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Hachemi Y, Perrin S, Ethel M, Julien A, Vettese J, Geisler B, Göritz C, Colnot C. Multimodal analyses of immune cells during bone repair identify macrophages as a therapeutic target in musculoskeletal trauma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591608. [PMID: 38746344 PMCID: PMC11092472 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal traumatic injuries (MTI) involve soft tissue lesions adjacent to a bone fracture leading to fibrous nonunion. The impact of MTI on the inflammatory response to fracture and on the immunomodulation of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) remains unknown. Here, we used single cell transcriptomic analyses to describe the immune cell dynamics after bone fracture and identified distinct macrophage subsets with successive pro-inflammatory, pro-repair and anti-inflammatory profiles. Concurrently, SSPCs transition via a pro- and anti-inflammatory fibrogenic phase of differentiation prior to osteochondrogenic differentiation. In a preclinical MTI mouse model, the injury response of immune cells and SSPCs is disrupted leading to a prolonged pro-inflammatory phase and delayed resolution of inflammation. Macrophage depletion improves bone regeneration in MTI demonstrating macrophage involvement in fibrous nonunion. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of macrophages using the CSF1R inhibitor Pexidartinib ameliorates healing. These findings reveal the coordinated immune response of macrophages and skeletal stem/progenitor cells as driver of bone healing and as a primary target for the treatment of trauma-associated fibrosis. Summary Hachemi et al. report the immune cell atlas of bone repair revealing macrophages as pro-fibrotic regulators and a therapeutic target for musculoskeletal regeneration. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of macrophages improves bone healing in musculoskeletal trauma.
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Valat A, Fourel L, Sales A, Machillot P, Bouin AP, Fournier C, Bosc L, Arboléas M, Bourrin-Reynard I, Wagoner Johnson AJ, Bruckert F, Albigès-Rizo C, Picart C. Interplay between integrins and cadherins to control bone differentiation upon BMP-2 stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1027334. [PMID: 36684447 PMCID: PMC9846056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1027334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Upon BMP-2 stimulation, the osteoblastic lineage commitment in C2C12 myoblasts is associated with a microenvironmental change that occurs over several days. How does BMP-2 operate a switch in adhesive machinery to adapt to the new microenvironment and to drive bone cell fate is not well understood. Here, we addressed this question for BMP-2 delivered either in solution or physically bound of a biomimetic film, to mimic its presentation to cells via the extracellular matrix (ECM). Methods: Biommetics films were prepared using a recently developed automated method that enable high content studies of cellular processes. Comparative gene expressions were done using RNA sequencing from the encyclopedia of the regulatory elements (ENCODE). Gene expressions of transcription factors, beta chain (1, 3, 5) integrins and cadherins (M, N, and Cad11) were studied using quantitative PCR. ECM proteins and adhesion receptor expressions were also quantified by Western blots and dot blots. Their spatial organization in and around cells was studied using immuno-stainings. The individual effect of each receptor on osteogenic transcription factors and alkaline phosphatase expression were studied using silencing RNA of each integrin and cadherin receptor. The organization of fibronectin was studied using immuno-staining and quantitative microscopic analysis. Results: Our findings highlight a switch of integrin and cadherin expression during muscle to bone transdifferentiation upon BMP-2 stimulation. This switch occurs no matter the presentation mode, for BMP-2 presented in solution or via the biomimetic film. While C2C12 muscle cells express M-cadherin and Laminin-specific integrins, the BMP-2-induced transdifferentiation into bone cells is associated with an increase in the expression of cadherin-11 and collagen-specific integrins. Biomimetic films presenting matrix-bound BMP-2 enable the revelation of specific roles of the adhesive receptors depending on the transcription factor. Discussion: While β3 integrin and cadherin-11 work in concert to control early pSMAD1,5,9 signaling, β1 integrin and Cadherin-11 control RunX2, ALP activity and fibronectin organization around the cells. In contrast, while β1 integrin is also important for osterix transcriptional activity, Cadherin-11 and β5 integrin act as negative osterix regulators. In addition, β5 integrin negatively regulates RunX2. Our results show that biomimetic films can be used to delinate the specific events associated with BMP-2-mediated muscle to bone transdifferentiation. Our study reveals how integrins and cadherins work together, while exerting distinct functions to drive osteogenic programming. Different sets of integrins and cadherins have complementary mechanical roles during the time window of this transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valat
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Fourel
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Adria Sales
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Bouin
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Carole Fournier
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Bosc
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Arboléas
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Ingrid Bourrin-Reynard
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Amy J. Wagoner Johnson
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Franz Bruckert
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France,*Correspondence: Corinne Albigès-Rizo, ; Catherine Picart,
| | - Catherine Picart
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France,*Correspondence: Corinne Albigès-Rizo, ; Catherine Picart,
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Dos Santos JF, Lazzarin MC, Baptista VIDA, Quintana HT, Ribeiro DA, de Oliveira F. Articular cartilage degeneration and bone adaptation due to lack of dystrophin in mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 40:29-39. [PMID: 34549313 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by the absence of dystrophin. This study aimed to investigate femoral morphological characteristics of lack of dystrophin in MDX mice, considering that this model, different from DMD patient, is not influenced by corticosteroids administration and limited ambulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximal femur of male 16-week-old Control and MDX mice were submitted to histological, morphometric (volume density of articular cartilage, compact bone, trabecular bone and bone marrow; articular cartilage layers area; articular cartilage cell area), and immunohistochemistry analysis for RUNX-2, RANK-L, MMP-2, MMP-9, Caspase-3 and KI-67. RESULTS MDX showed loss of linearity of articular cartilage with subchondral bone transition and elevation of this subchondral bone to the articular surface when compared with control. In addition, MDX presented morphological difference in the pantographic network of collagen fibers. Volume density of trabecular bone tissue was higher in the MDX than Control, but volume density of articular cartilage was lower in MDX (p < 0.05). The articular cartilage layers and chondrocytes area were significantly smaller in MDX than Control. These results associated to MMPs and osteogenic markers of proximal femur revealed an adaptation process as a consequence of lack of dystrophin. CONCLUSIONS The morphological changes observed in the bone tissue of the MDX may be not only secondary to muscle weakness or chronic use of corticosteroids but also our results indicate connections between decrease of cartilage thickness, collagen network alteration and consequent subchondral changes that may lead to articular cartilage degeneration and bone adaptation mechanism in MDX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fontes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cruz Lazzarin
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Vivianne Izabelle de Araújo Baptista
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Hananiah Tardivo Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136 Lab 328, CEP: 11015-020, Santos, SP, 11060-001, Brazil.
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Sabaté-Brescó M, Berset CM, Zeiter S, Stanic B, Thompson K, Ziegler M, Richards RG, O'Mahony L, Moriarty TF. Fracture biomechanics influence local and systemic immune responses in a murine fracture-related infection model. Biol Open 2021; 10:270855. [PMID: 34240122 PMCID: PMC8496694 DOI: 10.1242/bio.057315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stability plays an important role in fracture healing, with unstable fixation being associated with healing disturbances. A lack of stability is also considered a risk factor for fracture-related infection (FRI), although confirmatory studies and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms are lacking. In the present study, we investigate whether biomechanical (in)stability can lead to altered immune responses in mice under sterile or experimentally inoculated conditions. In non-inoculated C57BL/6 mice, instability resulted in an early increase of inflammatory markers such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and interleukin (IL)-6 within the bone. When inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, instability resulted in a further significant increase in G-CSF, IL-6 and KC in bone tissue. Staphylococcus aureus infection led to rapid osteolysis and instability in all animals and was not further studied. Gene expression measurements also showed significant upregulation in CCL2 and G-CSF in these mice. IL-17A was found to be upregulated in all S. epidermidis infected mice, with higher systemic IL-17A cell responses in mice that cleared the infection, which was found to be produced by CD4+ and γδ+ T cells in the bone marrow. IL-17A knock-out (KO) mice displayed a trend of delayed clearance of infection (P=0.22, Fisher’s exact test) and an increase in interferon (IFN)-γ production. Biomechanical instability leads to a more pronounced local inflammatory response, which is exaggerated by bacterial infection. This study provides insights into long-held beliefs that biomechanics are crucial not only for fracture healing, but also for control of infection. Summary: Physical movement between bone fragments after a fracture influence healing, and are shown here, for the first time, to influence immune responses and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sabaté-Brescó
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Asthma and Allergy Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Corina M Berset
- Swiss Institute of Asthma and Allergy Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Zeiter
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stanic
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Keith Thompson
- AO Research Institute Davos, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Ziegler
- Swiss Institute of Asthma and Allergy Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Asthma and Allergy Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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Changes in macrophage and inflammatory cytokine expressions during fracture healing in an ovariectomized mice model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:494. [PMID: 34049522 PMCID: PMC8164289 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages and inflammatory cytokines play important roles in bone fracture healing. However, the expression patterns of macrophages and inflammatory cytokines during fracture healing under the condition of postmenopausal osteoporosis have not been fully revealed. Methods Tibia transverse fracture was established 12 weeks after ovariectomy or sham operation in 16-week old female mice. Tibias were harvested before fracture or 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after fracture for radiological and histological examinations. M1/M2 inflammatory macrophages, osteal macrophages and gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and macrophage conversion related molecules in the fracture haematoma or callus were also detected. Results The processes of fracture healing, especially the phases of endochondral ossification and callus remodeling, were delayed in ovariectomized mice. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-1β, in the fracture haematoma or callus were disturbed. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α were decreased at 1, 14 and 21 days post-fracture (DPF), and were increased at 3, 5 and 7 DPF. Interleukin-6 expressions at 1, 3 and 21 DPF were significantly increased. We found the decreases in M1 and M2 macrophages at 1 DPF of the initial inflammatory stage. M2 macrophages at 14 DPF of the middle stage and osteal macrophages at 14, 21 and 28 DPF of the middle and late stages of fracture healing were also reduced in ovariectomized mice. Conclusions The expressions of macrophages and inflammatory cytokines were impaired in ovariectomized mice, which might contribute partially to poor fracture healing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04360-z.
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Yegla B, Boles J, Kumar A, Foster TC. Partial microglial depletion is associated with impaired hippocampal synaptic and cognitive function in young and aged rats. Glia 2021; 69:1494-1514. [PMID: 33586813 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglia in mediating age-related changes in cognition and hippocampal synaptic function was examined by microglial depletion and replenishment using PLX3397. We observed age-related differences in microglial number and morphology, as well as increased Iba-1 expression, indicating microglial activation. PLX3397 treatment decreased microglial number, with aged rats exhibiting the lowest density. Young rats exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines during depletion and repopulation and maintenance of Iba-1 levels despite reduced microglial number. For aged rats, several cytokines increased with depletion and recovered during repopulation; however, aged rats did not fully recover microglial cell number or Iba-1 expression during repopulation, with a recovery comparable to young control levels rather than aged controls. Hippocampal CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission was impaired with age, and microglial depletion was associated with decreased total synaptic transmission in young and aged rats. A robust decline in N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor-mediated synaptic transmission arose in young depleted rats specifically. Microglial replenishment normalized depletion-induced synaptic function to control levels; however, recovery of aged animals did not mirror young. Microglial depletion was associated with decreased context-object discrimination memory in both age groups, which recovered with microglial repopulation. Aged rats displayed impaired contextual and cued fear memory, and microglial replenishment did not recover their memory to the level of young. The current study indicates that cognitive function and synaptic transmission benefit from the support of aged microglia and are hindered by removal of these cells. Replenishment of microglia in aging did not ameliorate age-related cognitive impairments or senescent synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Yegla
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jake Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gao X, Sun X, Amra S, Cui Y, Deng Z, Cheng H, Zhang GW, Huard CA, Wang B, Huard J. Impaired bone defect and fracture healing in dystrophin/utrophin double-knockout mice and the mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5269-5282. [PMID: 33042418 PMCID: PMC7540103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of muscle damage in bone defect healing using skull and tibial double-defect and tibial fracture models in dystrophin-/-/Utrophin-/- double-knockout (dKO-Hom) mice. The skull and tibia bone defect and fracture healing was monitored using micro-CT, histology, immuohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. We found the skull defect healing is not impaired while the tibial defect healing was delayed at day 7 in the dKO-Hom group compared to wild-type (WT) group as revealed by micro-CT. Mechanistically, the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts significantly decreased in the defect area in dKO-Hom group compared to WT group on day 21. DKO-Hom mice showed higher mortality after fracture (6/12) and significantly impaired fracture healing compared to the other groups as revealed by the micro-CT parameters of the calluses. Histology showed higher osteoclast number in the calluses of dKO-Hom mice than other groups. Furthermore, dKO-Hom mice showed down-regulation of 15-Pgdh, Il-4, Bmp7, and Bmp9 at 10 days after tibia fracture and BMP6 and 7 in the muscle. In conclusion, the long bone defect and fracture healing are impaired in dKO-Hom mice which demonstrated significantly muscle sarcopenia and related with disturbance of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. The impaired tibial fracture healing was associated with down-regulation of several genes in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVail, CO, USA
| | - Xuying Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Amra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Greg W Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Charles A Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVail, CO, USA
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Julien A, Perrin S, Duchamp de Lageneste O, Carvalho C, Bensidhoum M, Legeai-Mallet L, Colnot C. FGFR3 in Periosteal Cells Drives Cartilage-to-Bone Transformation in Bone Repair. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:955-967. [PMID: 32916123 PMCID: PMC7561512 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organs and tissues in the body, including bone, can repair after an injury due to the activation of endogenous adult stem/progenitor cells to replace the damaged tissue. Inherent dysfunctions of the endogenous stem/progenitor cells in skeletal repair disorders are still poorly understood. Here, we report that Fgfr3Y637C/+ over-activating mutation in Prx1-derived skeletal stem/progenitor cells leads to failure of fracture consolidation. We show that periosteal cells (PCs) carrying the Fgfr3Y637C/+ mutation can engage in osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, but following transplantation do not undergo terminal chondrocyte hypertrophy and transformation into bone causing pseudarthrosis. Instead, Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs give rise to fibrocartilage and fibrosis. Conversely, wild-type PCs transplanted at the fracture site of Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ mice allow hypertrophic cartilage transition to bone and permit fracture consolidation. The results thus highlight cartilage-to-bone transformation as a necessary step for bone repair and FGFR3 signaling within PCs as a key regulator of this transformation. Fgfr3Y367C activating mutation in skeletal stem/progenitor cells prevents bone healing Intrinsic deficiencies in transplanted Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs cause pseudarthrosis Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ PCs cannot support cartilage-to-bone transformation Wild-type PCs can rescue the Prx1Cre;Fgfr3Y637C/+ pseudarthrosis phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Julien
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Simon Perrin
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Carvalho
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Paris university, Laboratory of Osteoarticular Biology, Bioengineering and Bioimaging (B3OA), UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM 1271
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France.
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Hellwinkel JE, Miclau T, Provencher MT, Bahney CS, Working ZM. The Life of a Fracture: Biologic Progression, Healing Gone Awry, and Evaluation of Union. JBJS Rev 2020; 8:e1900221. [PMID: 32796195 PMCID: PMC11147169 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New knowledge about the molecular biology of fracture-healing provides opportunities for intervention and reduction of risk for specific phases that are affected by disease and medications. Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors can prolong healing, and the informed clinician should optimize each patient to provide the best chance for union. Techniques to monitor progression of fracture-healing have not changed substantially over time; new objective modalities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Hellwinkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG), San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew T Provencher
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado
| | - Chelsea S Bahney
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG), San Francisco, California
| | - Zachary M Working
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG), San Francisco, California
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Deng Z, Gao X, Sun X, Cui Y, Amra S, Huard J. Gender differences in tibial fractures healing in normal and muscular dystrophic mice. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2640-2651. [PMID: 32655796 PMCID: PMC7344076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients have a high fracture risk and poor fracture healing. The dystrophin-/- (mdx) mouse is a murine model of DMD and exhibits delayed bone fracture healing. Since our research team has shown that adult stem cells, such as muscle-derived stem cells, display a gender difference in their osteogenic potential with the male cells being more osteogenic, we hypothesize that a potential gender differences may exist during bone healing in normal and mdx mice. To test this hypothesis, wild-type (WT) and mdx mice underwent tibial fracture surgery and microCT live scanning biweekly. The mice were sacrificed at 6 weeks post-surgery and the calluses were collected for histological analysis. To further investigate the mechanism, another two sets of mice were sacrificed at 10 days after fracture for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis and histology. MicroCT results showed, at 6 weeks post- surgery, the calluses were larger but showed less remodeling in both normal and mdx male mice when compared to females, at the same time point. However, females had higher callus bone volume density and an increase in osteoclast (OCs) number. At 10 days after fracture surgery, male mice had formed larger calluses, whereas females formed well-remodeled calluses with more osteoblasts and a greater bone area for both WT and mdx mice. Higher IGF-1 expression was observed in male mdx mice when compared to their female counterparts, whereas female WT mice had higher BMP-9 expression when compared to WT males. In conclusion, male mice formed larger bone calluses than females during tibial fracture healing for both WT and mdx mice. This may be attributed to higher IGF-1 expression, activation of Wnt/β-catennin signaling pathway and greater OB numbers during callus formation. Female mice achieved better bone remodeling in the regenerated bone with higher bone quality due to increased OC numbers that promote faster remodeling of the fracture calluses, and higher BMP-9 expression levels. Therefore, gender is one of many factors that need to be considered for both animal and human bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqin Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Xuying Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sarah Amra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, The Steadman Philippon Research InstituteVail, CO 81657, USA
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11
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Muire PJ, Mangum LH, Wenke JC. Time Course of Immune Response and Immunomodulation During Normal and Delayed Healing of Musculoskeletal Wounds. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1056. [PMID: 32582170 PMCID: PMC7287024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single trauma injuries or isolated fractures are often manageable and generally heal without complications. In contrast, high-energy trauma results in multi/poly-trauma injury patterns presenting imbalanced pro- and anti- inflammatory responses often leading to immune dysfunction. These injuries often exhibit delayed healing, leading to fibrosis of injury sites and delayed healing of fractures depending on the intensity of the compounding traumas. Immune dysfunction is accompanied by a temporal shift in the innate and adaptive immune cells distribution, triggered by the overwhelming release of an arsenal of inflammatory mediators such as complements, cytokines and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from necrotic cells. Recent studies have implicated this dysregulated inflammation in the poor prognosis of polytraumatic injuries, however, interventions focusing on immunomodulating inflammatory cellular composition and activation, if administered incorrectly, can result in immune suppression and unintended outcomes. Immunomodulation therapy is promising but should be conducted with consideration for the spatial and temporal distribution of the immune cells during impaired healing. This review describes the current state of knowledge in the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of immune cells at various stages during musculoskeletal wound healing, with a focus on recent advances in the field of Osteoimmunology, a study of the interface between the immune and skeletal systems, in long bone fractures. The goals of this review are to (1) discuss wound and fracture healing processes of normal and delayed healing in skeletal muscles and long bones; (2) provide a balanced perspective on temporal distributions of immune cells and skeletal cells during healing; and (3) highlight recent therapeutic interventions used to improve fracture healing. This review is intended to promote an understanding of the importance of inflammation during normal and delayed wound and fracture healing. Knowledge gained will be instrumental in developing novel immunomodulatory approaches for impaired healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J. Muire
- Orthopaedic Trauma Research Department, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Gao X, Tang Y, Amra S, Sun X, Cui Y, Cheng H, Wang B, Huard J. Systemic investigation of bone and muscle abnormalities in dystrophin/utrophin double knockout mice during postnatal development and the mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1738-1751. [PMID: 30689868 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin-/-/utrophin-/-/ double knockout (dKO-Hom) mouse is a murine model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This study investigated the bone and muscle abnormalities of dKO-Hom mouse and mechanisms. We collected bone and skeletal muscle samples from control mice and three muscular dystrophic mouse models at different ages and performed micro-computer tomography and histological analyses of both bone and skeletal muscle tissues. Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin (SOST) levels, osteoclastogenesis and serum proteomics were also analyzed. Our results indicated that dKO-Hom mice developed skeletal muscle histopathologies by 5 days of age, whereas bone abnormalities developed at 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, our results indicated that the numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were decreased in the proximal tibia and spine trabecular bone of dKO-Hom mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, which correlated with a significant reduction in serum RANKL levels. The number of tibia cortical osteocytes also decreased, whereas serum SOST levels increased significantly in dKO-Hom mice than WT mice. Osteoblastic number was significantly lower, but osteoclast number increased, in the spine L6 of dKO-Hom mice than WT mice at 6 weeks of age, resulting in a decrease in bone formation and an increase in bone resorption. Serum proteomics results revealed abnormal proteome profiles in dKO-Hom mice compared to control mice. In conclusion, our study elucidated the timing of development of bone and muscle abnormalities. The bone abnormalities in dKO-Hom mice are correlated with lower serum RANKL and higher SOST levels that resulted in dysregulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sarah Amra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuying Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
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13
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Macrophage Transplantation Fails to Improve Repair of Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 30:2640-2645. [PMID: 31609958 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over 500,000 bone grafting procedures are performed every year in the United States for neoplastic and traumatic lesions of the craniofacial skeleton, costing $585 million in medical care. Current bone grafting procedures are limited, and full-thickness critical-sized defects (CSDs) of the adult human skull thus pose a substantial reconstructive challenge for the craniofacial surgeon. Cell-based strategies have been shown to safely and efficaciously accelerate the rate of bone formation in CSDs in animals. The authors recently demonstrated that supraphysiological transplantation of macrophages seeded in pullalan-collagen composite hydrogels significantly accelerated wound healing in wild type and diabetic mice, an effect mediated in part by enhancing angiogenesis. In this study, the authors investigated the bone healing effects of macrophage transplantation into CSDs of mice. METHODS CD1 athymic nude mice (60 days of age) were anesthetized, and unilateral full-thickness critical-sized (4 mm in diameter) cranial defects were created in the right parietal bone, avoiding cranial sutures. Macrophages were isolated from FVB-L2G mice and seeded onto hydroxyapatite-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (HA-PLGA) scaffolds (1.0 × 10 cells per CSD). Scaffolds were incubated for 24 hours before they were placed into the CSDs. Macrophage survival was assessed using three-dimensional in vivo imaging system (3D IVIS)/micro-CT. Micro-CT at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks was performed to evaluate gross bone formation, which was quantified using Adobe Photoshop. Microscopic evidence of bone regeneration was assessed at 8 weeks by histology. Bone formation and macrophage survival were compared at each time point using independent samples t tests. RESULTS Transplantation of macrophages at supraphysiological concentration had no effect on the formation of bones in CSDs as assessed by either micro-CT data at any time point analyzed (all P > 0.05). These results were corroborated by histology. 3D IVIS/micro-CT demonstrated survival of macrophages through 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Supraphysiologic delivery of macrophages to CSDs of mice had no effect on bone formation despite survival of transplanted macrophages through to 8 weeks posttransplantation. Further research into the physiological effects of macrophages on bone regeneration is needed to assess whether recapitulation of these conditions in macrophage-based therapy can promote the healing of large cranial defects.
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14
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Honda Y, Huang A, Zhao J, Han X, Kurushima Y, Gong Y, Kanzaki H, Katsumata Y, Yamada Y, Hashimoto Y, Matsumoto N, Baba S, Tanaka T, Umeda M. Sustained Release of Catechin from Gelatin and Its Effect on Bone Formation in Critical Sized Defects in Rat Calvaria. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.29.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anqi Huang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | | | - Yanan Gong
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University
| | - Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Yuta Katsumata
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Yoichi Yamada
- Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University
| | | | | | - Shunsuke Baba
- Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Institute of Dental Research, Osaka Dental University
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University
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15
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Yoon SH, Grynpas MD, Mitchell J. Growth Hormone Increases Bone Toughness and Decreases Muscle Inflammation in Glucocorticoid-Treated Mdx Mice, Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1473-1486. [PMID: 31188496 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The absence of functional dystrophin with mutations of the dystrophin-encoding gene in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in muscle inflammation and degeneration, as well as bone fragility. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy delays the muscular disease progression but suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulting in short stature and further deleterious effects on bone strength. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of daily growth hormone therapy in growing mdx mice as a model of DMD. Growth hormone treatment on its own or in combination with glucocorticoids significantly improved muscle histology and function and decreased markers of inflammation in mdx mice. Glucocorticoid treatment thinned cortical bone and decreased bone strength and toughness. Despite the minimal effects of growth hormone on bone microarchitecture, it significantly improved biomechanical properties of femurs and vertebrae, even in the presence of glucocorticoid treatment. Together these studies suggest that the use of growth hormone in DMD should be considered for improvements to muscle and bone health. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Wada E, Hamano T, Matsui I, Yoshida M, Hayashi YK, Matsuda R. Renal involvement in the pathogenesis of mineral and bone disorder in dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:661-671. [PMID: 31079351 PMCID: PMC10717053 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe muscular disorder, often complicated with osteoporosis, and impaired renal function has recently been featured. We aimed to clarify the involvement of renal function in the pathogenesis of mineral and bone disorder in mdx mice, a murine model of the disease. We clearly revealed renal dysfunction in adult mdx mice, in which dehydration and hypercalcemia were contributed. We also examined the effects of dietary phosphorus (P) overload on phosphate metabolism. Serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were significantly increased in mdx mice by dietary P in a dose-dependent manner; however, bone alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly lower in mdx mice. Additionally, bone mineral density in mdx mice were even worsened by increased dietary P in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that the uncoupling of bone formation and resorption was enhanced by skeletal resistance to PTH due to renal failure in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Wada
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hamano
- Department of Comprehensive Kidney Disease Research, Osaka University Graduate of School Medicine, B6-2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Isao Matsui
- Department of Comprehensive Kidney Disease Research, Osaka University Graduate of School Medicine, B6-2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mizuko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yukiko K Hayashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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17
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Tavares LJ, de Avila ED, Klein MI, Panariello BHD, Spolidório DMP, Pavarina AC. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with antibiotic local administration against biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 188:135-145. [PMID: 30267963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) kills several planktonic pathogens. However, the susceptibility of biofilm-derived anaerobic bacteria to aPDT is poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the effect of Photodithazine (PDZ)-mediated aPDT on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. In addition, aPDT was tested with metronidazole (MTZ) to explore the potential antimicrobial effect of the treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MTZ was defined for each bacterial species. Single-species biofilms of each species were grown on polystyrene plates under anaerobic conditions for five days. aPDT was performed by applying PDZ at concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mg/L, followed by exposure to 50 J/cm2 LED light (660 nm) with or without MTZ. aPDT exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial viability at a PDZ concentration of 100 mg/L, with 1.12 log10 and 2.66 log10 reductions for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis in biofilms, respectively. However, the antimicrobial effect against F. nucleatum was achieved only when aPDT was combined with MTZ at 100× MIC. Regarding P. gingivalis, the combination of PDZ-mediated aPDT at 100 mg/L with MTZ 100× MIC resulted in a 5 log10 reduction in the bacterial population. The potential antimicrobial effects of aPDT in combination with MTZ for both single pathogenic biofilms were confirmed by live/dead staining. These results suggest that localized antibiotic administration may be an adjuvant to aPDT to control F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia J Tavares
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica D de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz H D Panariello
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W Michigan St, DS406, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Denise M P Spolidório
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Carnagarin R, Elahy M, Dharmarajan AM, Dass CR. Insulin antagonises pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-induced modulation of lineage commitment of myocytes and heterotrophic ossification. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:159-166. [PMID: 29258756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive bone defects arising as a result of trauma, infection and tumour resection and other bone pathologies necessitates the identification of effective strategies in the form of tissue engineering, gene therapy and osteoinductive agents to enhance the bone repair process. PEDF is a multifunctional glycoprotein which plays an important role in regulating osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. PEDF treatment of mice and human skeletal myocytes at physiological concentration inhibited myogenic differentiation and activated Erk1/2 MAPK- dependent osteogenic transdifferentiation of myocytes. In mice, insulin, a promoter of bone regeneration, attenuated PEDF-induced expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and mineralisation for bone formation in the muscle and surrounding adipose tissue. These results provide new insights into the molecular aspects of the antagonising effect of insulin on PEDF-dependent modulation of the differentiation commitment of musculoskeletal environment into osteogenesis, and suggest that PEDF may be developed as an effective clinical therapy for bone regeneration as its heterotopic ossification can be controlled via co-administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Mina Elahy
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Arun M Dharmarajan
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identity and functional roles of stem cell population(s) that contribute to fracture repair remains unclear. This review provides a brief history of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) and provides an updated view of the many stem/progenitor cell populations contributing to fracture repair. RECENT FINDINGS Functional studies show MSCs are not the multipotential stem cell population that form cartilage and bone during fracture repair. Rather, multiple studies have confirmed the periosteum is the primary source of stem/progenitor cells for fracture repair. Newer work is also identifying other stem/progenitor cells that may also contribute to healing. Although the heterogenous periosteal cells migrate to the fracture site and contribute directly to callus formation, other cell populations are involved. Pericytes and bone marrow stromal cells are now thought of as key secretory centers that mostly coordinate the repair process. Other populations of stem/progenitor cells from the muscle and transdifferentiated chondroctyes may also contribute to repair, and their functional role is an area of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Evans 243, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Bahney
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Wong SA, Rivera KO, Miclau T, Alsberg E, Marcucio RS, Bahney CS. Microenvironmental Regulation of Chondrocyte Plasticity in Endochondral Repair-A New Frontier for Developmental Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:58. [PMID: 29868574 PMCID: PMC5962790 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of fractures heal through the process of endochondral ossification, in which a cartilage intermediate forms between the fractured bone ends and is gradually replaced with bone. Recent studies have provided genetic evidence demonstrating that a significant portion of callus chondrocytes transform into osteoblasts that derive the new bone. This evidence has opened a new field of research aimed at identifying the regulatory mechanisms that govern chondrocyte transformation in the hope of developing improved fracture therapies. In this article, we review known and candidate molecular pathways that may stimulate chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transformation during endochondral fracture repair. We also examine additional extrinsic factors that may play a role in modulating chondrocyte and osteoblast fate during fracture healing such as angiogenesis and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Taken together the mechanisms reviewed here demonstrate the promising potential of using developmental engineering to design therapeutic approaches that activate endogenous healing pathways to stimulate fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin O Rivera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea S Bahney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Duchamp de Lageneste O, Julien A, Abou-Khalil R, Frangi G, Carvalho C, Cagnard N, Cordier C, Conway SJ, Colnot C. Periosteum contains skeletal stem cells with high bone regenerative potential controlled by Periostin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:773. [PMID: 29472541 PMCID: PMC5823889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration relies on the activation of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that still remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that periosteum contains SSCs with high bone regenerative potential compared to bone marrow stromal cells/skeletal stem cells (BMSCs) in mice. Although periosteal cells (PCs) and BMSCs are derived from a common embryonic mesenchymal lineage, postnatally PCs exhibit greater clonogenicity, growth and differentiation capacity than BMSCs. During bone repair, PCs can efficiently contribute to cartilage and bone, and integrate long-term after transplantation. Molecular profiling uncovers genes encoding Periostin and other extracellular matrix molecules associated with the enhanced response to injury of PCs. Periostin gene deletion impairs PC functions and fracture consolidation. Periostin-deficient periosteum cannot reconstitute a pool of PCs after injury demonstrating the presence of SSCs within periosteum and the requirement of Periostin in maintaining this pool. Overall our results highlight the importance of analyzing periosteum and PCs to understand bone phenotypes. The periosteum, a tissue lining the bone surface, and the bone marrow are known to contain bone-forming cells. Here the authors show that skeletal stem cells reside in the mouse periosteum, and that periosteal cells have common embryonic origins with bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs), but are better at bone repair and long-term integration than BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Julien
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Rana Abou-Khalil
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Frangi
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Carvalho
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Paris-Descartes Bioinformatics Platform, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Cordier
- INSERM US24 - CNRS UMS3633 Cytometry Platform, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Céline Colnot
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France.
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22
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Tao Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Shi J, Guo X, Zhou W, Wu X, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yang H, Shi Q, Xu Y, Geng D. Downregulation of miR-106b attenuates inflammatory responses and joint damage in collagen-induced arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1804-1813. [PMID: 28957555 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective miRNAs are small, signal-strand, non-coding RNAs that function in post-transcriptional regulation. We analysed the in vivo effect of miR-106b (miR-106b-5p) on inflammatory bone loss in CIA mice. Methods CIA mice are developed by injecting DAB/1 mice with bovine type II collagen containing Freund's adjuvant and then the in vivo effect of miR-106b is examined. On day 22, mice were given lentiviral negative control, lentiviral-mediated miR-106b mimics or lentiviral-mediated miR-106b inhibitor via orbital injection on a weekly basis. Morphological changes in the ankle joints were assessed via micro-CT and histopathology and cytokine expression levels were examined via immunohistochemical staining, ELISA or flow cytometric analysis. miR-106b and osteoclastic-related gene expression was evaluated via quantitative real-time PCR. Results CIA mice were found to have increased miR-106b expression and CIA-associated bone loss and inflammatory infiltration. miR-106b inhibitor treatment markedly decreased arthritis incidence and attenuated bone destruction and histological severity compared with the control group. Moreover, miR-106b inhibitor treatment suppressed RANK ligand (RANKL) expression, increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and reduced the RANKL:OPG ratio in CIA mice. miR-106b inhibition also significantly decreased inflammatory mediator production in joint sections and reduced serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels when compared with the control group. Additionally, miR-106b inhibition decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cell numbers and suppressed murine bone marrow macrophage differentiation. Conclusion These findings indicate that miR-106b inhibition can ameliorate CIA-associated inflammation and bone destruction and thus may serve as a potential therapeutic for human RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Xiaobin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Xiexing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Wen Zhang
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mounting evidence supporting the critical contribution of macrophages, in particular osteal macrophages, to bone regeneration is reviewed. We specifically examine the potential role of macrophages in the basic multicellular units coordinating lifelong bone regeneration via remodelling and bone regeneration in response to injury. We review and discuss the distinctions between macrophage and osteoclast contributions to bone homeostasis, particularly the dichotomous role of the colony-stimulating factor 1-colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor axis. RECENT FINDINGS The impact of inflammation associated with aging and other hallmarks of aging, including senescence, on macrophage function is addressed in the context of osteoporosis and delayed fracture repair. Resident macrophages versus recruited macrophage contributions to fracture healing are also discussed. We identify some of the remaining knowledge gaps that will need to be closed in order to maximise benefits from therapeutically modulating or mimicking the function of macrophages to improve bone health and regeneration over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Batoon
- Bones and Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Care Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Susan Marie Millard
- Bones and Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Care Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Liza Jane Raggatt
- Bones and Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Care Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4092, Australia
| | - Allison Robyn Pettit
- Bones and Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Care Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4092, Australia.
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Zhang N, Chow SKH, Leung KS, Lee HH, Cheung WH. An animal model of co-existing sarcopenia and osteoporotic fracture in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Exp Gerontol 2017; 97:1-8. [PMID: 28711604 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and osteoporotic fracture are common aging-related musculoskeletal problems. Recent evidences report that osteoporotic fracture patients showed high prevalence of sarcopenia; however, current clinical practice basically does not consider sarcopenia in the treatment or rehabilitation of osteoporotic fracture. There is almost no report studying the relationship of the co-existing of sarcopenia and osteoporotic fracture healing. In this study, we validated aged senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) and senescence accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) as animal models of senile osteoporosis with/without sarcopenia. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the 5th lumbar and muscle testing of the two animal strains were measured to confirm the status of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, respectively. Closed fracture was created on the right femur of 8-month-old animals. Radiographs were taken weekly post-fracture. MicroCT and histology of the fractured femur were performed at week 2, 4 and 6 post-fracture, while mechanical test of both femora at week 4 and 6 post-fracture. Results showed that the callus of SAMR1 was significantly larger at week 2 but smaller at week 6 post-fracture than SAMP8. Mechanical properties were significantly better at week 4 post-fracture in SAMR1 than SAMP8, indicating osteoporotic fracture healing was delayed in sarcopenic SAMP8. This study validated an animal model of co-existing sarcopenia and osteoporotic fracture, where a delayed fracture healing might be resulted in the presence of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok Sui Leung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Hin Lee
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Liu SP, Wang GD, Du XJ, Wan G, Wu JT, Miao LB, Liang QD. Triptolide inhibits the function of TNF-α in osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2235-2240. [PMID: 28962148 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation often delays fracture healing or leads to bone nonunion. Effectively suppressing pathological inflammation is crucial for fracture healing or bone remodeling. Triptolide, which is a diterpenoid epoxide, is the major active component of the Thunder God Vine, Tripterygium wilfordii. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of triptolide in osteoblast differentiation and explore the molecular mechanisms of triptolide in fracture healing. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was used to evaluate osteoblast differentiation. ALP activity was measured via histochemical staining and western blotting was used to determine the expression of factors associated with inflammation. C2C12 cells were initially treated with 200 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 alone for 3 days, which caused a significant increase in ALP activity (P<0.01). However, treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α significantly decreased the ALP activity (P<0.05). Notably, treatment with the chronic inflammatory cytokine TNF-α significantly decreased the effect of BMP-2 in C2C12 cells compared with BMP-2 treatment alone (P<0.01). C2C12 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BMP-2 or TNF-α for 3 days. The results demonstrated that TNF-α treatment significantly inhibited BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). The role of triptolide in BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation was also examined. Cells were treated with BMP-2, BMP-2 + TNF-α alone, or BMP2 + TNF-α with increasing concentrations of triptolide (4, 8 or 16 ng/ml). After 3 days, the results of ALP activity revealed that triptolide significantly reversed the TNF-α-associated inhibition of osteoblast differentiation (P<0.01). Western blotting analysis demonstrated that triptolide markedly inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB, therefore suppressing the effects of TNF-α. In summary, triptolide is able to reverse the TNF-α-associated suppression of osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that triptolide treatment may have a positive effect on bone remodeling and fracture repairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Peng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Guang Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Bao Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, Huaxian People's Hospital of Henan Province, Anyang, Henan 456400, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Dong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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26
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Li M, Li Z, Ren H, Jin WN, Wood K, Liu Q, Sheth KN, Shi FD. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition eliminates microglia and attenuates brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2383-2395. [PMID: 27596835 PMCID: PMC5482387 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16666551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the first responders to intracerebral hemorrhage, but their precise role in intracerebral hemorrhage remains to be defined. Microglia are the only type of brain cells expressing the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, a key regulator for myeloid lineage cells. Here, we determined the effects of a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX3397) on microglia and the outcome in the context of experimental mouse intracerebral hemorrhage. We show that PLX3397 effectively depleted microglia, and the depletion of microglia was sustained after intracerebral hemorrhage. Importantly, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition attenuated neurodeficits and brain edema in two experimental models of intracerebral hemorrhage induced by injection of collagenase or autologous blood. The benefit of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition was associated with reduced leukocyte infiltration in the brain and improved blood-brain barrier integrity after intracerebral hemorrhage, and each observation was independent of lesion size or hematoma volume. These results demonstrate that suppression of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling ablates microglia and confers protection after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- 2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Honglei Ren
- 1 Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- 1 Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Kristofer Wood
- 2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- 3 Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,2 Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
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27
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Boot W, Gawlitta D, Nikkels PGJ, Pouran B, van Rijen MHP, Dhert WJA, Vogely HC. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel Coating Does Not Affect Bone Apposition at the Implant Surface in a Rabbit Model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:1911-1919. [PMID: 28303535 PMCID: PMC5449332 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncemented orthopaedic implants rely on the bone-implant interface to provide stability, therefore it is essential that a coating does not interfere with the bone-forming processes occurring at the implant interface. In addition, local application of high concentrations of antibiotics for prophylaxis or treatment of infection may be toxic for osteoblasts and could impair bone growth. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES In this animal study, we investigated the effect of a commercially available hydrogel, either unloaded or loaded with 2% vancomycin. We asked, does unloaded hydrogel or hydrogel with vancomycin (1) interfere with bone apposition and timing of bone deposition near the implant surface; and (2) induce a local or systemic inflammatory reaction as determined by inflammation around the implant and hematologic parameters. METHODS In 18 New Zealand White rabbits, an uncoated titanium rod (n = 6), a rod coated with unloaded hydrogel (n = 6), or a rod coated with 2% vancomycin-loaded hydrogel (n = 6) was implanted in the intramedullary canal of the left tibia. After 28 days, the bone volume fraction near the implant was measured with microCT analysis, inflammation was semiquantitatively scored on histologic sections, and timing of bone apposition was followed by semiquantitative scoring of fluorochrome incorporation on histologic sections. Two observers, blinded to the treatment, scored the sections and reconciled their scores if there was a disagreement. The hematologic inflammatory reaction was analyzed by measuring total and differential leukocyte counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rates in blood. With group sizes of six animals per group, we had 79% power to detect a difference of 25% in histologic scoring for infection and inflammation. RESULTS No differences were found in the amount of bone apposition near the implant in the No Gel group (48.65% ± 14.95%) compared with the Gel group (59.97% ± 5.02%; mean difference [MD], 11.32%; 95% CI, -3.89% to 26.53%; p = 0.16) or for the Van2 group (56.12% ± 10.06%; MD, 7.46; 95% CI, -7.75 to 22.67; p = 0.40), with the numbers available. In addition, the scores for timing of bone apposition did not differ between the No Gel group (0.50 ± 0.55) compared with the Gel group (0.33 ± 0.52; MD, -0.17; 95% CI, -0.86 to 0.53; p = 0.78) or the Van2 group (0.83 ± 0.41; MD, 0.33; 95% CI, -0.36 to 1.03; p = 0.42). Furthermore, we detected no differences in the histopathology scores for inflammation in the No Gel group (2.33 ± 1.67) compared with the Gel group (3.17 ± 1.59; MD, 0.83; 95% CI, -0.59 to 2.26; p = 0.31) or to the Van2 group (2.5 ± 1.24; MD, 0.17; 95% CI, -1.26 to 1.59; p = 0.95). Moreover, no differences in total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, and lymphocyte counts were present between the No Gel or Van2 groups compared with the Gel control group, with the numbers available. CONCLUSION The hydrogel coated on titanium implants, unloaded or loaded with 2% vancomycin, had no effect on the volume or timing of bone apposition near the implant, and did not induce an inflammatory reaction in vivo, with the numbers available. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Antibiotic-loaded hydrogel may prove to be a valuable option to protect orthopaedic implants from bacterial colonization. Future clinical safety studies will need to provide more evidence that this product does not impair bone formation near the implant and prove the safety of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Boot
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D. Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P. G. J. Nikkels
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. Pouran
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. P. van Rijen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. J. A. Dhert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Ch. Vogely
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Hurtgen BJ, Ward CL, Leopold Wager CM, Garg K, Goldman SM, Henderson BEP, McKinley TO, Greising SM, Wenke JC, Corona BT. Autologous minced muscle grafts improve endogenous fracture healing and muscle strength after musculoskeletal trauma. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13362. [PMID: 28747511 PMCID: PMC5532491 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious impact of concomitant muscle injury on fracture healing and limb function is commonly considered part of the natural sequela of orthopedic trauma. Recent reports suggest that heightened inflammation in the surrounding traumatized musculature is a primary determinant of fracture healing. Relatedly, there are emerging potential therapeutic approaches for severe muscle trauma (e.g., volumetric muscle loss [VML] injury), such as autologous minced muscle grafts (1 mm3 pieces of muscle; GRAFT), that can partially prevent chronic functional deficits and appear to have an immunomodulatory effect within VML injured muscle. The primary goal of this study was to determine if repair of VML injury with GRAFT rescues impaired fracture healing and improves the strength of the traumatized muscle in a male Lewis rat model of tibia open fracture. The most salient findings of the study were: (1) tibialis anterior (TA) muscle repair with GRAFT improved endogenous healing of fractured tibia and improved the functional outcome of muscle regeneration; (2) GRAFT repair attenuated the monocyte/macrophage (CD45+CDllb+) and T lymphocyte (CD3+) response to VML injury; (3) TA muscle protein concentrations of MCP1, IL-10, and IGF-1 were augmented in a proregenerative manner by GRAFT repair; (4) VML injury concomitant with osteotomy induced a heightened systemic presence of alarmins (e.g., soluble RAGE) and leukocytes (e.g., monocytes), and depressed IGF-1 concentration, which GRAFT repair ameliorated. Collectively, these data indicate that repair of VML injury with a regenerative therapy can modulate the inflammatory and regenerative phenotype of the treated muscle and in association improve musculoskeletal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady J Hurtgen
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Chrissy M Leopold Wager
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Koyal Garg
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen M Goldman
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Beth E P Henderson
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Todd O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah M Greising
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph C Wenke
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Benjamin T Corona
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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29
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Hurtgen BJ, Henderson BEP, Ward CL, Goldman SM, Garg K, McKinley TO, Greising SM, Wenke JC, Corona BT. Impairment of early fracture healing by skeletal muscle trauma is restored by FK506. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:253. [PMID: 28606129 PMCID: PMC5469075 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heightened local inflammation due to muscle trauma or disease is associated with impaired bone regeneration. Methods We hypothesized that FK506, an FDA approved immunomodulatory compound with neurotrophic and osteogenic effects, will rescue the early phase of fracture healing which is impaired by concomitant muscle trauma in male (~4 months old) Lewis rats. FK506 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) or saline was administered systemically for 14 days after an endogenously healing tibia osteotomy was created and fixed with an intermedullary pin, and the overlying tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was either left uninjured or incurred volumetric muscle loss injury (6 mm full thickness biopsy from middle third of the muscle). Results The salient observations of this study were that 1) concomitant TA muscle trauma impaired recovery of tibia mechanical properties 28 days post-injury, 2) FK506 administration rescued the recovery of tibia mechanical properties in the presence of concomitant TA muscle trauma but did not augment mechanical recovery of an isolated osteotomy (no muscle trauma), 3) T lymphocytes and macrophage presence within the traumatized musculature were heightened by trauma and attenuated by FK506 3 days post-injury, and 4) T lymphocyte but not macrophage presence within the fracture callus were attenuated by FK506 at 14 days post-injury. FK506 did not improve TA muscle isometric torque production Conclusion Collectively, these findings support the administration of FK506 to ameliorate healing of fractures with severe muscle trauma comorbidity. The results suggest one potential mechanism of action is a reduction in local T lymphocytes within the injured musculoskeletal tissue, though other mechanisms to include direct osteogenic effects of FK506 require further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1617-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady J Hurtgen
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Beth E P Henderson
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Stephen M Goldman
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Koyal Garg
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Todd O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah M Greising
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Joseph C Wenke
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Benjamin T Corona
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA.
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30
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Behrends DA, Hui D, Gao C, Awlia A, Al-Saran Y, Li A, Henderson JE, Martineau PA. Defective Bone Repair in C57Bl6 Mice With Acute Systemic Inflammation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:906-916. [PMID: 27844403 PMCID: PMC5289198 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-016-5159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone repair is initiated with a local inflammatory response to injury. The presence of systemic inflammation impairs bone healing and often leads to malunion, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Our research objective was to use a mouse model of cortical bone repair to determine the effect of systemic inflammation on cells in the bone healing microenvironment. QUESTION/PURPOSES: (1) Does systemic inflammation, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration affect the quantity and quality of regenerating bone in primary bone healing? (2) Does systemic inflammation alter vascularization and the number or activity of inflammatory cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in the bone healing microenvironment? METHODS Cortical defects were drilled in the femoral diaphysis of female and male C57BL/6 mice aged 5 to 9 months that were treated with daily systemic injections of LPS or physiologic saline as control for 7 days. Mice were euthanized at 1 week (Control, n = 7; LPS, n = 8), 2 weeks (Control, n = 7; LPS, n = 8), and 6 weeks (Control, n = 9; LPS, n = 8) after surgery. The quantity (bone volume per tissue volume [BV/TV]) and microarchitecture (trabecular separation and thickness, porosity) of bone in the defect were quantified with time using microCT. The presence or activity of vascular endothelial cells (CD34), macrophages (F4/80), osteoblasts (alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), and osteoclasts (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP]) were evaluated using histochemical analyses. RESULTS Only one of eight defects was bridged completely 6 weeks after surgery in LPS-injected mouse bones compared with seven of nine defects in the control mouse bones (odds ratio [OR], 0.04; 95% CI, 0.003-0.560; p = 0.007). The decrease in cortical bone in LPS-treated mice was reflected in reduced BV/TV (21% ± 4% vs 39% ± 10%; p < 0.01), increased trabecular separation (240 ± 36 μm vs 171 ± 29 μm; p < 0.01), decreased trabecular thickness (81 ± 18 μm vs 110 ± 22 μm; p = 0.02), and porosity (79% ± 4% vs 60% ± 10%; p < 0.01) at 6 weeks postoperative. Defective healing was accompanied by decreased CD34 (1.1 ± 0.6 vs 3.4 ± 0.9; p < 0.01), ALP (1.9 ± 0.9 vs 6.1 ± 3.2; p = 0.03), and TRAP (3.3 ± 4.7 vs 7.2 ± 4.0; p = 0.01) activity, and increased F4/80 (13 ± 2.6 vs 6.8 ± 1.7; p < 0.01) activity at 2 weeks postoperative. CONCLUSION The results indicate that LPS-induced systemic inflammation reduced the amount and impaired the quality of bone regenerated in mouse femurs. The effects were associated with impaired revascularization, decreased bone turnover by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and by increased catabolic activity by macrophages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results from this preclinical study support clinical observations of impaired primary bone healing in patients with systemic inflammation. Based on our data, local administration of VEGF in the callus to stimulate revascularization, or transplantation of stem cells to enhance bone turnover represent potentially feasible approaches to improve outcomes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Behrends
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - D. Hui
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000000122889830Microbiology & Immunology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - C. Gao
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - A. Awlia
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Y. Al-Saran
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - A. Li
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - J. E. Henderson
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.416099.3000000012218112XBone Engineering Labs, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Surgical Research, C10.148.6, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, QC H3G 1A4 Canada
| | - P. A. Martineau
- grid.63984.300000000090644811Bone Engineering Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000000419368649Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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Mohamad NS, Sinadinos A, Górecki DC, Zioupos P, Tong J. Impact of P2RX7 ablation on the morphological, mechanical and tissue properties of bones in a murine model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Biomech 2016; 49:3444-3451. [PMID: 27663621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited, lethal disorder characterised by progressive muscle degeneration and associated bone abnormalities. We have previously demonstrated that P2RX7 purinergic receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of DMD, and found that P2RX7 ablation alleviated the severity of the disease. In this work we have used a dystrophic mdx mouse crossed with the global P2RX7 receptor to generate a knockout mouse (mdx/P2X7-/-), and compared its morphometric, mechanical and tissue properties against those of mdx, as well as the wild type (WT) and the P2RX7 knockout (P2X7-/-). Micro-computed tomography (µCT), three-point bending testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nano-indentation were utilised in the study. The bones were analysed at approximately 4 weeks of age to examine the impact of P2RX7 ablation on the bone properties during the acute disease phase, before muscle wasting is fully developed. The results show that P2RX7 purinoceptor ablation has produced improvement or significant improvement in some of the morphological, the mechanical and the tissue properties of the dystrophic bones examined. Specifically, although the ablation produced smaller bones with significantly lower total cross-section area (Tt.Ar) and Second Moment of Area (SMA), significantly higher cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), cortical area fraction (Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar) and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) are found in the mdx/P2X7-/- mice than in any other types. Further, the mdx/P2X7-/- bones have relatively higher average flexural strength, work-to-fracture and significantly higher strain to failure compared with those of mdx, suggesting greater resistance to fracture. Indentation modulus, elasticity and creep are also significantly improved in the knockout cortical bones over those of mdx. These findings seem to suggest that specific pharmacological blockade of P2RX7 may improve dystrophic bones, with a potential for therapeutic application in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Mohamad
- Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Group, School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - A Sinadinos
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - D C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - P Zioupos
- Biomechanics Labs, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, UK
| | - J Tong
- Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Group, School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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32
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Muinos-López E, Ripalda-Cemboráin P, López-Martínez T, González-Gil AB, Lamo-Espinosa JM, Valentí A, Mortlock DP, Valentí JR, Prósper F, Granero-Moltó F. Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis in Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Define a Molecular Mechanism for Fracture Nonunion. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2342-53. [PMID: 27250101 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fracture nonunion is a major complication of bone fracture regeneration and repair. The molecular mechanisms that result in fracture nonunion appearance are not fully determined. We hypothesized that fracture nonunion results from the failure of hypoxia and hematoma, the primary signals in response to bone injury, to trigger Bmp2 expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs). Using a model of nonstabilized fracture healing in transgenic 5'Bmp2BAC mice we determined that Bmp2 expression appears in close association with hypoxic tissue and hematoma during the early phases of fracture healing. In addition, BMP2 expression is induced when human periosteum explants are exposed to hypoxia ex vivo. Transient interference of hypoxia signaling in vivo with PX-12, a thioredoxin inhibitor, results in reduced Bmp2 expression, impaired fracture callus formation and atrophic-like nonunion by a HIF-1α independent mechanism. In isolated human periosteum-derived MSCs, BMP2 expression could be induced with the addition of platelets concentrate lysate but not with hypoxia treatment, confirming HIF-1α-independent BMP2 expression. Interestingly, in isolated human periosteum-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells, inhibition of BMP2 expression by PX-12 is accomplished only under hypoxic conditions seemingly through dis-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a molecular mechanism of hypoxia-dependent BMP2 expression in MSCs where interference with ROS homeostasis specifies fracture nonunion-like appearance in vivo through inhibition of Bmp2 expression. Stem Cells 2016;34:2342-2353.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Felipe Prósper
- Cell Therapy Area.,Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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33
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Hurtgen B, Ward C, Garg K, Pollot B, Goldman S, McKinley T, Wenke J, Corona B. Severe muscle trauma triggers heightened and prolonged local musculoskeletal inflammation and impairs adjacent tibia fracture healing. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2016; 16:122-34. [PMID: 27282456 PMCID: PMC5114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Complicated fracture healing is often associated with the severity of surrounding muscle tissue trauma. Since inflammation is a primary determinant of musculoskeletal health and regeneration, it is plausible that delayed healing and non-unions are partly caused by compounding local inflammation in response to concomitant muscle trauma. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate this possibility, a Lewis rat open fracture model [tibia osteotomy with adjacent tibialis anterior (TA) muscle volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury] was interrogated. We observed that VML injury impaired tibia healing, as indicated by diminished mechanical strength and decreased mineralized bone within the fracture callus, as well as continued presence of cartilage instead of woven bone 28 days post-injury. The VML injured muscle presented innate and adaptive immune responses that were atypical of canonical muscle injury healing. Additionally, the VML injury resulted in a perturbation of the inflammatory phase of fracture healing, as indicated by elevations of CD3(+) lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in the fracture callus at 3 and 14d post-injury, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that heightened and sustained innate and adaptive immune responses to traumatized muscle are associated with impaired fracture healing and may be targeted for the prevention of delayed and non-union following musculoskeletal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.J. Hurtgen
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - C.L. Ward
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - K. Garg
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - B.E. Pollot
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - S.M. Goldman
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - T.O. McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - J.C. Wenke
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - B.T. Corona
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX,Corresponding author: Benjamin T. Corona, Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT1, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 E-mail: •
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34
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Abstract
As the world population rises, osteoporotic fracture is an emerging global threat to the well-being of elderly patients. The process of fracture healing by intramembranous ossification or/and endochondral ossification involve many well-orchestrated events including the signaling, recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the early phase; formation of a hard callus and extracellular matrix, angiogenesis and revascularization during the mid-phase; and finally callus remodeling at the late phase of fracture healing. Through clinical and animal research, many of these factors are shown to be impaired in osteoporotic bone. Animal studies related to post-menopausal estrogen deficient osteoporosis (type I) have shown healing to be prolonged with decreased levels of MSCs and decreased levels of angiogenesis. Moreover, the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) was shown to be delayed in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic fracture. This might be related to the observed difference in mechanical sensitivity between normal and osteoporotic bones, which requires further experiments to elucidate. In mice fracture models related to senile osteoporosis (type II), it was observed that chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation were impaired; and that transplantation of juvenile bone marrow would result in enhanced callus formation. Other factors related to angiogenesis and vasculogenesis have also been noted to be impaired in aged models, affecting the degradation of cartilaginous matrixes and vascular invasion; the result is changes in matrix composition and growth factors concentrations that ultimately impairs healing during age-related osteoporosis. Most osteoporotic related fractures occur at metaphyseal sites clinically, and reports have indicated that differences exist between diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. An animal model that satisfies three main criteria (metaphyseal region, plate fixation, osteoporosis) is suggested for future research for more comprehensive understanding of the impairment in osteoporotic fractures. Therefore, a metaphyseal fracture or osteotomy that achieves complete discontinuity fixed with metal implants is suggested on ovariectomized aged rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco/San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA94110, United States
| | - Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Frank F Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco/San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA94110, United States
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen-Marburg, Germany
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Pathak JL, Verschueren P, Lems WF, Bravenboer N, Klein-Nulend J, Bakker AD, Luyten FP. Serum of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis inhibits differentiation of osteochondrogenic precursor cells. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:226-35. [PMID: 27050327 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1146714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Delayed fracture healing is frequently experienced in patients with systemic inflammation such as during rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The reasons for this are diverse, but could also be caused by inflammatory cytokines and/or growth factors in serum from patients with active disease. We hypothesized that serum from patients with active RA contains circulating inflammatory factors that inhibit differentiation of osteochondrogenic precursors. Serum was obtained from 15 patients with active RA (active RA-sera) and from the same patients in clinical remission 1 year later (remission RA-sera; controls). The effect of active RA-sera on osteochondrogenic differentiation of chondrogenic ATDC5 cells and primary human periosteum-derived progenitor cells (HPDC) was determined in micromass culture. In ATDC5 cells, active RA-sera reduced Ki67 transcription levels by 40% and cartilage matrix accumulation by 14% at day 14, and Alp transcription levels by 16%, and matrix mineralization by 17% at day 21 compared with remission RA-sera. In HPDCs, active RA-sera inhibited metabolic activity by 8%, SOX9 transcription levels by 14%, and cartilage matrix accumulation by 7% at day 7 compared with remission RA-sera. In conclusion, sera from patients with active RA negatively affect differentiation of osteochondrogenic precursors, and as a consequence may contribute to delayed fracture healing in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak L Pathak
- a Department of Oral Cell Biology , Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University , Tianjin , China
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- b Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Willem F Lems
- d Department of Rheumatology , VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- e Department of Clinical Chemistry , VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- a Department of Oral Cell Biology , Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- a Department of Oral Cell Biology , Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Luyten
- b Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
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36
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Abou-Khalil R, Yang F, Lieu S, Julien A, Perry J, Pereira C, Relaix F, Miclau T, Marcucio R, Colnot C. Role of muscle stem cells during skeletal regeneration. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1501-11. [PMID: 25594525 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of muscle in skeletal regeneration is well recognized clinically, the mechanisms by which muscle supports bone repair have remained elusive. Muscle flaps are often used to cover the damaged bone after traumatic injury yet their contribution to bone healing is not known. Here, we show that direct bone-muscle interactions are required for periosteum activation and callus formation, and that muscle grafts provide a source of stem cells for skeletal regeneration. We investigated the role of satellite cells, the muscle stem cells. Satellite cells loss in Pax7(-/-) mice and satellite cell ablation in Pax7(Cre) (ERT) (2/) (+) ;DTA(f/f) mice impaired bone regeneration. Although satellite cells did not contribute as a large source of cells endogenously, they exhibited a potential to contribute to bone repair after transplantation. The fracture healing phenotype in Pax7(Cre) (ERT) (2/) (+) ;DTA(f/f) mice was associated with decreased bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), insulin-like growth factor 1, and fibroblast growth factor 2 expression that are normally upregulated in response to fracture in satellite cells. Exogenous rhBMP2 improved bone healing in Pax7(Cre) (ERT) (2/) (+) ;DTA(f/f) mice further supporting the role of satellite cells as a source of growth factors. These results provide the first functional evidence for a direct contribution of muscle to bone regeneration with important clinical implications as it may impact the use of muscle flaps, muscle stem cells, and growth factors in orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abou-Khalil
- INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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37
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Farokhi M, Mottaghitalab F, Shokrgozar MA, Ou KL, Mao C, Hosseinkhani H. Importance of dual delivery systems for bone tissue engineering. J Control Release 2016; 225:152-69. [PMID: 26805518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation is a complex process that requires concerted function of multiple growth factors. For this, it is essential to design a delivery system with the ability to load multiple growth factors in order to mimic the natural microenvironment for bone tissue formation. However, the short half-lives of growth factors, their relatively large size, slow tissue penetration, and high toxicity suggest that conventional routes of administration are unlikely to be effective. Therefore, it seems that using multiple bioactive factors in different delivery systems can develop new strategies for improving bone tissue regeneration. Combination of these factors along with biomaterials that permit tunable release profiles would help to achieve truly spatiotemporal regulation during delivery. This review summarizes the various dual-control release systems that are used for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Mottaghitalab
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Keng-Liang Ou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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38
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Wang L, Hsiao EC, Lieu S, Scott M, O'Carroll D, Urrutia A, Conklin BR, Colnot C, Nissenson RA. Loss of Gi G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Osteoblasts Accelerates Bone Fracture Healing. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1896-904. [PMID: 25917236 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of skeletal homeostasis and are likely important in fracture healing. Because GPCRs can activate multiple signaling pathways simultaneously, we used targeted disruption of G(i) -GPCR or activation of G(s) -GPCR pathways to test how each pathway functions in the skeleton. We previously demonstrated that blockade of G(i) signaling by pertussis toxin (PTX) transgene expression in maturing osteoblastic cells enhanced cortical and trabecular bone formation and prevented age-related bone loss in female mice. In addition, activation of G(s) signaling by expressing the G(s) -coupled engineered receptor Rs1 in maturing osteoblastic cells induced massive trabecular bone formation but cortical bone loss. Here, we test our hypothesis that the G(i) and G(s) pathways also have distinct functions in fracture repair. We applied closed, nonstabilized tibial fractures to mice in which endogenous G(i) signaling was inhibited by PTX, or to mice with activated G(s) signaling mediated by Rs1. Blockade of endogenous G(i) resulted in a smaller callus but increased bone formation in both young and old mice. PTX treatment decreased expression of Dkk1 and increased Lef1 mRNAs during fracture healing, suggesting a role for endogenous G(i) signaling in maintaining Dkk1 expression and suppressing Wnt signaling. In contrast, adult mice with activated Gs signaling showed a slight increase in the initial callus size with increased callus bone formation. These results show that G(i) blockade and G(s) activation of the same osteoblastic lineage cell can induce different biological responses during fracture healing. Our findings also show that manipulating the GPCR/cAMP signaling pathway by selective timing of G(s) and G(i) -GPCR activation may be important for optimizing fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Edward C Hsiao
- Department of Medicine, the Program in Craniofacial Biology, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shirley Lieu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mark Scott
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dylan O'Carroll
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashley Urrutia
- Department of Medicine, the Program in Craniofacial Biology, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Department of Medicine, the Program in Craniofacial Biology, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA.,Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Celine Colnot
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco, CA.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM; National Institute of Health and Medical Research), Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Research Unit, VA Medical Center and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Sinadinos A, Young CNJ, Al-Khalidi R, Teti A, Kalinski P, Mohamad S, Floriot L, Henry T, Tozzi G, Jiang T, Wurtz O, Lefebvre A, Shugay M, Tong J, Vaudry D, Arkle S, doRego JC, Górecki DC. P2RX7 purinoceptor: a therapeutic target for ameliorating the symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001888. [PMID: 26461208 PMCID: PMC4604078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disease, leading to severe disability and death in young men. Death is caused by the progressive degeneration of striated muscles aggravated by sterile inflammation. The pleiotropic effects of the mutant gene also include cognitive and behavioral impairments and low bone density. Current interventions in DMD are palliative only as no treatment improves the long-term outcome. Therefore, approaches with a translational potential should be investigated, and key abnormalities downstream from the absence of the DMD product, dystrophin, appear to be strong therapeutic targets. We and others have demonstrated that DMD mutations alter ATP signaling and have identified P2RX7 purinoceptor up-regulation as being responsible for the death of muscles in the mdx mouse model of DMD and human DMD lymphoblasts. Moreover, the ATP-P2RX7 axis, being a crucial activator of innate immune responses, can contribute to DMD pathology by stimulating chronic inflammation. We investigated whether ablation of P2RX7 attenuates the DMD model mouse phenotype to assess receptor suitability as a therapeutic target. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a combination of molecular, histological, and biochemical methods and behavioral analyses in vivo we demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that genetic ablation of P2RX7 in the DMD model mouse produces a widespread functional attenuation of both muscle and non-muscle symptoms. In dystrophic muscles at 4 wk there was an evident recovery in key functional and molecular parameters such as improved muscle structure (minimum Feret diameter, p < 0.001), increased muscle strength in vitro (p < 0.001) and in vivo (p = 0.012), and pro-fibrotic molecular signatures. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were lower (p = 0.025), and reduced cognitive impairment (p = 0.006) and bone structure alterations (p < 0.001) were also apparent. Reduction of inflammation and fibrosis persisted at 20 mo in leg (p = 0.038), diaphragm (p = 0.042), and heart muscles (p < 0.001). We show that the amelioration of symptoms was proportional to the extent of receptor depletion and that improvements were observed following administration of two P2RX7 antagonists (CK, p = 0.030 and p = 0.050) without any detectable side effects. However, approaches successful in animal models still need to be proved effective in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS These results are, to our knowledge, the first to establish that a single treatment can improve muscle function both short and long term and also correct cognitive impairment and bone loss in DMD model mice. The wide-ranging improvements reflect the convergence of P2RX7 ablation on multiple disease mechanisms affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles, inflammatory cells, brain, and bone. Given the impact of P2RX7 blockade in the DMD mouse model, this receptor is an attractive target for translational research: existing drugs with established safety records could potentially be repurposed for treatment of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sinadinos
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. J. Young
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Rasha Al-Khalidi
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paweł Kalinski
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shafini Mohamad
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Léonore Floriot
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Tiphaine Henry
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Taiwen Jiang
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Alexis Lefebvre
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Lab, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jie Tong
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Plate-Forme d’Imagerie PRIMACEN, IRIB, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Stephen Arkle
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Claude doRego
- Platform of Behavioural Analysis (SCAC), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan,Rouen, France
- National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Caen, France
| | - Dariusz C. Górecki
- Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Elmore MRP, Lee RJ, West BL, Green KN. Characterizing newly repopulated microglia in the adult mouse: impacts on animal behavior, cell morphology, and neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122912. [PMID: 25849463 PMCID: PMC4388515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cell in the brain and are postulated to play important roles outside of immunity. Administration of the dual colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)/c-Kit kinase inhibitor, PLX3397, to adult mice results in the elimination of ~99% of microglia, which remain eliminated for as long as treatment continues. Upon removal of the inhibitor, microglia rapidly repopulate the entire adult brain, stemming from a central nervous system (CNS) resident progenitor cell. Using this method of microglial elimination and repopulation, the role of microglia in both healthy and diseased states can be explored. Here, we examine the responsiveness of newly repopulated microglia to an inflammatory stimulus, as well as determine the impact of these cells on behavior, cognition, and neuroinflammation. Two month-old wild-type mice were placed on either control or PLX3397 diet for 21 d to eliminate microglia. PLX3397 diet was then removed in a subset of animals to allow microglia to repopulate and behavioral testing conducted beginning at 14 d repopulation. Finally, inflammatory profiling of the microglia-repopulated brain in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.25 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was determined 21 d after inhibitor removal using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as detailed analyses of microglial morphologies. We find mice with repopulated microglia to perform similarly to controls by measures of behavior, cognition, and motor function. Compared to control/resident microglia, repopulated microglia had larger cell bodies and less complex branching in their processes, which resolved over time after inhibitor removal. Inflammatory profiling revealed that the mRNA gene expression of repopulated microglia was similar to normal resident microglia and that these new cells appear functional and responsive to LPS. Overall, these data demonstrate that newly repopulated microglia function similarly to the original resident microglia without any apparent adverse effects in healthy adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. P. Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rafael J. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bahney CS, Hu DP, Miclau T, Marcucio RS. The multifaceted role of the vasculature in endochondral fracture repair. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:4. [PMID: 25699016 PMCID: PMC4318416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is critically dependent upon an adequate vascular supply. The normal rate for fracture delayed or non-union is estimated to be between 10 and 15%, and annual fracture numbers are approximately 15 million cases per year. However, when there is decreased vascular perfusion to the fracture, incidence of impaired healing rises dramatically to 46%. Reduction in the blood supply to the fracture can be the result of traumatic injuries that physically disrupt the vasculature and damage supportive soft tissue, the result of anatomical location (i.e., distal tibia), or attributed to physiological conditions such as age, diabetes, or smoking. The role of the vasculature during repair is multifaceted and changes during the course of healing. In this article, we review recent insights into the role of the vasculature during fracture repair. Taken together these data highlight the need for an updated model for endochondral repair to facilitate improved therapeutic approaches to promote bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S. Bahney
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Material Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Chelsea S. Bahney, 2550 23rd Street, Building 9, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA e-mail:
| | - Diane P. Hu
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Stevens PR, Tessema B, Brown SM, Parham K, Gronowicz G. Chronic rhinosinusitis osteoblasts differ in cellular properties from normal bone. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 5:124-31. [PMID: 25529919 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteitis, characterized by bony thickening and remodeling, is often considered a hallmark of recalcitrant rhinosinusitis. However, there is limited literature examining the bone in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathology. In this study we cultured osteoblasts from bone harvested during sinus surgery as well as from nondiseased controls to compare their cellular properties. METHODS Sinus bone was collected during sinus and skull-base surgery and placed in proliferation media. Outgrowth of cells occurred at 2 weeks and the cells were confirmed to be osteoblasts by alkaline phosphatase staining. Cellular adhesion was determined by replating and counting adhered cells at 4 hours. Proliferation of cells plated for 24 hours was assayed by measuring [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation. Calcium content was measured by changing cells to differentiation media and measuring the calcium content on days 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase assay showed more than 90% of osteoblasts staining in all samples. Osteoblasts from patients with CRS had significant decreases in adhesion (p < 0.01) compared to osteoblasts from skull-base patients. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in calcium content in rhinosinusitis samples compared with the nondiseased sinus bone samples. CONCLUSION To date, this is the first known study that shows a direct comparison of osteoblast properties between patients with and without CRS. Our results indicate that there are fundamental phenotypic differences in adhesion and mineralization between osteoblasts in patients with CRS compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Stevens
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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Raggatt LJ, Wullschleger ME, Alexander KA, Wu ACK, Millard SM, Kaur S, Maugham ML, Gregory LS, Steck R, Pettit AR. Fracture healing via periosteal callus formation requires macrophages for both initiation and progression of early endochondral ossification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3192-204. [PMID: 25285719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution, phenotype, and requirement of macrophages for fracture-associated inflammation and/or early anabolic progression during endochondral callus formation were investigated. A murine femoral fracture model [internally fixed using a flexible plate (MouseFix)] was used to facilitate reproducible fracture reduction. IHC demonstrated that inflammatory macrophages (F4/80(+)Mac-2(+)) were localized with initiating chondrification centers and persisted within granulation tissue at the expanding soft callus front. They were also associated with key events during soft-to-hard callus transition. Resident macrophages (F4/80(+)Mac-2(neg)), including osteal macrophages, predominated in the maturing hard callus. Macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis transgenic mice were used to induce macrophage depletion in vivo in the femoral fracture model. Callus formation was completely abolished when macrophage depletion was initiated at the time of surgery and was significantly reduced when depletion was delayed to coincide with initiation of early anabolic phase. Treatment initiating 5 days after fracture with the pro-macrophage cytokine colony stimulating factor-1 significantly enhanced soft callus formation. The data support that inflammatory macrophages were required for initiation of fracture repair, whereas both inflammatory and resident macrophages promoted anabolic mechanisms during endochondral callus formation. Overall, macrophages make substantive and prolonged contributions to fracture healing and can be targeted as a therapeutic approach for enhancing repair mechanisms. Thus, macrophages represent a viable target for the development of pro-anabolic fracture treatments with a potentially broad therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Raggatt
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin E Wullschleger
- Trauma Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie A Alexander
- UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andy C K Wu
- UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan M Millard
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle L Maugham
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roland Steck
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Ackerson RM, Shum LC, Berry AR, Bucknell AL, King KB. In vivo model to measure bone repair efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Orthopedics 2014; 37:e707-11. [PMID: 25102506 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20140728-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone repair required for successful arthroplasty can be compromised in patients with comorbid conditions, such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Biological compounds have been proposed to promote bone health and repair. The authors have designed a new animal model for testing bone promoting compounds in the in vivo environment. For initial validation of this model, they used a synthetic agonist of a nuclear receptor, liver X receptor, which has been postulated to play a regulatory role in modulating bone growth. A distal femoral unicortical osteotomy was surgically created on skeletally mature C57Bl/6 male and female mice. A nanoparticle carrier delivery system was used to directly introduce N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide into the osteotomy. At 35 days post-procedure, the femora were harvested and specimens were obtained for histologic processing and qualitative analysis. The results indicate that the carrier nanoparticles entered the osteotomy defect. Results also indicate that bone repair occurred, although significant differences between groups were not detected in the current study. This study validates the mouse model for testing bone repair promoting compounds. This model can be combined with transgenic or other mouse models to simulate problematic bone repair environments, can be used with a variety of drug carriers, and can test many types of interventional compounds to evaluate potential orthopedic therapeutic applications.
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Abou-Khalil R, Colnot C. Cellular and molecular bases of skeletal regeneration: what can we learn from genetic mouse models? Bone 2014; 64:211-21. [PMID: 24709685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although bone repairs through a very efficient regenerative process in 90% of the patients, many factors can cause delayed or impaired healing. To date, there are no reliable biological parameters to predict or diagnose bone repair defects. Orthopedic surgeons mostly base their diagnoses on radiographic analyses. With the recent progress in our understanding of the bone repair process, new methods may be envisioned. Animal models have allowed us to define the key steps of bone regeneration and the biological and mechanical factors that may influence bone healing in positive or negative ways. Most importantly, small animal models such as mice have provided powerful tools to apprehend the genetic bases of normal and impaired bone healing. The current review presents a state of the art of the genetically modified mouse models that have advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular components of bone regeneration and repair. The review illustrates the use of these models to define the role of inflammation, skeletal cell lineages, signaling pathways, the extracellular matrix, osteoclasts and angiogenesis. These genetic mouse models promise to change the field of orthopedic surgery to help establish genetic predispositions for delayed repair, develop models of non-union that mimic the human conditions and elaborate new therapeutic approaches to enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abou-Khalil
- INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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Kwon H, Rainbow RS, Sun L, Hui CK, Cairns DM, Preda RC, Kaplan DL, Zeng L. Scaffold structure and fabrication method affect proinflammatory milieu in three-dimensional-cultured chondrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:534-44. [PMID: 24753349 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option for repairing damaged cartilage tissue in the arthritic joint. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines present at arthritic joints can cause cartilage destruction and instability of the engineered cartilage tissue, and thus it is critical to engineer strong and stable cartilage that is resistant to the inflammatory environment. In this study, we demonstrate that scaffolding materials with different pore sizes and fabrication methods influence the microenvironment of chondrocytes and the response of these cells to proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Silk scaffolds prepared using the organic solvent hexafluoroisopropanol as compared to an aqueous-based method, as well as those with larger pore sizes, supported the deposition of higher cartilage matrix levels and lower expression of cartilage matrix degradation-related genes, as well as lower expression of endogenous proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β in articular chondrocytes. These biochemical properties could be related to the physical properties of the scaffolds such as the water uptake and the tendency to leach or adsorb proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, scaffold structure may influence the behavior of chondrocytes by influencing the microenvironment under inflammatory conditions, and should be considered as an important component for bioengineering stable cartilage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111
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Elmore MRP, Najafi AR, Koike MA, Dagher NN, Spangenberg EE, Rice RA, Kitazawa M, Matusow B, Nguyen H, West BL, Green KN. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain. Neuron 2014; 82:380-97. [PMID: 24742461 PMCID: PMC4161285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1244] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key regulator of myeloid lineage cells. Genetic loss of the CSF1R blocks the normal population of resident microglia in the brain that originates from the yolk sac during early development. However, the role of CSF1R signaling in microglial homeostasis in the adult brain is largely unknown. To this end, we tested the effects of selective CSF1R inhibitors on microglia in adult mice. Surprisingly, extensive treatment results in elimination of ∼99% of all microglia brain-wide, showing that microglia in the adult brain are physiologically dependent upon CSF1R signaling. Mice depleted of microglia show no behavioral or cognitive abnormalities, revealing that microglia are not necessary for these tasks. Finally, we discovered that the microglia-depleted brain completely repopulates with new microglia within 1 week of inhibitor cessation. Microglial repopulation throughout the CNS occurs through proliferation of nestin-positive cells that then differentiate into microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R P Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Maya A Koike
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Nabil N Dagher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA.
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