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Ramarajan D, Đorović Jovanović J, Marković Z, Dimić D, Sudha S. Spectroscopic, molecular docking, and ecotoxicology analyses of the monomer and dimers of 3-aminocyclohexa-2,6-diene-1-sulfonic acid – a theoretical approach. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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WYGANOWSKA-ŞWIĄTKOWSKA MARZENA, JANKUN JERZY. Plasminogen activation system in oral cancer: Relevance in prognosis and therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:16-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang B, Xie S, Shi W, Yang Y. Amiloride off-target effect inhibits podocyte urokinase receptor expression and reduces proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1746-55. [PMID: 22076430 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) and its soluble form play a key role in the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The modification of uPAR pathological actions on podocytes will become an important task for the development of improved nephroprotective therapeutics. Here we show that podocyte uPAR expression can be reduced using amiloride. Amiloride has a significant role in the reduction of podocyte cell motility in vitro and proteinuria in mice. Amiloride inhibited the induction of uPAR protein and PLAUR messenger RNA (encoding uPAR) and with that it reduced uPAR-mediated β3 integrin activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated podocytes. Transwell migration assay and wound healing assay showed that directed and random podocyte motility of LPS-treated podocytes were increased and substantially reduced by amiloride. The off-target effect of amiloride was independent of its function as epithelial sodium channel blocker and different from triamterene. Amiloride was also effective in the LPS mouse model of transient proteinuria (LPS mice) and in the 5/6 nephrectomy rat FSGS model (NTX) by significantly inhibiting podocyte uPAR induction, reducing proteinuria. In addition, amiloride attenuated glomerulosclerosis, as determined by glomerulosclerotic index. Thus, our observations show that amiloride inhibits podocyte uPAR induction and reduces proteinuria in NTX rats and LPS mice. Given the pathological relevance of the uPAR-β3 integrin signaling axis in FSGS, amiloride may be utilized in patients with FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Matthews H, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. Anti-tumour/metastasis effects of the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride: an orally active anti-cancer drug waiting for its call-of-duty? Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2051-61. [PMID: 21544803 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amiloride.HCl is clinically used as an oral potassium-sparing diuretic, but multiple studies in biochemical, cellular and animal models have shown that the drug also possesses anti-tumour and anti-metastasis activities. The additional effects appear to arise through inhibition of two discrete targets: (i) the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), a membrane protein responsible for the characteristically low extracellular pH of tumours and (ii) the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a serine protease mediator of cell migration, invasion and metastasis and well-known marker of poor prognosis in cancer. This mini-review summarises for the first time the reported anti-tumour/metastasis effects of amiloride in experimental models, discusses the putative molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects and concludes by commenting on the pros and cons of trialling amiloride or one of its structural analogues as potential new anti-tumour/metastasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Matthews
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Jankun J, Selman SH, Keck RW, Łysiak-Szydłowska W, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Very long half-life plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 reduces bleeding in a mouse model. BJU Int 2009; 105:1469-76. [PMID: 19912209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential for the future clinical use of a very long half-life plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (VLHL PAI-1) as a haemostatic agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a VLHL PAI-1 (half-life >700 h) recombinant mutant of PAI-1 and assessed VLHL PAI-1 for its ability to inhibit fibrinolysis in vitro using human, rabbit, mouse and rat blood. Fibrin clot lysis time, monitored by thromboelastometry, was determined at various concentrations of VLHL PAI-1. Also, we determined total bleeding time and total blood loss of control, VLHL PAI-1-, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)- and tPA + VLHL PAI-1-treated mice. RESULTS Using a thromboelastometer, mouse blood was most similar to human blood in its coagulation and fibrinolytic characteristics. We evaluated the affect of VLHL PAI-1 on haemostasis using the mouse model and showed that VLHL PAI-1 is an effective inhibitor of fibrin clot degradation. It reduced time of bleeding and total blood loss. CONCLUSION VLHL PAI-1 may provide an important physiological mechanism to protect clots from premature dissolution in surgical and trauma settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Żesławska E, Oleksyn B, Stadnicka K. Amiloride Conformation: The Effect of Different Crystalline Environments. Struct Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-004-0731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hall CL, Tsan R, Mugnai G, Mazar A, Radinsky R, Pettaway CA. Enhanced invasion of hormone refractory prostate cancer cells through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Prostate 2004; 59:167-76. [PMID: 15042617 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor (MET) is associated with high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma and metastasis. However, the mechanism through which MET signaling contributes to prostate cancer (CaP) metastasis remains unclear. METHODS Human PC-3 CaP cells and in vivo selected, isogeneic variant cells of increasing metastatic potential (PC-3M, PC-3M-Pro4, and PC-3M-LN4) were used to investigate the effect of HGF on CaP cell growth, protease production, and invasion. Cell-free urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) expression and function following HGF treatment were analyzed by Western blot, ELISA, and casein/plasminogen zymography. In vitro invasion stimulated by HGF was measured using Matrigel-coated invasion chambers. RESULTS Both mRNA and functional protein for MET were detected in each of the CaP cell lines. HGF treatment (0-40 ng/ml) weakly increase proliferation, however, HGF induced soluble u-PA protein and activity 3-fold in the metastatic variant cells. HGF significantly stimulated the invasion of highly metastatic PC-3M-LN4 cells through Matrigel and treatment with specific urokinase receptor inhibitors diminished the HGF-stimulated invasion in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the biological significance of u-PA up-regulation in response to HGF in highly metastatic hormone refractory CaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Zeslawska E, Jacob U, Schweinitz A, Coombs G, Bode W, Madison E. Crystals of urokinase type plasminogen activator complexes reveal the binding mode of peptidomimetic inhibitors. J Mol Biol 2003; 328:109-18. [PMID: 12684001 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), a trypsin-like serine proteinase, plays an important role in normal tissue re-modelling, cell adhesion, and cell motility. In addition, studies utilizing normal animals and potent, selective uPA inhibitors or genetically modified mice that lack functional uPA genes have demonstrated that uPA can significantly enhance tumor initiation, growth, progression and metastasis, strongly suggesting that this enzyme may be a promising anti-cancer target. We have investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of peptidomimetic inhibitors of uPA and solved high resolution X-ray structures of key, lead small molecule inhibitors (e.g. phenethylsulfonamidino(P4)-D-seryl(P3)-L-alanyl(P2)-L-argininal(P1) and derivatives thereof) in complex with the uPA proteinase domain. These potent inhibitors are highly selective for uPA. The non-natural D-seryl residue present at the P3 position in these inhibitors contributes substantially to both potency and selectivity because, due to its D-configuration, its side-chain binds in the S4 pocket to interact with the uPA unique residues Leu97b and His99. Additional potency and selectivity can be achieved by optimizing the inhibitor P4 residue to bind a pocket, known as S1sub or S1beta, that is adjacent to the primary specificity pocket of uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Zeslawska
- Pedagogical University, Department of Chemistry, Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland
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Dunbar SD, Ornstein DL, Zacharski LR. Cancer treatment with inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasmin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:2085-92. [PMID: 11060794 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.9.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator-plasmin system plays an important role in many normal physiological processes including clot lysis, wound healing, embryogenesis and tissue remodelling. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of human malignancy through its ability to mediate tumour cell growth, invasion and metastatic dissemination. Interfering with this system is an appealing approach for experimental therapy of malignancy for several reasons. This concept is supported by a wealth of preclinical data. Evidence exists suggesting a role for this system in several major human tumour types. Preliminary evidence suggests that agents which block this pathway are effective in therapeutic doses that are already defined and relatively non-toxic. This form of treatment is not likely to carry cross-resistance with other types of cancer therapy and should be applicable to both localised and advanced tumours. Since heterogeneity in responsiveness among various tumour types is expected, clinical effects in given tumours would provide a basis for interpreting mechanisms of tumour progression in vivo and for future development of drugs with improved efficacy. Inhibition of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator-plasmin system remains a promising, but largely untested, area of experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Dunbar
- Section of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Zeslawska E, Schweinitz A, Karcher A, Sondermann P, Sperl S, Stürzebecher J, Jacob U. Crystals of the urokinase type plasminogen activator variant beta(c)-uPAin complex with small molecule inhibitors open the way towards structure-based drug design. J Mol Biol 2000; 301:465-75. [PMID: 10926521 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase is a serine protease involved in cancer growth and metastasis. Here we present the first urokinase crystal structure in complex with reversible inhibitors at 2.1 and 2.6 A resolution. These inhibitor complex structures have been obtained from crystals of engineered urokinase type plasminogen activator designed to obtain a crystal form open for inhibitor soaking. The mutant C122S loses its flexible A-chain upon activation cleavage and crystallizes in the presence of benzamidine, which was later displaced by the desired inhibitor. This new soakable crystal form turned out to be of great value in the process of structure-based drug design. The evaluated binding mode of amiloride, and UKI-1D revealed a new subsite of the primary specificity pocket of urokinase that will be employed in the future ligand optimisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zeslawska
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, Martinsried, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152, Germany
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Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Yano H, Sakai N, Akedo H. Genistein attenuates peritoneal metastasis of azoxymethane-induced intestinal adenocarcinomas in Wistar rats. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:416-20. [PMID: 10760831 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<416::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the soybean isoflavonoid genistein on the development of bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis from intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane (AOM) were investigated in male inbred Wistar rats. From the beginning of the experiment, rats were given 10 weekly s.c. injections of AOM (7.4 mg/kg body weight) and s.c. injections of bombesin (40 microg/kg body weight) every other day, and from week 16, s.c. injections of genistein (5 or 10 mg/kg body weight) every other day until the end of the experiment in week 45. Bombesin significantly increased the incidence of intestinal tumors and of cancer metastasis to the peritoneum. Although genistein administered at either dose had little or no effect on the enhancement of intestinal carcinogenesis by bombesin or on the location, histologic type, depth of involvement, labeling index, or growth pattern of intestinal cancers, it significantly decreased the incidence of cancer metastasis. Genistein also significantly decreased the incidence of lymphatic vessel invasion of adenocarcinomas, which was enhanced by bombesin. Our findings indicate that genistein attenuates cancer metastasis by inhibiting cancer cell invasion into lymphatic vessels through activities that do not affect the growth of intestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iishi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Uehara H, Nakaizumi A, Shinkai K, Akedo H, Funai H, Ishiguro S, Kitagawa I. Inhibition by ginsenoside Rg3 of bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15:603-11. [PMID: 9344044 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018491314066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of concomitant use of bombesin and ginsenoside Rg3 on the incidence of peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane were investigated in male inbred Wistar rats. From the start of the experiment, rats were given weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (7.4 mg/kg body weight) for 10 weeks and s.c. injection of bombesin (40 microg/kg body weight) every other day, and from week 20, s.c. injections of ginsenoside Rg3 (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight) every other day until the end of the experiment in week 45. Bombesin significantly increased the incidence of intestinal tumors and cancer metastasis to the peritoneum in week 45. It also significantly increased the labeling index of intestinal cancers. Although administration of a higher dose of ginsenoside Rg3 with bombesin had little or no effect on the enhancement of intestinal carcinogenesis by bombesin, the location, histologic type, depth of involvement, infiltrating growth pattern, labeling and apoptotic indices and tumor vascularity of intestinal cancers, it significantly decreased the incidence of cancer metastasis. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits cancer metastasis through activities that do not affect the growth or vascularity of intestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iishi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, Uehara H, Nakaizumi A, Akedo H. Triamterene suppresses bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:730-4. [PMID: 8698623 PMCID: PMC5921160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of combined administration of bombesin and the diuretic triamterene on the incidence of peritoneal metastasis of intestinal cancers induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and the labeling index of intestinal cancers were investigated in male inbred Wistar rats. From the start of the experiment, rats were given weekly s.c. injections of AOM (7.4 mg/kg body weight) for 10 weeks and s.c. injections of bombesin (40 micrograms/kg body weight) every other day, and from week 16, s.c. injections of triamterene (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) every other day until the end of the experiment in week 45. Bombesin significantly increased the incidence of intestinal tumors and cancer metastasis to the peritoneum in week 45. It also significantly increased the labeling index of intestinal cancers. Although administration of both doses of triamterene with bombesin had little or no influence on the enhancement of intestinal carcinogenesis by bombesin, or the location, histologic type, depth of invasion, or labeling index of intestinal cancers, it significantly reduced the incidence of cancer metastasis. These findings indicate that triamterene suppresses cancer metastasis through a mechanism that does not affect the proliferation of intestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iishi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
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Shinkai K, Akedo H, Mukai M, Imamura F, Isoai A, Kobayashi M, Kitagawa I. Inhibition of in vitro tumor cell invasion by ginsenoside Rg3. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:357-62. [PMID: 8641966 PMCID: PMC5921105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of plant glycosides on tumor cell invasion was examined. Among the glycosides tested, ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be a potent inhibitor of invasion by rat ascites hepatoma cells (MM1), B16FE7 melanoma cells, human small cell lung carcinoma (OC10), and human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PSN-1) cells, when examined in a cell monolayer invasion model. Structurally analogous ginsenosides, Rb2, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (a stereoisomer of Rg3), showed little inhibitory activity. Neither Rh1, Rh2, 20(R)-ginsenosides Rh1, Rb1, Rc nor Re had any effect. The effective ginsenoside, Rg3, tended to inhibit experimental pulmonary metastasis by highly metastatic mouse melanoma B16FE7 cells as well. Taking account of our previous finding that 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic add (LPA) induced invasion by MM1 cells in the monolayer invasion model, the effect of Rg3 on molecular events associated with the invasion induced by LPA was analyzed in order to understand the mechanism of the inhibition. Rg3, which suppressed the invasion induced by LPA, dose-dependently inhibited the LPA-triggered rise of intracellular Ca2+. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation triggered by LPA was not inhibited by Rg3.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/secondary
- Ginsenosides
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Saponins/therapeutic use
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shinkai
- Department of Tumor Biochemistry, The Center for Adult Diseases Osaka, Japan
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