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Mouse Models for Application in Colorectal Cancer: Understanding the Pathogenesis and Relevance to the Human Condition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071710. [PMID: 35885015 PMCID: PMC9313309 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant disease that is the second most common cancer worldwide. CRC arises from the complex interactions among a variety of genetic and environmental factors. To understand the mechanism of colon tumorigenesis, preclinical studies have developed various mouse models including carcinogen-induced and transgenic mice to recapitulate CRC in humans. Using these mouse models, scientific breakthroughs have been made on the understanding of the pathogenesis of this complex disease. Moreover, the availability of transgenic knock-in or knock-out mice further increases the potential of CRC mouse models. In this review, the overall features of carcinogen-induced (focusing on azoxymethane and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium) and transgenic (focusing on ApcMin/+) mouse models, as well as their mechanisms to induce colon tumorigenesis, are explored. We also discuss limitations of these mouse models and their applications in the evaluation and study of drugs and treatment regimens against CRC. Through these mouse models, a better understanding of colon tumorigenesis can be achieved, thereby facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies against CRC.
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Rathbun LI, Everett CA, Bergstralh DT. Emerging Cnidarian Models for the Study of Epithelial Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854373. [PMID: 35433674 PMCID: PMC9012326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are vital to the function of most organs, providing critical functions such as secretion, protection, and absorption. Cells within an epithelial layer must coordinate to create functionally distinct apical, lateral, and basal surfaces in order to maintain proper organ function and organism viability. This is accomplished through the careful targeting of polarity factors to their respective locations within the cell, as well as the strategic placement of post-mitotic cells within the epithelium during tissue morphogenesis. The process of establishing and maintaining epithelial tissue integrity is conserved across many species, as important polarity factors and spindle orientation mechanisms can be found in many phyla. However, most of the information gathered about these processes and players has been investigated in bilaterian organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, and vertebrate species. This review discusses the advances made in the field of epithelial polarity establishment from more basal organisms, and the advantages to utilizing these simpler models. An increasing number of cnidarian model organisms have been sequenced in recent years, such as Hydra vulgaris and Nematostella vectensis. It is now feasible to investigate how polarity is established and maintained in basal organisms to gain an understanding of the most basal requirements for epithelial tissue morphogenesis.
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Ohara A, Takahashi Y, Kondo M, Okuda Y, Takeda S, Kushida M, Kobayashi K, Sumida K, Yamada T. Candidate genes responsible for early key events of phenobarbital-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis based on differentiation of regulating genes between wild type mice and humanized chimeric mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:795-813. [PMID: 30090543 PMCID: PMC6062386 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a nongenotoxic hepatocellular carcinogen in rodents. PB induces hepatocellular tumors by activating the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Some previous research has suggested the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation in PB-promoted hepatocellular tumorigenesis, but the details of its molecular mechanism are not fully understood. In the present study, comprehensive analyses of DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and gene expression using microarrays were performed in mouse hepatocellular adenomas induced by a single 90 mg kg-1 intraperitoneal injection dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by 500 ppm PB in the diet for 27 weeks. DNA modification and expression of hundreds of genes are coordinately altered in PB-induced mouse hepatocellular adenomas. Of these, gene network analysis showed alterations of CAR signaling and tumor development-related genes. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated genes belong mainly to pathways involved in development, immune response and cancer cells in contrast to differentially expressed genes belonging primarily to the cell cycle. Furthermore, overlap was evaluated between the genes with altered expression levels with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) alterations in mouse hepatocellular adenoma induced by DEN/PB and the genes with altered expression levels in the liver of CD-1 mice or humanized chimeric mice treated with PB for 7 days. With the integration of transcriptomic and epigenetic approaches, we detected candidate genes responsible for early key events of PB-promoted mouse hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Interestingly, these genes did not overlap with genes altered by the PB treatment of humanized chimeric mice, thus suggesting a species difference between the effects of PB in mouse and human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ohara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Miwa Kondo
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Yu Okuda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Shuji Takeda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Masahiko Kushida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Kayo Sumida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
| | - Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory , Sumitomo Chemical Co. , Ltd. , 1-98 , 3-Chome , Kasugade-Naka , Konohana-ku , Osaka 554-8558 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81-66466-5322
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4
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Klunder LJ, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van IJzendoorn SCD. Mechanisms of Cell Polarity-Controlled Epithelial Homeostasis and Immunity in the Intestine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027888. [PMID: 28213466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell polarity is instrumental to maintain epithelial homeostasis and balance communications between the gut lumen and bodily tissue, thereby controlling the defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and maintenance of immune tolerance to commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight recent advances with regard to the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity-controlled epithelial homeostasis and immunity in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Molecular mechanisms underlying human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoprotein-induced cell transformation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 772:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Ma Q, Yang Y, Feng D, Zheng S, Meng R, Fa P, Zhao C, Liu H, Song R, Tao T, Yang L, Dai J, Wang S, Jiang WG, He J. MAGI3 negatively regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppresses malignant phenotypes of glioma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35851-65. [PMID: 26452219 PMCID: PMC4742146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancies and are associated with a poor prognosis. Here, we showed that the PDZ domain-containing protein membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 3 (MAGI3) was downregulated at the both mRNA and protein levels in human glioma samples. MAGI3 inhibited proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of glioma cells in its overexpression and knockdown studies. By using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that MAGI3 bound to β-catenin through its PDZ domains and the PDZ-binding motif of β-catenin. MAGI3 overexpression inhibited β-catenin transcriptional activity via its interaction with β-catenin. Consistently, MAGI3 overexpression in glioma cells C6 suppressed expression of β-catenin target genes including Cyclin D1 and Axin2, whereas MAGI3 knockdown in glioma cells U373 and LN229 enhanced their expression. MAGI3 overexpression decreased growth of C6 subcutaneous tumors in mice, and inhibited expression of β-catenin target genes in xenograft tumors. Furthermore, analysis based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) glioma dataset showed association of MAGI3 expression with overall survival and tumor grade. Finally, we demonstrated negative correlation between MAGI3 expression and activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling through GSEA of three public glioma datasets and immunohistochemical staining of clinical glioma samples. Taken together, these results identify MAGI3 as a novel tumor suppressor and provide insight into the pathogenesis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Core Facilities Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Duiping Feng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Pengyan Fa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chunjuan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Longyan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, U.K
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University-Cardiff University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research, Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Lee S, Shatadal S, Griep AE. Dlg-1 Interacts With and Regulates the Activities of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and EphA2 in the Mouse Lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:707-18. [PMID: 26906157 PMCID: PMC4771194 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously showed that Discs large-1 (Dlg-1) regulates lens fiber cell structure and the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Fgfr) signaling pathway, a pathway required for fiber cell differentiation. Herein, we investigated the mechanism through which Dlg-1 regulates Fgfr signaling. METHODS Immunofluorescence was used to measure levels of Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and activated Fgfr signaling intermediates, pErk and pAkt, in control and Dlg-1-deficient lenses that were haplodeficient for Fgfr1 or Fgfr2. Immunoblotting was used to measure levels of N-cadherin, EphA2, β-catenin, and tyrosine-phosphorylated EphA2, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3 in cytoskeletal-associated and cytosolic fractions of control and Dlg-1-deficient lenses. Complex formation between Dlg-1, N-cadherin, β-catenin, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, Fgfr3, and EphA2 was assessed by coimmunoprecipitation. RESULTS Lenses deficient for Dlg-1 and haplodeficient for Fgfr1 or Fgfr2 showed increased levels of Fgfr2 or Fgfr1, respectively. Levels of pErk and pAkt correlated with the level of Fgfr2. N-cadherin was reduced in the cytoskeletal-associated fraction and increased in the cytosolic fraction of Dlg-1-deficient lenses. Dlg-1 complexed with β-catenin, EphA2, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3. EphA2 complexed with N-cadherin, β-catenin, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3. Levels of these interactions were altered in Dlg-1-deficient lenses. Loss of Dlg-1 led to changes in Fgfr1, Fgfr2, Fgfr3, and EphA2 levels and to greater changes in the levels of their activation. CONCLUSIONS Dlg-1 complexes with and regulates the activities of EphA2, Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3. As EphA2 contains a Psd95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) binding motif, whereas Fgfrs do not, we propose that the PDZ protein, Dlg-1, modulates Fgfr signaling through regulation of EphA2.
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8
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Immunohistochemical study of the membrane skeletal protein, membrane protein palmitoylated 6 (MPP6), in the mouse small intestine. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:81-92. [PMID: 26496923 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein palmitoylated (MPP) family belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. MPP1 interacts with the protein 4.1 family member, 4.1R, as a membrane skeletal protein complex in erythrocytes. We previously described the interaction of another MPP family, MPP6, with 4.1G in the mouse peripheral nervous system. In the present study, the immunolocalization of MPP6 in the mouse small intestine was examined and compared with that of E-cadherin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and 4.1B, which we previously investigated in intestinal epithelial cells. The immunolocalization of MPP6 was also assessed in the small intestines of 4.1B-deficient (-/-) mice. In the small intestine, Western blotting revealed that the molecular weight of MPP6 was approximately 55-kDa, and MPP6 was immunostained under the cell membranes in the basolateral portions of almost all epithelial cells from the crypts to the villi. The immunostaining pattern of MPP6 in epithelial cells was similar to that of E-cadherin, but differed from that of ZO-1. In intestinal epithelial cells, the immunostained area of MPP6 was slightly different from that of 4.1B, which was restricted to the intestinal villi. The immunolocalization of MPP6 in small intestinal epithelial cells was similar between 4.1B(-/-) mice and 4.1B(+/+) mice. In the immunoprecipitation study, another MAGUK family protein, calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), was shown to molecularly interact with MPP6. Thus, we herein showed the immunolocalization and interaction proteins of MPP6 in the mouse small intestine, and also that 4.1B in epithelial cells was not essential for the sorting of MPP6.
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10
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Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Cao F, Miao Y, Xu K, Liu P. Lethal (2) giant larvae: an indispensable regulator of cell polarity and cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:380-9. [PMID: 25798058 PMCID: PMC4366637 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is one of the most basic properties of all normal cells and is essential for regulating numerous biological processes. Loss of polarity is considered a hallmark for cancer. Multiple polarity proteins are implicated in maintenance of cell polarity. Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl) is one of polarity proteins that plays an important role in regulating cell polarity, asymmetric division as well as tumorigenesis. Lgl proteins in different species have similar structures and conserved functions. Lgl acts as an indispensable regulator of cell biological function, including cell polarity and asymmetric division, through interplaying with other polarity proteins, regulating exocytosis, mediating cytoskeleton and being involved in signaling pathways. Furthermore, Lgl plays a role of a tumor suppressor, and the aberrant expression of Hugl, a human homologue of Lgl, contributes to multiple cancers. However, the exact functions of Lgl and the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. In this review, we will give an overview of the Lgl functions in cell polarity and cancer development, discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these functions, and raise our conclusion of previous studies and points of view about the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Miao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- 2. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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12
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Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P. DLG5 in cell polarity maintenance and cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:543-9. [PMID: 24910533 PMCID: PMC4046881 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure in establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity contributes to tumorigenesis. Loss of expression and function of cell polarity proteins is directly related to epithelial cell polarity maintenance. The polarity protein discs large homolog 5 (DLG5) belongs to a family of molecular scaffolding proteins called Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinases (MAGUKs). As the other family members, DLG5 contains the multi-PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains. DLG5 has evolved in the same manner as DLG1 and ZO1, two well-studied MAGUKs proteins. Just like DLG1 and ZO1, DLG5 plays a role in cell migration, cell adhesion, precursor cell division, cell proliferation, epithelial cell polarity maintenance, and transmission of extracellular signals to the membrane and cytoskeleton. Since the roles of DLG5 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn's disease (CD) have been reviewed, here, our review focuses on the roles of DLG5 in epithelial cell polarity maintenance and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Juan Li
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Ren
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
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Over-expression of deubiquitinating enzyme USP14 in lung adenocarcinoma promotes proliferation through the accumulation of β-catenin. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10749-60. [PMID: 23702845 PMCID: PMC3709700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitinating enzyme USP14 has been identified and biochemically studied, but its role in lung cancer remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of USP14 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and to define its role in lung cancer cell proliferation. USP14 mRNA levels in different non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines were detected by real-time qPCR. USP14 protein levels in surgically resected samples from NSCLC patients, and in NSCLC cell lines, were detected by immunohistochemistry or Western blot. The correlation of USP14 expression with clinical characteristics and prognosis was determined by survival analysis. After silencing USP14, cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and the cell cycle was measured by FACS assay. It was found that USP14 expression was upregulated in NSCLC cells, especially in adenocarcinoma cells. Over-expression of USP14 was associated with shorter overall survival of patients. Downregulation of USP14 expression arrested the cell cycle, which may be related to β-catenin degradation. Over-expression of USP14 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients and promoted tumor cell proliferation, which suggests that USP14 is a tumor-promoting factor and a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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14
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Padash-Barmchi M, Charish K, Que J, Auld VJ. Gliotactin and Discs-large are co-regulated to maintain epithelial integrity. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1134-43. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of permeability barriers is one of the most important functions of epithelial cells. Tricellular junctions (TCJs) maintain the permeability barriers at the contact site of three epithelial cells. Gliotactin (Gli), a member of the Neuroligin family, is the only known Drosophila protein exclusively localized to the TCJ and is necessary for maintenance of the permeability barrier. Over-expression triggers the spread of Gliotactin away from the TCJ and causes epithelial cells to delaminate, migrate and die. Furthermore, excess Gli at the cell membrane results in an extensive down regulation of Dlg at the septate junctions. The intracellular domain of Gli contains two highly conserved tyrosine residues, and a PDZ binding motif. We previously found that phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues are necessary to control the level of Gliotactin at the TCJ. In this study we demonstrate that the phenotypes associated with excess Gliotactin is due to a functional interaction between Gliotactin and Dlg that is dependent on both tyrosine phosphorylation as well as the PDZ binding motif. We further show that elevated levels of Dlg strongly enhance Gliotactin over-expression phenotypes to the point where tissue over-growth is observed. The exhibition of these phenotypes require phosphorylation of Dlg on serine 797, a known Par1 phosphorylation target. Blocking this phosphorylation completely suppresses the cell invasiveness and apoptotic phenotypes associated with Gliotactin overexpression. Additionally, we show that Drosophila JNK acts downstream of Gliotactin and Dlg to mediate the overgrowth and apoptosis caused by the functional interaction of Gliotactin and Dlg.
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Abstract
The role of cell polarity regulators in the development of cancer has long been an enigma. Despite displaying characteristics of tumour suppressors, the core regulators of polarity are rarely mutated in tumours and there are few data from animal models to suggest that they directly contribute to cancer susceptibility, thus questioning their relevance to human carcinogenesis. However, a body of data from human tumour viruses is now providing compelling evidence of a central role for the perturbation of cell polarity in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Banks
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Roberts S, Delury C, Marsh E. The PDZ protein discs-large (DLG): the 'Jekyll and Hyde' of the epithelial polarity proteins. FEBS J 2012; 279:3549-3558. [PMID: 22846345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discs-large (DLG) is a multi-PDZ domain-containing protein that belongs to the family of molecular scaffolding proteins known as membrane guanylate kinases or MAGUKs. DLG is a component of the Scribble polarity complex and genetic analyses of DLG in Drosophila have identified a role for the protein in several key biological processes including the regulation of apico-basal polarity of epithelial cells, as well as other polarity processes such as asymmetric cell division and cell invasion. Disturbance of DLG function leads to uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation, thereby defining DLG as a potential tumour suppressor. However, whether mammalian homologues of DLG (DLG1, DLG2, DLG3 and DLG4) also possess tumour suppressor functions is not known. In this minireview, we focus on the biological functions of DLG1 in human epithelial cells and on how the function of this MAGUK relates to its intracellular location. We examine some of the evidence that implies that DLG has both tumour suppressor and, paradoxically, oncogenic functions depending upon the precise cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig Delury
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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