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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Infections Among Clinically Suspected Women with Cervical Cancer or Precancerous Lesions. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-022-00704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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2
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Combined Evaluation of HSV Genome and Antibodies in Breast Cancer. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid-116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer develops due to the combination of external and internal risk factors. Also, the role of viruses is considerable in developing breast cancer. Objectives: This study compared the frequency of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and the level of IgM and IgG antibodies against HSV between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Sixty women with breast cancer and 60 healthy women (40 with fibroadenoma and 20 in good health) were selected. Breast tissue and serum samples were taken from all the subjects to evaluate the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genome frequency using real-time PCR. Also, serum levels of IgM HSV and IgG HSV antibodies were assessed using the ELISA technique. Results: The HSV-1 genome was detected in six cancer specimens and in two fibroadenoma specimens (P = 0.143, OR: 3.22, CI95%: 0.623 - 16.66). Three cancer cases and one fibroadenoma case were positive for HSV-2 (P = 0.309, OR: 3.105, CI95%: 0.314 - 30.73). HSV IgM antibody was positive in three subjects in the control group and six in the case group (P = 0.298, OR: 2.11, CI95%: 0.503 - 8.87). Although the higher mean levels of antibodies were found in the case group (4.01 ± 5.91 U/mL) compared to the control group (2.95 ± 3.51 U/mL), there was no statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.179). The serum of all samples was positive for the HSV IgG antibody, and there was a statistically significant difference in its mean levels between the case (91.22 ± 13.58 U/mL) and control (81.58 ± 17.02 U/mL) groups (P = 0.008). Conclusions: The present study showed that HSV-1 and HSV-2 were not directly related to breast tissue carcinogenesis and may act as co-factors.
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Al-Kandari NM, Garthwaite PH. Bayesian analysis of misclassified binomial data: double-sampling and the zero-numerator problem. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2020.1855448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriah M. Al-Kandari
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Paul H. Garthwaite
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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Doerken S, Avalos M, Lagarde E, Schumacher M. Penalized logistic regression with low prevalence exposures beyond high dimensional settings. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217057. [PMID: 31107924 PMCID: PMC6527211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating and selecting risk factors with extremely low prevalences of exposure for a binary outcome is a challenge because classical standard techniques, markedly logistic regression, often fail to provide meaningful results in such settings. While penalized regression methods are widely used in high-dimensional settings, we were able to show their usefulness in low-dimensional settings as well. Specifically, we demonstrate that Firth correction, ridge, the lasso and boosting all improve the estimation for low-prevalence risk factors. While the methods themselves are well-established, comparison studies are needed to assess their potential benefits in this context. This is done here using the dataset of a large unmatched case-control study from France (2005-2008) about the relationship between prescription medicines and road traffic accidents and an accompanying simulation study. Results show that the estimation of risk factors with prevalences below 0.1% can be drastically improved by using Firth correction and boosting in particular, especially for ultra-low prevalences. When a moderate number of low prevalence exposures is available, we recommend the use of penalized techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Doerken
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Avalos
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
- SISTM team, INRIA Bordeaux-Sud-Ouest, Talence, France
| | - Emmanuel Lagarde
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Schumacher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Li S, Wen X. Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2, but not type 1 is associated with cervical cancer: NHANES (1999-2014). BMC Cancer 2017; 17:726. [PMID: 29115946 PMCID: PMC5678804 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) are infectious agents, and their association with cancer occurrence in human is a controversial topic for decades. We addressed this subject using all available continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectional data from 1999 to 2014. METHODS Eight data cycles (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) were employed, and a sample of 8184 female participants was used in this study according to the availability of cancer history and HSV serostatus. RESULTS The seroprevalences of HSV1 and HSV2 were 60.73 ± 0.89 and 25.02 ± 0.64, respectively, and the numbers increased with age (P < 0.01). In confounder-adjusted logistic regression analysis, association between HSV1 seropositivity and uterine cancer was identified (adjusted odds ratio-ORadjusted = 6.03; 95% CI: 1.52, 23.87). HSV2 seropositivity was associated with cancer occurrence (ORadjusted = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.14), cervical cancer (ORadjusted = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.79) and uterine cancer (ORadjusted = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.03, 11.85). Moreover, HSV2 was persistently associated with cervical cancer after further adjusting high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) as confounder (ORadjusted = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.34). Relative risk (RR)-based interaction measurement between HSV2 and HPV on the additive scale suggests higher RR for cervical cancer in participants with seropositivity for HPV only (RRadjusted = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.23, 7.20; P = 0.02), HSV2 only (RRadjusted = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.31, 5.96; P = 0.01) or both viruses (RRadjusted = 3.44; 95% CI: 1.50, 7.86; P < 0.01) when setting participants with seronegativity for both HPV and HSV2 as reference. CONCLUSIONS The finding of current study provides epidemiological evidence that serostatus of HSV2 can serve as an independent predictor for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. .,Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xi Wen
- Laboratory of immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Comar M, Monasta L, Seraceni S, Colli C, Luska V, Morassut S, Clemente L, Drabeni M, Moise G, Fontana F, Suligoi B. Chlamydia trachomatis and HPV co-infections in HIV negative men from a multi-ethnic area of Northern Italy at high prevalence of cervical malignancies. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1654-1661. [PMID: 28316071 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis and HPV coinfections in the male population are often a disregarded issue. We performed a study to evaluate the prevalence of such infections in heterosexual HIV negative men from a Northern Italy multi-ethnic area at high prevalence for cervical malignancies. Urethral swabs (US) or first-voided urine were evaluated retrospectively from 1317 patients attending Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic and from 3388 outpatients attending private clinics. Informations about participants' demographic characteristics and attributes of C. trachomatis, including chronic infection, and HPV genotypes testing, were collected. Exact Fisher test, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 1.7% in the outpatients and 16.9% in the STI group (P < 0.0001) in which the highest frequency was observed in men of age ≤25 years. Among patients with C. trachomatis, asymptomatic HPV co-infection was detected in 33% of men from the STI clinic and in 2% of the outpatients. Out of all coinfections, 56% were due to single HPV, with a prevalence of 73% in young STI men. The distribution of HPV genotypes confirmed the increased circulation of LR-HPV42, HR-HPV51, HR-HPV52 and prHR-HPV82, and the decreasing of HR-HPV16. African nationalities and leucorrhea were significantly associated risk factors, while the regular condom use offered an effective protection. This study highlights the high prevalence of C. trachomatis and HPV asymptomatic co-infection in young HIV negative men attending the STI clinic, representing a reservoir of new HPV genotypes with potential oncogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Silva Seraceni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Luska
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Morassut
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Libera Clemente
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiological Analysis AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Sontina"-S. Polo General Hospital, Monfalcone (GO), Italy
| | - Marina Drabeni
- Dermatology Center, MST/AIDS, AAS2, "Bassa Friulana-Isontina", Gorizia, Italy
| | - Gianmichele Moise
- Dermatology Center, MST/AIDS, AAS2, "Bassa Friulana-Isontina", Gorizia, Italy
| | - Francesco Fontana
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiological Analysis AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Sontina"-S. Polo General Hospital, Monfalcone (GO), Italy
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Guidry JT, Scott RS. The interaction between human papillomavirus and other viruses. Virus Res 2016; 231:139-147. [PMID: 27826043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in anogenital tract and head and neck cancers is well established. However, only a low percentage of HPV-positive women develop cancer, indicating that HPV is necessary but not sufficient in carcinogenesis. Several biological and environmental cofactors have been implicated in the development of HPV-associated carcinoma that include immune status, hormonal changes, parity, dietary habits, tobacco usage, and co-infection with other sexually transmissible agents. Such cofactors likely contribute to HPV persistent infection through diverse mechanisms related to immune control, efficiency of HPV infection, and influences on tumor initiation and progression. Conversely, HPV co-infection with other factors may also harbor anti-tumor effects. Here, we review epidemiological and experimental studies investigating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and adeno-associated virus (AAV) as viral cofactors in or therapeutic factors against the development of genital and oral HPV-associated carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Guidry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - R S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
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Pisani S, Imperi M, Seganti L, Superti F, Tinari A, Bucci M, Degener AM. Effect of HSV-2 Infection on the Expression of HPV 16 Genes in Caski Cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:65-70. [PMID: 15000868 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been proposed to be the most important etiological factors for cervical cancer although different agents may act in conjunction. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is considered as a possible cofactor to malignant transformation. To examine the influence of HSV-2 infection on the HPV genes expression, CaSki cells bearing 60 to 600 copies of HPV-16 DNA per cell were used as a model system. Twenty hours post HSV-2 infection the mRNA transcripts for HPV-16 early (E1, E2 and E6) and late (L1) genes were analysed by RT-PCR assay. Results indicated that the level of transcription of E1, E2 and E6 genes was up to 3-fold enhanced in HSV-2 infected CaSki cells suggesting that HSV-2 infection could increase the risk of cervical cancer by overexpression of both HPV regulatory and oncogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pisani
- La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Greebon LJ, Avery DL, Prihoda TJ, Valente PT, Policarpio-Nicolas MLC. The frequency of herpes simplex virus changes in anal Pap smear and its association with squamous intraepithelial lesions in high-risk male patients. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 42:487-90. [PMID: 24692314 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While there are studies postulating a model of synergism between human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cervical carcinogenesis, the frequency of anal herpes as well as its association with anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASILs) has been understudied in men. This study evaluates the frequency of HSV changes in anal Pap smears and its association with ASILs in a high-risk population. A computerized search for specimens associated with anal cytology that had positive findings of HSV was performed. The electronic medical records were examined for past diagnosis of herpes, HSV serology prior to or after cytology, and if the patient received treatment after cytologic diagnosis of HSV. Of the 470 anal Pap smears (Thin-prep) examined, seven had cellular changes consistent with HSV infection. All patients were asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive males with no prior HSV serology tests. Two patients had prior diagnoses of HSV infection. Cytologic abnormalities were identified in 86% ranging from atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance to high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Three patients were treated after the HSV cytologic diagnosis. The frequency of HSV changes in anal Pap smear is low (1.48%), but the presence of concomitant cytologic abnormalities is high (86%). While our findings suggest the possible role of HSV as a HPV co-factor in ASILs, larger studies are needed to support this. Identification of HSV infection on anal Pap smear is important for institution of patient treatment and subsequent reduction of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Greebon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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11
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Yin S, Li Y, Xia H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Tang S, Kou Z, Chen J, Yu J, Fan Z, Li T. An improved system for the evaluation of antiviral compounds against herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:317-20. [PMID: 23454799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) can result in lesions in reproductive organs, along with long-term latency. In this work, a non-lethal strain of HSV-2 which was isolated clinically was used to infect female mice intravaginally. Body weight, vulval lesions, histological examination of vaginal tissue, and viral load were monitored and used as indices for evaluating antiviral drugs against HSV-2 infection. The results indicated that mice infected with HSV-2 exhibited significant reduction in body weight, serious vulval lesions, massive lymphocyte invasion of vaginal tissue, and approximately 10⁴ copies/μl of HSV-2 were found in vaginal and uterine tissues. Aciclovir (ACV) treatment inhibited loss in body weight, genital pathology and virus replication (reduced to 10⁰·³ copies/μl) effectively. The study provides a simple, reproducible and feasible animal model for anti-HSV-2 drugs evaluation and HSV-2 vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Lam TK, Spitz M, Schully SD, Khoury MJ. "Drivers" of translational cancer epidemiology in the 21st century: needs and opportunities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:181-8. [PMID: 23322363 PMCID: PMC3565029 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer epidemiology is at the cusp of a paradigm shift--propelled by an urgent need to accelerate the pace of translating scientific discoveries into health care and population health benefits. As part of a strategic planning process for cancer epidemiologic research, the Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program (EGRP) at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is leading a "longitudinal" meeting with members of the research community to engage in an on-going dialogue to help shape and invigorate the field. Here, we review a translational framework influenced by "drivers" that we believe have begun guiding cancer epidemiology toward translation in the past few years and are most likely to drive the field further in the next decade. The drivers include: (i) collaboration and team science, (ii) technology, (iii) multilevel analyses and interventions, and (iv) knowledge integration from basic, clinical, and population sciences. Using the global prevention of cervical cancer as an example of a public health endeavor to anchor the conversation, we discuss how these drivers can guide epidemiology from discovery to population health impact, along the translational research continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Kim Lam
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Carroll
- a Department of Statistics , Texas A & M University , College Station , TX , 77843-3143
| | - M. H. Gail
- b National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , 20892
| | - J. H. Lubin
- b National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , 20892
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Association of human herpes, papilloma and polyoma virus families with bladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:71-9. [PMID: 22972505 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the possible etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV), human herpes virus (HHV) and the human polyoma virus families (BKV and JCV) in the tumourigenesis of bladder cancer. Thirty biopsy specimens from patients with different grades and stages of bladder cancer, who underwent transurethral bladder cancer resection, and 30 normal bladder mucosa specimens were analysed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the above three virus family members. The presence of HPV was determined in all specimens with nested PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. All cancerous specimens, including the control group, were found to be negative both by PCR and real-time qPCR for the presence of HPV DNA, whilst all samples examined by PCR tested negative for the presence of HSV-1,2 Varicella zoster virus and HSV-7 DNA. Cytomegalovirus, HHV-6 and HHV-8 exhibited similar incidence in sample positivity in both cancerous and healthy tissues. EBV showed a higher prevalence in bladder cancer specimens compared to healthy tissue (p = 0.048), whilst BKV and JCV were detected only in tumour samples. The presence of EBV in a significant proportion of bladder tumours indicates the etiological role of this virus in cancer tumourigenesis.
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Lee SC. The Role of Artificial Observations in Misclassified Binary Data with Common False-Positive Error. KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.5351/kjas.2012.25.4.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee SC. The Role of Artificial Observations in Testing for the Difference of Proportions in Misclassified Binary Data. KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.5351/kjas.2012.25.3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of HPV16/18 and HSV1/2 in cervical cancer screening. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:66-72. [PMID: 22293505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16 and HPV18, is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, although other factors such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) may act in conjunction with HPV in this context. To explore the possibility of developing a system for rapid diagnosis and clinical screening of cervical cancer, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR assay that can simultaneously detect and quantify HPV16/18 and HSV1/2. To evaluate its possibilities and practical uses, 177 samples collected from patients with suspected HPV and HSV infection in exfoliated cervical cells, genital herpes or labial herpes were tested by multiplex real-time PCR and compared with results obtained by DNA sequencing. Each virus was detected over a range from 1.0 × 10(1) to 1.0 × 10(7) copies/reaction. The clinical sensitivity was 100% for HPV16/18 and HSV1/2. The clinical specificity was 97.1% for HPV16, 98.1% for HPV18, 97.0% for HSV1 and 96.0% for HSV2. The kappa value was 0.96 for HPV16, 0.92 for HPV18, 0.94 for HSV1 and 0.93 for HSV2, when DNA sequencing was used as the reference standard. In summary, this novel multiplex real-time PCR allows the rapid and specific detection of HPV16/18 and HSV1/2, as well as coinfection with HPV and HSV, in clinical samples. In the future, this multiplex real-time PCR assay will assist in cervical cancer screening, viral treatment evaluation and epidemiological studies in which high throughput analysis is required.
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Rahardja D, Young DM. Bayesian Inference of Risk Ratio of Two Proportions Using a Double Sampling Scheme. J Biopharm Stat 2011; 21:393-404. [DOI: 10.1080/10543401003687137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Rahardja
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Simmons Cancer Center , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dean M. Young
- b Department of Statistical Sciences , Baylor University , Waco, Texas, USA
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Rahardja D, Young DM. Likelihood-based confidence intervals for the risk ratio using double sampling with over-reported binary data. Comput Stat Data Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rahardja D, Zhao YD, Zhang HH. Bayesian Inference of Odds Ratios in Misclassified Binary Data with a Validation Substudy. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2010.518271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lee SC. Confidence Intervals for the Difference of Binomial Proportions in Two Doubly Sampled Data. COMMUNICATIONS FOR STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS AND METHODS 2010. [DOI: 10.5351/ckss.2010.17.3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rahardja D, Young DM. Credible sets for risk ratios in over-reported two-sample binomial data using the double-sampling scheme. Comput Stat Data Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Possible DNA viral factors of human breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:498-512. [PMID: 24281079 PMCID: PMC3835088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be one of the high-risk factors closely related to human breast cancer. However, different studies of viruses in breast cancer present conflicting results and some of these works remain in dispute. DNA viruses, such as specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8), have emerged as causal factors of some human cancers. These respective exogenous viruses and the possibility of multiple viral factors are discussed in this review.
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Chu R, Gustafson P, Le N. Bayesian adjustment for exposure misclassification in case-control studies. Stat Med 2010; 29:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martín N, Morales D, Pardo L. Divergence-based confidence intervals in false-positive misclassification model. J STAT COMPUT SIM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00949650601169622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Paavonen J, Lehtinen M. Interactions between human papillomavirus and other sexually transmitted agents in the etiology of cervical cancer. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007; 12:67-71. [PMID: 17035763 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199902000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between human papillomavirus, notably type 16, and HIV in cervical carcinogenesis leads to persistent infection and cervical neoplasia by destruction of the afferent arm (Langerhans cells) of the host immune system. The joint effect takes place at the early stages of squamous intraepithelial lesions and has severe consequences if left untreated. The recent increase of cervical cancer mortality in young women in developed countries may well be a result of the HIV epidemic. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma but not with cervical adenocarcinoma, and the association remains after adjusting for human papillomavirus 16. Joint effects of C. trachomatis and the human papillomaviruses have not been studied at the population level but indirect evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the interaction might be different (synergistic versus antagonistic) at different stages (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia versus invasive cervical cancer) of cervical carcino-genesis. Concomitant exposure to human papillomaviruses 6 or 11 and human papillomavirus type 16 has not been shown to result in excess risk of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. This antagonistic joint effect was also discovered between human papillomavirus types 18 and 16, as well as 33 and 16. Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies are associated with a modest risk of cervical cancer, which is not surprising since the presence of herpes simplex virus antibodies reflects risk-taking sexual behaviour. However, no excess risk remains after adjustment for human papillomavirus type 16, and no interaction between these two viruses has been found in epidemiological studies. Evidence of interaction between human papillomavirus type 16 and the other members of the herpesvirus family is still at an experimental level and difficult to judge. Little progress has been made in the most promising experimental association between the oncogenic human papillomaviruses and adeno-associated viruses. In addition to the well established interaction between human papillomaviruses and HIV, intriguing interactions are emerging between the human papillomaviruses and C. trachomatis, as well as between the different human papillomavirus types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paavonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Boot HJ, Wallenburg I, de Melker HE, Mangen MJM, Gerritsen AAM, van der Maas NA, Berkhof J, Meijer CJLM, Kimman TG. Assessing the introduction of universal human papillomavirus vaccination for preadolescent girls in The Netherlands. Vaccine 2007; 25:6245-56. [PMID: 17630049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. Clinical trials with HPV-vaccines have been very successful in preventing persistent HPV16/18 infections, the two most oncogenic HPV-genotypes. We assessed the introduction of universal HPV-vaccination for preadolescent girls in the Dutch National Immunization Programme. Long-term vaccine efficacy, the need and extent of a catch-up programme for young women, and the impact of vaccination on the cervical cancer screening programme are major unresolved issues. Preliminary conservative estimates (80% vaccine efficacy and no effects on the screening programme, transmission rate, non-cervical cancer incidence, and cross protection) predict an acceptable cost-effectiveness ratio for universal vaccination of preadolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein J Boot
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Madkan VK, Cook-Norris RH, Steadman MC, Arora A, Mendoza N, Tyring SK. The oncogenic potential of human papillomaviruses: a review on the role of host genetics and environmental cofactors. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:228-41. [PMID: 17553059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), with over 100 genotypes, are a very complex group of human pathogenic viruses. In most cases, HPV infection results in benign epithelial proliferations (verrucae). However, oncogenic types of HPV may induce malignant transformation in the presence of cofactors. For example, over 99% of all cervical cancers and a majority of vulval, vaginal, anal and penile cancers are the result of oncogenic HPV types. Such HPV types have been increasingly linked to other epithelial cancers involving the skin, larynx and oesophagus. Although viral infection is necessary for neoplastic transformation, evidence suggests that host and environmental cofactors are also required. Research investigating HPV oncogenesis is complex and quite extensive. The inability to produce mature HPV virions in animal models has been a major limitation in fully elucidating the oncogenic potential and role of associated cofactors in promoting malignant transformation in HPV-infected cells. We have reviewed the literature and provide a brief account of the current understanding of HPV oncogenesis, emphasizing the role of genetic susceptibility, immune response, and environmental and infectious cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Madkan
- Center for Clinical Studies, Studies & Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Dehn D, Torkko KC, Shroyer KR. Human papillomavirus testing and molecular markers of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 111:1-14. [PMID: 17219448 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent for the vast majority of premalignant and malignant lesions, and high-risk HPV types can be detected in almost all cases of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. HPV testing has been widely adopted for the triage of patients after a cervical cytology screening test (Papanicolaou smear or liquid-based cervical cytology such as ThinPrep or SurePath) interpretation of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and HPV testing is increasingly used for screening in conjunction with cervical cytology. Although cervical cytology is a highly effective screening test for cancer, it has limited specificity for clinically significant lesions in cases with low-grade cytologic abnormalities. Up to a quarter of all patients may have a false-negative result on the basis of cervical cytology testing alone. This review focuses on HPV testing methods and molecular markers and their clinical relevance. HPV testing and surrogate molecular markers of HPV infection (p16INK4a) may help identify cases that are associated with underlying high-grade premalignant or malignant lesions and may also reduce aggressive treatment of patients with low-grade lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Dehn
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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30
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Stamey J, Gerlach R. Bayesian sample size determination for case-control studies with misclassification. Comput Stat Data Anal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Hersoug LG, Arnau J. A built-in co-carcinogenic effect due to viruses involved in latent or persistent infections. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1001-8. [PMID: 17125934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new hypothesis for some cancers, which combines the chromosomal instability theories with a co-carcinogenic effect of viruses causing latent or persistent infection, is presented. The hypothesis incorporates the multi-step model of cancer and that pre-cancerous cells reach a state of chromosomal instability. Because of chromosomal instability, the genome of these cell lines will lead to changes from generation to generation and will face a remarkable selection pressure both from lost traits, apoptosis, and from the immune system. Viruses causing latent or persistent infections have evolved many different genes capable to evade the immune system. If these viruses are harboured in the genome of pre-cancerous cells they could provide them with "superpowers" and with genes that may assist the cells to elude the immune system. The theory explains why cancer predominantly is a disease of old age. Upon aging, the immune system becomes reduced including the ability to control and suppress the viruses that cause latent or persistent infections. The risk of cancer could thereby increase as the immune functions decrease. The theory provides new insights to the genesis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Georg Hersoug
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, 57 Nrd Ringvej, Building 84/85, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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32
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Confidence intervals for a binomial parameter based on binary data subject to false-positive misclassification. Comput Stat Data Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Baldauf JJ, Dreyfus M, Monlun E, Ritter J, Obert G. Increased prevalence of herpes viruses in high grade CIN and carcinoma of the cervix: the potential for synergistic effect⋆. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1995.tb00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Pérez LO, Barbisan G, Abba MC, Laguens RM, Dulout FN, Golijow CD. Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus infection in cervical disease in Argentine women. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25:42-7. [PMID: 16306783 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000177996.30427.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine that prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 in cervical samples from Argentine women and to assess the role of HSV-2 in cervical cancer. A sample of 79 normal and 200 neoplastic cervical tissues (35 invasive cervical carcinomas, 75 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 79 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 11 abnormal squamous cells of undermined significance) was analyzed for herpes simplex and human papillomavirus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction method. Viral genotyping was performed by single strand conformation polymorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The overall prevalence of HSV was 21.5% in controls and 29% in cases. Among women with normal cytology, herpes simplex prevalence in HPV positive (20.8%) women was approximately the same as in negative (21.8%) women. HPV- and age- adjusted ORs of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical carcinomas for HSV-2 were 1.4 (p = 0.6) and 1.6 (p = 0.5), respectively. The obtained results indicated that herpes simplex virus may not be involved in cervical cancer development. Future investigations are needed to provided conclusive evidence on the role of this pathogen in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Orlando Pérez
- Departamento de Carcinogénesis, Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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35
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Tsai JH, Tsai CH, Cheng MH, Lin SJ, Xu FL, Yang CC. Association of viral factors with non-familial breast cancer in Taiwan by comparison with non-cancerous, fibroadenoma, and thyroid tumor tissues. J Med Virol 2005; 75:276-81. [PMID: 15602723 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To study the etiologic factors of non-familial breast cancer, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization were used to detect six viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, and human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 DNA in 69 patients with breast cancer and 60 specimens from non-cancerous or other individuals with thyroid tumors or fibroadenoma (non-breast cancer controls). Two specimens from patients with a familial history of breast cancer and five breast cancer specimens with negative results for beta-globin, which was used as internal control, were excluded from this study. Eight (12.9%) HSV-1, 28 (45.2%) EBV, 47 (75.8%) CMV, 8 (12.9%) HPV, and 28 (45.2%) HHV-8 positive samples out of the 62 breast cancer specimens were detected; no HSV-2 DNA was detected in any group. Among the viral gene-positive breast cancer samples, 12 (23.1%) were positive for 1 virus, 16 (30.8%) were positive for 2 viruses, 21 (40.4%) were positive for 3 viruses, and 3 (5.8%) were positive for 4 viruses. Among the viral gene-positive specimens of the control groups, only one virus, CMV, was found in the non-cancerous and thyroid tumor specimens, while multiple viruses were found in the fibroadenoma specimens. The viruses associated with breast cancer were HHV-8 > EBV (P <0.01). The viruses associated with fibroadenoma were HSV-1 and HHV-8 > EBV (P <0.01). The presence of more than one virus was found predominantly in breast cancer and exclusively found in fibroadenoma. CMV was the only virus associated with thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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36
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Abstract
The etiology of cancers appears to be complex and multifactorial. Peyton Rous and others demonstrated the process of co-carcinogenesis by exposing rabbits to a virus and tars. Epidemiologists have proposed virus-chemical interactions to cause several cancers. For example, one might propose that the etiology of cervical cancer results from a complex interplay between oncogenic viruses and cervical tar exposures through tar-based vaginal douching, cigarette smoking, and/or long-term cooking over wood-burning stoves in poorly ventilated kitchens. Hepatocellular carcinoma may result from the joint effects of viruses and hepatotoxic chemical carcinogens. Kaposi's sarcoma might happen following reciprocal actions of human herpes virus-8 infection, immunosuppression, and chemical exposures, such as nitrite radicals and alumino-silicates. Use of Koch's postulates will not help one prove or disprove a multifactorial causation of disease; new criteria are needed. Delineating the web of causation may lead to additional strategies for prevention and treatment of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Haverkos
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
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37
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Kaku N, Kashima K, Daa T, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S. Herpes simplex infection in urothelial carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2004; 445:68-73. [PMID: 15156316 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a very common pathogen that can infect any site in the body. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy of the urinary tract. The possibility of HSV infection in cases of UC has attracted little attention. In this study, we investigated the possible presence of HSV in UC and non-neoplastic urothelium. We examined the incidence of HSV infection in 100 samples of UC from 78 patients and 50 samples of non-neoplastic urothelium from 50 autopsy cases using immunohistochemical staining and amplification of DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Infection by HSV was detected in 39 of the 100 samples of UC (35 of 78 patients) using immunohistochemical staining and/or PCR analysis, in marked contrast with 1 of 50 samples of non-neoplastic urothelium. There was no significant relationship between infection by HSV and anatomical site, growth pattern or depth of invasion of UC, but the frequency of HSV infection was significantly higher in females than in males. Our findings indicate that UCs become infected with HSV much more easily than non-neoplastic urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kaku
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, 879-5593, Oita, Japan.
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38
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Meyers C, Andreansky SS, Courtney RJ. Replication and interaction of herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus in differentiating host epithelial tissue. Virology 2003; 315:43-55. [PMID: 14592758 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the interactions and consequences of superinfecting and coreplication of human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in human epithelial organotypic (raft) culture tissues. In HPV-positive tissues, HSV infection and replication induced significant cytopathic effects (CPE), but the tissues were able to recover and maintain a certain degree of tissue integrity and architecture. HPV31b not only maintained the episomal state of its genomic DNA but also maintained its genomic copy number even during times of extensive HSV-induced CPE. E2 transcripts encoded by HPV31b were undetectable even though HPV31b replication was maintained in HSV- infected raft tissues. Expression of HPV31b oncogenes (E6 and E7) was also repressed but to a lesser degree than was E2 expression. The extent of CPE induced by HSV is dependent on the magnitude of HPV replication and gene expression at the time of HSV infection. During active HSV infection, HPV maintains its genomic copy number even though genes required for its replication were repressed. These studies provide new insight into the complex interaction between two common human sexually transmitted viruses in an in vitro system, modeling their natural host tissue in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Techniques
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Epithelial Cells
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
- Papillomaviridae/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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39
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Fang L, Ward MG, Welsh PA, Budgeon LR, Neely EB, Howett MK. Suppression of human papillomavirus gene expression in vitro and in vivo by herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Virology 2003; 314:147-60. [PMID: 14517068 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have found that women infected with both herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or HPV-18 are at greater risk of developing cervical carcinoma compared to women infected with only one virus. However, it remains unclear if HSV-2 is a cofactor for cervical cancer or if HPV and HSV-2 interact in any way. We have studied the effect of HSV-2 infection on HPV-11 gene expression in an in vitro double-infection assay. HPV transcripts were down-regulated in response to HSV-2 infection. Two HSV-2 vhs mutants failed to reduce HPV-16 E1;E4 transcripts. We also studied the effect of HSV-2 infection on preexisting experimental papillomas in a vaginal epithelial xenograft model. Doubly infected grafts demonstrated papillomatous transformation and the classical cytopathic effect from HSV-2 infection. HPV and HSV DNA signals were mutually exclusive. These studies may have therapeutic applications for HPV infections and related neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpes Genitalis/complications
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/metabolism
- Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
- Papillomavirus Infections/complications
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Repressor Proteins
- Ribonucleases
- Tissue Transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vagina/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Daxnerova Z, Berkova Z, Kaufman RH, Adam E. Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus DNA in 986 Women Studied for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cervical Neoplasia. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2003; 7:187-93. [PMID: 17051067 DOI: 10.1097/00128360-200307000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with cervical histologic findings and possible interaction with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine hundred eighty-six women with a Pap test reported as high-grade intraepithelial lesion or with two smears reported as atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion referred for colposcopic examination were studied. All participants had a cervical Pap smear obtained and underwent colposcopically directed biopsy and endocervical curettage. Cytomegalovirus DNA and HPV DNA were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a cervical swab. RESULTS Human cytomegalovirus DNA was identified in 86 specimens (8.7%). Women 30 years and older had a significantly (p < .01) lower prevalence of CMV DNA (6.5%) than younger women (11.8%). Of the 86 CMV DNA-positive women, 7% had a normal histologic result, 58.1% had HPV changes (koilocytosis) in the biopsy, 11.6% had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and 23.3% had CIN 2,3. The frequency diagnosis of koilocytosis (HPV changes) on biopsy was significantly higher in the CMV DNA-positive women (58.1%) than in the CMV negatives (29.6%). Koilocytosis on biopsy was found in 63.9% of CMV DNA-positive women who did not have concurrent HPV infection detected by PCR. Significant risk factors for koilocytosis on biopsy were CMV infection and smoking. For CIN 1, risk factors were CMV and high-risk human papillomavirus infection as well as early age of first pregnancy. The main risk factors for CIN 2,3 were HPV and CMV infections, history of smoking, and multiple pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CMV DNA is age dependent. The most frequent diagnosis on biopsy associated with CMV is koilocytosis (HPV changes), and 54% of these cases had dual HPV and CMV infection. The CMV infection appears to be associated with all histologic diagnoses, and the diagnosis of koilocytosis is not necessarily always associated with HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Daxnerova
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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41
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Haverkos HW, Soon G, Steckley SL, Pickworth W. Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer: Part I: a meta-analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57:67-77. [PMID: 12854514 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(03)00196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the cervix is the third most common cancer among women worldwide and its etiology is not clearly understood. Human papillomavirus can be found in approximately 95% of cervical cancers, but it does not appear to be necessary or sufficient to induce malignancy. In 1977, Winkelstein suggested that cigarette smoking was a causative factor in the development of cervical cancer. We report a meta-analysis of cigarette smoking and cervical disease and conclude that the data support a role for cigarette smoking as a risk factor for cervical cancer. We propose a multifactorial hypothesis involving a virus-tar interaction as the etiology of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Haverkos
- The Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Walter ReedMedical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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42
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Steckley SL, Pickworth WB, Haverkos HW. Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer: Part II: a geographic variability study. Biomed Pharmacother 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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43
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Tran-Thanh D, Provencher D, Koushik A, Duarte-Franco E, Kessous A, Drouin P, Wheeler CM, Dubuc-Lissoir J, Gauthier P, Allaire G, Vauclair R, Dipaolo JA, Gravitt P, Franco E, Coutlée F. Herpes simplex virus type II is not a cofactor to human papillomavirus in cancer of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:129-34. [PMID: 12548206 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cells that were cotransfected with herpes simplex virus-16 and the herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 DNA induce tumors in nude mice. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the role of herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cofactor to human papillomavirus in cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN Cervical cells that were obtained with an endocervical Cytobrush brush (Medscand) from 439 women (50 women with cancer lesions, 65 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 80 women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 244 healthy subjects) and DNA that was extracted from 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC transforming DNA sequences. RESULTS All 439 cervical samples and 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens tested negative for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Overall, none of 200 samples (0%) from women with invasive cervical cancer contained herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 or Bgl IIC DNA (95% CI, 0.0-1.8). CONCLUSION Although herpes simplex virus type 2 Bgl IIN transforms epithelial cells in vitro, it was not detected in cervical cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh Tran-Thanh
- Départements de Microbiologie-Infectiologie, Gynécologie-Obstétrique et de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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44
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45
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Lonky NM. Risk factors related to the development and mortality from invasive cervical cancer clinical utility and impact on prevention. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2002; 29:817-42, viii. [PMID: 12509097 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8545(02)00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this article is to explore the various risk factors related to cervical cancer and the practical context in which they can be applied. The ability to link dinical outcomes (disease presence, persistence, progression, and recurrence) with antecedent risk factors is strengthened by a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Lonky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente, 1188 North Euclid Street, Anaheim, CA 92801, USA.
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46
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Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis 2002; 186 Suppl 1:S3-28. [PMID: 12353183 DOI: 10.1086/343739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on age- and sex-specific prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 2 and 1 infections is essential to optimize genital herpes control strategies, which increase in importance because accumulating data indicate that HSV-2 infection may increase acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. This review summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications of type-specific HSV seroepidemiologic surveys. HSV-2 prevalence is, in general, highest in Africa and the Americas, lower in western and southern Europe than in northern Europe and North America, and lowest in Asia. HSV-2 and -1 prevalence, overall and by age, varies markedly by country, region within country, and population subgroup. Age-specific HSV-2 prevalence is usually higher in women than men and in populations with higher risk sexual behavior. HSV-2 prevalence has increased in the United States but national data from other countries are unavailable. HSV-1 infection is acquired during childhood and adolescence and is markedly more widespread than HSV-2 infection. Further studies are needed in many geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Smith
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Unit of Field and Intervention Studies, 69372 Lyon, France.
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Prescott GJ, Garthwaite PH. A simple Bayesian analysis of misclassified binary data with a validation substudy. Biometrics 2002; 58:454-8. [PMID: 12071421 DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.2002.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A two-stage Bayesian method is presented for analyzing case-control studies in which a binary variable is sometimes measured with error but the correct values of the variable are known for a random subset of the study group. The first stage of the method is analytically tractable and MCMC methods are used for the second stage. The posterior distribution from the first stage becomes the prior distribution for the second stage, thus transferring all relevant information between the stages. The method makes few distributional assumptions and requires no asymptotic approximations. It is computationally fast and can be run using standard software. It is applied to two data sets that have been analyzed by other methods, and results are compared.
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48
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Blank SV, Rubin SC, Coukos G, Amin KM, Albelda SM, Molnar-Kimber KL. Replication-selective herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant therapy of cervical cancer is enhanced by low-dose radiation. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:627-39. [PMID: 11916486 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252837224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based oncolytic treatment is a promising therapeutic approach for malignancy. Recombinant strains of HSV-1 containing mutations in the ICP 34.5 protein have been shown to replicate preferentially in rapidly proliferating malignant cells, resulting in a direct cytolytic effect. We assessed the efficacy of multimutated HSV-1 strains on human cervical cancer, and then used these viruses in combination with radiation therapy, the standard treatment for cervical cancer. The HSV-1 mutants 4009, 7020, 3616, and G207 induced significant lysis of three established human cervical cancer cell lines in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. G207 intratumoral treatment of established subcutaneous C33a tumors in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice significantly reduced tumor burden by 50%. Weekly and triweekly treatments improved efficacy and inhibited flank tumor growth in an administration frequency-dependent manner without toxicity. Combination therapy of a low dose of radiation (1.5 or 3 Gy) and replication-selective HSV mutants infection exhibited increased antitumor effects against cervical cancer cells in vitro. The in vivo effect of G207 combined with low-dose radiation was studied in Me180 xenografts in athymic mice. Treatment of established Me180 tumor nodules with 3 Gy followed by intratumoral G207 administration greatly improved efficacy, resulting in 42% complete eradication of tumor. In conclusion, single and multiple intratumoral injections of G207 significantly reduced tumor burden in xenogeneic models of cervical cancer, and the addition of low-dose radiation further potentiated the effect. These results suggest that replication-selective HSV-1 mutants may be potent oncolytic agents for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie V Blank
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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49
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Pisani S, Fioriti D, Conte MP, Chiarini F, Seganti L, Degener AM. Involvement of herpes simplex type 2 in modulation of gene expression of human papillomavirus type 18. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:59-63. [PMID: 12593789 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) can establish latent or persistent infections in the host, and are involved in the aetiology of benign and/or malignant lesions of the urogenital tract. To investigate the putative interaction between these DNA viruses when a double infection occurs, we have studied the effect of HSV-2 infection in HeLa 229 cells containing 10-50 copies of HPV type 18 genomic DNA. Twenty hours post HSV-2 infection, the analysis of mRNA transcripts from E1, E2, E6 early and L1 late HPV18 genes was performed in HeLa cells by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. A modulation of HPV18 E1 and E6 early genes was observed, resulting in a 9-fold and 3-fold increased transcription respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pisani
- Dept. Public Health Sciences, University of Rome, Italy
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50
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Coker AL, Gerasimova T, King MR, Jackson KL, Pirisi L. High-risk HPVs and risk of cervical neoplasia: a nested case-control study. Exp Mol Pathol 2001; 70:90-5. [PMID: 11263952 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2000.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this nested case-control study was to estimate the risk of SIL development among a cohort of women providing cervical samples as part of their family planning visit at baseline in 1991-1992. All women had normal cervical cytology (N = 2905) at baseline and provided a cervical sample for subsequent HPV typing. Among this cohort, 426 women developed SIL (22 HSIL and 404 LSIL), 619 developed atypia, and 1860 remained cytologically normal. Two controls per case were sampled from those who remained normal. PCR-based methods with L1 consensus primers were used to assess high-risk HPV positivity. Having an oncogenic HPV type at baseline was associated with an almost fourfold increased risk of HSIL development (relative risk (RR) = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.5--9.0) and a 70% increased risk of LSIL development (RR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2--2.3%). The association between HPV positivity and SIL development was strongest in the first year of follow-up (RR = 9.2 for HSIL and 2.5 for LSIL development). The decline in HPV-associated SIL risk may be a function of having only one measure of HPV positivity (at baseline).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Coker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
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