interactions < 8.8 × 10-8). We found two additional CpG sites associated with NE in only Native Hawaiians. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, internal smoking dose was associated with increased DNA methylation in circulating leukocytes at specific sites in Native Hawaiian smokers but not in white or Japanese American smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim L Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Yesha M Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel J Mullen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Alika Maunakea
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kimberly Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 1509G, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Lu W, Ferguson SG, Nichols DS, Patel R, Jacobson GA. Application of an assay for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine for the assessment of tobacco-related harm. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:327-332. [PMID: 27632782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is formed from nicotine and related compounds during tobacco curing and is classified as a human carcinogen. Its major metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), is thought to be useful in the assessment of cigarette smoking harm minimisation strategies. METHODOLOGY Urine samples were collected from 24 current Caucasian smokers participating in a smoking cessation study; before and four weeks after a quit attempt. Samples were spiked with NNAL-d3 internal standard, extracted with ethyl acetate using liquid-liquid extraction, reconstituted with deionised water and analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both free (unconjugated) and total NNAL was measured, with totals determined by cleavage of NNAL-glucuronide using standard enzymatic hydrolysis methods. RESULTS Free NNAL levels (193.5±158.2pg/mL [mean±standard deviation]) measured in urine samples obtained at baseline (during ad lib smoking) were indicative of biological exposure to NNK. Free NNAL levels were significantly reduced four weeks after the quit attempt (64.5±77.6pg/mL; p<0.002). Assay performance met acceptance criteria with mean recovery of 59±23%, intra-day accuracy was 3.7%, 3.7 and 3.6% and precision was 11.3%, 5.1% and 5.3% at 5pg/mL, 20pg/mL and 100pg/mL levels respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of NNAL-glucuronide proved unreliable with complete loss of NNAL aglycone in some subject samples following the hydrolysis procedure. CONCLUSION Liquid-liquid extraction with UPLC-MS/MS is a convenient approach to measure low levels of NNAL in urine as a marker of biological NNK exposure, which can be used to assess the effectiveness of smoking reduction harm minimisation strategies. Enzymatic hydrolysis of NNAL-glucuronide and measuring the aglycone is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Lu
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul Patel
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
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Wei B, Blount BC, Xia B, Wang L. Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011-2012. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:249-56. [PMID: 25564369 PMCID: PMC4520776 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are found only in tobacco and derived products. Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) lists NNK as one of the 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. The aim of this study was to use the urinary concentration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of NNK, to quantitatively estimate exposure to NNK in the US general population. In 2011-2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected urine and serum samples from a representative sample of US residents. We used a serum cotinine cutoff of 10 ng/ml with combination of questionnaire data to select non-users from cigarette users and used self-reported data to determine different tobacco product user groups. We estimated the absorbed total daily dose of NNK using a probabilistic method based on a two-compartment model. The geometric mean (GM) for the daily dose of NNK among smokers aged 12-16 years was significantly higher than that for non-users at the same age stage exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) (P<0.001). Among those exposed to SHS, the GM for daily dose of NNK in young children (6-11 years) was nearly three times of those for adults in the age range 21-59 years. Among cigarette users, non-Hispanic Whites had the highest NNK daily dose and Mexican Americans had the lowest levels. Exclusive snuff or chewing product users had significantly higher daily dose of NNK than did cigarette smokers. Our study found that the maximum daily dose of NNK for children aged from 6 to 11 years and that for a significant percentage of cigarette users, chewing product and snuff users were higher than an estimated provisional "reference" risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Wei
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ge GZ, Xu TR, Chen C. Tobacco carcinogen NNK-induced lung cancer animal models and associated carcinogenic mechanisms. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:477-87. [PMID: 26040315 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco usage is a major risk factor in the development, progression, and outcomes for lung cancer. Of the carcinogens associated with lung cancer, tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is among the most potent ones. The oncogenic mechanisms of NNK are not entirely understood, hindering the development of effective strategies for preventing and treating smoking-associated lung cancers. Here, we introduce the NNK-induced lung cancer animal models in different species and its potential mechanisms. Finally, we summarize several chemopreventive agents developed from these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhe Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Park SL, Carmella SG, Ming X, Vielguth E, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Hecht SS. Variation in levels of the lung carcinogen NNAL and its glucuronides in the urine of cigarette smokers from five ethnic groups with differing risks for lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:561-9. [PMID: 25542827 PMCID: PMC4355389 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study demonstrated that, for the same quantity of cigarettes smoked, African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a higher risk of lung cancer compared with whites, whereas Latinos and Japanese Americans have a lower risk. We hypothesize that the uptake and/or metabolism of the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) could explain the differences in lung cancer risk. METHODS We measured urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides and their sum (total NNAL), biomarkers of NNK uptake, in 2,252 smokers from the MEC. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, creatinine and total nicotine equivalents, a marker of total nicotine uptake. RESULTS African Americans had the highest median total NNAL levels (1.80 pmol/mL urine) and Japanese Americans had the lowest (0.914 pmol/mL urine), with intermediate values in the other three groups. Geometric mean of total NNAL in African Americans was also highest, and in Japanese Americans it was lowest; Japanese American geometric mean was statistically different from whites (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS African Americans had higher levels of total NNAL per mL urine than whites, while Japanese Americans had lower levels, consistent with lung cancer risk among smokers in these groups. However, our data were not consistent with the high and low lung cancer risks of Native Hawaiian and Latino smokers, respectively. IMPACT The higher lung cancer susceptibility of African-American smokers and the lower susceptibility of Japanese-American smokers compared with whites can be explained in part by exposure to the potent lung carcinogen NNK. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 561-9. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim L Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xun Ming
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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10
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Park SL, Kotapati S, Wilkens LR, Tiirikainen M, Murphy SE, Tretyakova N, Le Marchand L. 1,3-Butadiene exposure and metabolism among Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, and White smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2240-9. [PMID: 25368399 PMCID: PMC4220266 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that the differences in lung cancer risk in Native Hawaiians, whites, and Japanese Americans may, in part, be due to variation in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene, one of the most abundant carcinogens in cigarette smoke. METHODS We measured two biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene exposure, monohydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), in overnight urine samples among 584 Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, and white smokers in Hawaii. These values were normalized to creatinine levels. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, body mass index, and nicotine equivalents (a marker of total nicotine uptake). RESULTS We found that mean urinary MHBMA differed by race/ethnicity (P = 0.0002). The values were highest in whites and lowest in Japanese Americans. This difference was only observed in individuals with the GSTT1-null genotype (P = 0.0001). No difference across race/ethnicity was found among those with at least one copy of the GSTT1 gene (P ≥ 0.72). Mean urinary DHBMA did not differ across racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS The difference in urinary MHBMA excretion levels from cigarette smoking across three ethnic groups is, in part, explained by the GSTT1 genotype. Mean urinary MHBMA levels are higher in whites among GSTT1-null smokers. IMPACT The overall higher excretion levels of MHBMA in whites and lower levels of MHBMA in Japanese Americans are consistent with the higher lung cancer risk in the former. However, the excretion levels of MHBMA in Native Hawaiians are not consistent with their disease risk and thus unlikely to explain their high risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim Lani Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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Murphy SE, Park SSL, Thompson EF, Wilkens LR, Patel Y, Stram DO, Le Marchand L. Nicotine N-glucuronidation relative to N-oxidation and C-oxidation and UGT2B10 genotype in five ethnic/racial groups. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2526-33. [PMID: 25233931 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine metabolism influences smoking behavior and differences in metabolism probably contribute to ethnic variability in lung cancer risk. We report here on the proportion of nicotine metabolism by cytochrome P450 2A6-catalyzed C-oxidation, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B10 (UGT2B10)-catalyzed N-glucuronidation and flavin monooxygenase 3-catalyzed N-oxidation in five ethnic/racial groups and the role of UGT2B10 genotype on the metabolic patterns observed. Nicotine and its metabolites were quantified in urine from African American (AA, n = 364), Native Hawaiian (NH, n = 311), White (n = 437), Latino (LA, n = 453) and Japanese American (JA, n = 674) smokers. Total nicotine equivalents, the sum of nicotine and six metabolites, and nicotine metabolism phenotypes were calculated. The relationship of UGT2B10 genotype to nicotine metabolic pathways was determined for each group; geometric means were computed and adjusted for age, sex, creatinine, and body mass index. Nicotine metabolism patterns were unique across the groups, C-oxidation was lowest in JA and NH (P < 0.0001), and N-glucuronidation lowest in AA (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in C-oxidation among Whites and AA and LA. Nicotine and cotinine glucuronide ratios were 2- and 3-fold lower in AA compared with Whites. Two UGT variants, a missense mutation (Asp67Tyr, rs61750900) and a splice variant (rs116294140) accounted for 33% of the variation in glucuronidation. In AA, the splice variant accounted for the majority of the reduced nicotine glucuronidation. UGT2B10 variant allele carriers had increased levels of C-oxidation (P = 0.0099). Our data indicate that the relative importance of nicotine metabolic pathways varies by ethnicity, and all pathways should be considered when characterizing the role of nicotine metabolism on smoking behavior and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2-127 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Sung-Shim L Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and
| | - Elizabeth F Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2-127 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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12
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Secondhand smoke exposure within semi-open air cafes and tobacco specific 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations among nonsmoking employees. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:875-81. [PMID: 25218107 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a defined occupational hazard. The association though between SHS exposure in semi-open air venues and tobacco specific carcinogen uptake is an area of debate. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross sectional survey of 49 semi-open air cafes in Athens, Greece was performed during the summer of 2008, prior to the adoption of the national smoke free legislation. All venues had at least 1 entire wall open to allow for free air exchange. Indoor concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) attributable to SHS were assessed during a work shift, while 1 non-smoking employee responsible for indoor and outdoor table service from each venue provided a post work shift urine sample for analysis of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). RESULTS Post work shift NNAL concentrations were correlated with work shift PM2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS (r = 0.376, p = 0.0076). Urinary NNAL concentrations among employees increased by 9.5%, per 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS after controlling for the time of day and day of week. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the commonly proposed practice of maintaining open sliding walls as a means of free air exchange does not lead to the elimination of employee exposure to tobacco specific carcinogens attributable to workplace SHS.
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Appleton S, Olegario RM, Lipowicz PJ. TSNA exposure from cigarette smoking: 18Years of urinary NNAL excretion data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yao L, Zheng S, Guan Y, Yang J, Liu B, Wang W, Zhu X. Development of a rapid method for the simultaneous separation and determination of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its N- and O-glucuronides in human urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 788:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zhang Z, Zheng S, Yang J, Wang W, Liu B, Zhu X. Synthesis and Solid Phase Extraction Performance Study of NNAL‐specific Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Dummy Templates. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/03/361-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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16
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Liu BZ, Yao L, Zheng SJ, Wang WM, Zhu XL, Yang J. Development of a Sensitive Method for the Determination of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in Human Urine Using Solid-phase Extraction Combined with Ultrasound-assisted Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction and LC-MS/MS Detection. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chung CJ, Pu YS, Shiue HS, Lee HL, Lin P, Yang HY, Su CT, Hsueh YM. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) metabolism-related enzymes gene polymorphisms, NNK metabolites levels and urothelial carcinoma. Toxicol Lett 2012; 216:16-22. [PMID: 23142425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene polymorphisms of the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) metabolism-related enzymes-cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase 2A13 (CYP2A13) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)-2B7 could contribute to the levels of NNK-related metabolites in urine, thereby increasing the susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma (UC). Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the roles of two gene polymorphisms (CYP2A13 and UGT2B7) of NNK metabolism-related enzymes in the carcinogenesis of UC in Taiwan. A hospital-based pilot case-control study was conducted. There were 121 UC cases and 121 age- and sex-matched healthy participants recruited from March 2007 to April 2009. Urine samples were analyzed for NNK-related metabolites using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Genotyping was conducted using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. ANCOVA and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analyses. In healthy controls, former smokers had significantly higher total NNAL and higher NNAL-Gluc than never smokers or current smokers. Subjects carrying the UGT2B7 268 His/Tyr or Tyr/Tyr genotype had significantly lower total NNAL than those carrying His/His genotype. However, no association was seen between gene polymorphisms of CYP2A13 and UGT2B7 and UC risk after adjustment for age and sex. Significant dose -response associations between total NNAL, free NNAL, the ratios of free NNAL/total NNAL and NNAL-Gluc/total NNAL and UC risk were observed. In the future, large-scale studies will be required to verify the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms of NNK metabolism-related enzymes and UC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Gordon W, Galitovskiy V, Edwards R, Andersen B, Grando SA. The tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine induces a differential gene expression response in tumour susceptible A/J and resistant C3H mouse lungs. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:725-33. [PMID: 23010150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), an important carcinogen found in tobacco products, causes lung cancer in genetically susceptible animals. In addition to mutations of the K-Ras gene, NNK has non-mutagenic effects that include alterations in gene expression and immunomodulation in the lung. Here we report the identification of two gene sets associated with NNK-induced pulmonary tumourigenesis. First, to identify genes involved in the susceptibility to NNK, we compared the lung transcriptomes of NNK-resistant C3H mice with that of the NNK-susceptible A/J mice, identifying differential expression of genes related to innate immunity and inflammation. Second, to identify gene expression induced by NNK, we compared the lung transcriptomes of C3H and A/J mice post-treatment. The Resistin-like alpha (Retnla) gene was highly upregulated in response to NNK only in susceptible mice. This gene product is known to recruit immune cells to the lung, and accumulation of CD45 positive cells in A/J lungs correlated with increased Retnla expression. Genetic susceptibility to NNK-induced lung tumourigenesis may relate in part to gene expression changes and alterations in the immune response to create a pro-tumourigenic environment, acting in concert with NNK's mutagenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gordon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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19
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Nilsson R. The molecular basis for induction of human cancers by tobacco specific nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:268-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Benowitz NL, Dains KM, Dempsey D, Wilson M, Jacob P. Racial differences in the relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and nicotine and carcinogen exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:772-83. [PMID: 21546441 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black smokers are reported to have higher lung cancer rates and greater tobacco dependence at lower levels of cigarette consumption compared to non-Hispanic White smokers. We studied the relationship between cigarettes per day (CPD) and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure in Black and White smokers. METHODS In 128 Black and White smokers, we measured plasma nicotine and its main proximate metabolite cotinine, urine nicotine equivalents, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanol (NNAL), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. RESULTS The dose-response between CPD and nicotine equivalents, and NNAL and PAH was flat for Black but positive for White smokers (Race × CPD interaction, all ps < .05). Regression estimates for the Race × CPD interactions were 0.042 (95% CI 0.013-0.070), 0.054 (0.023-0.086), and 0.028 (0.004-0.052) for urine nicotine equivalents, NNAL, and PAHs, respectively. In contrast there was a strong correlation between nicotine equivalents and NNAL and PAH independent of race. Nicotine and carcinogen exposure per individual cigarette was inversely related to CPD. This inverse correlation was stronger in Black compared to White smokers and stronger in menthol compared to regular cigarette smokers (not mutually adjusted). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Blacks on average smoke cigarettes differently than White smokers such that CPD predicts smoke intake more poorly in Black than in White smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA.
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Rangiah K, Hwang WT, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. Nicotine exposure and metabolizer phenotypes from analysis of urinary nicotine and its 15 metabolites by LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:745-61. [PMID: 21452992 PMCID: PMC3134267 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is necessary to have an accurate method for quantifying nicotine and all of its known metabolites. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution LC-MRM/MS assay has been developed for quantification of urinary nicotine and the 15 possible metabolites that could arise from known metabolic pathways. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3´-hydroxy-cotinine, nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine-N-oxide, nornicotine, norcotinine and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid were quantified by direct analysis. The corresponding glucuronide metabolites were quantified after urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. RESULTS Nicotine and all 15 nicotine metabolites were quantified by LC-MRM/MS in most urine samples from 61 tobacco smokers. Urinary nicotine and metabolite concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 337.8 µM (mean 75.5 ± 67.8 µM). Three nicotine metabolizer phenotypes were established as reduced metabolizers (ratio < 8), normal metabolizers (ratio 8-30), and extensive metabolizers (ratio > 30). 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, which has not been quantified previously, was an abundant metabolite in all three phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using this assay it will now be possible to determine whether there are relationships between nicotine exposure and/or metabolizer phenotype with exposure to toxic substances that are present in tobacco smoke and/or to biological response biomarkers to tobacco smoking. This will help in identifying individuals at high risk for developing smoking-related diseases as well as those amenable to smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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22
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Bhat SH, Gelhaus SL, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:115-121. [PMID: 21154658 PMCID: PMC3348551 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a carcinogenic nitrosamine produced upon curing tobacco. It is present in tobacco smoke and undergoes metabolism to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in the lungs. NNAL undergoes further uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated metabolism to give N- and O-glucuronide metabolites, which together with free (non-conjugated) NNAL are then excreted in the urine. The ability to conduct validated analyses of free and conjugated NNAL in human urine is important in order to assess inter-individual differences in lung cancer risk from exposure to cigarette smoke. The use of stable isotope dilution (SID) methodology in combination with liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (LC/MRM-MS) provides the highest bioanalytical specificity possible for such analyses. We describe a novel derivatization procedure, which results in the formation of a pre-ionized N-propyl-NNAL derivative. The increased LC/MS sensitivity arising from this derivative then makes it possible to analyze free NNAL in only 0.25 mL urine. This substantial reduction in urine volume when compared with other methods that have been developed will help preserve the limited amounts of stored urine samples that are available from on-going longitudinal biomarker studies. The new high sensitivity SID LC/MRM-MS assay was employed to determine free and conjugated NNAL concentrations in urine samples from 60 individual disease-free smokers. Effects of inter-individual differences in urinary creatinine clearance on NNAL concentrations were then assessed and three metabolizer phenotypes were identified in the 60 subjects from the ratio of urinary NNAL glucuronides/free NNAL. Poor metabolizers (PMs, 14 subjects) with a ratio of NNAL glucuronides/free NNAL <2 (mean = 1.3), intermediate metabolizers (IMs, 36 subjects) with a ratio between 2 and 5 (mean = 3.4), and extensive metabolizers (EMs, 10 subjects) with a ratio >5 (mean = 11.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Showket H. Bhat
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Stacy L. Gelhaus
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
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Benowitz NL, Dains KM, Dempsey D, Havel C, Wilson M, Jacob P. Urine menthol as a biomarker of mentholated cigarette smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:3013-9. [PMID: 20962297 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Menthol cigarettes are smoked by 27% of U.S. smokers, and there are concerns that menthol might enhance toxicity of cigarette smoking by increasing systemic absorption of smoke toxins. We measured urine menthol concentrations in relation to biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and tobacco carcinogens. METHODS Concentrations of menthol glucuronide (using a novel analytical method), nicotine plus metabolites (nicotine equivalents, NE), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were measured in the urine of 60 menthol and 67 regular cigarette smokers. RESULTS Urine menthol was measurable in 82% of menthol and 54% in regular cigarette smokers. Among menthol smokers, urine menthol was highly correlated with NE, NNAL, and PAHs. In a multiple regression model NE but not menthol was significantly associated with NNAL and PAHs. CONCLUSIONS Urine menthol concentration is a novel biomarker of exposure in menthol cigarette smokers, and is highly correlated with exposure to nicotine and carcinogens. Menthol is not independently associated with carcinogen exposure when nicotine intake is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-1220, USA.
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