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Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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2
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Apaydin O, Altaikyzy A, Filosa A, Sawamiphak S. Alpha-1 adrenergic signaling drives cardiac regeneration via extracellular matrix remodeling transcriptional program in zebrafish macrophages. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2460-2476.e7. [PMID: 37875117 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role in cardiac repair. Here, we describe the mechanistic underpinning of adrenergic signaling in fibrotic and regenerative response of the heart to be dependent on immunomodulation. A pharmacological approach identified adrenergic receptor alpha-1 as a key regulator of macrophage phenotypic diversification following myocardial damage in zebrafish. Genetic manipulation and single-cell transcriptomics showed that the receptor signals activation of an "extracellular matrix remodeling" transcriptional program in a macrophage subset, which serves as a key regulator of matrix composition and turnover. Mechanistically, adrenergic receptor alpha-1-activated macrophages determine activation of collagen-12-expressing fibroblasts, a cellular determinant of cardiac regenerative niche, through midkine-mediated paracrine crosstalk, allowing lymphatic and blood vessel growth and cardiomyocyte proliferation at the lesion site. These findings identify the mechanism of adrenergic signaling in macrophage phenotypic and functional determination and highlight the potential of neural modulation for regulation of fibrosis and coordination of myocardial regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Apaydin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akerke Altaikyzy
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Filosa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Suphansa Sawamiphak
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Nie Y, Qiu Z, Chen S, Chen Z, Song X, Ma Y, Huang N, Cyster JG, Zheng S. Specific binding of GPR174 by endogenous lysophosphatidylserine leads to high constitutive G s signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5901. [PMID: 37737235 PMCID: PMC10516915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain understudied because their endogenous ligands are unknown. Here, we show that a group of class A/rhodopsin-like orphan GPCRs including GPR61, GPR161 and GPR174 increase the cAMP level similarly to fully activated D1 dopamine receptor (D1R). We report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the GPR61‒Gs, GPR161‒Gs and GPR174‒Gs complexes without any exogenous ligands. The GPR174 structure reveals that endogenous lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS) is copurified. While GPR174 fails to respond to exogenous lysoPS, likely owing to its maximal activation by the endogenous ligand, GPR174 mutants with lower ligand binding affinities can be specifically activated by lysoPS but not other lipids, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GPR174 adopts a non-canonical Gs coupling mode. The structures of GPR161 and GPR61 reveal that the second extracellular loop (ECL2) penetrates into the orthosteric pocket, possibly contributing to constitutive activity. Our work definitively confirms lysoPS as an endogenous GPR174 ligand and suggests that high constitutive activity of some orphan GPCRs could be accounted for by their having naturally abundant ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Qiu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocui Song
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jason G Cyster
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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4
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McCulloch KJ, Babonis LS, Liu A, Daly CM, Martindale MQ, Koenig KM. Nematostella vectensis exemplifies the exceptional expansion and diversity of opsins in the eyeless Hexacorallia. EvoDevo 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 37735470 PMCID: PMC10512536 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-023-00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opsins are the primary proteins responsible for light detection in animals. Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals) have diverse visual systems that have evolved in parallel with bilaterians (squid, flies, fish) for hundreds of millions of years. Medusozoans (e.g., jellyfish, hydroids) have evolved eyes multiple times, each time independently incorporating distinct opsin orthologs. Anthozoans (e.g., corals, sea anemones,) have diverse light-mediated behaviors and, despite being eyeless, exhibit more extensive opsin duplications than medusozoans. To better understand the evolution of photosensitivity in animals without eyes, we increased anthozoan representation in the phylogeny of animal opsins and investigated the large but poorly characterized opsin family in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. RESULTS We analyzed genomic and transcriptomic data from 16 species of cnidarians to generate a large opsin phylogeny (708 sequences) with the largest sampling of anthozoan sequences to date. We identified 29 opsins from N. vectensis (NvOpsins) with high confidence, using transcriptomic and genomic datasets. We found that lineage-specific opsin duplications are common across Cnidaria, with anthozoan lineages exhibiting among the highest numbers of opsins in animals. To establish putative photosensory function of NvOpsins, we identified canonically conserved protein domains and amino acid sequences essential for opsin function in other animal species. We show high sequence diversity among NvOpsins at sites important for photoreception and transduction, suggesting potentially diverse functions. We further examined the spatiotemporal expression of NvOpsins and found both dynamic expression of opsins during embryonic development and sexually dimorphic opsin expression in adults. CONCLUSIONS These data show that lineage-specific duplication and divergence has led to expansive diversity of opsins in eyeless cnidarians, suggesting opsins from these animals may exhibit novel biochemical functions. The variable expression patterns of opsins in N. vectensis suggest opsin gene duplications allowed for a radiation of unique sensory cell types with tissue- and stage-specific functions. This diffuse network of distinct sensory cell types could be an adaptive solution for varied sensory tasks experienced in distinct life history stages in Anthozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J McCulloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Leslie S Babonis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Alicia Liu
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA , 02138, , USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christina M Daly
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA , 02138, , USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Kristen M Koenig
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA , 02138, , USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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5
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El Daibani A, Paggi JM, Kim K, Laloudakis YD, Popov P, Bernhard SM, Krumm BE, Olsen RHJ, Diberto J, Carroll FI, Katritch V, Wünsch B, Dror RO, Che T. Molecular mechanism of biased signaling at the kappa opioid receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1338. [PMID: 36906681 PMCID: PMC10008561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has emerged as an attractive drug target for pain management without addiction, and biased signaling through particular pathways of KOR may be key to maintaining this benefit while minimizing side-effect liabilities. As for most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), however, the molecular mechanisms of ligand-specific signaling at KOR have remained unclear. To better understand the molecular determinants of KOR signaling bias, we apply structure determination, atomic-level molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and functional assays. We determine a crystal structure of KOR bound to the G protein-biased agonist nalfurafine, the first approved KOR-targeting drug. We also identify an arrestin-biased KOR agonist, WMS-X600. Using MD simulations of KOR bound to nalfurafine, WMS-X600, and a balanced agonist U50,488, we identify three active-state receptor conformations, including one that appears to favor arrestin signaling over G protein signaling and another that appears to favor G protein signaling over arrestin signaling. These results, combined with mutagenesis validation, provide a molecular explanation of how agonists achieve biased signaling at KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal El Daibani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph M Paggi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Petr Popov
- iMolecule, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah M Bernhard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Diberto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Barreto CA, Preto AJ, Moreira IS. MUG: A mutation overview of GPCR subfamily A17 receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:586-600. [PMID: 36659920 PMCID: PMC9822836 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate several signaling pathways through a general mechanism that involves their activation, upholding a chain of events that lead to the release of molecules responsible for cytoplasmic action and further regulation. These physiological functions can be severely altered by mutations in GPCR genes. GPCRs subfamily A17 (dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic and trace amine receptors) are directly related with neurodegenerative diseases, and as such it is crucial to explore known mutations on these systems and their impact in structure and function. A comprehensive and detailed computational framework - MUG (Mutations Understanding GPCRs) - was constructed, illustrating key reported mutations and their effect on receptors of the subfamily A17 of GPCRs. We explored the type of mutations occurring overall and in the different families of subfamily A17, as well their localization within the receptor and potential effects on receptor functionality. The mutated residues were further analyzed considering their pathogenicity. The results reveal a high diversity of mutations in the GPCR subfamily A17 structures, drawing attention to the considerable number of mutations in conserved residues and domains. Mutated residues were typically hydrophobic residues enriched at the ligand binding pocket and known activating microdomains, which may lead to disruption of receptor function. MUG as an interactive web application is available for the management and visualization of this dataset. We expect that this interactive database helps the exploration of GPCR mutations, their influence, and their familywise and receptor-specific effects, constituting the first step in elucidating their structures and molecules at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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7
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Molecular and thermodynamic mechanisms for protein adaptation. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:519-534. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Suzuki S, Iida M, Hiroaki Y, Tanaka K, Kawamoto A, Kato T, Oshima A. Structural insight into the activation mechanism of MrgD with heterotrimeric Gi-protein revealed by cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2022; 5:707. [PMID: 35840655 PMCID: PMC9287403 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MrgD, a member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) family, has high basal activity for Gi activation. It recognizes endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, and is involved in pain and itch signaling. The lack of a high-resolution structure for MrgD hinders our understanding of whether its activation is ligand-dependent or constitutive. Here, we report two cryo-EM structures of the MrgD-Gi complex in the β-alanine-bound and apo states at 3.1 Å and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively. These structures show that β-alanine is bound to a shallow pocket at the extracellular domains. The extracellular half of the sixth transmembrane helix undergoes a significant movement and is tightly packed into the third transmembrane helix through hydrophobic residues, creating the active form. Our structures demonstrate a structural basis for the characteristic ligand recognition of MrgD. These findings provide a framework to guide drug designs targeting the MrgD receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suzuki
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Momoko Iida
- Division of Biological Science, School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Hiroaki
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanaka
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawamoto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oshima
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute (CeSPI), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Zhang F, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Pu X. Molecular insights into the allosteric coupling mechanism between an agonist and two different transducers for μ-opioid receptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5282-5293. [PMID: 35170592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as the most important class of pharmacological targets regulate G-protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling through allosteric interplay, which are responsible for different biochemical and physiological actions like therapeutic efficacy and side effects. However, the allosteric mechanism underlying preferentially recruiting one transducer versus the other has been poorly understood, limiting drug design. Motivated by this issue, we utilize accelerated molecular dynamics simulation coupled with potential of mean force (PMF), molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and protein structure network (PSN) to study two ternary complex systems of a representative class A GPCR (μ-opioid receptor (μOR)) bound by an agonist and one specific transducer (G-protein and β-arrestin). The results show that no significant difference exists in the whole structure of μOR between two transducer couplings, but displays transducer-dependent changes in the intracellular binding region of μOR, where the β-arrestin coupling results in a narrower crevice with TM7 inward movement compared with the G-protein. In addition, both the G-protein and β-arrestin coupling can increase the binding affinity of the agonist to the receptor. However, the interactions between the agonist and μOR also exhibit transducer-specific changes, in particular for the interaction with ECL2 that plays an important role in recruiting β-arrestin. The allosteric network analysis further indicates that Y1483.33, F1523.37, F1563.41, N1914.49, T1603.45, Y1062.42, W2936.48, F2896.44, I2485.54 and Y2525.58 play important roles in equally activating G-protein and β-arrestin. In contrast, M1613.46 and R1653.50 devote important contributions to preferentially recruit G-protein while D1643.49 and R179ICL2 are revealed to be important for selectively activating β-arrestin. The observations provide useful information for understanding the biased activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhui Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichi Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
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Recurrent high-impact mutations at cognate structural positions in class A G protein-coupled receptors expressed in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113373118. [PMID: 34916293 PMCID: PMC8713800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113373118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs and GPCR pathways are increasingly being implicated in human malignancies, placing them among the most promising cancer drug candidates. Our results reveal enrichment of highly impactful, recurrent GPCR mutations within cancers. We found that cognate mutations in selected class A GPCRs have deleterious effects on signaling function. The results also suggest that olfactory receptors, often considered inconsequential, display a nonrandom mutation pattern in tumors in which they are expressed. These findings support the idea that protein paralogs can act in parallel as members of an onco-group. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of human proteins. They have a common structure and, signaling through a much smaller set of G proteins, arrestins, and effectors, activate downstream pathways that often modulate hallmark mechanisms of cancer. Because there are many more GPCRs than effectors, mutations in different receptors could perturb signaling similarly so as to favor a tumor. We hypothesized that somatic mutations in tumor samples may not be enriched within a single gene but rather that cognate mutations with similar effects on GPCR function are distributed across many receptors. To test this possibility, we systematically aggregated somatic cancer mutations across class A GPCRs and found a nonrandom distribution of positions with variant amino acid residues. Individual cancer types were enriched for highly impactful, recurrent mutations at selected cognate positions of known functional motifs. We also discovered that no single receptor drives this pattern, but rather multiple receptors contain amino acid substitutions at a few cognate positions. Phenotypic characterization suggests these mutations induce perturbation of G protein activation and/or β-arrestin recruitment. These data suggest that recurrent impactful oncogenic mutations perturb different GPCRs to subvert signaling and promote tumor growth or survival. The possibility that multiple different GPCRs could moonlight as drivers or enablers of a given cancer through mutations located at cognate positions across GPCR paralogs opens a window into cancer mechanisms and potential approaches to therapeutics.
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11
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Liu T, Ji RL, Tao YX. Naturally occurring mutations in G protein-coupled receptors associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108044. [PMID: 34822948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors involved in the regulation of almost all known physiological processes. Dysfunctions of GPCR-mediated signaling have been shown to cause various diseases. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two strongly associated disorders, is increasing worldwide, with tremendous economical and health burden. New safer and more efficacious drugs are required for successful weight reduction and T2DM treatment. Multiple GPCRs are involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in these GPCRs contribute to the development and progression of obesity and T2DM. Therefore, these receptors can be therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM. Indeed some of these receptors, such as melanocortin-4 receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, have provided important new drugs for treating obesity and T2DM. This review will focus on the naturally occurring mutations of several GPCRs associated with obesity and T2DM, especially incorporating recent large genomic data and insights from structure-function studies, providing leads for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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12
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Bakare OO, Fadaka AO, Akanbi MO, Akinyede KA, Klein A, Keyster M. Evaluation of selected carotenoids of Lycopersicon esculentum variants as therapeutic targets for 'Alzheimer's disease: an in silico approach. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:49. [PMID: 34592924 PMCID: PMC8483808 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The seriousness and menace of the worldwide weight of 'Alzheimer's disease have been related to a few factors, which incorporate antioxidant system depletion, mutation of proteins, and high expression of cholinesterases due to aging, environmental influence, diet, infectious agents, and hormonal imbalance. Overexpression of cholinesterases has been emphatically connected to 'Alzheimer's disease because of the unreasonable hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine. Certain plant phytochemicals, for example, beta-carotenoids, lutein, neoxanthin, and viola-xanthine from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. esculentum (ESC) and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. cerasiforme (CER) has been utilized altogether as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this research sought to investigate the drug-likeness of the individual carotenoids as detailed for cholinesterase inhibition in the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease. Four potential cholinesterase inhibitors from ESC and CER were retrieved from the PubChem database. Investigation of their drug-likeness, toxicity prediction, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations were carried out using Molinspiration, PreADMET V.2.0, Patchdock server, and Schrodinger Maestro software respectively. Neoxanthin was ranked the safest with a greater tendency to inhibit the cholinesterases with high binding affinity. In addition, its stability after simulation in a mimicked biological environment suggests its relevance as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease through the inhibition of cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa. .,Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Musa Oyebowale Akanbi
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kolajo Adedamola Akinyede
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Kotthoff M, Bauer J, Haag F, Krautwurst D. Conserved C-terminal motifs in odorant receptors instruct their cell surface expression and cAMP signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21274. [PMID: 33464692 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000182rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The highly individual plasma membrane expression and cAMP signaling of odorant receptors have hampered their ligand assignment and functional characterization in test cell systems. Chaperones have been identified to support the cell surface expression of only a portion of odorant receptors, with mechanisms remaining unclear. The presence of amino acid motifs that might be responsible for odorant receptors' individual intracellular retention or cell surface expression, and thus, for cAMP signaling, is under debate: so far, no such protein motifs have been suggested. Here, we demonstrate the existence of highly conserved C-terminal amino acid motifs, which discriminate at least between class-I and class-II odorant receptors, with their numbers of motifs increasing during evolution, by comparing C-terminal protein sequences from 4808 receptors across eight species. Truncation experiments and mutation analysis of C-terminal motifs, largely overlapping with helix 8, revealed single amino acids and their combinations to have differential impact on the cell surface expression and on stimulus-dependent cAMP signaling of odorant receptors in NxG 108CC15 cells. Our results demonstrate class-specific and individual C-terminal motif equipment of odorant receptors, which instruct their functional expression in a test cell system, and in situ may regulate their individual cell surface expression and intracellular cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Bauer
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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14
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Sowka A, Dobrzyn P. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Adiponectin in Vascular Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061485. [PMID: 34204799 PMCID: PMC8231548 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of adipose tissue biology have demonstrated that adipose tissue should be considered as both passive, energy-storing tissue and an endocrine organ because of the secretion of adipose-specific factors, called adipokines. Adiponectin is a well-described homeostatic adipokine with metabolic properties. It regulates whole-body energy status through the induction of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, making it an interesting subject of biomedical studies. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat depot that is conterminous to the vascular wall and acts on it in a paracrine manner through adipokine secretion. PVAT-derived adiponectin can act on the vascular wall through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present review describes adiponectin's structure, receptors, and main signaling pathways. We further discuss recent studies of the extent and nature of crosstalk between PVAT-derived adiponectin and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we argue whether adiponectin and its receptors may be considered putative therapeutic targets.
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15
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Atre I, Mizrahi N, Hausken K, Yom-Din S, Hurvitz A, Degani G, Levavi-Sivan B. Molecular characterization of kisspeptin receptors and gene expression analysis during oogenesis in the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113691. [PMID: 33301759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sturgeons belong to a subclass of fishes that derived from ray-finned fish ancestors preceding the emergence of teleosts. The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) is a late-maturing fish with the females reaching puberty under aquaculture conditions at 6-10 years of age. Since kisspeptin has been shown to be a key hormone involved in regulation of major reproductive processes of many vertebrate species, this study was conducted to better understand the kisspeptin receptor (KissR) in sturgeon. In this study we have cloned Russian sturgeon KissR1 from brain mRNA and observed the ontogeny of rsKissR1 mRNA expression in ovarian follicles. Multiple sequence alignment of KissR1, KissR4, and their orthologs revealed that the Russian sturgeon (rs) KissR1 sequence shares 64%-77% identity with elephant shark, coelacanth, and gar and 44-58% identity with tetrapod and teleost KissR1 sequences, while KissR4 seemed to share <65% identity to eel KissR2 and ~57% identity to Perciformes and Cypriniformes. Further rsKissR4 showed <97% identity to reed fish KissR4, <63% with Squamata (Reptiles) and gar KissR4. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that rsKissR1 is more closely related to coelacanth and gar KissR1 than teleost, while rsKissR4 was part of the KissR4 clade and shared higher similarity with Actinopterygiian sequences. We have further predicted homology models for both rsKiss receptors and performed in-silico analyses of their binding to a kiss-10 peptide. Both sturgeon and zebrafish Kiss1 and Kiss2 activated rsKissR1 via both PKC/Ca2+ and PKA/cAMP signal-transduction pathways, while rsKissR2 was found to be less effective and was not activated by stKiss peptides. Ovarian rsKissR transcript levels for 10 fishes were determined by real-time PCR and significantly increased concomitantly with oogenesis, where the highest level of expression was evident in black follicles. These data suggest that extra-neuronal expression of the kisspeptin receptor may be involved in sturgeon reproduction in a manner dependent on reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Atre
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Mizrahi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Krist Hausken
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Svetlana Yom-Din
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel; MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel; School of Science and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Avshalom Hurvitz
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel; MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel
| | - Gad Degani
- MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 10200, Israel; School of Science and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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16
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Ojo OA, Aruleba RT, Adekiya TA, Sibuyi NRS, Ojo AB, Ajiboye BO, Oyinloye BE, Adeola HA, Fadaka AO. Deciphering the interaction of puerarin with cancer macromolecules: An in silico investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:848-859. [PMID: 32924840 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1819425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide expanding increment in cancer pervasiveness is disturbing and this disease ranks among the main causes of mortality in both developing and developed countries. Unfortunately, available treatment options come with serious side effects and do not guarantee complete success. Although numerous models have been proposed for the development of better therapeutic agent, however the exact mechanism are still poorly understood. This then calls for continued research aimed at developing new drugs as an alternative or adjuvant anticancer agents. Here we have identified five vital proteins (CDK-2, Bcl-2, CDK-6, VEGFR, and IGF-1R) that aid tumor growth and we inhibited the activity of these proteins with Puerarin. Puerarin is an isoflavonoid C-glycosides used as a therapeutic agent against various human ailments. Our findings revealed that Puerarin fulfilled Veber's rule. Added to this, CDK-6 and Bcl-2 had better glide scores for puerarin than the control (doxorubicin) and molecular simulation showed the stability of the complexes. These findings suggest that inhibiting CDK-6 and Bcl-2 with Puerarin could prove more effective in the management of cancer than doxorubicin. Overall, this study provides a new direction that could facilitate rational drug design for cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo
- Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tayo Alex Adekiya
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Adebola Busola Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Richards Bay, South Africa
| | - Henry Ademola Adeola
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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17
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Michel MC, Michel-Reher MB, Hein P. A Systematic Review of Inverse Agonism at Adrenoceptor Subtypes. Cells 2020; 9:E1923. [PMID: 32825009 PMCID: PMC7564766 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As many, if not most, ligands at G protein-coupled receptor antagonists are inverse agonists, we systematically reviewed inverse agonism at the nine adrenoceptor subtypes. Except for β3-adrenoceptors, inverse agonism has been reported for each of the adrenoceptor subtypes, most often for β2-adrenoceptors, including endogenously expressed receptors in human tissues. As with other receptors, the detection and degree of inverse agonism depend on the cells and tissues under investigation, i.e., they are greatest when the model has a high intrinsic tone/constitutive activity for the response being studied. Accordingly, they may differ between parts of a tissue, for instance, atria vs. ventricles of the heart, and within a cell type, between cellular responses. The basal tone of endogenously expressed receptors is often low, leading to less consistent detection and a lesser extent of observed inverse agonism. Extent inverse agonism depends on specific molecular properties of a compound, but inverse agonism appears to be more common in certain chemical classes. While inverse agonism is a fascinating facet in attempts to mechanistically understand observed drug effects, we are skeptical whether an a priori definition of the extent of inverse agonism in the target product profile of a developmental candidate is a meaningful option in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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18
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Sharker MR, Sukhan ZP, Kim SC, Lee WK, Kho KH. Molecular Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRH-R) in Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122733. [PMID: 32545589 PMCID: PMC7355911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA sequence encoding a GnRH receptor was cloned from the pleuropedal ganglion of the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The cloned sequence is 1499-bp in length encoding a protein of 460 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 52.22 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.57. The architecture of HdhGnRH-R gene exhibited key features of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including seven membrane spanning domains, putative N-linked glycosylation motifs, and phosphorylation sites of serine and threonine residues. It shared 63%, 52%, and 30% sequence identities with Octopus vulgaris, Limulus polyphemus, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis GnRH-R II sequences, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HdhGnRH-R gene was clustered with GnRH-R II of O. vulgaris and O. bimaculoides. qPCR assay demonstrated that the mRNA expression level of this receptor was significantly higher in the pleuropedal ganglion than that in any other examined tissue. Transcriptional activities of this gene in gonadal tissues were significantly higher in the ripening stage. The mRNA expression of this gene was significantly higher in pleuropedal ganglion, testis, and ovary at higher effective accumulative temperature (1000 °C). In situ hybridization revealed that HdhGnRH-R mRNA was expressed in neurosecretory cells of pleuropedal ganglion. Our results suggest that HdhGnRH-R gene synthesized in the neural ganglia might be involved in the control of gonadal maturation and gametogenesis of H. discus hannai. This is the first report of GnRH-R in H. discus hannai and the results may contribute to further studies of GPCRs evolution or may useful for the development of aquaculture method of this abalone species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kang Hee Kho
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-616-597-168; Fax: +82-616-597-169
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19
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Identification, characterization, and expression analysis of a serotonin receptor involved in the reproductive process of the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:555-567. [PMID: 31696430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptor (5-HT) is a biogenic amine acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that mediates various aspects of reproduction and gametogenesis. The full-length nucleotide sequence of Haliotis discus hannai encodes a protein of 417 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 46.54 kDa and isoelectric point of 8.94. The structural profile of 5-HTHdh displayed key features of G protein-coupled receptors, including seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains, putative N-linked glycosylation sites, and several phosphorylation consensus motifs. It shares the highest homology of its amino acid sequence with the 5-HT receptor from Haliotis asinina, and to lesser extent of human 5-HT receptor. The cloned sequence possesses two cysteine residues (Cys-115 and Cys-193), which are likely to form a disulfide bond. Phylogenetic comparison with other known 5-HT receptor genes revealed that the 5-HTHdh is most closely related to the 5-HTHa receptor. The three-dimensional structure of the 5-HTHdh showed multiple alpha helices which is separated by a helix-loop-helix (HLH) structure. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that the receptor mRNA was predominantly expressed in the pleuropedal ganglion. Significant differences in the transcriptional activity of the 5-HTHdh gene were observed in the ovary at the ripening stage. An exclusive expression was detected in pleuropedal ganglion, testis, and ovary at higher effective accumulative temperature (1000 °C). In situ hybridization showed that the 5-HTHdh expressing neurosecretory cells were distributed in the cortex of the pleuropedal ganglion. Our results suggest that 5-HTHdh synthesized in the neural ganglia may be involved in oocyte maturation and spawning of H. discus hannai.
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20
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Effects of Post-translational Modifications on Membrane Localization and Signaling of Prostanoid GPCR-G Protein Complexes and the Role of Hypoxia. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:509-526. [PMID: 31485700 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the adaptive responses to cellular stresses such as hypoxia. In addition to influencing cellular gene expression profiles, hypoxic microenvironments can perturb membrane protein localization, altering GPCR effector scaffolding and altering downstream signaling. Studies using proteomics approaches have revealed significant regulation of GPCR and G proteins by their state of post-translational modification. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of post-translational modifications on membrane localization and signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes, with an emphasis on vascular prostanoid receptors, and to highlight what is known about the effect of cellular hypoxia on these mechanisms. Understanding post-translational modifications of protein targets will help to define GPCR targets in treatment of disease, and to inform research into mechanisms of hypoxic cellular responses.
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21
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Abstract
Advances in the structural biology of G-protein Coupled Receptors have resulted in a significant step forward in our understanding of how this important class of drug targets function at the molecular level. However, it has also become apparent that they are very dynamic molecules, and moreover, that the underlying dynamics is crucial in shaping the response to different ligands. Molecular dynamics simulations can provide unique insight into the dynamic properties of GPCRs in a way that is complementary to many experimental approaches. In this chapter, we describe progress in three distinct areas that are particularly difficult to study with other techniques: atomic level investigation of the conformational changes that occur when moving between the various states that GPCRs can exist in, the pathways that ligands adopt during binding/unbinding events and finally, the influence of lipids on the conformational dynamics of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Velgy
- Department of Biochemistry, Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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22
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Muroi T, Matsushima Y, Kanamori R, Inoue H, Fujii W, Yogo K. GPR62 constitutively activates cAMP signaling but is dispensable for male fertility in mice. Reproduction 2017; 154:755-764. [PMID: 28912303 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) participate in diverse physiological functions and are promising targets for drug discovery. However, there are still over 140 orphan GPCRs whose functions remain to be elucidated. Gpr62 is one of the orphan GPCRs that is expressed in the rat and human brain. In this study, we found that Gpr62 is also expressed in male germ cells in mice, and its expression increases along with sperm differentiation. GPR62 lacks the BBXXB and DRY motifs, which are conserved across many GPCRs, and it was able to induce cAMP signaling in the absence of a ligand. These structural and functional features are conserved among mammals, and the mutant analysis of GPR62 has revealed that lacking of these motifs is involved in the constitutive activity. We also found that GPR62 can homooligomerize, but it is not sufficient for its constitutive activity. We further investigated its physiological function by using Gpr62 knockout (Gpr62-/-) mice. Gpr62-/- mice were born normally and did not show any abnormality in growth and behavior. In addition, both male and female Gp62-/- mice were fertile, and the differentiation and motility of spermatozoa were normal. We also found that Gpr61, the gene most similar to Gpr62 in the GPCR family shows a constitutive activity and an expression pattern similar to those of Gpr62 Our results suggest that GPR62 constitutively activates the cAMP pathway in male germ cells but is dispensable for male fertility, which is probably due to its functional redundancy with GPR61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Muroi
- Department of AgricultureGraduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Matsushima
- Department of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Kanamori
- Department of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hikari Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource SciencesGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yogo
- Department of AgricultureGraduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan .,Department of Applied Biological ChemistryFaculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.,College of AgricultureAcademic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
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23
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LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Domain-specific control of germ cell polarity and migration by multifunction Tre1 GPCR. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2945-2958. [PMID: 28687666 PMCID: PMC5584160 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells encounter directional cues to reach their destinations, often using G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) to interpret such cues. LeBlanc and Lehmann show that two highly conserved domains in the GPCR Tre1 mediate distinct migratory responses in germ cells via separate signaling pathways, one regulating cell polarization and the other directional migration. The migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from their place of origin to the embryonic gonad is an essential reproductive feature in many animal species. In Drosophila melanogaster, a single G protein–coupled receptor, Trapped in endoderm 1 (Tre1), mediates germ cell polarization at the onset of active migration and directs subsequent migration of PGCs through the midgut primordium. How these different aspects of cell behavior are coordinated through a single receptor is not known. We demonstrate that two highly conserved domains, the E/N/DRY and NPxxY motifs, have overlapping and unique functions in Tre1. The Tre1-NRY domain via G protein signaling is required for reading and responding to guidance and survival cues controlled by the lipid phosphate phosphatases Wunen and Wunen2. In contrast, the Tre1-NPIIY domain has a separate role in Rho1- and E-cadherin–mediated polarization at the initiation stage independent of G protein signaling. We propose that this bifurcation of the Tre1 G protein–coupled receptor signaling response via G protein–dependent and independent branches enables distinct spatiotemporal regulation of germ cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G LeBlanc
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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24
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Roth BL, Willins DL, Kristiansen K, Kroeze WK. Activation is Hallucinogenic and Antagonism is Therapeutic: Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Actions. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies with 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors, which represent the major site of action of hallucinogens and a likely site for atypical antipsychotic drug actions. We present evidence demonstrating that atypical antipsychotic drugs, as a group, have a preferentially high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors, compared with their affinities for other neurotransmitter receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor blockade seen with atypical antipsychotic drugs is probably an essential factor in explaining many of the unique features of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have high affinities for several other 5-HT receptors (5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7), and the potential role of these novel 5-HT receptors in atypical antipsychotic drug action is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L. Roth
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biochemistry and Neurosciences
Case Western Reserve University Medical School Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David L. Willins
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University
Medical School Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kurt Kristiansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University
Medical School Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wesley K. Kroeze
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University
Medical School Cleveland, Ohio
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Shim HG, Jang SS, Jang DC, Jin Y, Chang W, Park JM, Kim SJ. mGlu1 receptor mediates homeostatic control of intrinsic excitability through Ih in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2446-55. [PMID: 26912592 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00566.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic intrinsic plasticity is a cellular mechanism for maintaining a stable neuronal activity level in response to developmental or activity-dependent changes. Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu1 receptor) has been widely known to monitor neuronal activity, which plays a role as a modulator of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity of neurons. Whether mGlu1 receptor contributes to the compensatory adjustment of Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, in response to chronic changes in excitability remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the mGlu1 receptor is involved in homeostatic intrinsic plasticity through the upregulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) in cerebellar PCs. This plasticity was prevented by inhibiting the mGlu1 receptor with Bay 36-7620, an mGlu1 receptor inverse agonist, but not with CPCCOEt, a neutral antagonist. Chronic inactivation with tetrodotoxin (TTX) increased the components of Ih in the PCs, and ZD 7288, a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel selective inhibitor, fully restored reduction of firing rates in the deprived neurons. The homeostatic elevation of Ih was also prevented by BAY 36-7620, but not CPCCOEt. Furthermore, KT 5720, a blocker of protein kinase A (PKA), prevented the effect of TTX reducing the evoked firing rates, indicating the reduction in excitability of PCs due to PKA activation. Our study shows that both the mGlu1 receptor and the PKA pathway are involved in the homeostatic intrinsic plasticity of PCs after chronic blockade of the network activity, which provides a novel understanding on how cerebellar PCs can preserve the homeostatic state under activity-deprived conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Jang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Science, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jin
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Wonseok Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joo Min Park
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in VTI1A Gene Contribute to the Susceptibility of Chinese Population to Non-Small Cell Lung cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2015; 30:e286-93. [PMID: 25744365 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have determined a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) called VTI1A (rs7086803) that induces lung cancer susceptibility in nonsmoking women in Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the VTI1A gene and the susceptibility of Chinese patients to lung cancer; it was also conducted to investigate the relationship between VTI1A SNP and adiponectin receptor 1 expression. Methods A total of 887 subjects were enrolled in this study. VTI1A (rs7086803) genotypes were determined by genotyping. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis with a log-rank test. Results Multivariate regression analysis results indicated that the AA genotype of VTI1A (rs7086803) polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of developing non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) compared with the GG genotype (AA vs. GG: odds ratio [OR] = 2.020; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.033-3.949, p = 0.037). The AA genotype of VTI1A (rs7086803) in smokers predicted significantly shorter OS (median survival time [MST]: AA 9.8 months, AG 19.3 months, GG 12.2 months, p = 0.017). Adiponectin receptor 1 expression in tumor tissues with the AA genotype was significantly lower than that for other genotypes (mean rank: AA 18.55, AG 25, GG 45.76, p = 0.001). Conclusions The presence of the allele A of VTI1A (rs7086803) may be the allele contributing to the risk of lung cancer susceptibility in Chinese population. Smoking lung cancer patients with the AA genotype of VTI1A gene (rs7086803) had a poor survival rate. Adiponectin receptor 1 expression may be correlated with the susceptibility of the allele A of VTI1A.
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Randáková A, Dolejší E, Rudajev V, Zimčík P, Doležal V, El-Fakahany EE, Jakubík J. Classical and atypical agonists activate M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors through common mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2015; 97:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lewis MA, Hunihan L, Watson J, Gentles RG, Hu S, Huang Y, Bronson J, Macor JE, Beno BR, Ferrante M, Hendricson A, Knox RJ, Molski TF, Kong Y, Cvijic ME, Rockwell KL, Weed MR, Cacace AM, Westphal RS, Alt A, Brown JM. Discovery of D1 Dopamine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators: Characterization of Pharmacology and Identification of Residues that Regulate Species Selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:340-9. [PMID: 26109678 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies represent the first published report of a dopamine D1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM). D1 receptors have been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. However, the clinical utility of orthosteric agonist compounds is limited by cardiovascular side effects, poor pharmacokinetics, lack of D1 selectivity, and an inverted dose response. A number of these challenges may be overcome by utilization of a selective D1 PAM. The current studies describe two chemically distinct D1 PAMs: Compound A [1-((rel-1S,3R,6R)-6-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)-4-(2-bromo-5-chlorobenzyl)piperazine] and Compound B [rel-(9R,10R,12S)-N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)-12-methyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-12-carboxamide]. Compound A shows pure PAM activity, with an EC50 of 230 nM and agonist activity at the D2 receptor in D2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells. Compound B shows superior potency (EC50 of 43 nM) and selectivity for D1 versus D2 dopamine receptors. Unlike Compound A, Compound B is selective for human and nonhuman primate D1 receptors, but lacks activity at the rodent (rat and mouse) D1 receptors. Using molecular biology techniques, a single amino acid was identified at position 130, which mediates the species selectivity of Compound B. These data represent the first described D1-selective PAMs and define critical amino acids that regulate species selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Lewis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Lisa Hunihan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - John Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Robert G Gentles
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Shuanghua Hu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Yazhong Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Brett R Beno
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Meredith Ferrante
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Adam Hendricson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Ronald J Knox
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Thaddeus F Molski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Yan Kong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Kristin L Rockwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Michael R Weed
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Angela M Cacace
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Ryan S Westphal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Andrew Alt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Jeffrey M Brown
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
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Functional elements of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor: Comparison between secretin- and rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:237-46. [PMID: 26043830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Innovative crystallographic techniques have resulted in an exponential growth in the number of solved G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) structures and a better understanding of the mechanisms of class A receptor activation and G protein binding. The recent release of the type 1 receptor for the corticotropin-releasing factor and the glucagon receptor structures, two members of the secretin-like family, gives the opportunity to understand these mechanisms of activation in this family of GPCRs. Here, we addressed the comparison of the functional elements of class A and secretin-like GPCRs, using the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) as a model receptor. Inactive and active models of GIPR permitted to select, by structural homology with class A GPCRs, several residues that may form key interactions presumably involved in receptor activation and Gs coupling, for pharmacological evaluation. Mutants on these amino acids were expressed in HEKT 293 cells and characterized in terms of GIP-induced cAMP production. We identified various functional domains spanning from the peptide-binding to the G protein pockets: including: a network linking the extracellular part of transmembrane (TM) 6 with TMs 2 and 7; a polar lock that resembles the ionic-lock in class A GPCRs; an interaction between TMs 3 and 7 that favors activation; and two clusters of polar/charged and of hydrophobic residues that interact with the C-terminus of the Gα. The results show that despite the low degree of sequence similarity between rhodopsin- and secretin-like GPCRs, the two families share conserved elements in their mechanisms of activation and G protein binding.
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Azzouzi N, Barloy-Hubler F, Galibert F. Identification and characterization of cichlid TAAR genes and comparison with other teleost TAAR repertoires. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:335. [PMID: 25900688 PMCID: PMC4415300 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TAARs (trace amine-associated receptors) are among the principal receptors expressed by the olfactory epithelium. We used the recent BROAD Institute release of the genome sequences of five representative fishes of the cichlid family to establish the complete TAAR repertoires of these species and to compare them with five other fish TAAR repertoires. RESULTS The genome sequences of O. niloticus, P. nyererei, H. burtoni, N. brichardi and M. zebra were analyzed by exhaustive TBLASTN searches with a set of published TAAR gene sequences used as positive bait. A second TBLASTN analysis was then performed on the candidate genes, with a set of non-TAAR class A GPCR (G protein-coupled receptors) used as negative bait. The resulting cichlid repertoire contained 44 complete TAAR genes from O. niloticus, 18 from P. nyererei, 23 from H. burtoni, 12 from N. brichardi and 20 from M. zebra, plus a number of pseudogenes, edge genes and fragments. A large proportion of these sequences (80%) consisted of two coding exons, separated in all but two cases by an intron in the interloop 1 coding sequence. We constructed phylogenetic trees. These trees indicated that TAARs constitute a distinct clade, well separated from ORs (olfactory receptors) and other class A GPCRs. Also these repertoires consist of several families and subfamilies, a number of which are common to fugu, tetraodon, stickleback and medaka. Like all other TAARs identified to date, cichlid TAARs have a characteristic two-dimensional structure and contain a number of amino-acid motifs or amino acids, such cysteine, in particular conserved positions. CONCLUSIONS Little is known about the functions of TAARs: in most cases their ligands have yet to be identified, partly because appropriate methods for such investigations have not been developed. Sequences analyses and comparisons of TAARs in several animal species, here fishes living in the same environment, should help reveal their roles and whether they are complementary to that of ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoual Azzouzi
- UMR CNRS/Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, France.
| | - Frederique Barloy-Hubler
- UMR CNRS/Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, France.
| | - Francis Galibert
- UMR CNRS/Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35000, France.
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de Munnik SM, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Modulation of cellular signaling by herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 25805993 PMCID: PMC4353375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are widespread infectious pathogens that have been associated with proliferative and inflammatory diseases. During viral evolution, HHVs have pirated genes encoding viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), which are expressed on infected host cells. These vGPCRs show highest homology to human chemokine receptors, which play a key role in the immune system. Importantly, vGPCRs have acquired unique properties such as constitutive activity and the ability to bind a broad range of human chemokines. This allows vGPCRs to hijack human proteins and modulate cellular signaling for the benefit of the virus, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and viral dissemination to establish a widespread and lifelong infection. Knowledge on the mechanisms by which herpesviruses reprogram cellular signaling might provide insight in the contribution of vGPCRs to viral survival and herpesvirus-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M de Munnik
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
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Gyombolai P, Tóth AD, Tímár D, Turu G, Hunyady L. Mutations in the 'DRY' motif of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor result in biased receptor variants. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:75-89. [PMID: 25510402 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of the highly conserved 'DRY' motif in the signaling of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) was investigated by inducing single-, double-, and triple-alanine mutations into this site of the receptor. We found that the CB1R-R3.50A mutant displays a partial decrease in its ability to activate heterotrimeric Go proteins (∼80% of WT CB1R (CB1R-WT)). Moreover, this mutant showed an enhanced basal β-arrestin2 (β-arr2) recruitment. More strikingly, the double-mutant CB1R-D3.49A/R3.50A was biased toward β-arrs, as it gained a robustly increased β-arr1 and β-arr2 recruitment ability compared with the WT receptor, while its G-protein activation was decreased. In contrast, the double-mutant CB1R-R3.50A/Y3.51A proved to be G-protein-biased, as it was practically unable to recruit β-arrs in response to agonist stimulus, while still activating G-proteins, although at a reduced level (∼70% of CB1R-WT). Agonist-induced ERK1/2 activation of the CB1R mutants showed a good correlation with their β-arr recruitment ability but not with their G-protein activation or inhibition of cAMP accumulation. Our results suggest that G-protein activation and β-arr binding of the CB1R are mediated by distinct receptor conformations, and the conserved 'DRY' motif plays different roles in the stabilization of these conformations, thus mediating both G-protein- and β-arr-mediated functions of CB1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Gyombolai
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András D Tóth
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Tímár
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Turu
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, HungaryMTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular PhysiologyHungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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G protein-coupled odorant receptors underlie mechanosensitivity in mammalian olfactory sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:590-5. [PMID: 25550517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418515112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive cells are essential for organisms to sense the external and internal environments, and a variety of molecules have been implicated as mechanical sensors. Here we report that odorant receptors (ORs), a large family of G protein-coupled receptors, underlie the responses to both chemical and mechanical stimuli in mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Genetic ablation of key signaling proteins in odor transduction or disruption of OR-G protein coupling eliminates mechanical responses. Curiously, OSNs expressing different OR types display significantly different responses to mechanical stimuli. Genetic swap of putatively mechanosensitive ORs abolishes or reduces mechanical responses of OSNs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of an OR restores mechanosensitivity in loss-of-function OSNs. Lastly, heterologous expression of an OR confers mechanosensitivity to its host cells. These results indicate that certain ORs are both necessary and sufficient to cause mechanical responses, revealing a previously unidentified mechanism for mechanotransduction.
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Nomiyama H, Yoshie O. Functional roles of evolutionary conserved motifs and residues in vertebrate chemokine receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:39-47. [PMID: 25416815 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0614-290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors regulate cell migration and homing. They belong to the rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs. Their ancestor genes emerged in the early stages of vertebrate evolution. Since then, the family has been greatly expanded through whole and segmental genome duplication events. During evolution, many amino acid changes have been introduced in individual chemokine receptors, but certain motifs and residues are highly conserved. Previously, we proposed a nomenclature system of the vertebrate chemokine receptors based on their evolutionary history and phylogenetic analyses. With the use of this classification system, we are now able to confidently assign the species orthologs of vertebrate chemokine receptors. Here, we systematically analyze conserved motifs and residues of each group of orthologous chemokine receptors that may play important roles in their signaling and biologic functions. Our present analysis may provide useful information on how individual chemokine receptors are activated upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Nomiyama
- *Department of Molecular Enzymology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan; and Department of Microbiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshie
- *Department of Molecular Enzymology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan; and Department of Microbiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Pasquier J, Kamech N, Lafont AG, Vaudry H, Rousseau K, Dufour S. Molecular evolution of GPCRs: Kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptors. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:T101-17. [PMID: 24577719 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of kisspeptin (Kiss) and its receptor (GPR54 or KissR) in mammals, phylogenetic studies revealed up to three Kiss and four KissR paralogous genes in other vertebrates. The multiplicity of Kiss and KissR types in vertebrates probably originated from the two rounds of whole-genome duplication (1R and 2R) that occurred in early vertebrates. This review examines compelling recent advances on molecular diversity and phylogenetic evolution of vertebrate Kiss and KissR. It also addresses, from an evolutionary point of view, the issues of the structure-activity relationships and interaction of Kiss with KissR and of their signaling pathways. Independent gene losses, during vertebrate evolution, have shaped the repertoire of Kiss and KissR in the extant vertebrate species. In particular, there is no conserved combination of a given Kiss type with a KissR type, across vertebrate evolution. The striking conservation of the biologically active ten-amino-acid C-terminal sequence of all vertebrate kisspeptins, probably allowed this evolutionary flexibility of Kiss/KissR pairs. KissR mutations, responsible for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans, mostly occurred at highly conserved amino acid positions among vertebrate KissR. This further highlights the key role of these amino acids in KissR function. In contrast, less conserved KissR regions, notably in the intracellular C-terminal domain, may account for differential intracellular signaling pathways between vertebrate KissR. Cross talk between evolutionary and biomedical studies should contribute to further understanding of the Kiss/KissR structure-activity relationships and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pasquier
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Nédia Kamech
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Laboratory of Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA)UMR CNRS 7208, IRD207, Université Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, CP32, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, FranceLaboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and CommunicationINSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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G-protein-coupled receptors, Hedgehog signaling and primary cilia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 33:63-72. [PMID: 24845016 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has become an important model to study the cell biology of primary cilia, and reciprocally, the study of ciliary processes provides an opportunity to solve longstanding mysteries in the mechanism of vertebrate Hh signal transduction. The cilium is emerging as an unique compartment for G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in many systems. Two members of the GPCR family, Smoothened and Gpr161, play important roles in the Hh pathway. We review the current understanding of how these proteins may function to regulate Hh signaling and also highlight some of the critical unanswered questions being tackled by the field. Uncovering GPCR-regulated mechanisms important in Hh signaling may provide therapeutic strategies against the Hh pathway that plays important roles in development, regeneration and cancer.
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Rovati GE, Capra V. The DRY motif at work: the P2Y12 receptor case. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:713-5. [PMID: 24589132 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Milan, Italy
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Liu R, Groenewoud NJA, Peeters MC, Lenselink EB, IJzerman AP. A yeast screening method to decipher the interaction between the adenosine A2B receptor and the C-terminus of different G protein α-subunits. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:441-53. [PMID: 24464644 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing chimeric yeast/mammalian Gα subunits provides a useful tool for the study of GPCR activation. In this study, we used a one-GPCR-one-G protein yeast screening method in combination with molecular modeling and mutagenesis studies to decipher the interaction between GPCRs and the C-terminus of different α-subunits of G proteins. We chose the human adenosine A2B receptor (hA2BR) as a paradigm, a typical class A GPCR that shows promiscuous behavior in G protein coupling in this yeast system. The wild-type hA2BR and five mutant receptors were expressed in 8 yeast strains with different humanized G proteins, covering the four major classes: Gαi, Gαs, Gαq, and Gα12. Our experiments showed that a tyrosine residue (Y) at the C-terminus of the Gα subunit plays an important role in controlling the activation of GPCRs. Receptor residues R103(3.50) and I107(3.54) are vital too in G protein-coupling and the activation of the hA2BR, whereas L213(IL3) is more important in G protein inactivation. Substitution of S235(6.36) to alanine provided the most divergent G protein-coupling profile. Finally, L236(6.37) substitution decreased receptor activation in all G protein pathways, although to a different extent. In conclusion, our findings shed light on the selectivity of receptor/G protein coupling, which may help in further understanding GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
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Pydi SP, Bhullar RP, Chelikani P. Constitutive Activity of Bitter Taste Receptors (T2Rs). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 70:303-26. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Zhang XC, Sun K, Zhang L, Li X, Cao C. GPCR activation: protonation and membrane potential. Protein Cell 2013; 4:747-60. [PMID: 24057762 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCR proteins represent the largest family of signaling membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Their importance to basic cell biology, human diseases, and pharmaceutical interventions is well established. Many crystal structures of GPCR proteins have been reported in both active and inactive conformations. These data indicate that agonist binding alone is not sufficient to trigger the conformational change of GPCRs necessary for binding of downstream G-proteins, yet other essential factors remain elusive. Based on analysis of available GPCR crystal structures, we identified a potential conformational switch around the conserved Asp2.50, which consistently shows distinct conformations between inactive and active states. Combining the structural information with the current literature, we propose an energy-coupling mechanism, in which the interaction between a charge change of the GPCR protein and the membrane potential of the living cell plays a key role for GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun C Zhang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, National Center for Protein Science-Beijing, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,
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41
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Pruitt MM, Lamm MH, Coffman CR. Molecular dynamics simulations on the Tre1 G protein-coupled receptor: exploring the role of the arginine of the NRY motif in Tre1 structure. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:15. [PMID: 24044607 PMCID: PMC3848830 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arginine of the D/E/NRY motif in Rhodopsin family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is conserved in 96% of these proteins. In some GPCRs, this arginine in transmembrane 3 can form a salt bridge with an aspartic acid or glutamic acid in transmembrane 6. The Drosophila melanogaster GPCR Trapped in endoderm-1 (Tre1) is required for normal primordial germ cell migration. In a mutant form of the protein, Tre1sctt, eight amino acids RYILIACH are missing, resulting in a severe disruption of primordial germ cell development. The impact of the loss of these amino acids on Tre1 structure is unknown. Since the missing amino acids in Tre1sctt include the arginine that is part of the D/E/NRY motif in Tre1, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the hypothesis that these amino acids are involved in salt bridge formation and help maintain Tre1 structure. RESULTS Structural predictions of wild type Tre1 (Tre1+) and Tre1sctt were subjected to over 250 ns of molecular dynamics simulations. The ability of the model systems to form a salt bridge between the arginine of the D/E/NRY motif and an aspartic acid residue in transmembrane 6 was analyzed. The results indicate that a stable salt bridge can form in the Tre1+ systems and a weak salt bridge or no salt bridge, using an alternative arginine, is likely in the Tre1sctt systems. CONCLUSIONS The weak salt bridge or lack of a salt bridge in the Tre1sctt systems could be one possible explanation for the disrupted function of Tre1sctt in primordial germ cell migration. These results provide a framework for studying the importance of the arginine of the D/E/NRY motif in the structure and function of other GPCRs that are involved in cell migration, such as CXCR4 in the mouse, zebrafish, and chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Pruitt
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Monica H Lamm
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Clark R Coffman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Klos A, Wende E, Wareham KJ, Monk PN. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXVII. Complement peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:500-43. [PMID: 23383423 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the complement cascade, a cornerstone of the innate immune response, produces a number of small (74-77 amino acid) fragments, originally termed anaphylatoxins, that are potent chemoattractants and secretagogues that act on a wide variety of cell types. These fragments, C5a, C4a, and C3a, participate at all levels of the immune response and are also involved in other processes such as neural development and organ regeneration. Their primary function, however, is in inflammation, so they are important targets for the development of antiinflammatory therapies. Only three receptors for complement peptides have been found, but there are no satisfactory antagonists as yet, despite intensive investigation. In humans, there is a single receptor for C3a (C3a receptor), no known receptor for C4a, and two receptors for C5a (C5a₁ receptor and C5a₂ receptor). The most recently characterized receptor, the C5a₂ receptor (previously known as C5L2 or GPR77), has been regarded as a passive binding protein, but signaling activities are now ascribed to it, so we propose that it be formally identified as a receptor and be given a name to reflect this. Here, we describe the complex biology of the complement peptides, introduce a new suggested nomenclature, and review our current knowledge of receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klos
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Connelly T, Savigner A, Ma M. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in mouse olfactory sensory neurons with defined odorant receptors. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:55-62. [PMID: 23596334 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00910.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems need to tease out stimulation-evoked activity against a noisy background. In the olfactory system, the odor response profile of an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is dependent on the type of odorant receptor it expresses. OSNs also exhibit spontaneous activity, which plays a role in establishing proper synaptic connections and may also increase the sensitivity of the cells. However, where the spontaneous activity originates and whether it informs sensory-evoked activity remain unclear. We addressed these questions by examining patch-clamp recordings of genetically labeled mouse OSNs with defined odorant receptors in intact olfactory epithelia. We show that OSNs expressing different odorant receptors had significantly different rates of basal activity. Additionally, OSNs expressing an inactive mutant I7 receptor completely lacked spontaneous activity, despite being able to fire action potentials in response to current injection. This finding strongly suggests that the spontaneous firing of an OSN originates from the spontaneous activation of its G protein-coupled odorant receptor. Moreover, OSNs expressing the same receptor displayed considerable variation in their spontaneous activity, and the variation was broadened upon odor stimulation. Interestingly, there is no significant correlation between the spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in these neurons. This study reveals that the odorant receptor type determines the spontaneous firing rate of OSNs, but the basal activity does not correlate with the activity induced by near-saturated odor stimulation. The implications of these findings on olfactory information processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Connelly
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Dixon B, Luque A, Abós B, Castro R, González-Torres L, Tafalla C. Molecular characterization of three novel chemokine receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:641-651. [PMID: 23257202 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines signal through a family of seven-transmembrane domain G-coupled receptors in order to regulate both leukocyte mobilization and activate the recruited cells. Although many chemokines have been identified in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), only a few chemokine receptors have been reported to date. In this work, we have cloned three novel chemokine receptors in rainbow trout. One of these receptors seems to be a clear orthologue of CCR6, while the second one constitutes a novel CCR9 gene different from the previous CCR9 reported in this species. This gene, which we have designated as CCR9B, represents another lineage of fish CCR9 genes, not previously identified. Finally, a deeper phylogenetic analysis of the third novel chemokine receptor gene, which had been identified on the basis of sequence similarity to CCR3, constitutes a novel lineage of CCR receptors which has no equivalent in humans and that may be teleost-specific. We have designated this novel gene as CCR13, to avoid any possible ascription to mammalian genes. Further transcriptional studies revealed that CCR6 was constitutively transcribed in thymus, gills, hindgut and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), while CCR9B was strongly transcribed in thymus and PBLs but also in spleen, gills, hindgut and brain at lower levels. CCR13, on the other hand, was strongly detected in spleen, head kidney and PBLs and faintly in thymus, gills, brain and gonad. The data provided constitutes a step forward the identification of novel chemokine receptors that may contribute to a future understanding of chemokine signalling in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Caltabiano G, Gonzalez A, Cordomí A, Campillo M, Pardo L. The Role of Hydrophobic Amino Acids in the Structure and Function of the Rhodopsin Family of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Methods Enzymol 2013; 520:99-115. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391861-1.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Xie XQ, Chowdhury A. Advances in methods to characterize ligand-induced ionic lock and rotamer toggle molecular switch in G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2013; 520:153-74. [PMID: 23332699 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391861-1.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural biology of GPCRs has made significant progress upon recently developed technologies for GPCRs expression/purification and elucidation of GPCRs crystal structures. The crystal structures provide a snapshot of the receptor structural disposition of GPCRs itself or with cocrystallized ligands, and the results are congruent with biophysical and computer modeling studies reported about GPCRs conformational and dynamics flexibility, regulated activation, and the various stabilizing interactions, such as "molecular switches." The molecular switches generally constitute the most conserved domains within a particular GPCR superfamily. Often agonist-induced receptor activation proceeds by the disruption of majority of these interactions, while antagonist and inverse agonist act as blockers and structural stabilizers, respectively. Several elegant studies, particularly for the β2AR, have demonstrated the relationship between ligand structure, receptor conformational changes, and corresponding pharmacological outcomes. Thus, it is of great importance to understand GPCRs activation related to cell signaling pathways. Herein, we summarize the steps to produce functional GPCRs, generate suitably fluorescent labeled GPCRs and the procedure to use that to understand if ligand-induced activation can proceed by activation of the GPCRs via ionic lock switch and/or rotamer toggle switch mechanisms. Such understanding of ligand structure and mechanism of receptor activation will provide great insight toward uncovering newer pathways of GPCR activation and aid in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lu VB, Puhl HL, Ikeda SR. N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:267-82. [PMID: 23104136 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies propose that N-arachidonyl glycine (NAGly), a carboxylic analogue of anandamide, is an endogenous ligand of the Gα(i/o) protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18). However, a high-throughput β-arrestin-based screen failed to detect activation of GPR18 by NAGly (Yin et al., 2009; JBC, 18:12328). To address this inconsistency, this study investigated GPR18 coupling in a native neuronal system with endogenous signaling pathways and effectors. GPR18 was heterologously expressed in rat sympathetic neurons, and the modulation of N-type (Ca(v)2.2) calcium channels was examined. Proper expression and trafficking of receptor were confirmed by the "rim-like" fluorescence of fluorescently tagged receptor and the positive staining of external hemagglutinin-tagged GPR18-expressing cells. Application of NAGly on GPR18-expressing neurons did not inhibit calcium currents but instead potentiated currents in a voltage-dependent manner, similar to what has previously been reported (Guo et al., 2008; J Neurophysiol, 100:1147). Other proposed agonists of GPR18, including anandamide and abnormal cannabidiol, also failed to induce inhibition of calcium currents. Mutants of GPR18, designed to constitutively activate receptors, did not tonically inhibit calcium currents, indicating a lack of GPR18 activation or coupling to endogenous G proteins. Other downstream effectors of Gα(i/o)-coupled receptors, G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels and adenylate cyclase, were not modulated by GPR18 signaling. Furthermore, GPR18 did not couple to other G proteins tested: Gα(s), Gα(z), and Gα(15). These results suggest NAGly is not an agonist for GPR18 or that GPR18 signaling involves noncanonical pathways not examined in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van B Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room TS-11, MSC 9411, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Leschner J, Wennerberg G, Feierler J, Bermudez M, Welte B, Kalatskaya I, Wolber G, Faussner A. Interruption of the Ionic Lock in the Bradykinin B2 Receptor Results in Constitutive Internalization and Turns Several Antagonists into Strong Agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:85-95. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ordás MC, Castro R, Dixon B, Sunyer JO, Bjork S, Bartholomew J, Korytar T, Köllner B, Cuesta A, Tafalla C. Identification of a novel CCR7 gene in rainbow trout with differential expression in the context of mucosal or systemic infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:302-11. [PMID: 22858409 PMCID: PMC3739294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, CCR7 is the chemokine receptor for the CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines, molecules with a major role in the recruitment of lymphocytes to lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the intestinal mucosa, especially naïve T lymphocytes. In the current work, we have identified a CCR7 orthologue in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that shares many of the conserved features of mammalian CCR7. The receptor is constitutively transcribed in the gills, hindgut, spleen, thymus and gonad. When leukocyte populations were isolated, IgM(+) cells, T cells and myeloid cells from head kidney transcribed the CCR7 gene. In blood, both IgM(+) and IgT(+) B cells and myeloid cells but not T lymphocytes were transcribing CCR7, whereas in the spleen, CCR7 mRNA expression was strongly detected in T lymphocytes. In response to infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), CCR7 transcription was down-regulated in spleen and head kidney upon intraperitoneal infection, whereas upon bath infection, CCR7 was up-regulated in gills but remained undetected in the fin bases, the main site of virus entry. Concerning its regulation in the intestinal mucosa, the ex vivo stimulation of hindgut segments with Poly I:C or inactivated bacteria significantly increased CCR7 transcription, while in the context of an infection with Ceratomyxa shasta, the levels of transcription of CCR7 in both IgM(+) and IgT(+) cells from the gut were dramatically increased. All these data suggest that CCR7 plays an important role in lymphocyte trafficking during rainbow trout infections, in which CCR7 appears to be implicated in the recruitment of B lymphocytes into the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camino Ordás
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Bjork
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jerri Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tomas Korytar
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author. Address: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 91 6202300; fax: +34 91 6202247. (C. Tafalla)
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Rathmann D, Lindner D, DeLuca SH, Kaufmann KW, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ligand-mimicking receptor variant discloses binding and activation mode of prolactin-releasing peptide. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32181-94. [PMID: 22778259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor and its bioactive RF-amide peptide (PrRP20) have been investigated to explore the ligand binding mode of peptide G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). By receptor mutagenesis, we identified the conserved aspartate in the upper transmembrane helix 6 (Asp(6.59)) of the receptor as the first position that directly interacts with arginine 19 of the ligand (Arg(19)). Replacement of Asp(6.59) with Arg(19) of PrRP20 led to D6.59R, which turned out to be a constitutively active receptor mutant (CAM). This suggests that the mutated residue at the top of transmembrane helix 6 mimics Arg(19) by interacting with additional binding partners in the receptor. Next, we generated an initial comparative model of this CAM because no ligand docking was required, and we selected the next set of receptor mutants to find the engaged partners of the binding pocket. In an iterative process, we identified two acidic residues and two hydrophobic residues that form the peptide ligand binding pocket. As all residues are localized on top or in the upper part of the transmembrane domains, we clearly can show that the extracellular surface of the receptor is sufficient for full signal transduction for prolactin-releasing peptide, rather than a deep, membrane-embedded binding pocket. This contributes to the knowledge of the binding of peptide ligands to GPCRs and might facilitate the development of GPCR ligands, but it also provides new targeting of CAMs involved in hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rathmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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