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Marin A, Morales F, Walbaum B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: mechanisms and role in endocrine resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406951. [PMID: 39040443 PMCID: PMC11260626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play a significant role in Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by contributing to tumorigenesis and endocrine resistance. This review explores the structure, signaling pathways, and implications of FGFRs, particularly FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, in ER+ breast cancer. FGFR1 is frequently amplified, especially in aggressive Luminal B-like tumors, and its amplification is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. The co-amplification of FGFR1 with oncogenes like EIF4EBP1 and NSD3 complicates its role as a standalone oncogenic driver. FGFR2 amplification, though less common, is critical in hormone receptor regulation, driving proliferation and treatment resistance. FGFR3 and FGFR4 also contribute to endocrine resistance through various mechanisms, including the activation of alternate signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge, with around 70% of breast cancers initially hormone receptor positive. Despite the success of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), resistance often develops, necessitating new treatment strategies. FGFR inhibitors have shown potential in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have yielded limited success due to off-target toxicities and lack of predictive biomarkers. Current clinical trials, including those evaluating FGFR inhibitors like erdafitinib, lucitanib, and dovitinib, have demonstrated mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of FGFR signaling in breast cancer. The interplay between FGFR and other signaling pathways highlights the need for comprehensive molecular profiling and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on identifying robust biomarkers and developing combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments. In conclusion, targeting FGFR signaling in ER+ breast cancer presents both challenges and opportunities. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and resistance pathways is crucial for the successful integration of FGFR inhibitors into clinical practice, aiming to improve outcomes for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Marin
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Liang R, Tan B, Lei K, Xu K, Liang J, Huang J, Liang Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Shi X, Lv Z, Lin H, Wang M. The FGF6 amplification mutation plays an important role in the progression and treatment of malignant meningioma. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101974. [PMID: 38710133 PMCID: PMC11089407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is a benign tumor with slow growth and long course. However, patients with recurrent malignant meningioma still face a lack of effective treatment. Here, we report a rare case of primary mediastinal malignant meningioma with lung and bone metastases, who benefited from the treatment of apatinib (≥33 months) and anlotinib (until the publication date). Retrospective molecular analysis revealed the frequent amplification of FGF6 in primary and metastatic lesions. Then we constructed the FGF6 over-expressed IOMM-LEE and CH157MN malignant meningioma cell lines, and in vitro and vivo experiments showed that overexpression of FGF6 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of malignant meningioma cells. Based on the Western analysis, we revealed that FGF6 can promote the phosphorylation of FGFR, AKT, and ERK1/2, which can be inhibited by anlotinib. Together, we were the first to verify that overexpression of FGF6 promotes the progression of malignant meningiomas by activating FGFR/AKT/ERK1/2 pathway and pointed out that anlotinib may effectively inhibit the disease progression of patients with FGF6 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Binhua Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jialu Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.
| | - Huayue Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Fu W, Liu L, Tong S. Berberine inhibits the progression of breast cancer by regulating METTL3-mediated m6A modification of FGF7 mRNA. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1357-1368. [PMID: 38709912 PMCID: PMC11168909 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid from Coptidis rhizoma, has been found to have powerful activities against various human malignancies, including breast cancer. However, the underlying antitumor mechanisms of BBR in breast cancer remain poorly understood. METHODS Breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with different doses (0, 20, 40, and 60 μM) of BBR for 48 h. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were assessed using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell, and wound healing assays. Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), and insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) mRNA levels and protein levels were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Interaction between METTL3 and FGF7 m6A was assessed using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-qPCR and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Binding ability between IGF2BP3 and FGF7 mRNA was analyzed using RIP assay. RESULTS BBR treatment hindered breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced apoptosis. FGF7 expression was upregulated in breast cancer tissues, while its level was reduced in BBR-treated tumor cells. FGF7 upregulation relieved the repression of BBR on breast cancer cell malignant behaviors. In mechanism, METTL3 stabilized FGF7 mRNA through the m6A-IGF2BP3-dependent mechanism and naturally improved FGF7 expression. BBR treatment inhibited breast cancer growth in vivo. CONCLUSION BBR treatment blocked breast cancer cell growth and metastasis partly by regulating METTL3-mediated m6A modification of FGF7 mRNA, providing a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- Department of PharmacyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of EmergencyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
| | - Suiju Tong
- Department of PharmacyPeople's Hospital of Dongxihu DistrictWuhanChina
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4
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Sun J, Li L, Chen X, Yang C, Wang L. The circRNA-0001361/miR-491/FGFR4 axis is associated with axillary response evaluated by ultrasound following NAC in subjects with breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101481. [PMID: 37250983 PMCID: PMC10209698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background miR-491-5p has been reported to regulate the expression of FGFR4 and promote gastric cancer metastasis. Hsa_circ_0001361 was demonstrated to play an oncogenic role in bladder cancer invasion and metastasis by sponging the expression of miR-491-5p. This work aimed to study the molecular mechanism of the effect of hsa_circ_0001361 on axillary response in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods Ultrasound examinations was performed to evaluate the response of breast cancer patients receiving NAC treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR, IHC assay, luciferase assay and Western blot were performed to analyze the molecular interaction between miR-491, circRNA_0001631 and FGFR4. Results Patients with low circRNA_0001631 expression had a better outcome after NAC treatment. The expression of miR-491 was remarkably higher in the tissue sample and serum collected from patients with lower circRNA_0001631 expression. On the contrary, the FGFR4 expression was notably suppressed in the tissue sample and serum collected from patients with lower circRNA_0001631 expression when compared with patients with high circRNA_0001631 expression. The luciferase activities of circRNA_0001631 and FGFR4 were effectively suppressed by miR-491 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, inhibition of circRNA_0001631 expression using circRNA_0001361 shRNA effectively suppressed the expression of FGFR4 protein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Up-regulation of circRNA_0001631 expression remarkably enhanced the expression of FGFR4 protein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion Our study suggested that the up-regulation of hsa_circRNA-0001361 could up-regulate the expression of FGFR4 via sponging the expression of miR-491-5p, resulting in the alleviated axillary response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunfeng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264099, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264099, China
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5
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Zhang YM, Lin CY, Li BZ, Xu WB, Dong WR, Shu MA. Characterization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its role in antiviral and antimicrobial immune responses. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107865. [PMID: 36436575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FGFRs involved multiple physiological processes, such as endocrine homeostasis, wound repair, and cellular behaviors including proliferation, differentiation and survival. In the present study, the homologs of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were identified and characterized from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii for the first time. The full-length cDNAs of pcFGFR4 were 2878 bp with 2451 bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. The deduced pcFGFR4 protein contained an immunoglobulin, two immunoglobulin C-2 Type, a transmembrane region and a catalytic domain. Real-time PCR analysis showed that pcFGFR4 were highly expressed in muscle and hemocyte. Moreover, the expression levels of pcFGFR4 in the hepatopancreas and hemocyte were positively stimulated after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV, implying the involvement of pcFGFR4 against bacterial and viral infections in innate immune responses. While pcFGFR4 were silenced in vivo, the expression levels of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (pcALF1-5,8 and pcCrustin1-2) and NF-κB signaling components (pcDrosal and pcRelish) were significantly reduced. Additionally, NF-κB signaling could be markedly activated by overexpression of pcFGFR4 in HEK293T cells. Finally, our results indicated that pcFGFR4 regulated crayfish's innate immunity by modulating NF-κB signaling. These findings may provide new insights into pcFGFR4-mediated signaling cascades in crustaceans and provide a better understanding of crustacean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chaudhary CL, Lim D, Chaudhary P, Guragain D, Awasthi BP, Park HD, Kim JA, Jeong BS. 6-Amino-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ol and 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-ol derivatives as selective fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 inhibitors: design, synthesis, molecular docking, and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:844-856. [PMID: 35296193 PMCID: PMC8933034 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2048378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of aminotrimethylpyridinol and aminodimethylpyrimidinol derivatives were designed and synthesised for FGFR4 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship on the FGFR4 inhibitory activity of the new compounds was clearly elucidated by an intensive molecular docking study. Anti-cancer activity of the compounds was evaluated using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tumour model. Compound 6O showed FGFR4 inhibitory activity over FGFR1 - 3. Compared to the positive control BLU9931, compound 6O exhibited at least 8 times higher FGFR4 selectivity. Strong anti-proliferative activity of compound 6O was observed against Hep3B, an HCC cell line which was a much more sensitive cell line to BLU9931. In vivo anti-tumour activity of compound 6O against Hep3B-xenografted CAM tumour model was almost similar to BLU9931. Overall, compound 6O, a novel derivative of aminodimethylpyrimidinol, was a selective FGFR4 kinase inhibitor blocking HCC tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongchul Lim
- Innovo Therapeutics Inc, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Diwakar Guragain
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Francavilla C, O'Brien CS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling dysregulation and targeting in breast cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:210373. [PMID: 35193394 PMCID: PMC8864352 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signalling plays a critical role in breast embryonal development, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. FGFR, its numerous FGF ligands and signalling partners are often dysregulated in breast cancer progression and are one of the causes of resistance to treatment in breast cancer. Furthermore, FGFR signalling on epithelial cells is affected by signals from the breast microenvironment, therefore increasing the possibility of breast developmental abnormalities or cancer progression. Increasing our understanding of the multi-layered roles of the complex family of FGFRs, their ligands FGFs and their regulatory partners may offer novel treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, as a single agent or rational co-target, which will be explored in depth in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Ciara S. O'Brien
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2BX, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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8
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AlRaddadi RIR, Alamri RJN, Shebli WTY, Fallatah EIY, Alhujaily AS, Mohamed HS, Alotibi MKH. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene ( FGFR2) rs2981582T/C polymorphism and susceptibility to breast cancer in Saudi women. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6112-6115. [PMID: 34759736 PMCID: PMC8568711 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is a protein encoded by FGFR2 gene and plays an important role in cellular growth. This study was conducted to investigate a potential association of FGFR2 rs2981582 with breast cancer. DNA was obtained from 137 Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors and 98 normal breast tissue samples. Genotypes were carried out with PCR-RFLP. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the power of the associations. A significant association between FGFR2 rs2981582 C allele and susceptibility to breast cancer was found (p-value < 0.0001, Odds Ratio = 2.3, %95 CI (1.5–3.0). No significant differences in FGFR2 rs2981582 genotypes and alleles distribution among breast patients with different hormonal receptor status (p > 0.05) were detected. However, a significant difference was found in genotypes and alleles distribution in ER+, PR- and HER2 between breast cancer cases and controls. This study showed an association of FGFR2 rs2981582T/C with breast cancer in Saudi women, further large study is required to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiba Salaheldin Mohamed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Endemic Diseases. University of Khartoum, Sudan
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FGFR1 Overexpression Induces Cancer Cell Stemness and Enhanced Akt/Erk-ER Signaling to Promote Palbociclib Resistance in Luminal A Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113008. [PMID: 34831231 PMCID: PMC8616148 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDKis) is emerging as a clinical challenge. Identification of the factors contributing to CDKi resistance, with mechanistic insight, is of pivotal significance. Recent studies linked aberrant FGFR signaling to CDKi resistance. However, detailed mechanisms are less clear. Based on control and FGFR1 overexpressing luminal A cell line models, we demonstrated that FGFR1 overexpression rendered the cells resistant to palbociclib. FGFR1 overexpression abolished palbociclib-mediated cell cycle arrest, as well as the attenuated palbociclib-induced inhibition of G1/S transition regulators (pRb, E2F1, and cyclin D3) and factors that promote G2/M transition (cyclin B1, cdc2/CDK1, and cdc25). Importantly, FGFR1-induced palbociclib resistance was associated with promotion of cancer cell stemness and the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that palbociclib may function as an ER agonist in MCF-7/FGFR1 cells. Upregulation of the ER-mediated transcription in MCF-7/FGFR1 cells was associated with ERα phosphorylation and enhanced receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. The combination of palbociclib with FGFR-targeting AZD4547 resulted in remarkable synergistic effects on MCF-7/FGFR1 cells, especially for the inhibition of cancer cell stemness. Our findings of FGFR1-induced palbociclib resistance, promotion of cancer stem cells and associated molecular changes advance our mechanistic understanding of CDKi resistance, which will facilitate the development of strategies targeting CDKi resistance in breast cancer treatment.
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10
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Drug Resistance in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Tumor Targeted Nanomedicine to the Rescue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094673. [PMID: 33925129 PMCID: PMC8125767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, specifically metastatic breast, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women. This is mainly due to relapse and reoccurrence of tumor. The primary reason for cancer relapse is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) hampering the treatment and prognosis. MDR can occur due to a multitude of molecular events, including increased expression of efflux transporters such as P-gp, BCRP, or MRP1; epithelial to mesenchymal transition; and resistance development in breast cancer stem cells. Excessive dose dumping in chemotherapy can cause intrinsic anti-cancer MDR to appear prior to chemotherapy and after the treatment. Hence, novel targeted nanomedicines encapsulating chemotherapeutics and gene therapy products may assist to overcome cancer drug resistance. Targeted nanomedicines offer innovative strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy while permitting enhanced selectivity to cancer cells. Targeted nanotheranostics permit targeted drug release, precise breast cancer diagnosis, and importantly, the ability to overcome MDR. The article discusses various nanomedicines designed to selectively target breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, and breast cancer stem cells. In addition, the review discusses recent approaches, including combination nanoparticles (NPs), theranostic NPs, and stimuli sensitive or “smart” NPs. Recent innovations in microRNA NPs and personalized medicine NPs are also discussed. Future perspective research for complex targeted and multi-stage responsive nanomedicines for metastatic breast cancer is discussed.
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11
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Wei W, Cao S, Liu J, Wang Y, Song Q, A L, Sun S, Zhang X, Liang X, Jiang Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 as a prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6881-6888. [PMID: 35117296 PMCID: PMC8797274 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes up to 15% of all breast cancers. It is one of the most aggressive breast cancers and is more prone to metastasize compared with other subtypes. Breast cancer patients with this subtype usually have a poor prognosis. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, and early analyses identified that FGFR4 was involved in breast cancer. However, the prognostic effect of FGFR4 on TNBC is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the association between FGFR4 and TNBC prognosis. Methods A total of 282 TNBC patients were enrolled. FGFR4 protein expression was detected in these 282 TNBC patients using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In the present study, FGFR4 was highly expressed in TNBC patients. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P=0.033) and p53 status (P=0.019) were associated with high FGFR4 expression. Univariate analysis identified high FGFR4 expression (P=0.016) as a prognostic predictor, and multivariate analysis found that high FGFR4 expression (P=0.016) was an independent prognostic factor. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that high FGFR4 protein expression was correlated with poorer overall survival (OS). Conclusions The results of our present study show that FGFR4 protein expression is correlated with a worse prognosis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Quanfu Song
- Department of Oncology, Altay District People's Hospital, Altay, China
| | - Leha A
- Department of Oncology, Altay District People's Hospital, Altay, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoshuan Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yongdong Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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12
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Santolla MF, Maggiolini M. The FGF/FGFR System in Breast Cancer: Oncogenic Features and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3029. [PMID: 33081025 PMCID: PMC7603197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the treatment of breast cancer is the heterogeneous nature of the disease. With multiple subtypes of breast cancer identified, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of therapies particularly for the less tractable subtypes. Several transduction mechanisms are involved in the progression of breast cancer, therefore making the assessment of the molecular landscape that characterizes each patient intricate. Over the last decade, numerous studies have focused on the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target the main pathways dysregulated in breast cancer, however their effectiveness is often limited either by resistance to treatments or the appearance of adverse effects. In this context, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) system represents an emerging transduction pathway and therapeutic target to be fully investigated among the diverse anti-cancer settings in breast cancer. Here, we have recapitulated previous studies dealing with FGFR molecular aberrations, such as the gene amplification, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations that occur in breast cancer. Furthermore, alterations in the FGF/FGFR signaling across the different subtypes of breast cancer have been described. Next, we discussed the functional interplay between the FGF/FGFR axis and important components of the breast tumor microenvironment. Lastly, we pointed out the therapeutic usefulness of FGF/FGFR inhibitors, as revealed by preclinical and clinical models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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Jendryczko K, Chudzian J, Skinder N, Opaliński Ł, Rzeszótko J, Wiedlocha A, Otlewski J, Szlachcic A. FGF2-Derived PeptibodyF2-MMAE Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Cytotoxic Drugs into Cancer Cells Overexpressing FGFR1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2992. [PMID: 33076489 PMCID: PMC7602595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are emerging targets for directed cancer therapy. Presented here is a new FGFR1-targeting conjugate, the peptibodyF2, which employs peptibody, a fusion of peptide and the Fc fragment of human IgG as a selective targeting agent and drug carrier. Short peptide based on FGF2 sequence was used to construct a FGFR1-targeting peptibody. We have shown that this peptide ensures specific delivery of peptibodyF2 into FGFR1-expressing cells. In order to use peptibodyF2 as a delivery vehicle for cytotoxic drugs, we have conjugated it with MMAE, a drug widely used in antibody-drug conjugates for targeted therapy. Resulting conjugate shows high and specific cytotoxicity towards FGFR1-positive cells, i.e., squamous cell lung carcinoma NCI-H520, while remaining non-toxic for FGFR1-negative cells. Such peptibody-drug conjugate can serve as a basis for development of therapy for tumors with overexpressed or malfunctioning FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jendryczko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Julia Chudzian
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Natalia Skinder
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Jakub Rzeszótko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01163 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Anna Szlachcic
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
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14
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Levine KM, Ding K, Chen L, Oesterreich S. FGFR4: A promising therapeutic target for breast cancer and other solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107590. [PMID: 32492514 PMCID: PMC7494643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway has long been known to cancer researchers because of its role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of FGFR signaling is frequently reported in cancer studies, but most of these studies focus on FGFR1-3. However, there is growing evidence implicating an important and unique role of FGFR4 in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to anti-tumor therapy in multiple types of cancer. Importantly, there are several novel FGFR4-specific inhibitors in clinical trials, making FGFR4 an attractive target for further research. In this review, we focus on assessing the role of FGFR4 in cancer, with an emphasis on breast cancer. First, the structure, physiological functions and downstream signaling pathways of FGFR4 are introduced. Next, different mechanisms reported to cause aberrant FGFR4 activation and their functions in cancer are discussed, including FGFR4 overexpression, FGF ligand overexpression, FGFR4 somatic hotspot mutations, and the FGFR4 G388R single nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, ongoing and recently completed clinical trials targeting FGFRs in cancer are reviewed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of FGFR4 inhibition for the treatment of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyuqin Chen
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Chen J, Du F, Dang Y, Li X, Qian M, Feng W, Qiao C, Fan D, Nie Y, Wu K, Xia L. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19-Mediated Up-regulation of SYR-Related High-Mobility Group Box 18 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis by Transactivating Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 and Fms-Related Tyrosine Kinase 4. Hepatology 2020; 71:1712-1731. [PMID: 31529503 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The poor prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is mainly attributed to its high rate of metastasis and recurrence. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC metastasis need to be elucidated. The SRY-related high-mobility group box (SOX) family proteins, which are a group of highly conserved transcription factors, play important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Here, we report on a role of SOX18, a member of the SOX family, in promoting HCC invasion and metastasis. APPROACH AND RESULTS The elevated expression of SOX18 was positively correlated with poor tumor differentiation, higher tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and poor prognosis. Overexpression of SOX18 promoted HCC metastasis by up-regulating metastasis-related genes, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4). Knockdown of both FGFR4 and FLT4 significantly decreased SOX18-mediated HCC invasion and metastasis, whereas the stable overexpression of FGFR4 and FLT4 reversed the decrease in cell invasion and metastasis that was induced by inhibition of SOX18. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), which is the ligand of FGFR4, up-regulated SOX18 expression. A mechanistic investigation indicated that the up-regulation of SOX18 that was mediated by the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway relied on the phosphorylated (p)-fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2/p-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/β-catenin pathway. SOX18 knockdown significantly reduced FGF19-enhanced HCC invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, BLU9931, a specific FGFR4 inhibitor, significantly reduced SOX18-mediated HCC invasion and metastasis. In human HCC tissues, SOX18 expression was positively correlated with FGF19, FGFR4, and FLT4 expression, and patients that coexpressed FGF19/SOX18, SOX18/FGFR4, or SOX18/FLT4 had the worst prognosis. CONCLUSIONS We defined a FGF19-SOX18-FGFR4 positive feedback loop that played a pivotal role in HCC metastasis, and targeting this pathway may be a promising therapeutic option for the clinical management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Du
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunzhi Dang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meirui Qian
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenyang Qiao
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Limin Xia
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Sobhani N, Fan C, O. Flores-Villanueva P, Generali D, Li Y. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in Breast Cancer: from Oncogenesis to Better Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2011. [PMID: 32188012 PMCID: PMC7139621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent form of malignancy and second only to lung cancer as cause of deaths in women. Notwithstanding many progresses made in the field, metastatic BC has a very poor prognosis. As therapies are becoming more personalized to meet the needs of patients, a better knowledge of the molecular biology leading to the disease unfolds the possibility to project more precise compounds or antibodies targeting definite alteration at the molecular level and functioning on such cancer-causing molecules expressed in cancer cells of patients, or present as antigens on the surface of cancer cell membranes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is one of such druggable targets, activated by its own ligands -namely the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). This pathway provides a vast range of interesting molecular targets pursued at different levels of clinical investigation. Herein we provide an update on the knowledge of genetic alterations of the receptors in breast cancer, their role in tumorigenesis and the most recent drugs against this particular receptor for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
| | - Pedro O. Flores-Villanueva
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
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FGFR1 and FGFR4 oncogenicity depends on n-cadherin and their co-expression may predict FGFR-targeted therapy efficacy. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102683. [PMID: 32114392 PMCID: PMC7047190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 and FGFR4 have been associated with tumorigenesis in a variety of tumour types. As a therapeutic approach, their inhibition has been attempted in different types of malignancies, including lung cancer, and was initially focused on FGFR1-amplified tumours, though with limited success. METHODS In vitro and in vivo functional assessments of the oncogenic potential of downregulated/overexpressed genes in isogenic cell lines were performed, as well as inhibitor efficacy tests in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). mRNA was extracted from FFPE non-small cell lung cancer samples to determine the prognostic potential of the genes under study. FINDINGS We provide in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that expression of the adhesion molecule N-cadherin is key for the oncogenic role of FGFR1/4 in non-small cell lung cancer. According to this, assessment of the expression of genes in different lung cancer patient cohorts showed that FGFR1 or FGFR4 expression alone showed no prognostic potential, and that only co-expression of FGFR1 and/or FGFR4 with N-cadherin inferred a poorer outcome. Treatment of high-FGFR1 and/or FGFR4-expressing lung cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts with selective FGFR inhibitors showed high efficacy, but only in models with high FGFR1/4 and N-cadherin expression. INTERPRETATION Our data show that the determination of the expression of FGFR1 or FGFR4 alone is not sufficient to predict anti-FGFR therapy efficacy; complementary determination of N-cadherin expression may further optimise patient selection for this therapeutic strategy.
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18
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Liu Y, Cao M, Cai Y, Li X, Zhao C, Cui R. Dissecting the Role of the FGF19-FGFR4 Signaling Pathway in Cancer Development and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:95. [PMID: 32154250 PMCID: PMC7044267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 4 (FGFR4) belongs to a family of tyrosine kinase receptor. FGFR4 is highly activated in certain types of cancer and its activation is closely associated with its specific ligand, FGF19. Indeed, FGF19-FGFR4 signaling is implicated in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, metabolism, and differentiation. Since active FGF19-FGFR4 signaling acts as an oncogenic pathway in certain types of cancer, the development and therapeutic evaluation of FGFR4-specific inhibitors in cancer patients is a topic of significant interest. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of currently-available FGFR4 inhibitors and their ongoing clinical trials, as well as upcoming potential therapeutics. Further, we examined the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of FGFR4 inhibitors in cancer patients. We also discussed the underlying molecular mechanisms of oncogenic activation of FGFR4 by FGF19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ri Cui
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Chew NJ, Nguyen EV, Su SP, Novy K, Chan HC, Nguyen LK, Luu J, Simpson KJ, Lee RS, Daly RJ. FGFR3 signaling and function in triple negative breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:13. [PMID: 31987043 PMCID: PMC6986078 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 16% of breast cancers and represents an aggressive subtype that lacks targeted therapeutic options. In this study, mass spectrometry (MS)-based tyrosine phosphorylation profiling identified aberrant FGFR3 activation in a subset of TNBC cell lines. This kinase was therefore evaluated as a potential therapeutic target. Methods MS-based tyrosine phosphorylation profiling was undertaken across a panel of 24 TNBC cell lines. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot were used to further characterize FGFR3 phosphorylation. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to determine FGFR3 localization. The selective FGFR1–3 inhibitor, PD173074 and siRNA knockdowns were used to characterize the functional role of FGFR3 in vitro. The TCGA and Metabric breast cancer datasets were interrogated to identify FGFR3 alterations and how they relate to breast cancer subtype and overall patient survival. Results High FGFR3 expression and phosphorylation were detected in SUM185PE cells, which harbor a FGFR3-TACC3 gene fusion. Low FGFR3 phosphorylation was detected in CAL51, MFM-223 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In SUM185PE cells, the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion protein contributed the majority of phosphorylated FGFR3, and largely localized to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, with staining at the mitotic spindle in a small subset of cells. Knockdown of the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion and wildtype FGFR3 in SUM185PE cells decreased FRS2, AKT and ERK phosphorylation, and induced cell death. Knockdown of wildtype FGFR3 resulted in only a trend for decreased proliferation. PD173074 significantly decreased FRS2, AKT and ERK activation, and reduced SUM185PE cell proliferation. Cyclin A and pRb were also decreased in the presence of PD173074, while cleaved PARP was increased, indicating cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis. Knockdown of FGFR3 in CAL51, MFM-223 and MDA-MB-231 cells had no significant effect on cell proliferation. Interrogation of public datasets revealed that increased FGFR3 expression in breast cancer was significantly associated with reduced overall survival, and that potentially oncogenic FGFR3 alterations (eg mutation and amplification) occur in the TNBC/basal, luminal A and luminal B subtypes, but are rare. Conclusions These results indicate that targeting FGFR3 may represent a therapeutic option for TNBC, but only for patients with oncogenic FGFR3 alterations, such as the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Chew
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Ping Su
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Karel Novy
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Howard C Chan
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jennii Luu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel S Lee
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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20
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Zhu Y, Yang L, Chong QY, Yan H, Zhang W, Qian W, Tan S, Wu Z, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Long noncoding RNA Linc00460 promotes breast cancer progression by regulating the miR-489-5p/FGF7/AKT axis. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5983-6001. [PMID: 31308741 PMCID: PMC6612969 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s207084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) possess important roles in various cellular processes and that dysregulation of lncRNAs promotes tumor progression. However, the expression patterns and biological functions of many specific lncRNAs in breast cancer remain to be determined. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect Linc00460, miR-489-5p and FGF7 expression. Protein levels were determined using Western blot. MTT and colony formation assay were used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assays were conducted to determine cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assays were carried out to assess the interaction between miR-489-5p and Linc00460 or FGF7. Biotin pull-down assay was used to detect the direct interaction between miR-489-5p and Linc00460. In vivo experiments were performed to measure tumor formation and lung metastasis. Results: We demonstrated that lncRNA Linc00460 was upregulated in breast cancer, and its expression level was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis and poor overall survival. Forced expression of Linc00460 increased, whereas Linc00460 silencing decreased, breast cancer cell viability, migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Linc00460 was identified as a direct target of miR-489-5p, which further targeted FGF7 and exerted oncogenic functions in breast cancer. Mechanistically, Linc00460 served as a competing endogenous RNA of FGF-7 mRNA by sponging miR-489-5p, resulting in upregulated FGF7 expression and AKT activity. Notably, forced expression of miR-489-5p abrogated Linc00460-mediated oncogenic behavior and activation of the FGF7-AKT pathway in breast cancer cells. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that Linc00460 promotes breast cancer progression partly through the miR-489-5p/FGF7/AKT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiyan Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
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21
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Ferrer I, Molina-Pinelo S, Paz-Ares L. A patent review of FGFR4 selective inhibition in cancer (2007-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:429-438. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1624720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Ferrer
- CNIO-H12O Lung Clinical Cancer Research Unit, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica i+12 & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- CNIO-H12O Lung Clinical Cancer Research Unit, Fundación de Investigación Biomédica i+12 & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Piasecka D, Braun M, Kitowska K, Mieczkowski K, Kordek R, Sadej R, Romanska H. FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signalling in regulation of steroid hormone receptors - implications for therapy of luminal breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:230. [PMID: 31142340 PMCID: PMC6542018 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stromal stimuli mediated by growth factor receptors, leading to ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors, have long been implicated in development of breast cancer resistance to endocrine therapy. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes have been associated with a higher incidence and progression of breast cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that FGFR-mediated interaction between luminal invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and its microenvironment contributes to the progression to hormone-independence. Therapeutic strategies based on FGFR inhibitors hold promise for overcoming resistance to the ER-targeting treatment. A series of excellent reviews discuss a potential role of FGFR in development of IDC. Here, we provide a concise updated summary of existing literature on FGFR-mediated signalling with an emphasis on an interaction between FGFR and estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) in IDC. Focusing on the regulatory role of tumour microenvironment in the activity of steroid hormone receptors, we compile the available functional data on FGFRs-mediated signalling, as a fundamental mechanism of luminal IDC progression and failure of anti-ER treatment. We also highlight the translational value of the presented findings and summarize ongoing oncologic clinical trials investigating FGFRs inhibition in interventional studies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Piasecka
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Mieczkowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
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23
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Molina-Pinelo S, Cirauqui C, Ojeda-Márquez L, Marrugal Á, Suarez R, Conde E, Ponce-Aix S, Enguita AB, Carnero A, Ferrer I, Paz-Ares L. FGFR1 Cooperates with EGFR in Lung Cancer Oncogenesis, and Their Combined Inhibition Shows Improved Efficacy. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:641-655. [PMID: 30639621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is substantial evidence for the oncogenic effects of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in many types of cancer, including lung cancer, but the role of this receptor has not been addressed specifically in lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We performed FGFR1 and EGFR overexpression and co-overexpression assays in adenocarcinoma and in inmortalized lung cell lines, and we also carried out surrogate and interaction assays. We performed monotherapy and combination EGFR/FGFR inhibitor sensitivity assays in vitro and in vivo in cell line- and patient-derived xenografts. We determined FGFR1 mRNA expression in a cohort of patients with anti-EGFR therapy-treated adenocarcinoma. RESULTS We have reported a cooperative interaction between FGFR1 and EGFR in this context, resulting in increased EGFR activation and oncogenic signaling. We have provided in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that FGFR1 expression increases tumorigenicity in cells with high EGFR activation in EGFR-mutated and EGFR wild-type models. At the clinical level, we have shown that high FGFR1 expression levels predict higher resistance to erlotinib or gefitinib in a cohort of patients with tyrosine kinase inhibitor-treated EGFR-mutated and EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. Dual EGFR and FGFR inhibition in FGFR1-overexpressing, EGFR-activated models shows synergistic effects on tumor growth in vitro and in cell line- and patient-derived xenografts, suggesting that patients with tumors bearing these characteristics may benefit from combined EGFR/FGFR inhibition. CONCLUSION These results support the extended the use of EGFR inhibitors beyond monotherapy in the EGFR-mutated adenocarcinoma setting in combination with FGFR inhibitors for selected patients with increased FGFR1 overexpression and EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Insitute for Biomedical Research in Seville (UHVR, SNRC, Seville University), Seville, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cirauqui
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ojeda-Márquez
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Marrugal
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Suarez
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Conde
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain; Therapeutic Targets Laboratory, University Hospital HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ponce-Aix
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Doce de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Enguita
- Pathological Anatomy Department, University Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Insitute for Biomedical Research in Seville (UHVR, SNRC, Seville University), Seville, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation i+12, Madrid, Spain; H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Doce de Octubre Madrid, Spain; Medical School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Targeting in Cancer: New Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010031. [PMID: 30634399 PMCID: PMC6356571 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), a tyrosine kinase receptor for FGFs, is involved in diverse cellular processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. High activation of FGFR4 is strongly associated with the amplification of its specific ligand FGF19 in many types of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, where it acts as an oncogene driving the cancer development and progression. Currently, the development and therapeutic evaluation of FGFR4-specific inhibitors, such as BLU9931 and H3B-6527, in animal models and cancer patients, are paving the way to suppress hyperactive FGFR4 signaling in cancer. This comprehensive review not only covers the recent discoveries in understanding FGFR4 regulation and function in cancer, but also reveals the therapeutic implications and applications regarding emerging anti-FGFR4 agents. Our aim is to pinpoint the potential of FGFR4 as a therapeutic target and identify new avenues for advancing future research in the field.
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25
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Current Status of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070076. [PMID: 30011957 PMCID: PMC6071019 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and second only to lung cancer in terms of mortality in women. Despite the incredible progress made in this field, metastatic breast cancer has a poor prognosis. In an era of personalized medicine, there is an urgent need for better knowledge of the biology leading to the disease, which can lead to the design of increasingly accurate drugs against patients' specific molecular aberrations. Among one of the actionable targets is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway, triggered by specific ligands. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors/Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFRs/FGFs) axis offers interesting molecular targets to be pursued in clinical development. This mini-review will focus on the current knowledge of FGFR mutations, which lead to tumor formation and summarizes the state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies for targeted treatments against the FGFRs/FGFs axis in the context of BC.
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26
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Lin M, Wang Y. Association of FGFR2 and PI3KCA genetic variants with the risk of breast cancer in a Chinese population. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1305-1311. [PMID: 29872343 PMCID: PMC5973406 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s164084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genome-wide association studies have found plenty of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which are associated with breast cancer risk. SNPs in FGFR2 are mostly identified. However, the association between PI3KCA SNP and breast cancer risk remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of FGFR2 and PI3KCA genetic variants in breast cancer and their association with prognosis. Methods We performed genotyping of 328 breast cancer patients and 389 healthy controls. Then, we evaluated the associations of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 with the susceptibility and clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier curve with log-rank test was performed to determine the prognostic values of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624. Results The results indicated that genotype frequencies of rs1219648 and rs6443624 were significantly different between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, PI3KCA rs6443624 A carriers and FGFR2 rs1219648 G carriers more frequently had advanced stages and shorter survival times. Conclusion The SNPs of FGFR2 rs1219648 and PI3KCA rs6443624 may contribute to the identification of breast cancer patients at risk of more aggressive disease and may be potential prognostic factors in breast cancer in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Galactophore Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Antenatal Diagnosis, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Mingzhen Lin
- Department of Galactophore Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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27
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Wei W, You Z, Sun S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Pang D, Jiang Y. Prognostic implications of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 polymorphisms in primary breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:988-996. [PMID: 29603419 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, and FGFR4 polymorphisms have been implicated in both normal development and cancer, including breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated correlations between polymorphisms in FGFR4 and breast cancer prognosis. The FGFR4 SNPs rs1966265 and rs351855 were genotyped in 747 breast cancer patients using the SNaPshot method. FGFR4 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 339 samples. SNP rs351855 was correlated with FGFR4 protein expression under dominant and co-dominant models. Lymph node metastasis (LNM), ER (estrogen receptor) status, and molecular subtype were associated with high FGFR4 expression. Univariate analysis revealed rs351855 (CC/CT: P = 0.027, CC/TT: P < 0.001, CC/CT + TT: P = 0.005) to be a prognostic predictor, and multivariate analysis indicated rs351855 (CC/TT: P = 0.005) to be an independent prognostic factor. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high FGFR4 protein expression was associated with a poor prognosis. SNP rs351855 was correlated with worse outcomes, with a dose-dependent effect. The results of this study show that FGFR4 SNP rs351855 is associated with up-regulation of FGFR4 protein expression and a worse prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zilong You
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,North China Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center (NTMRC), Harbin, China
| | - Yongdong Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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28
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Chen S, Qiu Y, Guo P, Pu T, Feng Y, Bu H. FGFR1 and HER1 or HER2 co-amplification in breast cancer indicate poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8206-8214. [PMID: 29805554 PMCID: PMC5950032 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 1 or 2 (HER1/2), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling serve critical roles in the progression of breast cancer; however, cross-talk between HER1/2 and FGFR1 signaling has not been extensively studied. In the present study, the copy number variation status of FGFR1 and HER1/2, and the clinical implications and prognostic relevance of this, were evaluated in invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) tissue samples. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to assess gene copy number variation in IDC samples, and the clinical characteristics and survival curves of patients with IDC were analyzed. The amplification of FGFR1 was identified in 16.0% of the samples (12 of 75), of HER1 in 26.7% (20 of 75), of HER2 in 37.3% (28 of 75), and of FGFR1 and HER1/2 simultaneously in 8.0% (6 of 75). FGFR1 and HER1/2 co-amplification were significantly correlated with distant metastasis (P=0.035), recurrence (P=0.026) and decreased disease-free survival time (P=0.042). This was the case for patients undergoing endocrine therapy (P=0.002) and chemotherapy (P=0.044). Taken together, the results indicate that patients with FGFR1 and HER1/2 co-amplification may exhibit a less favorable prognosis compared with patients with either FGFR1, HER1/2 amplification or without amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinan Chen
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Tianjie Pu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ye Feng
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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29
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Tiong KH, Tan BS, Choo HL, Chung FFL, Hii LW, Tan SH, Khor NTW, Wong SF, See SJ, Tan YF, Rosli R, Cheong SK, Leong CO. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) autocrine enhance breast cancer cells survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57633-57650. [PMID: 27192118 PMCID: PMC5295378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer is an aggressive tumor subtype with poor prognosis. The discovery of underlying mechanisms mediating tumor cell survival, and the development of novel agents to target these pathways, is a priority for patients with basal-like breast cancer. From a functional screen to identify key drivers of basal-like breast cancer cell growth, we identified fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) as a potential mediator of cell survival. We found that FGFR4 mediates cancer cell survival predominantly via activation of PI3K/AKT. Importantly, a subset of basal-like breast cancer cells also secrete fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a canonical ligand specific for FGFR4. siRNA-mediated silencing of FGF19 or neutralization of extracellular FGF19 by anti-FGF19 antibody (1A6) decreases AKT phosphorylation, suppresses cancer cell growth and enhances doxorubicin sensitivity only in the FGFR4+/FGF19+ breast cancer cells. Consistently, FGFR4/FGF19 co-expression was also observed in 82 out of 287 (28.6%) primary breast tumors, and their expression is strongly associated with AKT phosphorylation, Ki-67 staining, higher tumor stage and basal-like phenotype. In summary, our results demonstrated the presence of an FGFR4/FGF19 autocrine signaling that mediates the survival of a subset of basal-like breast cancer cells and suggest that inactivation of this autocrine loop may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for future treatment of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Center (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Boon Shing Tan
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng Lungh Choo
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Si Hoey Tan
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nelson Tze Woei Khor
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Jia See
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuen-Fen Tan
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon-Keng Cheong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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30
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Wu D, Guo M, Min X, Dai S, Li M, Tan S, Li G, Chen X, Ma Y, Li J, Jiang L, Qu L, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Chen L, Xu G, Chen Y. LY2874455 potently inhibits FGFR gatekeeper mutants and overcomes mutation-based resistance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12089-12092. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
LY2874455 can avoid a steric clash with the mutated gatekeeper residue in FGFR4.
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31
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Low SK, Zembutsu H, Nakamura Y. Breast cancer: The translation of big genomic data to cancer precision medicine. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:497-506. [PMID: 29215763 PMCID: PMC5834810 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex genetic disease that develops from the accumulation of genomic alterations in which germline variations predispose individuals to cancer and somatic alterations initiate and trigger the progression of cancer. For the past 2 decades, genomic research has advanced remarkably, evolving from single-gene to whole-genome screening by using genome-wide association study and next-generation sequencing that contributes to big genomic data. International collaborative efforts have contributed to curating these data to identify clinically significant alterations that could be used in clinical settings. Focusing on breast cancer, the present review summarizes the identification of genomic alterations with high-throughput screening as well as the use of genomic information in clinical trials that match cancer patients to therapies, which further leads to cancer precision medicine. Furthermore, cancer screening and monitoring were enhanced greatly by the use of liquid biopsies. With the growing data complexity and size, there is much anticipation in exploiting deep machine learning and artificial intelligence to curate integrative "-omics" data to refine the current medical practice to be applied in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Kee Low
- Project for Development of Liquid Biopsy Diagnosis, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Zembutsu
- Project for Development of Liquid Biopsy Diagnosis, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Center for Personalized Therapeutics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Center for Personalized Therapeutics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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32
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Perez-Garcia J, Muñoz-Couselo E, Soberino J, Racca F, Cortes J. Targeting FGFR pathway in breast cancer. Breast 2017; 37:126-133. [PMID: 29156384 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments in breast cancer biology over the last years have permitted deconstructing the molecular profile of the most relevant breast cancer subtypes. This has led to an increase in therapeutic options, including more effective personalized therapy for breast cancer and substantial improvements in patient outcomes. Although currently there are only a few targeted therapies approved for metastatic breast cancer, the discovery of druggable kinase gene alterations has radically changed cancer treatment by providing novel and successfully actionable drug targets. Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors (FGFRs) participate in different physiologic processes and also play an essential role in cancer cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. This article summarizes the main molecular alterations of FGFRs, as well as the available preclinical and clinical data with FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer, and discusses new opportunities for the clinical development of these agents in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perez-Garcia
- Baselga Institute of Oncology, Quiron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Muñoz-Couselo
- Medical Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Soberino
- Baselga Institute of Oncology, Quiron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Racca
- Baselga Institute of Oncology, Quiron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Cortes
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain; Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Baselga Institute of Oncology, Madrid and Barcelona, Spain.
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33
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Perera TP, Jovcheva E, Mevellec L, Vialard J, De Lange D, Verhulst T, Paulussen C, Van De Ven K, King P, Freyne E, Rees DC, Squires M, Saxty G, Page M, Murray CW, Gilissen R, Ward G, Thompson NT, Newell DR, Cheng N, Xie L, Yang J, Platero SJ, Karkera JD, Moy C, Angibaud P, Laquerre S, Lorenzi MV. Discovery and Pharmacological Characterization of JNJ-42756493 (Erdafitinib), a Functionally Selective Small-Molecule FGFR Family Inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1010-1020. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Castrellon AB. Novel Strategies to Improve the Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer. Oncol Rev 2017; 11:323. [PMID: 28584571 PMCID: PMC5444409 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2017.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy (ET) constitutes the usual first-line of therapy for patients in the treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to first-line endocrine treatment due to intrinsic resistance, while others may initially respond but eventually progress with secondary acquired resistance leading to disease progression. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-estrogen therapy include, loss of expression for estrogen or progesterone receptor, upregulation of epidermal receptor growth factor 2, increased receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, leading to activation of various intracellular pathways that are involved in signal transduction such as PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, and others. Growing understanding of the signal cascade of estrogen receptors and the signaling pathways that interact with estrogen receptors has revealed the complex role of these receptors in cell growth and proliferation, and on the mechanism in development of resistance. These insights have led to the development of targeted therapies that may prove to be effective options for the treatment of breast cancer and may overcome hormone therapy resistance. In this review we summarize some of the mechanisms of endocrine resistance, selected clinical trials of ET and targeted therapies, which might interfere with estrogen receptor pathways and might reduce or reverse resistance to traditional, sequential, single-agent ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bartolome Castrellon
- Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Center, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, USA
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Regier MC, Maccoux LJ, Weinberger EM, Regehr KJ, Berry SM, Beebe DJ, Alarid ET. Transitions from mono- to co- to tri-culture uniquely affect gene expression in breast cancer, stromal, and immune compartments. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:70. [PMID: 27432323 PMCID: PMC5076020 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterotypic interactions in cancer microenvironments play important roles in disease initiation, progression, and spread. Co-culture is the predominant approach used in dissecting paracrine interactions between tumor and stromal cells, but functional results from simple co-cultures frequently fail to correlate to in vivo conditions. Though complex heterotypic in vitro models have improved functional relevance, there is little systematic knowledge of how multi-culture parameters influence this recapitulation. We therefore have employed a more iterative approach to investigate the influence of increasing model complexity; increased heterotypic complexity specifically. Here we describe how the compartmentalized and microscale elements of our multi-culture device allowed us to obtain gene expression data from one cell type at a time in a heterotypic culture where cells communicated through paracrine interactions. With our device we generated a large dataset comprised of cell type specific gene-expression patterns for cultures of increasing complexity (three cell types in mono-, co-, or tri-culture) not readily accessible in other systems. Principal component analysis indicated that gene expression was changed in co-culture but was often more strongly altered in tri-culture as compared to mono-culture. Our analysis revealed that cell type identity and the complexity around it (mono-, co-, or tri-culture) influence gene regulation. We also observed evidence of complementary regulation between cell types in the same heterotypic culture. Here we demonstrate the utility of our platform in providing insight into how tumor and stromal cells respond to microenvironments of varying complexities highlighting the expanding importance of heterotypic cultures that go beyond conventional co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Regier
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsey J. Maccoux
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma M. Weinberger
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keil J. Regehr
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott M. Berry
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine T. Alarid
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
Metastasis is the underlying cause of death for the majority of breast cancer patients. Despite significant advances in recent years in basic research and clinical development, therapies that specifically target metastatic breast cancer remain inadequate, and represents the single greatest obstacle to reducing mortality of late-stage breast cancer. Recent efforts have leveraged genomic analysis of breast cancer and molecular dissection of tumor-stromal cross-talk to uncover a number of promising candidates for targeted treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Rational combinations of therapeutic agents targeting tumor-intrinsic properties and microenvironmental components provide a promising strategy to develop precision treatments with higher specificity and less toxicity. In this review, we discuss the emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer metastasis, from tumor-intrinsic pathways to those that involve the host tissue components, including the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Wang W, Chen T, Li H, Chen Y, Wu Z, Feng T, Zhang X, Zhong Q, Zhong Q, Li G, Guo L, Zhou L, Zhou J. Screening a novel FGF3 antagonist peptide with anti-tumor effects on breast cancer from a phage display library. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7051-8. [PMID: 26323695 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3) is expressed in breast cancer and correlates with the stage and grade of the disease. In the present study, a specific FGF3‑binding peptide (VLWLKNR, termed FP16) was isolated from a phage display heptapeptide library with FGF3. The peptide FP16 contained four identical (WLKN) amino acids and demonstrated high homology to the peptides of the 188‑194 (TMRWLKN) site of the high‑affinity FGF3 receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Functional analyses indicated that FP16 mediated significant inhibition of FGF3‑induced cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase by increasing proliferation‑associated protein 2G4, suppressing cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and inhibited the FGF3‑induced activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt kinase. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the peptide FP16, acting as an FGF3 antagonist, is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Provincial Reference Laboratory and Disease Control, Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Haicheng Li
- Department of Provincial Reference Laboratory and Disease Control, Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Provincial Reference Laboratory and Disease Control, Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Tongming Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- Department of Provincial Reference Laboratory and Disease Control, Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qianhong Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Guozhou Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chronic Disease Control and Prevention Station of Dongguan, Dongguan, Guangdong 523008, P.R. China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Provincial Reference Laboratory and Disease Control, Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Disease Control, Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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Mitagami Y, Yasunaga JI, Kinosada H, Ohshima K, Matsuoka M. Interferon-γ Promotes Inflammation and Development of T-Cell Lymphoma in HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Transgenic Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005120. [PMID: 26296091 PMCID: PMC4546626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiological agent of several inflammatory diseases and a T-cell malignancy, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) is the only viral gene that is constitutively expressed in HTLV-1-infected cells, and it has multiple functions on T-cell signaling pathways. HBZ has important roles in HTLV-1-mediated pathogenesis, since HBZ transgenic (HBZ-Tg) mice develop systemic inflammation and T-cell lymphomas, which are similar phenotypes to HTLV-1-associated diseases. We showed previously that in HBZ-Tg mice, HBZ causes unstable Foxp3 expression, leading to an increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the consequent induction of IFN-γ-producing cells, which in turn leads to the development of inflammation in the mice. In this study, we show that the severity of inflammation is correlated with the development of lymphomas in HBZ-Tg mice, suggesting that HBZ-mediated inflammation is closely linked to oncogenesis in CD4+ T cells. In addition, we found that IFN-γ-producing cells enhance HBZ-mediated inflammation, since knocking out IFN-γ significantly reduced the incidence of dermatitis as well as lymphoma. Recent studies show the critical roles of the intestinal microbiota in the development of Tregs in vivo. We found that even germ-free HBZ-Tg mice still had an increased number of Tregs and IFN-γ-producing cells, and developed dermatitis, indicating that an intrinsic activity of HBZ evokes aberrant T-cell differentiation and consequently causes inflammation. These results show that immunomodulation by HBZ is implicated in both inflammation and oncogenesis, and suggest a causal connection between HTLV-1-associated inflammation and ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mitagami
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Haruka Kinosada
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Ronca R, Giacomini A, Rusnati M, Presta M. The potential of fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as a therapeutic target in tumor angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1361-77. [PMID: 26125971 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1062475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are endowed with a potent pro-angiogenic activity. Activation of the FGF/FGF receptor (FGFR) system occurs in a variety of human tumors. This may lead to neovascularization, supporting tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. Thus, a compelling biologic rationale exists for the development of anti-FGF/FGFR agents for the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive search on PubMed was performed to identify studies on the role of the FGF/FGFR system in angiogenesis. Endothelial FGFR signaling, the pro-angiogenic function of canonical FGFs, and their role in human tumors are described. In addition, experimental approaches aimed at the identification and characterization of nonselective and selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors and their evaluation in clinical trials are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Different approaches can be envisaged to inhibit the FGF/FGFR system, a target for the development of 'two-compartment' anti-angiogenic/anti-tumor agents, including FGFR selective and nonselective small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-FGFR antibodies, and FGF ligand traps. Further studies are required to define the correlation between tumor vascularization and activation of the FGF/FGFR system and for the identification of cancer patients more likely to benefit from anti-FGF/FGFR treatments. In addition, advantages and disadvantages about the use of selective versus non-selective FGF inhibitors remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Marco Rusnati
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Marco Presta
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
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Cailliau K, Lescuyer A, Burnol AF, Cuesta-Marbán Á, Widmann C, Browaeys-Poly E. RasGAP Shields Akt from Deactivating Phosphatases in Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling but Loses This Ability Once Cleaved by Caspase-3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19653-65. [PMID: 26109071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are involved in proliferative and differentiation physiological responses. Deregulation of FGFR-mediated signaling involving the Ras/PI3K/Akt and the Ras/Raf/ERK MAPK pathways is causally involved in the development of several cancers. The caspase-3/p120 RasGAP module is a stress sensor switch. Under mild stress conditions, RasGAP is cleaved by caspase-3 at position 455. The resulting N-terminal fragment, called fragment N, stimulates anti-death signaling. When caspase-3 activity further increases, fragment N is cleaved at position 157. This generates a fragment, called N2, that no longer protects cells. Here, we investigated in Xenopus oocytes the impact of RasGAP and its fragments on FGF1-mediated signaling during G2/M cell cycle transition. RasGAP used its N-terminal Src homology 2 domain to bind FGFR once stimulated by FGF1, and this was necessary for the recruitment of Akt to the FGFR complex. Fragment N, which did not associate with the FGFR complex, favored FGF1-induced ERK stimulation, leading to accelerated G2/M transition. In contrast, fragment N2 bound the FGFR, and this inhibited mTORC2-dependent Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and ERK2 phosphorylation but not phosphorylation of Akt on Thr-308. This also blocked cell cycle progression. Inhibition of Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation and entry into G2/M was relieved by PHLPP phosphatase inhibition. Hence, full-length RasGAP favors Akt activity by shielding it from deactivating phosphatases. This shielding was abrogated by fragment N2. These results highlight the role played by RasGAP in FGFR signaling and how graded stress intensities, by generating different RasGAP fragments, can positively or negatively impact this signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cailliau
- From the Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Team Signal Division Regulation, CNRS UMR 8576, SN3, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France,
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- From the Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Team Signal Division Regulation, CNRS UMR 8576, SN3, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Burnol
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France, and
| | - Álvaro Cuesta-Marbán
- the Department of Physiology, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Widmann
- the Department of Physiology, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith Browaeys-Poly
- From the Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Team Signal Division Regulation, CNRS UMR 8576, SN3, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Pundavela J, Roselli S, Faulkner S, Attia J, Scott RJ, Thorne RF, Forbes JF, Bradshaw RA, Walker MM, Jobling P, Hondermarck H. Nerve fibers infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and are associated with nerve growth factor production and lymph node invasion in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1626-35. [PMID: 26009480 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by nerve fibers is an understudied aspect of breast carcinogenesis. In this study, the presence of nerve fibers was investigated in a cohort of 369 primary breast cancers (ductal carcinomas in situ, invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas) by immunohistochemistry for the neuronal marker PGP9.5. Isolated nerve fibers (axons) were detected in 28% of invasive ductal carcinomas as compared to only 12% of invasive lobular carcinomas and 8% of ductal carcinomas in situ (p = 0.0003). In invasive breast cancers, the presence of nerve fibers was observed in 15% of lymph node negative tumors and 28% of lymph node positive tumors (p = 0.0031), indicating a relationship with the metastatic potential. In addition, there was an association between the presence of nerve fibers and the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in cancer cells (p = 0.0001). In vitro, breast cancer cells were able to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, and this neurotrophic activity was partially inhibited by anti-NGF blocking antibodies. In conclusion, infiltration by nerve fibers is a feature of the tumor microenvironment that is associated with aggressiveness and involves NGF production by cancer cells. The potential participation of nerve fibers in breast cancer progression needs to be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Pundavela
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Severine Roselli
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - John F Forbes
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ralph A Bradshaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marjorie M Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 polymorphism is associated with liver cirrhosis in hepatocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122961. [PMID: 25860955 PMCID: PMC4393280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) polymorphisms are positively correlated with tumor progression in numerous malignant tumors. However, the association between FGFR4 genetic variants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been determined. In this study, we investigated the potential associations of FGFR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with HCC susceptibility and its clinicopathological characteristics. Methodology/Principal Findings Four SNPs in FGFR4 (rs1966265, rs351855, rs2011077, and rs7708357) were analyzed among 884 participants, including 595 controls and 289 patients with HCC. The samples were further analyzed to clarify the associations between these gene polymorphisms and the risk of HCC, and the impact of these SNPs on the susceptibility and clinicopathological characteristics of HCC. After adjusting for other covariants, HCC patients who carrying at least one A genotype (GA and AA) at rs351855 were observed to have a higher risk of liver cirrhosis compared with those carrying the wild-type genotype (GG) (OR: 2.113, 95% CI: 1.188–3.831). Moreover, the patients with at least one A genotype were particularly showed a high level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Conclusions Our findings suggest that genetic polymorphism in FGFR4 rs351855 may be associated with the risk of HCC coupled with liver cirrhosis and may markedly increase the AFP level in Taiwanese patients with HCC. In addition, this is the first study that evaluated the risk factors associated with FGFR4 polymorphism variants in Taiwanese patients with HCC.
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Rationale for targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 150:1-8. [PMID: 25677745 PMCID: PMC4344551 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is involved in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Given its role in the activation of critical signaling pathways, aberrant FGFR signaling has been implicated in multiple cancer types. A comprehensive search of PubMed and congress abstracts was conducted to identify reports on FGFR pathway components in breast cancer. In breast cancers, FGFR1 and FGFR4 gene amplification and single nucleotide polymorphisms in FGFR2 and FGFR4 have been detected. Commonly, these FGFR aberrations and gene amplifications lead to increased FGFR signaling and have been linked with poor prognosis and resistance to breast cancer treatments. Here, we review the role of FGFR signaling and the impact of FGFR genetic amplifications/aberrations on breast tumors. In addition, we summarize the most recent preclinical and clinical data on FGFR-targeted therapies in breast cancer. Finally, we highlight the ongoing clinical trials of the FGFR-targeted agents dovitinib, AZD4547, lucitanib, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493, which are selected for patients with FGFR pathway-amplified breast cancer. Aberrant FGFR pathway amplification may drive some breast cancers. Inhibition of FGFR signaling is being explored in the clinic, and data from these trials may refine our ability to select patients who would best respond to these treatments.
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Chen Y, Peng J, Han M, Omar M, Hu D, Ke X, Lu N. A low-molecular-weight heparin-coated doxorubicin-liposome for the prevention of melanoma metastasis. J Drug Target 2014; 23:335-46. [PMID: 25541466 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.996760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the biggest challenge in cancer therapy. During the metastasis process, metastatic cells could acquire stealth ability toward immune system through the formation of a protection cloak by hijacking platelets (PTs). Heparins, a heterogeneous mixture of glycosaminoglycans, can inhibit metastatic cascades by blocking P-selectin-mediated intercellular adhesion between tumor cells and PTs. In this study, low-molecular-weight heparin-coated doxorubicin-loaded liposome (LMWH-DOX-Lip) was developed for metastasis preventative therapy. The formation of LMWH-DOX-Lip was based on electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged heparins and cationic lipids. LMWH-DOX-Lip prepared at the optimum prescription possessed high entrapment efficiency, ideal particle size and zeta potential. Morphology of LMWH-DOX-Lip was characterized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results of confocal microscopic observations and flow cytometry analysis indicated that LMWH-DOX-Lip mediated an efficient cellular uptake in B16F10 melanoma cell line. Besides, LMWH-DOX-Lip displayed an increased cytotoxic over their unmodified counterparts. Furthermore, the inhibition effect of LMWH-DOX-Lip on adhesion between tumor cells and PTs/P-selectin was observed. In vivo study performed on a pulmonary melanoma mouse model revealed a substantially tumor metastasis prevention by LMWH-DOX-Lip. All these results suggested that LMWH-DOX-Lip could significantly inhibit metastasis through preventing the tumor cell-platelet interactions and in the meantime suppressed tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China and
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Dai X, Cai C, Xiao F, Xiong Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Xiang Q, Lou G, Lian M, Su Z, Zheng Q. Identification of a novel aFGF-binding peptide with anti-tumor effect on breast cancer from phage display library. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:795-801. [PMID: 24530908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is expressed in breast cancer and via interactions with fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) to promote the stage and grade of the disease. Thus, aFGF/FGFRs have been considered essential targets in breast cancer therapy. We identified a specific aFGF-binding peptide (AGNWTPI, named AP8) from a phage display heptapeptide library with aFGF after four rounds of biopanning. The peptide AP8 contained two (TP) amino acids identical and showed high homology to the peptides of the 182-188 (GTPNPTL) site of high-affinity aFGF receptor FGFR1. Functional analyses indicated that AP8 specifically competed with the corresponding phage clone A8 for binding to aFGF. In addition, AP8 could inhibit aFGF-stimulated cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase by increasing PA2G4 and suppressing Cyclin D1 and PCNA, and blocked the aFGF-induced activation of Erk1/2 and Akt kinase in both breast cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, these results indicate that peptide AP8, acting as an aFGF antagonist, is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Cuizan Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yaoling Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qi Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guofeng Lou
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mengyang Lian
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Qing Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4): a targetable regulator of drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1046. [PMID: 24503538 PMCID: PMC3944229 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of underlying mechanisms of drug resistance, and the development of novel agents to target these pathways, is a priority for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously undertook a systems biology approach to design a functional genomic screen and identified fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) as a potential mediator of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FGFR4 in drug resistance using RNAi and the small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398 (Novartis). We found that FGFR4 is highly expressed at the RNA and protein levels in colon cancer tumour tissue compared with normal colonic mucosa and other tumours. Silencing of FGFR4 reduced cell viability in a panel of colon cancer cell lines and increased caspase-dependent apoptosis. A synergistic interaction was also observed between FGFR4 silencing and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colon cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, FGFR4 silencing decreased activity of the pro-survival STAT3 transcription factor and expression of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP. Furthermore, silencing of STAT3 resulted in downregulation of c-FLIP protein expression, suggesting that FGFR4 may regulate c-FLIP expression via STAT3. A similar phenotype and downstream pathway changes were observed following FGFR4 silencing in cell lines resistant to 5-FU, oxaliplatin and SN38 and upon exposure of parental cells to the FGFR small-molecule inhibitor BGJ398. Our results indicate that FGFR4 is a targetable regulator of chemo-resistance in CRC, and hence inhibiting FGFR4 in combination with 5-FU and oxaliplatin is a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation during development and tissue repair. Over the past decades, numerous pathological conditions and developmental syndromes have emerged as a consequence of deregulation in the FGFRs signaling network. This review aims to provide an overview of FGFR family, their complex signaling pathways in tumorigenesis, and the current development and application of therapeutics targeting the FGFRs signaling for treatment of refractory human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Yen Mah
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Eifert C, Wang X, Kokabee L, Kourtidis A, Jain R, Gerdes MJ, Conklin DS. A novel isoform of the B cell tyrosine kinase BTK protects breast cancer cells from apoptosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:961-75. [PMID: 23913792 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases orchestrate key cellular signaling pathways and their dysregulation is often associated with cellular transformation. Several recent cases in which inhibitors of tyrosine kinases have been successfully used as anticancer agents have underscored the importance of this class of proteins in the development of targeted cancer therapies. We have carried out a large-scale loss-of-function analysis of the human tyrosine kinases using RNA interference to identify novel survival factors for breast cancer cells. In addition to kinases with known roles in breast and other cancers, we identified several kinases that were previously unknown to be required for breast cancer cell survival. The most surprising of these was the cytosolic, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which has been extensively studied in B cell development. Down regulation of this protein with RNAi or inhibition with pharmacological inhibitors causes apoptosis; overexpression inhibits apoptosis induced by Doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Our results surprisingly show that BTK is expressed in several breast cancer cell lines and tumors. The predominant form of BTK found in tumor cells is transcribed from an alternative promoter and results in a protein with an amino-terminal extension. This alternate form of BTK is expressed at significantly higher levels in tumorigenic breast cells than in normal breast cells. Since this protein is a survival factor for these cells, it represents both a potential marker and novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Eifert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY
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Inhibition of Metastatic Potential in Breast Carcinoma In Vivo and In Vitro through Targeting VEGFRs and FGFRs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:718380. [PMID: 23861711 PMCID: PMC3686112 DOI: 10.1155/2013/718380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are considered to play key roles in tumor metastasis. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases essentially involved in the angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis would theoretically prevent cancer metastasis. However, the optimal multikinase inhibitor for metastasis suppression has yet to be developed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NSTPBP 0100194-A (194-A), a multikinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs)/fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), on lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in a mammary fat pad xenograft model of the highly invasive breast cancer cell line 4T1-Luc+. We investigated the biologic effect of 194-A on various invasive breast cancer cell lines as well as endothelial and lymphatic endothelial cells. Intriguingly, we found that 194-A drastically reduced the formation of lung, liver, and lymph node metastasis of 4T1-Luc+ and decreased primary tumor growth. This was associated with significant reductions in intratumoral lymphatic vessel length (LVL) and microvessel density (MVD). 194-A blocked VEGFRs mediated signaling on both endothelial and lymphatic endothelial cells. Moreover, 194-A significantly inhibited the invasive capacity induced by VEGF-C or FGF-2 in vitro in both 4T1 and MDA-MB231 cells. In conclusion, these experimental results demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of VEGFRs/FGFRs kinases may be a promising strategy to prevent breast cancer metastasis.
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