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Rai S, Singh MP, Srivastava S. Integrated Analysis Identifies Novel Fusion Transcripts in Laterally Spreading Tumors Suggestive of Distinct Etiology Than Colorectal Cancers. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:913-926. [PMID: 36480069 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) of the colon and rectum are a class of abnormality which spreads laterally and appears ulcerated. They are a subclass of colorectal cancer (CRCs) with higher invasive potential than CRCs. Moreover, the etiology of LST still remains obscure. METHODS This study aimed to identify unique fusion transcript(s) in LSTs and evaluate their role in LST development and progression. RNA-Seq data for LST samples from the EMBL-EBI database were used to identify fusion transcripts. An integrated approach using Gene Ontology, pathway analysis, hub gene, and co-expression network analysis functionally characterized fusion transcripts to shed light upon the etiology of LSTs. RESULT We identified 48 unique fusion genes in LSTs. GO terms were enriched in mRNA metabolic (p ≤ 2.06E-06), mRNA stabilization (p ≤ 1.60E-05), in cytosol (1.20E-05), RBP (p ≤ 2.30E-04), and RNA binding activity (p ≤ 3.51E-08) processes. Pathway analysis revealed an inflammatory phenotype of LSTs suggesting a distinct etiology than CRCs as pathways were enriched in salmonella infection (p ≤ 4.41 e-03), proteoglycans in cancer (p ≤ 1.18 e-02), and insulin signaling (p ≤ 2.13 e-02). Our exclusion and inclusion criteria and hub gene analysis finally identified 9 hub genes. Co-expression analysis of hub genes identified the most significant transcription factors (NELFE, MYC, TAF1, MAX) and kinases (MAPK14, CSNK2A1, CDK1, MAPK1) which were implicated in various cancer pathways. Furthermore, an overall survival analysis of hub genes was performed. Our predefined criterion resulted in the enrichment of NPM1-PTMA (NPM1: p ≤ 0.005) and HIST1H2BO-YBX1 (YBX1: p ≤ 0.02) fusion transcripts, significantly associated with the patient's overall survival. CONCLUSION Our systematic analysis resulted in novel fusion genes in LSTs suggesting a different etiology than CRCs. Fusion transcripts were observed more frequently in non-granular LSTs suggestive of genetically more unstable than granular LST. We hypothesize that NPM1-PTMA and HIST1H2BO-YBX1 could be implicated in LST development and progression and may also serve as a prognostic or diagnostic biomarker in future for better management of LSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, Prayagraj, India
| | - Manish Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, Prayagraj, India
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, Lucknow, India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, Prayagraj, India.
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Yang H, Lin Z, Lin Y, He F, Liu S, Zhang Z, Wang J, Xie Q, Chen Y, Chen W, Hu Z. Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer Specific for Different Macroscopic Types. Nutr Cancer 2020; 72:1336-1344. [PMID: 32156160 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1733623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To further explore risk factors of esophageal squamous cell cancer specific for different macroscopic types.Methods: A total of 423 patients and 423 age (±3 years) and gender matched controls were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors of ESCC specific for different macroscopic types.Results: In this study, we found that drinking hot tea (OR = 1.98, 95% CI:1.14-3.43) and higher intake of hard food (OR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.05-2.58) positively associated with ulcerative type of ESCC, but not with medullary type or other types. Although alcohol drinking and lower intake of fresh vegetable appeared to be more harmful to the ulcerative-type ESCC, the discrepant risks were not significantly different in ulcerative type and medullary type. Moreover, tobacco smoking, intake of hot food, spicy food, fresh fruit, scallion and garlic were related to ESCC risk, whereas no significant difference in magnitude of their associations with respect to macroscopic type was observed. Furthermore, significant multiplicative interaction between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking was found in ulcerative-type and medullary-type ESCC.Conclusion: Drinking hot tea and higher intake of hard food were associated with increased risk of ulcerative type of ESCC. However, the mechanism for this difference needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yulan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanmei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Digital Institute of Tumor Big Data, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Nagai K, Hayashi Y, Honma K, Sakatani A, Yoshii S, Fujinaga T, Maekawa A, Tsujii Y, Hiyama S, Shinzaki S, Watabe K, Iijima H, Tsujii M, Mizushima T, Morii E, Takehara T. Adenoma of colorectal laterally spreading tumor nongranular type with biological phenotypic features similar to cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1853-1863. [PMID: 29767452 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are morphologically subdivided into granular (LST-G) and nongranular (LST-NG) categories. We aimed to elucidate the differences in oncogenic characteristics between the two types. METHODS Laterally spreading tumors resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgery from March 2009 to May 2017 were examined for p53 positivity, Ki-67 labeling index (LI), microvessel density, degree of fibrosis, intensities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT), and expression of acid mucins. We compared these factors between adenomas, noninvasive cancers, and invasive cancers, both LST-G and LST-NG. RESULTS Ninety-three LST-G (53 adenomas [LST-GA] and 40 cancers [LST-GC]) and 55 LST-NG (24 adenomas [LST-NGA] and 31 cancers [LST-NGC]) were evaluated. Although p53 positivity was lower in LST-GA than in LST-NGA (P < 0.001), there was no difference between LST-GC and LST-NGC. Ki-67 LI was higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001) and higher in LST-NGC than in LST-GC of noninvasive cancers (P < 0.001). Microvessel density and degree of fibrosis were higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001), and intensities of iNOS and NT were also higher in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001). Expression of acid mucins was lower in LST-NGA than in LST-GA (P < 0.001). Although there were significant differences in p53 positivity, Ki-67 LI, microvessel density, degree of fibrosis, intensities of iNOS and NT, and expression of acid mucins between LST-GA and LST-NGA, these factors were only slightly different between LST-GC and LST-NGC of invasive cancers. CONCLUSIONS Unlike LST-GA, LST-NGA possessed phenotypic features similar to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nagai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Honma
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Jeong YH, Lee J, Kim SW, Seo GS, Kim HS, Joo YE. Clinicopathological feature and treatment outcome of patients with colorectal laterally spreading tumors treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Intest Res 2018; 17:127-134. [PMID: 30301342 PMCID: PMC6361012 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an advanced technique that can be used to treat precancerous and early colorectal neoplasms by facilitating en bloc resection regardless of tumor size. In our study, we investigated the clinicopathological feature and the treatment outcome of patients with colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) that were treated by ESD. METHODS The study enrolled all of 210 patients with colorectal LSTs who underwent ESD. Clinical outcomes were analyzed by retrospectively reviewing medical records. RESULTS A cancerous pit pattern (Vi/Vn) was more common in pseudo-depressed (PD) subtype than in flat elevated (FE) subtype. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in the PD subtype and nodular mixed (NM) subtypes was significantly higher than in the homogenous (HG) subtype and FE subtype. The en bloc and R0 resection rates were 89.0% and 85.7%, respectively. The bleeding and perforation rates were 5.2% and 1.9%, respectively. The mean procedure time was much longer in the PD subtype than in the FE subtype. The en bloc resection rate was significantly higher in the NM subtype than in the HG subtype. However, there were no statistically significant differences in mean procedure time, en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, bleeding rate, or perforation rate between LST-granular and LST-nongranular types. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ESD is acceptable for treating colorectal LSTs concerning en bloc resection, curative resection, and risk of complications. Careful consideration is required for complete resection of the PD subtype and NM subtype because of their higher malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Geom-Seog Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Clinicopathological features of laterally spreading colorectal tumors and their association with advanced histology and invasiveness: An experience from Honam province of South Korea: A Honam Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (HASID). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184205. [PMID: 28977010 PMCID: PMC5627894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Laterally spreading colorectal tumors (LSTs) are divided into four subtypes, including homogenous (HG), nodular mixed (NM), flat elevated (FE), and pseudo-depressed (PD), based on their different endoscopic morphologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of LST subtypes and their association with advanced histology. Methods We investigated the medical records of consecutive patients with LST who initially underwent endoscopic resection at five university hospitals in Honam province of South Korea between January 2012 and December 2013. A total of 566LST lesions removed via endoscopic procedures were collected retrospectively for data analysis. Results The PD, FE, and NM subtypes were more common in the distal colon and the HG subtype in the proximal colon. The PD subtype had the biggest tumor size, followed by the NM subtype. The frequency of adenomatous pit pattern was significantly higher in the HG, NM, and FE subtypes than in the PD subtype. In contrast, the frequency of cancerous pit pattern was significantly higher in the PD subtype than in the other three subtypes. The rate of advanced histology (high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma) among the LSTs was 36.0%. The risk of advanced histology increased in the distal colon compared with the proximal colon. The PD subtype had the highest incidence of villous component, advanced histology,submucosal invasion, and postprocedure perforation among the four subtypes. The distal colon as tumor site, larger tumor size, PD subtype, and villous component were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of advanced histology. Conclusion Our results indicate that the location, size, endoscopic subtype, and histologic component of the LSTs are associated with an increased risk of advanced histology. Therefore, these clinicopathological parameters may be useful in selecting therapeutic strategies in the clinical setting.
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吴 杰, 霍 继, 王 东, 汪 春, 吕 梁. [Expression of Wnt and integrin pathways in colorectal laterally spreading tumors and their correlation with endoscopic subtypes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1234-1241. [PMID: 28951368 PMCID: PMC6765489 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Wnt and integrin pathways in colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) and their correlation with the different endoscopic subtypes of LSTs to better understand the special growth mechanism of LSTs. METHODS Fifty-two patients with colorectal LSTs were randomly selected from the cases diagnosed between January 1, 2010 and June 10, 2015 in our hospital, including 37 of nodular mixed type (LST-G-M), 60 of homogeneous type (LST-G-H), 5 of flat elevated type (LST-NG-FE), and 4 of pseudodepressed type (LST-NG-PD). The expression of β-catenin, phospho- GSK-3β, paxillin and ILK in 52 colorectal LSTs and 15 protruded adenomas (PAs) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation of β-catenin, phospho-GSK-3β, paxillin and ILK expressions among the endoscopic subtypes of LSTs were analyzed. RESULTS β-catenin expression was significantly higher in LSTs than in Pas (P<0.05). β-catenin, phospho-GSK-3β, paxillin and ILK expressions were significantly higher in LST-NG-PD than in Pas (P<0.05). The expressions of β-catenin, phospho-GSK-3β and ILK expression were significantly correlated in LSTs (P<0.05) but not in PAs (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The macroscopic feature of LST-NG-PD may result from a special mechanism of development distinct from other endoscopic subtypes; ILK may play a role in regulating Wnt signaling in LSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- 杰 吴
- />中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科,湖南 长沙 410011Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - 继荣 霍
- />中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科,湖南 长沙 410011Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - 东 王
- />中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科,湖南 长沙 410011Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - 春莲 汪
- />中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科,湖南 长沙 410011Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - 梁 吕
- />中南大学湘雅二医院消化内科,湖南 长沙 410011Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Yang TW, Gao YH, Ma SY, Wu Q, Li ZF. Low-grade slightly elevated and polypoid colorectal adenomas display differential β-catenin-TCF/LEF activity, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 expression. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3066-3076. [PMID: 28533663 PMCID: PMC5423043 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i17.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To comparatively investigate the cellular and molecular characteristics of low-grade slightly elevated adenomas and polypoid adenomas.
METHODS Colorectal tumors were collected from 24 patients with slightly elevated adenomas and 23 patients with polypoid adenomas. Five commonly mutated genes (APC, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA) were selected for mutational analysis. Paraffin-embedded tumor sections were used to calculate the apoptotic index (AI) and Ki-67 labeling index (KLI). Two pure colorectal epithelial cell lines were created by pooling the slightly elevated and polypoid tumors. Western blots, luciferase assays for β-catenin-T-cell factor protein/β-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor (β-catenin-TCF/LEF)-driven transcriptional activity, and caspase activity assays were conducted on the two cell lines.
RESULTS Slightly elevated lesions showed a significantly lower APC mutational frequency and a significantly higher KRAS mutational frequency (both P < 0.05). Slightly elevated lesions showed a significantly lower AI (P < 0.05). β-catenin and β-catenin-TCF/LEF-driven transcriptional activity was significantly upregulated in slightly elevated lesions (both P < 0.05). In slightly elevated lesions, c-Myc was significantly downregulated, while cyclin D1 was significantly upregulated (both P < 0.05). β-catenin-TCF/LEF-driven transcriptional activity was negatively correlated with c-Myc (ρ = -0.78). Slightly elevated lesions displayed significant Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL upregulation (both P < 0.05) along with significant decreases in caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity (both P < 0.05). c-Myc was negatively correlated with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL (ρ = -0.74 and -0.78, respectively).
CONCLUSION The lower apoptotic activity of low-grade slightly elevated adenomas can be partly attributed to upregulated β-catenin pathway activity and downregulated c-Myc expression.
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Minemura S, Tanaka T, Arai M, Okimoto K, Oyamada A, Saito K, Maruoka D, Matsumura T, Nakagawa T, Katsuno T, Kishimoto T, Yokosuka O. Gene expression profiling of laterally spreading tumors. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:64. [PMID: 26048755 PMCID: PMC4456718 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are generally defined as lesions >10 mm in diameter, are characterized by lateral expansion along the luminal wall with a low vertical axis. In contrast to other forms of tumor, LSTs are generally considered to have a superficial growth pattern and the potential for malignancy. We focused on this morphological character of LSTs, and analyzed the gene expression profile of LSTs. Methods The expression of 168 genes in 41 colorectal tumor samples (17 LST-adenoma, 12 LST-carcinoma, 12 Ip [pedunculated type of the Paris classification)-adenoma, all of which were 10 mm or more in diameter] was analyzed by PCR array. Based on the results, we investigated the expression levels of genes up-regulated in LST-adenoma, compared to Ip-adenoma, by hierarchical and K-means clustering. To confirm the results of the array analysis, using an additional 60 samples (38 LST-adenoma, 22 Ip-adenoma), we determined the localization of the gene product by immunohistochemical staining. Result The expression of 129 genes differed in colorectal tumors from normal mucosa by PCR array analysis. As a result of K-means clustering, the expression levels of five genes, AKT1, BCL2L1, ERBB2, MTA2 and TNFRSF25, were found to be significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in LST-adenoma, compared to Ip-adenoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the BCL2L1 protein was significantly and meaningfully up-regulated in LST-adenoma compared to Ip-adenoma (p = 0.010). With respect to apoptosis status in LST-Adenoma, it assumes that BCL2L1 is anti-apoptotic protein, the samples such as BCL2L1 positive and TUNEL negative, or BCL2L1 negative and TUNEL positive are consistent with the assumption. 63.2 % LST-adenoma samples were consistent with the assumption. Conclusions LSTs have an unusual profile of gene expression compared to other tumors and BCL2L1 might be concerned in the organization of LSTs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0295-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Minemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Arata Oyamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Keiko Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Maruoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Matsumura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Tomoo Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Katsuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Chang LC, Chiu HM, Shun CT, Liang JT, Lin JT, Chen CC, Lee YC, Wu MS. Mutational profiles of different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal adenoma reveal distinct pathogenetic roles for KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:221. [PMID: 25551625 PMCID: PMC4296683 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations of genetic alterations and correlations with histology or morphology could provide further insights into colorectal carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, such genetic changes were less investigated in adenoma stage and a comprehensive survey of oncogenic mutations in EGFR signaling pathway according to different morphologic subtypes has not been performed. METHODS A total of 94 neoplasms, including 34 polypoid adenoma, 16 lateral spreading tumors-granular (LST-G), 20 non-granular LST (LST-NG), and 24 depressed tumors, were subjected for mutational analysis of KRAS (exon 2), BRAF (exon 11 and 15), PIK3CA (exon 9 and 20), AKT (exon 4), EGFR (exon 18-24) and HER2 (exon18-24). RESULTS KRAS mutation was noted more frequently in LST (13/36, 36.1%) than polypoid neoplasms (5/34, 14.7%, p = 0.041). When comparing with LST-NG, LST-G had a significantly higher frequency of KRAS mutation. (9/16, 56.3% vs. 4/20, 20.0%, p = 0.024). BRAF mutation (V600E) was found in 2 of 36 (5.6%)LSTs and 1 of 34 (2.9%) polypoid lesions. The two LST lesions with BRAF mutation were pathologically proven to be serrated adenoma. PIK3CA mutation (exon 9 E545K) was identified only in LST (5/36, 13.9%). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA occurred in a mutually exclusive manner. All mutations were absent in the specimens obtained from depressed type neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS Three different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal neoplasms display distinct carcinogenetic pathways in EGFR networking. Further molecular studies of CRCs should take macroscopic subtypes into consideration and highlight the importance of consensus and communication between endoscopic and pathologic diagnosis.
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Konda K, Konishi K, Yamochi T, Ito YM, Nozawa H, Tojo M, Shinmura K, Kogo M, Katagiri A, Kubota Y, Muramoto T, Yano Y, Kobayashi Y, Kihara T, Tagawa T, Makino R, Takimoto M, Imawari M, Yoshida H. Distinct molecular features of different macroscopic subtypes of colorectal neoplasms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103822. [PMID: 25093594 PMCID: PMC4122357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal adenoma develops into cancer with the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. We studied the underlying molecular and clinicopathological features to better understand the heterogeneity of colorectal neoplasms (CRNs). METHODS We evaluated both genetic (mutations of KRAS, BRAF, TP53, and PIK3CA, and microsatellite instability [MSI]) and epigenetic (methylation status of nine genes or sequences, including the CpG island methylator phenotype [CIMP] markers) alterations in 158 CRNs including 56 polypoid neoplasms (PNs), 25 granular type laterally spreading tumors (LST-Gs), 48 non-granular type LSTs (LST-NGs), 19 depressed neoplasms (DNs) and 10 small flat-elevated neoplasms (S-FNs) on the basis of macroscopic appearance. RESULTS S-FNs showed few molecular changes except SFRP1 methylation. Significant differences in the frequency of KRAS mutations were observed among subtypes (68% for LST-Gs, 36% for PNs, 16% for DNs and 6% for LST-NGs) (P<0.001). By contrast, the frequency of TP53 mutation was higher in DNs than PNs or LST-Gs (32% vs. 5% or 0%, respectively) (P<0.007). We also observed significant differences in the frequency of CIMP between LST-Gs and LST-NGs or PNs (32% vs. 6% or 5%, respectively) (P<0.005). Moreover, the methylation level of LINE-1 was significantly lower in DNs or LST-Gs than in PNs (58.3% or 60.5% vs. 63.2%, P<0.05). PIK3CA mutations were detected only in LSTs. Finally, multivariate analyses showed that macroscopic morphologies were significantly associated with an increased risk of molecular changes (PN or LST-G for KRAS mutation, odds ratio [OR] 9.11; LST-NG or DN for TP53 mutation, OR 5.30; LST-G for PIK3CA mutation, OR 26.53; LST-G or DN for LINE-1 hypomethylation, OR 3.41). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that CRNs could be classified into five macroscopic subtypes according to clinicopathological and molecular differences, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Konda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Konishi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshiko Yamochi
- Department of Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M. Ito
- Department of Biostatistics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisako Nozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tojo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shinmura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Kogo
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Katagiri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kubota
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Muramoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Tagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Makino
- Clinical Collaborating laboratory, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takimoto
- Department of Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Imawari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sakai E, Ohata K, Chiba H, Matsuhashi N, Doi N, Fukushima J, Endo H, Takahashi H, Tsuji S, Yagi K, Matsusaka K, Aburatani H, Nakajima A, Kaneda A. Methylation epigenotypes and genetic features in colorectal laterally spreading tumors. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1586-95. [PMID: 24590867 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays an important role in genesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, we identified Group 1 and Group 2 methylation markers through genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, and classified CRC and protruded adenoma into three distinct clusters: high-, intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes. High-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with BRAF mutations and these aberrations were involved in the serrated pathway, whereas intermediate-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with KRAS mutations. Here, we investigated laterally spreading tumors (LSTs), which are flat, early CRC lesions, through quantitative methylation analysis of six Group 1 and 14 Group 2 methylation markers using pyrosequencing. Gene mutations in BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA, and immunostaining of TP53 and CTNNB1 as well as other clinicopathological factors were also evaluated. By hierarchical clustering using methylation information, LSTs were classified into two subtypes; intermediate-methylation epigenotype correlating with KRAS mutations (p = 9 × 10(-4)) and a granular morphology (LST-G) (p = 1 × 10(-7)), and low-methylation epigenotype correlating with CTNNB1 activation (p = 0.002) and a nongranular morphology (LST-NG) (p = 1 × 10(-7)). Group 1 marker methylation and BRAF mutations were barely detected, suggesting that high-methylation epigenotype was unlikely to be involved in LST development. TP53 mutations correlated significantly with malignant transformation, regardless of epigenotype or morphology type. Together, this may suggest that two molecular pathways, intermediate methylation associated with KRAS mutations and LST-G morphology, and low methylation associated with CTNNB1 activation and LST-NG morphology, might be involved in LST development, and that involvement of TP53 mutations could be important in both subtypes in the development from adenoma to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Zhao X, Zhan Q, Xiang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Li A, Liu S. Clinicopathological characteristics of laterally spreading colorectal tumor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94552. [PMID: 24751926 PMCID: PMC3994007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Laterally spreading tumor (LST) is a colorectal pre-cancerous lesion. Previous studies have demonstrated distinct LST clinicopathological characteristics in different populations. This study evaluated clinicopathological characteristics of LST in a Chinese population. METHODS A total of 259 Chinese LST patients with 289 lesions were recruited for endoscopic and clinicopathological analyses. RESULTS Among these 289 lesions, 185 were granular type (LST-G), whereas 104 were non-granular type (LST-NG). LST-G lesions were further classified into homogeneous G-type and nodular mixed G-type, while LST-NG lesions were further classified into flat elevated NG-type and pseudo-depressed NG-type. Clinically, these four LST subtypes showed distinct clinicopathological characteristics, e.g., lesion size, location, or histopathological features (high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and submucosal carcinoma). The nodular mixed G-type showed larger tumor size and higher incidence of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia compared to the other three subtypes, while pseudo-depressed NG-type lesions showed the highest incidence of submucosal carcinoma. Noticeably, no diffidence was detected between the lesions of homogeneous G-type and flat elevated NG-type with regard to the histopathological features. Histology of the malignancy potential was associated with nodular mixed G-type [OR = 2.41, 95% CI (1.09-5.29); P = 0.029], flat elevated NG-type [OR = 3.49, 95% CI (1.41-8.22); P = 0.007], Diameter ≥30 mm [OR = 2.56, 95% CI (1.20-5.20); P = 0.009], Villous adenoma [OR = 2.76, 95% CI (1.01-7.58); P = 0.048] and serrated adenoma [OR = 6.99, 95% CI (1.81-26.98); P = 0.005]. CONCLUSION Chinese LSTs can be divided into four different subtypes, which show distinct clinicopathological characteristics. Morphology, size and pathological characteristics are all independent predictors of advanced histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi City People's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Tracking the molecular features of nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1042-56. [PMID: 23649184 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms (NP-CRNs) are proposed as a major contributor to the occurrence of interval cancers, but their underlying biology remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the major biological events in NP-CRNs. METHODS We systematically searched for studies examining molecular characteristics of NP-CRNs. We performed random effect meta-analyses. We measured the heterogeneity among studies using I(2) and possible publication bias using funnel plots. RESULTS Fifty-three studies on KRAS, APC, or BRAF mutations, microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), or DNA promoter hypermethylation were included. We observed less KRAS mutations (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.30, confidence interval (CI)=0.19-0.46, I(2)=77.4%, CI=70.1-82.9) and APC mutations (summary OR 0.42, CI=0.24-0.72, I(2)=22.6%, CI=0.0-66.7) in NP-CRNs vs. protruded CRNs, whereas BRAF mutations were more frequent (summary OR 2.20, CI=1.01-4.81, I(2)=0%, CI=0-70.8), albeit all with large heterogeneity. Less KRAS mutations were especially found in NP-CRNs subtypes: depressed CRNs (summary OR 0.12, CI=0.05-0.29, I(2)=0%, CI=0-67.6), non-granular lateral spreading tumors (LSTs-NG) (summary OR 0.61, CI=0.37-1.0, I(2)=0%, CI=0-74.6), and early nonpolypoid carcinomas (summary OR 0.11, CI=0.06-0.19, I(2)=0%, CI=0-58.3). MSI frequency was similar in NP-CRNs and protruded CRNs (summary OR 0.99, CI=0.21-4.71, I(2)=70.3%, CI=38.4-85.7). Data for promoter hypermethylation and CIMP were inconsistent, precluding meaningful conclusions. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides indications that NP-CRNs are molecularly different from protruded CRNs. In particular, some subtypes of NP-CRNs, the depressed and LST-NG, are featured by less KRAS mutations than polypoid CRNs. Prospective, multicenter studies are needed to clarify the molecular pathways underlying nonpolypoid colorectal carcinogenesis and potential implications for surveillance intervals.
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A correlation of the endoscopic characteristics of colonic laterally spreading tumours with genetic alterations. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25:319-26. [PMID: 23354161 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e32835b57e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laterally spreading tumours (LSTs) are a heterogeneous group of adenomas that are emerging as important precursors of colorectal cancer and in which the risk for cancer is related to their endoscopically definable morphology. It is currently unclear whether different molecular alterations determine their morphologies. We aimed to assess this relationship in LSTs using strict morphological classifications. METHODS We characterized 135 sessile adenomatous lesions (≥ 20 mm) according to histopathology and the Paris classification. We investigated key molecular changes commonly found in colorectal neoplasms, namely mutation of KRAS, BRAF, APC and CTNNB1 and microsatellite instability, and determined their relationship with morphology. RESULTS The Paris classification revealed a heterogeneous cohort comprising Is/IIa+Is (41.5%), IIa/IIb (53.3%) and IIc/IIa+IIc (5.2%) lesions. Histopathological analysis showed that 19 (14.1%) of these were sessile serrated adenomas. Here, we defined a group of 58 lesions that showed either Paris IIa or IIb morphology with no serrated histopathology. These 'classical LSTs' showed the following molecular characteristics: microsatellite instability 0/56 (0%), APC mutation 29/30 (96.7%), CTNNB1 mutation 2/55 (3.6%), KRAS mutation 24/55 (43.6%) and BRAF mutation 2/55 (3.6%). Separation of lesions according to surface morphology showed that KRAS mutations occurred much more frequently in granular (56.4%, 22/39) than in nongranular LSTs (12.5%, 1/16, P=0.004). CONCLUSION The microsatellite instable pathway is not important in the development of LSTs, which are instead likely to develop along a divergent chromosomal instability pathway. We demonstrate the biological significance of endoscopic findings by showing that the morphological characteristics of LSTs are underpinned by distinctive molecular profiles.
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Nakae K, Mitomi H, Saito T, Takahashi M, Morimoto T, Hidaka Y, Sakamoto N, Yao T, Watanabe S. MUC5AC/β-catenin expression and KRAS gene alteration in laterally spreading colorectal tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5551-9. [PMID: 23112547 PMCID: PMC3482641 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify differences in mucin phenotype, proliferative activity and oncogenetic alteration among subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumor (LST).
METHODS: LSTs, defined as superficial elevated lesions greater than 10 mm in diameter with a low vertical axis, were macroscopically classified into two subtypes: (1) a granular type (Gr-LST) composed of superficially spreading aggregates of nodules forming a flat-based lesion with a granulonodular and uneven surface; and (2) a non-granular type (NGr-LST) with a flat smooth surface and an absence of granulonodular formation. A total of 69 LSTs, comprising 36 Gr-LSTs and 33 NGr-LSTs, were immunohistochemically stained with MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CD10 (markers of gastrointestinal cell lineage), p53, β-catenin and Ki-67 antibodies, and examined for alteration in exon 1 of v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and exon 15 of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing.
RESULTS: Histologically, 15 Gr-LST samples were adenomas with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 12 were high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and 9 were adenocarcinomas invading the submucosa (INV), while 12 NGr-LSTs demonstrated LGD, 14 HGD and 7 INV. In the proximal colon, MUC5AC expression was significantly higher in the Gr-type than the NGr-type. MUC6 was expressed only in NGr-LST. MUC2 or CD10 did not differ. P53 expression demonstrated a significant stepwise increment in progression through LGD-HGD-INV with both types of LST. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly higher in the NGr-type. Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in the Gr-type in the lower one third zone of the tumor. In proximal, but not distal colon tumors, the incidence of KRAS provided mutation was significantly higher in the Gr-type harboring a specific mutational pattern (G12V). BRAF mutations (V600E) were detected only in two Gr-LSTs.
CONCLUSION: The two subtypes of LST, especially in the proximal colon, have differing phenotypes of gastrointestinal cell lineage, proliferation and activation of Wnt/β-catenin or RAS/RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
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Comprehensive mutation analysis in colorectal flat adenomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41963. [PMID: 22848674 PMCID: PMC3407043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flat adenomas are a subgroup of colorectal adenomas that have been associated with a distinct biology and a more aggressive clinical behavior compared to their polypoid counterparts. In the present study, we aimed to compare the mutation spectrum of 14 cancer genes, between these two phenotypes. METHODS A consecutive series of 106 flat and 93 polypoid adenomas was analyzed retrospectively for frequently occurring mutations in "hot spot" regions of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS, as well as selected mutations in CTNNB1 (β-catenin), EGFR, FBXW7 (CDC4), PTEN, STK11, MAP2K4, SMAD4, PIK3R1 and PDGFRA using a high-throughput genotyping technique. Additionally, APC was analyzed using direct sequencing. RESULTS APC mutations were more frequent in polypoid adenomas compared to flat adenomas (48.5% versus 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.02). Mutations in KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, FBXW7 and CTNNB1 showed similar frequencies in both phenotypes. Between the different subtypes of flat adenomas (0-IIa, LST-F and LST-G) no differences were observed for any of the investigated genes. CONCLUSION The lower APC mutation rate in flat adenomas compared to polypoid adenomas suggests that disruption of the Wnt-pathway may occur via different mechanisms in these two phenotypes. Furthermore, in contrast to previous observations our results in this large well-defined sample set indicate that there is no significant association between the different morphological phenotypes and mutations in key genes of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway.
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Shida Y, Fujimori T, Tanaka H, Fujimori Y, Kimura R, Ueda H, Ichikawa K, Tomita S, Nagata H, Kubota K, Tsubaki M, Kato H, Yao T, Sugai T, Sugihara K, Ohkura Y, Imura J. Clinicopathological features of serrated adenocarcinoma defined by Mäkinen in dukes' B colorectal carcinoma. Pathobiology 2012; 79:169-74. [PMID: 22433973 DOI: 10.1159/000334837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC), proposed as a new pathologic type, arises predominantly in the right side of the colon and has a poorer prognosis than conventional colorectal carcinoma. The prognosis of colorectal carcinoma is variable in Dukes' B, so the aim of this study was to determine whether or not SAC has a poor prognosis in Dukes' B. METHODS The study group comprised 64 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma. We undertook a statistical analysis of the association of SAC and non-SAC with sex, age, histologic type, depth of tumor, location of tumor, venous invasion and lymphatic invasion. RESULTS SACs were encountered in 17.5% of cases (n = 11). SAC had a less favorable 5-year survival than non-SAC (p = 0.0396 log-rank, Kaplan-Meier). The factors that achieved statistical significance in the univariate analysis were subsequently included in a multivariate analysis and we found that SAC was an independent factor (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS SAC has a poor prognosis and is not affected by other factors confirming that SAC is an independently less favorable prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shida
- Department of Surgery 1, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
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