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Gao F, Shi X, Zhao Y, Qiao D, Pei C, Li C, Zhao X, Kong X. The role of CcPTGS2a in immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109058. [PMID: 37673389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), a crucial enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and plays a significant role in the inflammatory response. This investigation aimed to determine the regulatory role of PTGS2a in the innate immune response to bacterial infection in fish. To achieve this objective, the CcPTGS2a gene was identified and characterized in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and its function in immune defense was investigated. According to the sequence and structural analysis results, CcPTGS2a had an open reading frame of 1806 bp that encoded 602 amino acids. It was estimated that the protein's theoretical molecular weight was 69.0 kDa, and its isoelectric point was 8.10. The structure of CcPTGS2a was observed to be conserved, with an epidermal growth factor domain and a peroxidase domain present. Moreover, the amino acid sequence of CcPTGS2a exhibited significant homology with the amino acid sequences of several fish species. CcPTGS2a mRNA was detected in the healthy tissues of common carp, with higher expression in the head kidney, spleen, gills, and liver. Following the challenges with Aeromonas hydrophila and lipopolysaccharide, CcPTGS2a mRNA showed unique geographic and temporal expression patterns, with significant increases detected in the head kidney, gills, spleen, and liver. Additionally, the recombinant CcPTGS2a protein exhibited detectable bacterial binding to various bacteria. As determined by subcellular localization analysis, CcPTGS2a was predominantly localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, it was discovered that the overexpression of CcPTGS2a stimulated the up-regulation of ferroptosis-related genes and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in fish and EPC (Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid) cells while concurrently reducing the bacterial load of A. hydrophila. In contrast, the interference of CcPTGS2a decreased the mRNA expression of ferroptosis-related genes and inflammatory cytokines in fish and EPC cells and increased the bacterial load of A. hydrophila. Notably, A. hydrophila stimulation resulted in the up-regulation of CcPTGS2a protein expression in EPC cells. These results suggested that CcPTGS2a was involved in the immune response to bacterial infections in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; Sanquan Medical College, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yanjing Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
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Birzle C, Schrader H, Blutke A, Ferling H, Scholz-Göppel K, Wanke R, Schwaiger J. Detection of Diclofenac-Induced Alterations in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Using Quantitative Stereological Methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:859-872. [PMID: 36705425 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) was included in the watch list for emerging pollutants under the European Union Water Framework Directive. Frequently, monitoring data revealed DCF concentrations in surface waters exceeding the proposed environmental quality standards of 0.04 µg L-1 and 0.126 µg L-1 . In recent literature, the possible effects of DCF on fish are discussed controversially. To contribute to a realistic risk assessment of DCF, a 28-day exposure experiment was carried on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To warrant reliability of data, experiments were conducted considering the Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data. The test concentrations of DCF used (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 25, and 100 µg L-1 ) also included environmentally relevant concentrations. The lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for a significant decrease in the plasma concentrations of the DCF biomarker prostaglandin E2 was 0.5 µg L-1 (male fish). For objective evaluation of relevant histomorphological parameters of gills and trunk kidneys, unbiased quantitative stereological methods were applied. In the gills, significant increases in the thickness of the secondary lamella and in the true harmonic mean of barrier thickness in secondary lamellae were present at DCF concentrations of 25 µg L-1 and 100 µg L-1 . In the trunk kidneys, the absolute and relative volumes of nephrons were significantly decreased, paralleled by a significant increase of the volume of the interstitial renal tissue. With regard to quantitative histomorphological alterations in the trunk kidney, the observed LOEC was 0.5 µg L-1 . The quantitative histomorphological analyses that were conducted allow identification and objective quantification of even subtle but significant morphological effects and thus provide an important contribution for the comparability of study results for the determination of no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC). Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:859-872. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Birzle
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Microbial Ecology, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Hannah Schrader
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Microbial Ecology, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann Ferling
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Microbial Ecology, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Karin Scholz-Göppel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Microbial Ecology, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Ecotoxicology and Microbial Ecology, Wielenbach, Germany
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Docando F, Arense P, Martín-Martín A, Wang T, Tafalla C, Díaz-Rosales P. Search for effective oral adjuvants for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:419-424. [PMID: 35917890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disease prevention by vaccination is, on economic, environmental and ethical grounds the most appropriate method for pathogen control currently available to the aquaculture sector. However, vaccine administration in aquatic animals faces obvious technical problems not encountered in other land animals. Thus, oral vaccines are highly demanded by the aquaculture sector that requests alternatives to the labor-intensive injectable vaccines that require individual handling of fish, provoking stress-related immunosuppression and handling mortalities. Despite this, most previous attempts to obtain effective oral vaccines have failed both in fish and mammals. This could be a consequence of very restricted tolerance mechanisms in the intestine given the fact that this mucosa is at the frontline upon antigen encounter and has to balance the delicate equilibrium between tolerance and immunity in a microbe rich aquatic environment. In this context, the search for an optimal combination of antigen and adjuvant that can trigger an adequate immune response able to circumvent intestinal tolerance is needed for each pathogen. To this aim, we have explored potential of molecules such as β-glucans, flagellin, CpG and bacterial lipopolysacharide (LPS) as oral adjuvants. For this, we have determined the effects of these adjuvants ex vivo in rainbow trout intestine tissue sections, and in vitro in leucocytes isolated from rainbow trout spleen and intestine. The effects were evaluated by analyzing the levels of transcription of different genes related to the innate and adaptive immune response, as well as evaluating the number of IgM-secreting cells. LPS seems to be the molecule with stronger immunostimulatory potential, and could safely be used as a mucosal adjuvant in rainbow trout. Moreover, the designed strategy provides a fast methodology to screen adjuvants that are suitable for oral vaccination, providing us with valuable information about how the intestinal mucosa is regulated in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Docando
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Arense
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Martín-Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA-CSIC), 28130, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain.
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Molecular determinants regulating the release of the egg during ovulation: Perspectives in piscine models. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Araujo P, Espe M, Lucena E, Yang Y, Holen E. Differential production of prostaglandins and prostacyclins by liver and head kidney cells from Atlantic salmon challenged with arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Osmond ATY, Arts MT, Hall JR, Rise ML, Bazinet RP, Armenta RE, Colombo SM. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) Oil as a Fish Oil Replacement in Diets for Juvenile Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Content, and Lipid-Related Transcript Expression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1185. [PMID: 33924273 PMCID: PMC8074903 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated whether oil extracted from the marine microbe, Schizochytrium sp. (strain T18), with high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could replace fish oil (FO) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three experimental diets were tested: (1) a control diet with fish oil (FO diet), (2) a microbial oil (MO) diet with a blend of camelina oil (CO) referred to as MO/CO diet, and (3) a MO diet (at a higher inclusion level). Rainbow trout (18.8 ± 2.9 g fish-1 initial weight ± SD) were fed for 8 weeks and evaluated for growth performance, fatty acid content and transcript expression of lipid-related genes in liver and muscle. There were no differences in growth performance measurements among treatments. In liver and muscle, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was highest in trout fed the FO diet compared to the MO/CO and MO diets. Liver DHA was highest in trout fed the MO/CO diet compared to the FO and MO diets. Muscle DHA was highest in trout fed the MO and MO/CO diets compared to the FO diet. In trout fed the MO/CO diet, compared to the MO diet, fadsd6b was higher in both liver and muscle. In trout fed the FO or MO/CO diets, compared to the MO diet, cox1a was higher in both liver and muscle, cpt1b1a was higher in liver and cpt1a1a, cpt1a1b and cpt1a2a were higher in muscle. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) oil was an effective source of DHA for rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelisa T. Y. Osmond
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Michael T. Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Roberto E. Armenta
- Mara Renewables Corporation, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4T6, Canada;
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefanie M. Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
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Terzi E, Kucukkosker B, Bilen S, Kenanoglu ON, Corum O, Özbek M, Parug SS. A novel herbal immunostimulant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:55-66. [PMID: 33383177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this 21-day study, we examined the effects of the aqueous methanolic extract of thin-skinned plum (Prunus domestica) on growth, immune response and resistance to a pathogenic bacterium, Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed with diets containing thin-skinned plum extract doses as 0 (Control) 0.1 (PD01), 0.5 (PD05) and 1% (PD1) ad libitum twice in a day. At the end of the study, growth was affected positively but not significantly. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased in the PD01 group (P < 0.05). There were elevated respiratory burst and potential bacterial killing activities on the 7th day in the PD1 fish group. No differences were observed in lysozyme activity (P > 0.05). An increased myeloperoxidase activity was recorded on the 14th day of study. Expression of interleukin and COX-2 genes was elevated on the 7th day of study in the kidney and intestine of treated fish. Histological results indicated no marked changes in organs (gill, kidney, liver and spleen) of PD treated fish groups. Challenge results of fish in all plum extract-treated groups showed an increased survival rate against Y. ruckeri (P < 0.05). This study indicated that the thin-skinned plum aqueous methanolic extract could improve innate immunity, survival against Y. ruckeri and decrease the FCR level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Bunyamin Kucukkosker
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Soner Bilen
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | | | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, 37200, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özbek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Sukru Senol Parug
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Zanuzzo FS, Beemelmanns A, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. The Innate Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Is Not Negatively Affected by High Temperature and Moderate Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32536921 PMCID: PMC7268921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase water temperatures and decrease oxygen levels in freshwater and marine environments, however, there is conflicting information regarding the extent to which these conditions may impact the immune defenses of fish. In this study, Atlantic salmon were exposed to: (1) normoxia (100–110% air saturation) at 12°C; (2) an incremental temperature increase (1°C per week from 12 to 20°C), and then held at 20°C for an additional 4 weeks; and (3) “2” with the addition of moderate hypoxia (~65–75% air saturation). These conditions realistically reflect what farmed salmon in some locations are currently facing, and future conditions in Atlantic Canada and Europe, during the summer months. The salmon were sampled for the measurement of head kidney constitutive anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcript expression levels, and blood parameters of humoral immune function. Thereafter, they were injected with either the multi-valent vaccine Forte V II (contains both bacterial and viral antigens) or PBS (phosphate-buffer-saline), and the head kidney and blood of these fish were sampled at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection (HPI). Our results showed that: (1) neither high temperature, nor high temperature + moderate hypoxia, adversely affected respiratory burst, complement activity or lysozyme concentration; (2) the constitutive transcript expression levels of the anti-bacterial genes il1β, il8-a, cox2, hamp-a, stlr5-a, and irf7-b were up-regulated by high temperature; (3) while high temperature hastened the peak in transcript expression levels of most anti-bacterial genes by 6–12 h following V II injection, it did not affect the magnitude of changes in transcript expression; (4) anti-viral (viperin-b, mx-b, and isg15-a) transcript expression levels were either unaffected, or downregulated, by acclimation temperature or V II injection over the 48 HPI; and (5) hypoxia, in addition to high temperature, did not impact immune transcript expression. In conclusion, temperatures up to 20°C, and moderate hypoxia, do not impair the capacity of the Atlantic salmon's innate immune system to respond to bacterial antigens. These findings are surprising, and highlight the salmon's capacity to mount robust innate immune responses (i.e., similar to control fish under optimal conditions) under conditions approaching their upper thermal limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anne Beemelmanns
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Li J, Ge W. Zebrafish as a model for studying ovarian development: Recent advances from targeted gene knockout studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 507:110778. [PMID: 32142861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian development is a complex process controlled by precise coordination of multiple factors. The targeted gene knockout technique is a powerful tool to study the functions of these factors. The successful application of this technique in mice in the past three decades has significantly enhanced our understanding on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development. Recently, with the advent of genome editing techniques, targeted gene knockout research can be carried out in many species. Zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model system to study the control of ovarian development. Dozens of genes related to ovarian development have been knocked out in zebrafish in recent years. Much new information and perspectives on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development have been obtained from these mutant zebrafish. Some findings have challenged conventional views. Several genes have been identified for the first time in vertebrates to control ovarian development. Focusing on ovarian development, the purpose of this review is to briefly summarize recent findings using these gene knockout zebrafish models, and compare these findings with mammalian models. These established mutants and rapid development of gene knockout techniques have prompted zebrafish as an ideal animal model for studying ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730070.
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Turkmen S, Perera E, Zamorano MJ, Simó-Mirabet P, Xu H, Pérez-Sánchez J, Izquierdo M. Effects of Dietary Lipid Composition and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Expression in Broodstock Gilthead Sea Bream on Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes and Methylation of the fads2 Gene Promoter in Their Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246250. [PMID: 31835772 PMCID: PMC6940931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in parental diets play a key role in regulating n-3 LC-PUFA metabolism of the offspring. However, it is not clear whether this metabolic regulation is driven by the precursors presented in the diet or by the parental ability to synthesize them. To elucidate this, broodstocks of gilthead sea bream with different blood expression levels of fads2, which encodes for the rate-limiting enzyme in the n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis pathway, were fed either a diet supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) or a control diet. The progenies obtained from these four experimental groups were then challenged with a low LC-PUFA diet at the juvenile stage. Results showed that the offspring from parents with high fads2 expression presented higher growth and improved utilization of low n-3 LC-PUFA diets compared to the offspring from parents with low fads2 expression. Besides, an ALA-rich diet during the gametogenesis caused negative effects on the growth of the offspring. The epigenetic analysis demonstrated that methylation in the promoter of fads2 of the offspring was correlated with the parental fads2 expression levels and type of the broodstock diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Turkmen
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (M.J.Z.); (H.X.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(205)-212-01-04
| | - Erick Perera
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castellón, Spain; (E.P.); (P.S.-M.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Maria J. Zamorano
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (M.J.Z.); (H.X.); (M.I.)
| | - Paula Simó-Mirabet
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castellón, Spain; (E.P.); (P.S.-M.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Hanlin Xu
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (M.J.Z.); (H.X.); (M.I.)
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595 Castellón, Spain; (E.P.); (P.S.-M.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain; (M.J.Z.); (H.X.); (M.I.)
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Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Water and Aquatic Fauna on Drugs: What are the Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution? WATER MANAGEMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-79014-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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PROPOFOL AS AN IMMERSION ANESTHETIC AND IN A MINIMUM ANESTHETIC CONCENTRATION (MAC) REDUCTION MODEL IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:48-54. [PMID: 28363074 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0079.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a novel immersion anesthetic in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). Objectives were to characterize propofol as an anesthetic and assess its suitability in a minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction model. Using a crossover design, eight goldfish were submerged in 1, 5, or 10 mg/L propofol. Data included induction time, recovery time, heart rate, opercular rate, and response to supramaximal stimulation. Baseline MAC (Dixon's up-and-down method) was determined, and 15 fish were anesthetized with propofol on 4 consecutive days with MAC determination on the fifth day, weekly, for 1 mo. Using a crossover design, MAC of propofol (n = 15) was determined 1 hr following administration of i.m. butorphanol 0.05, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg, ketoprofen 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, morphine 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, or saline 1 ml/kg. Comparisons were performed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (P < 0.05) and Tango's score confidence interval. Propofol at 1 mg/L did not produce anesthesia. Induction time with 10 mg/L (112, 84-166 s) was faster than 5 mg/L (233, 150-289 s; P = 0.0078). Heart and opercular rates for 5 and 10 mg/L were 36 (24-72) beats/min, 58 (44-68) operculations/min and 39 (20-48) beats/min, 57 (48-80) operculations/min, respectively. Recovery time was 249 (143-396) s and 299 (117-886) s with 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively. Response to supramaximal stimulation was not significantly different with 5 mg/L (1/8) compared with 10 mg/L (0/8). Baseline and weekly MAC following daily exposure was 8.4 and 9.0, 8.1, 8.1, and 8.7 mg/L, respectively. MAC reduction was no more than 8% following any drug or dosage. Propofol at 5 and 10 mg/L produced anesthesia, and anesthetic needs were similar following repeated exposure. Propofol was not suitable to test MAC reduction in goldfish in this study.
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Tian JJ, Lei CX, Ji H, Jin A. Role of cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolites in lipid metabolism and expression of some immune-related genes in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed arachidonic acid. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:703-717. [PMID: 28012026 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (ARA) to prostaglandins, and COX-mediated metabolites play important roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and immunity in mammals. However, such roles of COX in fish remain largely unknown. In this study, we designed three semi-purified diets, namely ARA-free (control), ARA, and ARA + acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; a COX inhibitor), and used them to feed grass carp (27.65 ± 3.05 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary ARA significantly increased the amount of ARA in the hepatopancreas, muscle, and kidney (P < 0.05), whereas this increase was reduced by dietary ASA. The hepatopancreatic prostaglandin E2 content increased in the ARA group, and this increase was inhibited by ASA (P < 0.05). ARA decreased the lipid content in the hepatopancreas, whereas ASA recovered lipid content to a significant level (P < 0.05). ARA significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). However, ASA did not rescue the mRNA expression of these genes (P > 0.05). Interestingly, ARA significantly enhanced the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene expression, and this increase was attenuated by ASA (P < 0.05). Finally, ARA significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the kidney, and ASA attenuated the expression of toll-like receptor 22 and MyD88 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that COX metabolites play important roles in the inhibition of lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas of grass carp fed with ARA and that regulation of gene expression promotes lipid catabolism rather than lipogenic activities. Additionally, these eicosanoids might participate in the upregulation of immunity-related genes in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ai Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Tang H, Liu Y, Li J, Li G, Chen Y, Yin Y, Guo Y, Cheng CHK, Liu X, Lin H. LH signaling induced ptgs2a expression is required for ovulation in zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 447:125-133. [PMID: 28254490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that ovulation is induced by luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. However, the down-stream factors that mediating LH surge induced ovulation are less clear. The cyclooxygenases (also known as PTGS) as key enzymes for prostaglandins synthesis appear to be important for ovulation in mammals, but their functional roles and molecular mechanism in regulation of fish ovulation are largely unexplored. In this study, we have systematically investigated the expression, regulation and functional roles of cox genes during zebrafish ovulation. Three types of cox genes including ptgs1, ptgs2a and ptgs2b have been identified in zebrafish. The ptgs2a was dominantly expressed in the ovary with a maximal level at the maturation stage of the follicles. In addition, the ptgs2a expression is up-regulated by LH signaling in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, co-injection of a selective Ptgs2 inhibitor and non-selective Ptgs inhibitor with hCG could significantly block the stimulatory effect of hCG induced ovulation in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicate that LH signaling induced ptgs2a expression is required for ovulation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianzhen Li
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yike Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Christopher H K Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, China
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Parental nutritional programming and a reminder during juvenile stage affect growth, lipid metabolism and utilisation in later developmental stages of a marine teleost, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Br J Nutr 2017; 118:500-512. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNutrition during periconception and early development can modulate metabolic routes to prepare the offspring for adverse conditions through a process known as nutritional programming. In gilthead sea bream, replacement of fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) in broodstock diets improves growth in the 4-month-old offspring challenged with low-FO and low-fishmeal (FM) diets for 1 month. The present study further investigated the effects of broodstock feeding on the same offspring when they were 16 months old and were challenged for a second time with the low-FM and low-FO diet for 2 months. The results showed that replacement of parental moderate-FO feeding with LO, combined with juvenile feeding at 4 months old with low-FM and low-FO diets, significantly (P<0·05) improved offspring growth and feed utilisation of low-FM/FO diets even when they were 16 months old: that is, when they were on the verge of their first reproductive season. Liver fatty acid composition was significantly affected by broodstock or reminder diets as well as by their interaction. Moreover, the reduction of long-chain PUFA and increase in α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in broodstock diets lead to a significant down-regulation of hepatic lipoprotein lipase (P<0·001) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 6 (P<0·01). Besides, fatty acid desaturase 2 values were positively correlated to hepatic levels of 18 : 4n-3, 18 : 3n-6, 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. Thus, this study demonstrated the long-term nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream through broodstock feeding, the effect of feeding a ‘reminder’ diet during juvenile stages to improve utilisation of low-FM/FO diets and fish growth as well as the regulation of gene expression along the fish’s life-cycle.
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Kowalska A, Siwicki AK, Kowalski RK. Dietary resveratrol improves immunity but reduces reproduction of broodstock medaka Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:27-37. [PMID: 27431678 PMCID: PMC5306266 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the effect of dietary resveratrol (20, 40, and 80 µg/g BW/day) on cell-mediated immunity (activity of spleen phagocytes and proliferative response of lymphocytes) and reproductive parameters (egg and sperm quality, i.e. fecundity-total number of eggs produced by individual fish, fertility, embryo survival, and hatching rate) in medaka. Fish fed feed with resveratrol at 40 and 80 µg/g BW/day had significantly higher metabolic activity and intracellular phagocyte killing activity than control. The proliferative lymphocyte activity of the fish from R80 group was greater by more than 20 % in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The percentage of macrophages (MO) and their mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) in R40 and R80 groups were significantly higher compared to C and R20 groups (P < 0.05). The differences in MO and MFI values ranged from 52.5 % (±1.5; R0 group) to 65.8 % (±1.6; R80 group) and from 23.2 (±1.4; R0 group) to 38.2 (±2.4; R80 group), respectively. Moreover, resveratrol at 80 µg/g BW/day decreased liver COX activity, i.e. 5.4 in R80 group and 7.9 in R0 group (P < 0.05). The motility parameters of the sperm obtained from the males fed feed supplemented with resveratrol at 80 µg/g BW/day exhibited the highest values except the linearity, which was lower as compared to the control (P < 0.05). The results indicate that diet supplemented with resveratrol at a dosage of 40 µg/g BW/day improves phagocyte killing ability and lymphocyte proliferation in broodstock and accelerates offspring hatch. Also, the results suggest that COX activity influences sperm and oocyte quality in fish; the presence of a COX inhibitor in the dose of 40 µg/g BW/day decreased the embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalska
- Department of Aquaculture, The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Radosław K Kowalski
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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17
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer. Lipids 2016; 51:973-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Wang YD, Wang YH, Hui CF, Chen JY. Transcriptome analysis of the effect of Vibrio alginolyticus infection on the innate immunity-related TLR5-mediated induction of cytokines in Epinephelus lanceolatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:31-43. [PMID: 26975410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epinephelus lanceolatus, considered to be an aquaculture fish species of high economic value in East Asia, is one of the largest groupers in the Epinephelus genus. Vibrio alginolyticus is a bacterial species that causes high morbidity in marine fish; infection can cause exophthalmia, ulcers, septicemia, and corneal opaqueness in fish. Epinephelus lanceolatus larvae infected with Vibrio alginolyticus were subjected to transcriptome analysis to study the immune regulation pathway. Grouper larvae were injected with 2.6 × 10(4) CFU/fish in 20 μl of V. alginolyticus and control larvae were injected with TSB; RNA samples were then collected at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h after infection. Extracted RNA was subjected to reverse transcription, and used to examine the immune gene response of E. lanceolatus by Real-time PCR. Samples taken at 6 h were subjected to next-generation sequencing, resulting in a total read value of 28,705,411 and total base number of 2,152,905,850. The unigene number was 100,848, and 5913 unigenes were filtered using FPKM>0.3, 2FC, p < 0.05. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the filtered genes revealed a total of 30 GO numbers in the cellular component, and 58 GO numbers for both biological processes and molecular functions. Of the GO group related to immune pathways, 27 unigenes related to biological processes involving the immune response, 31 related to the immune system, 9 related to the inflammatory response, and 43 related to the response to stress were identified. KEGG pathway analysis only detected 1 to 4 genes, and as such, we selected the GO analysis results for further analysis using GeneSpring. This demonstrated that V. alginolyticus probably stimulates TLR5 activity via the bacterial flagellum, through an MyD88-dependent pathway; the resulting production of IL-1β and IL-8 through the NFκB pathway induces pro-inflammatory and/or chemotactic effects. Alternatively, serum amyloid A may stimulate neutrophils that induce the secretion of MMP9 from infected tissues, resulting in the cleavage and activation of IL-8. IL-8, in turn, would enhance neutrophil chemotaxis. Infection also induced expression of genes encoding C3, C6, C7, C8, and C9, which induce the complement system and form the membrane attack complex to lyse the bacteria membrane. The qPCR results indicated that TLR5 is significantly increased between 10 and 16 h, IL-1β between 8 and 16 h, IL-8 between 8 and 12 h, and C6 between 4 and 16 h, as compared to levels in the control. One antimicrobial peptide, hepcidin, was also strongly expressed between 4 and 10 h in infected fish. The results indicate that V. alginolyticus infection probably induces an immune response via TLR5-mediated regulation of down-stream cytokine gene expression. A second possibility is that the complement system and hepcidin may be involved in the immune response. These results may be applied by examining the immune effects of feeding E. lanceolatus larvae on a recombinant protein mixture based on the up-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Wang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Horng Wang
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Fat Hui
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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19
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Wang T, Yan J, Xu W, Ai Q, Mai K. Characterization of Cyclooxygenase-2 and its induction pathways in response to high lipid diet-induced inflammation in Larmichthys crocea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19921. [PMID: 26830811 PMCID: PMC4735279 DOI: 10.1038/srep19921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-lipid diet (HLD) on cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 expression and the signalling pathways related to low-grade inflammation in the large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). An isolated 2508 bp cDNA clone of cox-2 contained an open reading frame spanning 1827 bp encoding a protein with 608 amino acid residues. The over-expression of cox-2 was consistent with the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HLD-fed fish. The activation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathways in HLD-fed fish and the significant increase of cox-2 promoter-luciferase activity in vitro indicated that AP-1 and NF-κB could combine cox-2 promoter to promote its transcription, respectively. Together, HLD-induced inflammation up-regulates cox-2 expression via JNKs and p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. The present study provides important insight into the signal transduction pathways involved in HLD-induced inflammation, which is detrimental to the health and production of fish as well as to the health of fish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
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Zivna D, Sehonova P, Plhalova L, Marsalek P, Blahova J, Prokes M, Divisova L, Stancova V, Dobsikova R, Tichy F, Siroka Z, Svobodova Z. Effect of salicylic acid on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:319-25. [PMID: 26183809 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concentrations of pharmaceutical residues are often low; nevertheless, they are designed to have biological effects at low doses. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of salicylic acid on the growth and development of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) early life stages with respect to antioxidant defence enzymes. An embryo-larval toxicity test lasting 34 days was performed according to OECD guidelines 210 (Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test). The tested concentrations were 0.004, 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 20mg/l of salicylic acid. Hatching, early ontogeny, and both morphometric and condition characteristics were significantly influenced by subchronic exposure to salicylic acid. Also, changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and an increase in lipid peroxidation were observed. The LOEC value was found to be 0.004 mg/l salicylic acid. The results of our study confirm the suggestion that subchronic exposure to salicylic acid at environmental concentrations can have significant effects on aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Zivna
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Sehonova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Prokes
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Divisova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Stancova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Dobsikova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Tichy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Siroka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
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Why do a wide variety of animals retain multiple isoforms of cyclooxygenase? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 109-111:14-22. [PMID: 24721150 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) has been cloned from the phyla Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Chordata of the animal kingdom. Many organisms have multiple COX isoforms that have arisen from gene duplication. It is not well understood why there are multiple COX isoforms in the same organism, or when duplication of the COX gene occurred. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the evolutionary history of COX in the animal kingdom and discuss the reasons why the multiple COX system has been retained so widely. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that all COX genes in animals may descend from a common ancestor and that the duplication of an ancestral COX gene might occur within each lineage after the divergence of the animal. In most instances, the expressions of multiple COX isoforms are separately regulated and these isoforms play different and important pathophysiological roles in each organism. This may be the reason why multiple COX isoforms are widely retained.
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Stepanova S, Praskova E, Chromcova L, Plhalova L, Prokes M, Blahova J, Svobodova Z. The effects of diclofenac on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:454-60. [PMID: 23501605 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac residues have been found in surface water, and thus could present a potential risk to aquatic species. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diclofenac on the mortality, growth, and development of fish, as well as the impact of the drug on histological changes and selected parameters of oxidative stress in the fish. Subchronic toxic effects of diclofenac at concentrations of 0.015, 0.03, 1, and 3mg/L on embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test under experimental conditions. Exposure to diclofenac at 3mg/L was associated with increased mortality, increased activity of glutathione S-transferase, and decreased activity of glutathione reductase. Decreases in the levels of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances were associated with concentrations ≥ 0.03 mg/L. Based on these results a no observed effect concentration (NOEC)=0.015 mg/L and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC)=0.03 mg/L were generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Stepanova
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Takahashi T, Fujimori C, Hagiwara A, Ogiwara K. Recent Advances in the Understanding of Teleost Medaka Ovulation: The Roles of Proteases and Prostaglandins. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:239-47. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Furne M, Holen E, Araujo P, Lie KK, Moren M. Cytokine gene expression and prostaglandin production in head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) added different levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:770-777. [PMID: 23291252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic cod were isolated to evaluate the use of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by cyclooxygenases and the production of prostaglandins E₂ and E₃. The expression of cyclooxygenase genes and selected interleukin genes like Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and interleukin 10 were monitored. Increasing concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in equal amounts increased cyclooxygenase2 transcription as well as cell secretion of prostaglandin E₂. Even though the ratio of the two fatty acids was 1:1, the ratio between prostaglandin E₂ and E₃ was 50:1. The addition of arachidonic acid alone increased prostaglandin E₂ secretion but did not induce cyclooxygenase2 transcription. However, when the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, maintaining arachidonic acid constant, both prostaglandin E₃ and prostaglandin E₂ production was induced and the prostaglandin E₂ production was higher than in cell cultures only added arachidonic acid. An up-regulation of cyclooxygenase2 transcription was also observed. The addition of the two fatty acids also affected the immune response by alteration of leukocytic cytokines gene expression. According to our results the Cyclooxygenase in cod seem to prefer arachidonic acid as substrate. Therefore, we suggest that the shift from marine oils (rich in n-3 fatty acids) to plant oils (higher in n-6 fatty acids) in the diet of commercially reared Atlantic cod could have negative effects on the whole organism through the increase in the production of prostaglandins belonging to those derived from n-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Furne
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research-NIFES, P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Olsen RE, Svardal A, Eide T, Wargelius A. Stress and expression of cyclooxygenases (cox1, cox2a, cox2b) and intestinal eicosanoids, in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:951-962. [PMID: 22131071 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin H synthetases (cyclooxygenases) catalyze the initial reactions leading to prostanoids in animals. They form interesting links between diet and fish physiology as the type and nature of eicosanoids are affected by dietary lipid sources. Their expression is likely to be affected by tissues and environmental conditions leading to altered amount and ratio of eicosanoids. These mechanisms are, however, poorly understood in fish. In the present study, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (1,000 g, 10°C, seawater) were subjected to acute chasing stress. Liver, kidney, spleen, gill, muscle, midgut and hindgut were extracted before and 1 h post-stress and analyzed for mRNA expression of cox1, cox2a and cox2b. Intestinal samples were further sampled over 24 h for both cox expression and analysis of 15 eicosanoids and isoprostanes of the n-3 and n-6 series. Results show a highly variable but consecutively expression of cox1, cox2a and cox2b in most of the tissues analyzed. Low levels were only found for cox2a in liver and cox2b in liver and kidney. The study reveals the general trend that cox1 is about 10 times the level of cox2b, which again is about 10 times the level of cox2a. Cox2b shows the highest level of expression in the gills indicating a possible higher requirement for this protein in gills. Imposing stress to the fish induces a temporal increase in the expression of cox2a in the midgut, while the gene expression of the other genes is not affected in any of the tissues analyzed. There is, however, a general tendency to increased expression of both cox2 genes that merits further studies. Stress had a profound effect on the intestinal eicosanoid content which showed a general decrease in midgut sections after stress that persisted for at least 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984, Matredal, Norway.
| | - A Svardal
- Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Eide
- Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Wargelius
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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DEVELOPMENT OF A MINIMUM-ANESTHETIC-CONCENTRATION DEPRESSION MODEL TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ANALGESICS IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:214-22. [DOI: 10.1638/2010-0088.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Rowley AF, Morgan EL, Taylor GW, Sunyer JO, Holland JW, Vogan CL, Secombes CJ. Interaction between eicosanoids and the complement system in salmonid fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:1-9. [PMID: 21658408 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Both eicosanoid generation and the complement system have long evolutionary histories predating the emergence of the vertebrates over 500 myr ago. This study investigated the interplay between these two systems in an example of a bony fish, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Specifically, it examined whether purified complement fragments including C3a-1 and zymosan-activated serum, stimulate the biosynthesis of any of these eicosanoids by trout macrophages. Incubation of macrophages with zymosan pre-incubated with normal trout serum resulted in the phagocytosis of such particles and the generation of both intra- and extra-cellularly located lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. Both eicosanoid generation and phagocytosis levels were significantly elevated following incubation of zymosan in trout serum in comparison with heat-inactivated (60°C for 30 min) trout serum and saline alone. A combined mass spectrometry/high performance liquid chromatography approach was employed to conclusively demonstrate the presence of the cyclooxygenase product, prostaglandin E (PGE) in the culture supernatants of ionophore-challenged macrophages. Incubation of trout macrophages with zymosan-activated trout serum (i.e. no zymosan present) failed to stimulate PGE generation. Similarly, incubation of these cells for up to 60 min with C3a-1 (4 or 50 nM) failed to generate significant amounts of PGE or lipoxygenase products such as leukotriene B(4/5) or lipoxin A(4/5). Longer term (6 & 24h) incubation of macrophages with C3a-1 (4 nM) resulted in a time dependent increase in the generation of PGE but not leukotriene B in culture supernatants. No conclusive evidence that the increase in PGE generation was caused by changes in the expression of either cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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28
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Fujimori C, Ogiwara K, Hagiwara A, Rajapakse S, Kimura A, Takahashi T. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin receptor EP4b mRNA in the ovary of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes: possible involvement in ovulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:67-77. [PMID: 20932877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro ovulation of mature medaka ovarian follicles was inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) or by an antagonist of the prostaglandin E(2) receptor (EP). Of the three medaka COX genes, ptgs2 was most dominantly expressed in the fish ovary. The ptgs2 transcript was detected in all sizes of growing follicles. In a 24-h spawning cycle, large-sized follicles contained ptgs2 mRNA at a fairly constant level. The levels of COX enzyme activity and prostaglandin E(2) were also constant in the large-sized follicles during the spawning cycle. The expression of prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP4b (ptger4b) mRNA was drastically upregulated in the large-sized follicles as the ovulation time approached. The current results indicate that prostaglandin E(2), which might be produced by COX-2, is involved in the ovulation of medaka, and that EP4b is likely the receptor responsible for exerting the action of prostaglandin E(2) in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Fujimori
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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29
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Dong W, Matsumura F, Kullman SW. TCDD induced pericardial edema and relative COX-2 expression in medaka (Oryzias Latipes) embryos. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:213-23. [PMID: 20801906 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to dioxin and other aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands results in multiple, specific developmental cardiovascular phenotypes including pericardial edema and circulatory failure in small aquarium fish models. Although phenotypes are well described, mechanistic underpinnings for such toxicities remain elusive. Here we suggest that AhR activation results in stimulation of inflammation and "eicosanoid" pathways, which contribute to the observed developmental, cardiovascular phenotypes. We demonstrate that medaka embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (0.05-1 ppb) during early development result in a dose-related increase in the prevalence of pericardial edema and that this phenotype correlates with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. Those individuals exhibiting the edema phenotype had significantly greater COX-2 mRNA than their nonedematous cohort. Selective pharmacological inhibition of COX-2, with NS-398, and genetic knock down of COX-2 with a translation initiation morpholino significantly attenuated prevalence and severity of edema phenotype. Subsequently, exposures of medaka embryos to arachidonic acid (AA) resulted in recapitulation of the pericardial edema phenotype and significantly increased COX-2 expression only in those individuals exhibiting the edema phenotype compared with their nonedematous cohort. AA exposure does not result in significant induction of cytochrome P450 1A expression, suggesting that pericardial edema can be induced independent of AhR/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator/dioxin response element interactions. Results from this study demonstrate that developmental exposure to TCDD results in an induction of inflammatory mediators including COX-2, which contribute to the onset, and progression of heart dysmorphogenesis in the medaka model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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30
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The importance of taxon sampling in genomic studies: An example from the cyclooxygenases of teleost fishes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:451-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Corcoran J, Winter MJ, Tyler CR. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: A critical review of the evidence for health effects in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:287-304. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903373590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Varvas K, Kurg R, Hansen K, Järving R, Järving I, Valmsen K, Lõhelaid H, Samel N. Direct evidence of the cyclooxygenase pathway of prostaglandin synthesis in arthropods: genetic and biochemical characterization of two crustacean cyclooxygenases. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:851-860. [PMID: 19854273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, well-known lipid mediators in vertebrate animals, have also shown to play certain regulatory roles in insects and other arthropods acting on reproduction, immune system and ion transport. However, knowledge of their biosynthetic pathways in arthropods is lacking. In the present study, we report the cloning and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) from amphipod crustaceans Gammarus spp and Caprella spp. The amphipod COX proteins contain key residues shown to be important for cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Differently from all other known cyclooxygenases the N-terminal signal sequence of amphipod enzymes is not cleaved during protein expression in mammalian cells. The C-terminus of amphipod COX is shorter than that of mammalian isoforms and lacks the KDEL(STEL)-type endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval signal. Despite that, amphipod COX proteins are N-glycosylated and locate similarly to the vertebrate COX on the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Both amphipod COX mRNAs encode functional cyclooxygenases that catalyze the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Using bioinformatic analysis we identified a COX-like gene from the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis genome that encodes a protein with about 30% sequence identity with human COX-1 and COX-2. Although the COX gene is known to be absent from genomes of Drosophila sp., Aedes aegypti, Bombyx mori, and other insects, our studies establish the existence of the COX gene in certain lineages within the insect world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Külliki Varvas
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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The combined impact of plant-derived dietary ingredients and acute stress on the intestinal arachidonic acid cascade in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Br J Nutr 2009; 103:851-61. [PMID: 19943982 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509992467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the effect of substituting high levels of dietary fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM) for vegetable oil (VO) and plant protein (PP) on the intestinal arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in the carnivorous fish species Atlantic salmon. Four diets were fed to salmon over a period of 12 months, including a control FMFO diet, with varying replacements of plant-derived ingredients: 80 % PP and 35 % VO; 40 % PP and 70 % VO; 80 % PP and 70 %VO. Subsequently, fish were examined pre- (0 h) and post- (1 h) acute stress for blood parameters and intestinal bioactive lipidic mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins). Plasma cortisol responses were greatest in the FMFO group, while 80 % PP and 70 % VO fish exhibited increased plasma chloride concentrations. The n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in intestinal glycerophospholipids from 70 % VO groups significantly decreased in both proximal and distal regions due to elevated levels of 18 : 2n-6 and the elongation/desaturation products 20 : 2n-6 and 20 : 3n-6. Increases in n-6 PUFA were not concomitant with increased AA, although the AA:EPA ratio did vary significantly. The 40 % PP and 70 % VO diet produced the highest intestinal AA:EPA ratio proximally, which coincided with a trend in elevated levels of PGF2alpha, PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1alpha in response to stress. PGE2 predominated over PGF2alpha and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (stable metabolite of PGI2) with comparable concentrations in both intestinal regions. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was an order of magnitude higher in distal intestine, compared with proximal, and was significantly up-regulated following stress. Furthermore, the 80 % PP and 70 % VO diet significantly amplified proximal COX-2 induction post-stress. Results demonstrate that high replacements with plant-derived dietary ingredients can enhance COX-2 induction and synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in the intestine of salmon in response to acute physiological stress.
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Havird JC, Miyamoto MM, Choe KP, Evans DH. Gene Duplications and Losses within the Cyclooxygenase Family of Teleosts and Other Chordates. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:2349-59. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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