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Zhang J, Jiang J, Liu H, Wang S, Ke K, Liu S, Jiang Y, Liu L, Gao X, He B, Su Y. BMP9 induces osteogenic differentiation through up-regulating LGR4 via the mTORC1/Stat3 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101075. [PMID: 38292169 PMCID: PMC10825279 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defects and non-union are prevalent in clinical orthopedy, and the outcomes of current treatments are often suboptimal. Bone tissue engineering offers a promising approach to treating these conditions effectively. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) can commit mesenchymal stem cells to osteogenic lineage, and a knowledge of the underlying mechanisms may help advance the field of bone tissue engineering. Leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), a member of G protein-coupled receptors, is essential for modulating bone development. This study is aimed at investigating the impact of LGR4 on BMP9-induced osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. Bone marrow stromal cells from BMP9-knockout mice exhibited diminished LGR4 expression, and exogenous LGR4 clearly restored the impaired osteogenic potency of the bone marrow stromal cells. Furthermore, LGR4 expression was increased by BMP9 in C3H10T1/2 cells. LGR4 augmented the benefits of BMP9-induced osteogenic markers and bone formation, whereas LGR4 inhibition restricted these effects. Meanwhile, the BMP9-induced lipogenic markers were increased by LGR4 inhibition. The protein levels of Raptor and p-Stat3 were elevated by BMP9. Raptor knockdown or p-Stat3 suppression attenuated the osteoblastic markers and LGR4 expression brought on by BMP9. LGR4 significantly reversed the blocking effect of Raptor knockdown or p-Stat3 suppression on the BMP9-induced osteoblastic markers. Raptor interacts with p-Stat3, and p-Stat3 activates the LGR4 promoter activity. In conclusion, LGR4 boosts BMP9 osteoblastic potency in mesenchymal stem cells, and BMP9 may up-regulate LGR4 via the mTORC1/Stat3 signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinhai Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kaixin Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Baicheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuxi Su
- Orthopedics Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Jiangxi 330000, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Zhang J, Qi S, Duan Y, Li C. The Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of Osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14326. [PMID: 37762629 PMCID: PMC10532275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones are constantly exposed to mechanical forces from both muscles and Earth's gravity to maintain bone homeostasis by stimulating bone formation. Mechanotransduction transforms external mechanical signals such as force, fluid flow shear, and gravity into intracellular responses to achieve force adaptation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms on the conversion from mechanical signals into bone formation has not been completely defined yet. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive and systematic description of the mechanotransduction signaling pathways induced by mechanical stimuli during osteogenesis and address the different layers of interconnections between different signaling pathways. Further exploration of mechanotransduction would benefit patients with osteoporosis, including the aging population and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshuo Liu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyou Zhang
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sihan Qi
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingying Duan
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Malashicheva A, Perepelina K. Diversity of Nuclear Lamin A/C Action as a Key to Tissue-Specific Regulation of Cellular Identity in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:761469. [PMID: 34722546 PMCID: PMC8548693 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.761469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A-type lamins are the main structural components of the nucleus, which are mainly localized at the nucleus periphery. First of all, A-type lamins, together with B-type lamins and proteins of the inner nuclear membrane, form a stiff structure-the nuclear lamina. Besides maintaining the nucleus cell shape, A-type lamins play a critical role in many cellular events, such as gene transcription and epigenetic regulation. Nowadays it is clear that lamins play a very important role in determining cell fate decisions. Various mutations in genes encoding A-type lamins lead to damages of different types of tissues in humans, collectively known as laminopathies, and it is clear that A-type lamins are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and stemness. However, the mechanisms of this regulation remain unclear. In this review, we discuss how A-type lamins can execute their regulatory role in determining the differentiation status of a cell. We have summarized recent data focused on lamin A/C action mechanisms in regulation of cell differentiation and identity development of stem cells of different origin. We also discuss how this knowledge can promote further research toward a deeper understanding of the role of lamin A/C mutations in laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malashicheva
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya Perepelina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Kasthuriarachchi TDW, Harasgama JC, Lee S, Kwon H, Wan Q, Lee J. Cytosolic β-catenin is involved in macrophage M2 activation and antiviral defense in teleosts: Delineation through molecular characterization of β-catenin homolog from redlip mullet (Planiliza haematocheila). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:228-240. [PMID: 34284111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-catenin is a structural protein that makes the cell-cell connection in adherence junctions. Besides the structural functions, it also plays a role as a central transducer of the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, regulating nearly four hundred genes related to various cellular processes. Recently the immune functions of β-catenin during pathogenic invasion have gained more attention. In the present study, we elucidated the immune function of fish β-catenin by identifying and characterizing the β-catenin homolog (PhCatβ) from redlip mullet, Planiliza haematocheila. The complete open reading frame of PhCatβ consists of 2352 bp, which encodes a putative β-catenin homolog (molecular weight: 85.7 kDa). Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that β-catenin is highly conserved in vertebrates. Phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated the close evolutionary relationship between PhCatβ and other fish β-catenin counterparts. The tissue distribution analysis showed the highest mRNA expression of PhCatβ in heart tissues of the redlip mullet under normal physiological conditions. While in response to pathogenic stress, the PhCatβ transcription level was dramatically increased in the spleen and gill tissues. The overexpression of PhCatβ stimulated M2 polarization and cell proliferation of murine RAW 264.7 macrophage. In fish cells, the overexpression of PhCatβ resulted in a significant upregulation of antiviral gene transcription and vice versa. Moreover, the overexpression of PhCatβ could inhibit the replication of VHSV in FHM cells. Our results strongly suggest that PhCatβ plays a role in macrophage activation and antiviral immune response in redlip mullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D W Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - J C Harasgama
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- National Fishery Product Quality Management Service, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Dieterle MP, Husari A, Rolauffs B, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Integrins, cadherins and channels in cartilage mechanotransduction: perspectives for future regeneration strategies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e14. [PMID: 34702419 PMCID: PMC8724267 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage, is a major constituent of the human musculoskeletal system and has critical functions in frictionless joint movement and articular homoeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of articular cartilage, which promotes joint degeneration. Although it affects millions of people, there are no satisfying therapies that address this disease at the molecular level. Therefore, tissue regeneration approaches aim at modifying chondrocyte biology to mitigate the consequences of OA. This requires appropriate biochemical and biophysical stimulation of cells. Regarding the latter, mechanotransduction of chondrocytes and their precursor cells has become increasingly important over the last few decades. Mechanotransduction is the transformation of external biophysical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals, involving sensor molecules at the cell surface and intracellular signalling molecules, so-called mechano-sensors and -transducers. These signalling events determine cell behaviour. Mechanotransducing ion channels and gap junctions additionally govern chondrocyte physiology. It is of great scientific and medical interest to induce a specific cell behaviour by controlling these mechanotransduction pathways and to translate this knowledge into regenerative clinical therapies. This review therefore focuses on the mechanotransduction properties of integrins, cadherins and ion channels in cartilaginous tissues to provide perspectives for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Medical Center – Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106Freiburg, Germany
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Karunarathne WAHM, Molagoda IMN, Lee KT, Choi YH, Jin CY, Kim GY. Anthocyanin-enriched polyphenols from Hibiscus syriacus L. (Malvaceae) exert anti-osteoporosis effects by inhibiting GSK-3β and subsequently activating β-catenin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153721. [PMID: 34461423 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bark and petal of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Malvaceae) have been used to relieve pain in traditional Korean medicine. Recently, we identified anthocyanin-enriched polyphenols from the petal of H. syriacus L. (AHs) and determined its anti-melanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Nevertheless, the osteogenic potential of AHs remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigating the effect of AHs on osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis in osteoblastic cell lines and zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, we investigated whether AHs ameliorates prednisolone (PDS)-induced osteoporosis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed by cellular morphology, MTT assay, and flow cytometry analysis, and osteoblast differentiation was measured alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and osteoblast-specific marker expression. Osteogenic and anti-osteoporotic effects of AHs were determined in zebrafish larvae. RESULTS AHs enhanced calcification and ALP activity concomitant with the increased expression of osterix (OSX), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and ALP in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, AHs accelerated vertebral formation and mineralization in zebrafish larvae, concurrent with the increased expression of OSX, RUNX2a, and ALP. Furthermore, PDS-induced loss of osteogenic activity and vertebral formation were restored by treatment with AHs, accompanied by a significant recovery of calcification, ALP activity, and osteogenic marker expression. Molecular docking studies showed that 16 components in AHs fit to glucagon synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β); particularly, isovitexin-4'-O-glucoside most strongly binds to the peptide backbone of GSK-3β at GLY47(O), GLY47(N), and ASN361(O), with a binding score of -7.3. Subsequently, AHs phosphorylated GSK-3β at SER9 (an inactive form) and released β-catenin into the nucleus. Pretreatment with FH535, a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, significantly inhibited AH-induced vertebral formation in zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSION AHs stimulate osteogenic activities through the inhibition of GSK-3β and subsequent activation of β-catenin, leading to anti-osteoporosis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilandarage Menu Neelaka Molagoda
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tae Lee
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Effects of Extracellular Osteoanabolic Agents on the Endogenous Response of Osteoblastic Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092383. [PMID: 34572032 PMCID: PMC8471159 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex multidimensional skeletal organization can adapt its structure in accordance with external contexts, demonstrating excellent self-renewal capacity. Thus, optimal extracellular environmental properties are critical for bone regeneration and inextricably linked to the mechanical and biological states of bone. It is interesting to note that the microstructure of bone depends not only on genetic determinants (which control the bone remodeling loop through autocrine and paracrine signals) but also, more importantly, on the continuous response of cells to external mechanical cues. In particular, bone cells sense mechanical signals such as shear, tensile, loading and vibration, and once activated, they react by regulating bone anabolism. Although several specific surrounding conditions needed for osteoblast cells to specifically augment bone formation have been empirically discovered, most of the underlying biomechanical cellular processes underneath remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, exogenous stimuli of endogenous osteogenesis can be applied to promote the mineral apposition rate, bone formation, bone mass and bone strength, as well as expediting fracture repair and bone regeneration. The following review summarizes the latest studies related to the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells, enhanced by mechanical forces or supplemental signaling factors (such as trace metals, nutraceuticals, vitamins and exosomes), providing a thorough overview of the exogenous osteogenic agents which can be exploited to modulate and influence the mechanically induced anabolism of bone. Furthermore, this review aims to discuss the emerging role of extracellular stimuli in skeletal metabolism as well as their potential roles and provide new perspectives for the treatment of bone disorders.
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Mishra R, Das N, Varshney R, Juneja K, Sircar D, Roy P. Betel leaf extract and its major component hydroxychavicol promote osteogenesis and alleviate glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:6603-6625. [PMID: 34105538 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02619k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Piper betle leaves possess several ethnomedicinal properties and are immensely used in traditional medicinal practices in regions of Asian and African subcontinents. However, their effects in treating skeletal complications are least known. In this study, we evaluated cellular and molecular effects of betel leaf extract (BLE) and its major phytoconstituent, hydroxychavicol (HCV) in promoting osteogenesis in vitro and alleviating glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIO) in vivo. Both BLE and HCV markedly stimulated osteoblast differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells with increased expression of RUNX2 and osteopontin through the GSK-3β/β-catenin-signaling pathway. Also, oral administration of BLE and HCV in GIO rats resulted in restoration of bone mass and tissue microarchitecture. Thus, with our findings we conclude that BLE and HCV promote osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells via the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway and alleviate GIO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutusmita Mishra
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Xing Q, Feng J, Zhang X. Glucocorticoids suppressed osteoblast differentiation by decreasing Sema3A expression via the PIK3/Akt pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112595. [PMID: 33838126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids(GCs) are extensively used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Excessive prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. The inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by GCs is suggested as a major cause for GCs-induced osteoporosis (GIO). However, the precise mechanism underlying the role of GCs in osteoblasts differentiation is not fully elucidated. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a secreted member of the Semaphorin family, enhances bone formation and promotes fracture healing, which is known to increase osteoblastic differentiation and stimulate osteogenesis in bone metabolism. Here, the present study explored the effect of Sema3A in osteoblast differentiation using dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Dex treatment decreased Sema3A expression in BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Dex stimulation suppressed the differentiation of osteoblasts by reducing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteoblastic marker genes expression and mineralization, but all of these effects were ameliorated by exogenous recombinant Sema3A administration. Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A administration reversed the Dex-mediated decrease in nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and β-catenin activity in BMSCs. Meanwhile, Dex was capable of simultaneously suppressing the phosphorylation of protein kinase B(Akt) and the expression level of Sema3A in BMSCs. These changes were significantly abolished by the PI3K/Akt agonist. These results suggest that Dex inhibits osteoblast differentiation by suppressing Sema3A expression via the PI3K/Akt pathway. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Dex-induced osteoblast differentiation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xing
- Department of Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510055, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Jingyi Feng
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510055, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510055, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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11
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Le PTM, Shintani SA, Takadama H, Ito M, Kakutani T, Kitagaki H, Terauchi S, Ueno T, Nakano H, Nakajima Y, Inoue K, Matsushita T, Yamaguchi S. Bioactivation Treatment with Mixed Acid and Heat on Titanium Implants Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Enhances Preosteoblast Cell Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:987. [PMID: 33921268 PMCID: PMC8069428 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a promising technology capable of producing individual characteristics with a high degree of surface roughness for implants. These surfaces can be modified so as to increase their osseointegration, bone generation and biocompatibility, features which are critical to their clinical success. In this study, we evaluated the effects on preosteoblast proliferation and differentiation of titanium metal (Ti) with a high degree of roughness (Ra = 5.4266 ± 1.282 µm) prepared by SLM (SLM-Ti) that was also subjected to surface bioactive treatment by mixed acid and heat (MAH). The results showed that the MAH treatment further increased the surface roughness, wettability and apatite formation capacity of SLM-Ti, features which are useful for cell attachment and bone bonding. Quantitative measurement of osteogenic-related gene expression by RT-PCR indicated that the MC3T3-E1 cells on the SLM-Ti MAH surface presented a stronger tendency towards osteogenic differentiation at the genetic level through significantly increased expression of Alp, Ocn, Runx2 and Opn. We conclude that bio-activated SLM-Ti enhanced preosteoblast differentiation. These findings suggest that the mixed acid and heat treatment on SLM-Ti is promising method for preparing the next generation of orthopedic and dental implants because of its apatite formation and cell differentiation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Thi Minh Le
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Seine A. Shintani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Takadama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Morihiro Ito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Kakutani
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Hisashi Kitagaki
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Shuntaro Terauchi
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Zuiko 4-4-28, Higashi Yodogawa-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 533-0005, Japan; (T.K.); (H.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Yoichiro Nakajima
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuya Inoue
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Division of Medicine for Function and Morphology of Sensor Organ, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; (T.U.); (H.N.); (Y.N.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomiharu Matsushita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.S.); (H.T.); (M.I.); (T.M.)
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12
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Crucial Role of Lamin A/C in the Migration and Differentiation of MSCs in Bone. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061330. [PMID: 32466483 PMCID: PMC7348862 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C, intermediate filament proteins from the nuclear lamina encoded by the LMNA gene, play a central role in mediating the mechanosignaling of cytoskeletal forces into nucleus. In fact, this mechanotransduction process is essential to ensure the proper functioning of other tasks also mediated by lamin A/C: the structural support of the nucleus and the regulation of gene expression. In this way, lamin A/C is fundamental for the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, thus affecting bone homeostasis. Bone formation is a complex process regulated by chemical and mechanical cues, coming from the surrounding extracellular matrix. MSCs respond to signals modulating the expression levels of lamin A/C, and therefore, adapting their nuclear shape and stiffness. To promote cell migration, MSCs need soft nuclei with low lamin A content. Conversely, during osteogenic differentiation, lamin A/C levels are known to be increased. Several LMNA mutations present a negative impact in the migration and osteogenesis of MSCs, affecting bone tissue homeostasis and leading to pathological conditions. This review aims to describe these concepts by discussing the latest state-of-the-art in this exciting area, focusing on the relationship between lamin A/C in MSCs' function and bone tissue from both, health and pathological points of view.
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13
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Hong F, Wu S, Zhang C, Li L, Chen J, Fu Y, Wang J. TRPM7 Upregulate the Activity of SMAD1 through PLC Signaling Way to Promote Osteogenesis of hBMSCs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9458983. [PMID: 32596398 PMCID: PMC7294393 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9458983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TRPM7 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channel (TRP channel) subfamily M and possesses both an ion channel domain and a functional serine/threonine α-kinase domain. It has been proven to play an essential role in the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). However, the signaling pathway and molecular mechanism for TRPM7 in regulating osteogenic differentiation remain largely unknown. In this study, the potential role and mechanism of TRPM7 in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were investigated. The results showed that the expression of TRPM7 mRNA and protein increased, as did the osteogenic induction time. Upregulation or inhibition of TRPM7 could promote or inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs for 14 days. It was also found that the upregulation or inhibition of TRPM7 promoted or inhibited the activity of PLC and SMAD1, respectively, during osteogenic differentiation. PLC could promote osteogenic differentiation by upregulating the activity of SMAD1. However, inhibition of PLC alone could reduce the activity of SMAD1 but not inhibit completely the activation of SMAD1. Therefore, we inferred that it is an important signaling pathway for TRPM7 to upregulate the activity of SMAD1 through PLC and thereby promote the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, but it is not a singular pathway. TRPM7 may also regulate the activation of SMAD1 through other ways, except for PLC, during osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Hong
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shali Wu
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of ENT, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of ENT, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Pathak JL, Bravenboer N, Klein-Nulend J. The Osteocyte as the New Discovery of Therapeutic Options in Rare Bone Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:405. [PMID: 32733380 PMCID: PMC7360678 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant (~95%) cells in bone with the longest half-life (~25 years) in humans. In the past osteocytes have been regarded as vestigial cells in bone, since they are buried inside the tough bone matrix. However, during the last 30 years it has become clear that osteocytes are as important as bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts in maintaining bone homeostasis. The osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes reside in bone in a complex lacuno-canalicular system, which allows the direct networking of osteocytes to their neighboring osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone marrow, blood vessels, and nerves. Mechanosensing of osteocytes translates the applied mechanical force on bone to cellular signaling and regulation of bone adaptation. The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system is highly efficient in transferring external mechanical force on bone to the osteocyte cell body and dendritic processes via displacement of fluid in the lacuno-canalicular space. Osteocyte mechanotransduction regulates the formation and function of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. Osteocytes produce a variety of proteins and signaling molecules such as sclerostin, cathepsin K, Wnts, DKK1, DMP1, IGF1, and RANKL/OPG to regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Various genetic abnormality-associated rare bone diseases are related to disrupted osteocyte functions, including sclerosteosis, van Buchem disease, hypophosphatemic rickets, and WNT1 and plastin3 mutation-related disorders. Meticulous studies during the last 15 years on disrupted osteocyte function in rare bone diseases guided for the development of various novel therapeutic agents to treat bone diseases. Studies on genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease revealed a role for sclerostin in bone homeostasis, which led to the development of the sclerostin antibody to treat osteoporosis and other bone degenerative diseases. The mechanism of many other rare bone diseases and the role of the osteocyte in the development of such conditions still needs to be investigated. In this review, we mainly discuss the knowledge obtained during the last 30 years on the role of the osteocyte in rare bone diseases. We speculate about future research directions to develop novel therapeutic drugs targeting osteocyte functions to treat both common and rare bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak L. Pathak
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenneke Klein-Nulend
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15
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Luo Y, Ge R, Wu H, Ding X, Song H, Ji H, Li M, Ma Y, Li S, Wang C, Du H. The osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells is regulated through the let-7i-3p/LEF1/β-catenin axis under cyclic strain. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 31753039 PMCID: PMC6873506 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) under cyclic strain. Very little is known about the role of microRNAs in these events. Methods Cells were obtained using enzyme digestion methods, and proliferation was detected using Cell Counting Kit 8. Cell cycles and immunophenotypes were detected by flow cytometry. The multilineage potential of hASCs was induced by induction media. Cyclic strain was applied to hASCs (0.5 Hz, 2 h/day, 6 days) to induce osteogenic differentiation and miRNA changes. Bioinformatic and dual-luciferase analyses confirmed lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1) as a potential target of let-7i-3p. The effect of let-7i-3p on LEF1 in hASCs transfected with a let-7i-3p mimic and inhibitor was analyzed by immunofluorescence. hASCs were transfected with a let-7i-3p mimic, inhibitor, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) against LEF1 and β-catenin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to examine the osteogenic markers and Wnt/β-catenin pathway at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were performed to confirm the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Results Flow cytometry showed that 82.12% ± 5.83% of the cells were in G1 phase and 17.88% ± 2.59% of the cells were in S/G2 phase; hASCs were positive for CD29, CD90, and CD105. hASCs could have the potential for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. MicroRNA screening via microarray showed that let-7i-3p expression was decreased under cyclic strain. Bioinformatic and dual-luciferase analyses confirmed that LEF1 in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was the target of let-7i-3p. Under cyclic strain, the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs was promoted by overexpression of LEF1and β-catenin and inhibited by overexpression of let-7i-3p. hASCs were transfected with let-7i-3p mimics and inhibitor. Gain- or loss-of-function analyses of let-7i-3p showed that the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs was promoted by decreased let-7i-3p expression and inhibited by increased let-7i-3p expression. Furthermore, high LEF1 expression inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in let-7i-3p-enhanced hASCs. In contrast, let-7i-3p inhibition activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions Let-7i-3p, acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting LEF1, inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs under cyclic strain in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Luo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Heming Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ding
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunan Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road No.136, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Oral Disease Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Alfieri R, Vassalli M, Viti F. Flow-induced mechanotransduction in skeletal cells. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:729-743. [PMID: 31529361 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body is subject to many and variegated mechanical stimuli, actuated in different ranges of force, frequency, and duration. The process through which cells "feel" forces and convert them into biochemical cascades is called mechanotransduction. In this review, the effects of fluid shear stress on bone cells will be presented. After an introduction to present the major players in bone system, we describe the mechanoreceptors in bone tissue that can feel and process fluid flow. In the second part of the review, we present an overview of the biological processes and biochemical cascades initiated by fluid shear stress in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Alfieri
- Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - National Research Council (IGM-CNR), Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Viti
- Institute of Biophysics - National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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17
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Pagnotti GM, Styner M, Uzer G, Patel VS, Wright LE, Ness KK, Guise TA, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Combating osteoporosis and obesity with exercise: leveraging cell mechanosensitivity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:339-355. [PMID: 30814687 PMCID: PMC6520125 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a condition of skeletal decline that undermines quality of life, is treated with pharmacological interventions that are associated with poor adherence and adverse effects. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, the incidence of obesity is increasing, predisposing the population to a range of musculoskeletal complications and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological management of obesity has yet to deliver notable reductions in weight and debilitating complications are rarely avoided. By contrast, exercise shows promise as a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of regulating both osteoporosis and obesity. The principal components of exercise - mechanical signals - promote bone and muscle anabolism while limiting formation and expansion of fat mass. Mechanical regulation of bone and marrow fat might be achieved by regulating functions of differentiated cells in the skeletal tissue while biasing lineage selection of their common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells. An inverse relationship between adipocyte versus osteoblast fate selection from stem cells is implicated in clinical conditions such as childhood obesity and increased marrow adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as contributing to skeletal frailty. Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Pagnotti
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- College of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Vihitaben S Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Wright
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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18
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Zhou Z, Shen Y, Yin J, Xi F, Xu R, Lin D, Saijilafu, Chen J, Wang Y. Matrix remodeling associated 7 promotes differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells toward osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18053-18064. [PMID: 30843215 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The matrix remodeling associated 7 (MXRA7) gene had been ill-studied and its biology remained to be discovered. Inspired by our previous findings and public datasets concerning MXRA7, we hypothesized that the MXRA7 gene might be involved in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) functions related to bone formation, which was checked by utilizing in vivo or in vitro methodologies. Micro-computed tomography of MXRA7-deficient mice demonstrated retarded osteogenesis, which was reflected by shorter femurs, lower bone mass in both trabecular and cortical bones compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Histology confirmed the osteopenia-like feature including thinner growth plates in MXRA7-deficient femurs. Immunofluorescence revealed less osteoblasts in MXRA7-deficient femurs. Polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis showed that when WT BMSCs were induced to differentiate toward osteoblasts or adipocytes in culture, MXRA7 messenger RNA or protein levels were significantly increased alongside osteoblasts induction, but decreased upon adipocytes induction. Cultured MXRA7-deficient BMSCs showed decreased osteogenesis upon osteogenic differentiation induction as reflected by decreased calcium deposition or lower expression of genes responsible for osteogenesis. When recombinant MXRA7 proteins were supplemented in a culture of MXRA7-deficient BMSCs, osteogenesis or gene expression was fully restored. Upon osteoblast induction, the level of active β-catenin or phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase in MXRA7-deficient BMSCs was decreased compared with that in WT BMSCs, and these impairments could be rescued by recombinant MXRA7 proteins. In adipogenesis induction settings, the potency of MXRA7-deficient BMSCs to differentiate into adipocytes was increased over the WT ones. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MXRA7 influences bone formation via regulating the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuai Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Yin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Xi
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dandan Lin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Benayahu D, Wiesenfeld Y, Sapir-Koren R. How is mechanobiology involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward the osteoblastic or adipogenic fate? J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12133-12141. [PMID: 30633367 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology plays a major role in transducing physical cues from the dynamic cellular environment into biochemical modifications that promote cell-specific differentiation paths. Mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow or in other mesenchymal tissues will differentiate according to the expression of transcription factors (TFs) that govern their lineage commitment. The favoring of either osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation relies on TF expression as well as mechanical properties of the cells' niche that are translated into the activation of certain signaling pathways. Physical factors can induce significant shifts in bipotential lineage commitment between osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding a cell, varying greatly from rigid environments close to the bone surface to softer regions in the bone marrow, can influence the path of differentiation. Additionally, mechanical loading through exercise appears to favor osteogenesis whereas disuse conditions seem to promote adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Benayahu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yarden Wiesenfeld
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rony Sapir-Koren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Popp D, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Chelliah MP, Li J, Harati K, Wallner C, Rein S, Pförringer D, Reumuth G, Grieb G, Mouraret S, Dadras M, Wagner JM, Cha JY, Siemers F, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Wnt Pathway in Bone Repair and Regeneration - What Do We Know So Far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 30666305 PMCID: PMC6330281 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central regulatory role across a remarkably diverse range of functions during embryonic development, including those involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Wnt signaling continues to play a critical role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Disruptions in this highly-conserved and complex system leads to various pathological conditions, including impaired bone healing, autoimmune diseases and malignant degeneration. For reconstructive surgeons, critically sized skeletal defects represent a major challenge. These are frequently associated with significant morbidity in both the recipient and donor sites. The Wnt pathway is an attractive therapeutic target with the potential to directly modulate stem cells responsible for skeletal tissue regeneration and promote bone growth, suggesting that Wnt factors could be used to promote bone healing after trauma. This review summarizes our current understanding of the essential role of the Wnt pathway in bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow S Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Division of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery-Burn Center-Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Mouraret
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7 - Denis, Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes M Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jungul Y Cha
- Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Beiki B, Zeynali B, Taghiabadi E, Seyedjafari E, Kehtari M. Osteogenic differentiation of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on WJ-scaffold through conventional signalling mechanism. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S1032-S1042. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1528981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Beiki
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zeynali
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Taghiabadi
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Seyedjafari
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Luo Y, Li D, Zhao J, Yang Z, Kang P. In vivo evaluation of porous lithium-doped hydroxyapatite scaffolds for the treatment of bone defect. Biomed Mater Eng 2018; 29:699-721. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-181018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- , , Sichuan University, , People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghai Li
- , , Sichuan University, , People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhai Zhao
- , , Sichuan University, , People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhouyuan Yang
- , , Sichuan University, , People’s Republic of China
| | - PengDe Kang
- , , Sichuan University, , People’s Republic of China
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23
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Tyrovola JB. The "mechanostat" principle in cell differentiation. The osteochondroprogenitor paradigm. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:37-44. [PMID: 30144147 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The "mechanostat" principle may be depicted as an oscillating signal of a signaling molecule, in which the amplitude, frequency, cumulative level, delay, and duration of the curve encode the information for concrete cellular responses and biological activities. When the oscillating signal is kept sustained (present delay), cell exit may be performed, whereas when the oscillating signal remains robust, cell proliferation may take place. B-catenin-Wnt signaling pathway has a key role in the differentiation of osteochondroprogenitor cells. Sustained downregulation of the β-catenin-Wnt pathway forces osteochondroprogenitors to a chondrogenic fate instead of an osteoblastic one. Other signaling, for example, bone morphogenetic protein and Notch signaling pathways interact with the Wnt pathway. The crosstalk between biochemical and mechanical stimuli produces the final information that leads to the final cell fate decisions, through the "mechanostat" principle.
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24
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Majidinia M, Aghazadeh J, Jahanban‐Esfahlani R, Yousefi B. The roles of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in tissue development and regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5598-5612. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research CenterUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | - Javad Aghazadeh
- Department of NeurosurgeryUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | - Rana Jahanban‐Esfahlani
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Molecular Targeting Therapy Research GroupFaculty of MedicineTabriz University ofMedical SciencesTabrizIran
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25
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The Effect of Uniaxial Mechanical Stretch on Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:113-117. [PMID: 27922964 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signal is required in bone formation and remodling, but little is known about whether Wnt/β-catenin signal could promote osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) after uniaxial mechanical stretch. In this study, rat BMSCs were identified by flow cytometry and used for mechanical stretch. A custom-made uniaxial dynamic stretch apparatus was applied for rat BMSCs stretch. There were 2 groups in the study: the mechanical stretch group and the nonstretch control group. Cell morphology, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA levels (Wnt3a, Lrp5, β-catenin, as well as Runx2 were evaluated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and protein levels (β-catenin and Runx2 were examined using western blot) were observed in both groups. The authors finally found that not only the cell proliferation, ALP activity, but also mRNA expression of Wnt3a, Lrp5, β-catenin, and Runx2 in BMSCs were markedly elevated by mechanical stretch than the controls. Protein levels of β-catenin and Runx2 were significantly higher than that of control as well. Activation of mechanical stretch was partially reversed by DKK-1, a classical inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signal. These results demonstrate that uniaxial mechanical stretch could stimulate osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of BMSCs by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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26
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Li Z, Hao J, Duan X, Wu N, Zhou Z, Yang F, Li J, Zhao Z, Huang S. The Role of Semaphorin 3A in Bone Remodeling. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:40. [PMID: 28293171 PMCID: PMC5328970 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling occurs at the bone surface throughout adult life and associates bony quantity and quality. This process is a balance between the osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption, which cross-talks together. Semaphorin 3A is a membrane-associated secreted protein and regarded as a diffusible axonal chemorepellent, which has been identified in the involvement of bone resorption and formation synchronously. However, the role of Semaphorin 3A in bone homeostasis and diseases remains elusive, in particular the association to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this review article, we summarize recent progress of Semaphorin 3A in the bone mass, homeostasis, and diseases and discuss the novel application of nerve-based bone regeneration. This will facilitate the understanding of Semaphorin 3A in skeletal biology and shed new light on the modulation and potential treatment in the bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Hao
- Program in Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
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27
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Shi J, Zhang X, Qiao S, Ni J, Mo J, Gu Y, Lai H. Enhanced osteointegration of tantalum-modified titanium implants with micro/nano-topography. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08036k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ta modification enhanced the osteointegration of an SLA surface with micro/nano topography and the possible mechanism might be activation of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Shichong Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Jiaji Mo
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Yingxin Gu
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Hongchang Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Implantology
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200011
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28
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The molecular basis of bone mechanotransduction. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2016; 16:221-36. [PMID: 27609037 PMCID: PMC5114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton has the ability to perfectly adapt to external forces of the operating environment, by altering its morphology and metabolism in order to meet different needs. This unique adaptive capacity of the skeleton creates an interesting range of biological questions concerning the perception of mechanical or other kinds of signals, the type of receptor, and the molecular pathways involved in this adaptation. Studies of the characteristics of the cellular engineering provide a host of new information that confers to osteocytes the role of the protagonist in the perception and regulation of mechanical effects on the skeleton. The identity of mechanoreceptors is manifold and concerns ion channels, integrins, cell membrane, the cytoskeleton, and other systems. A similar multiplicity characterizes the intracellular signaling. This review describes recent data concerning the outward force reception systems and intracellular transduction pathways of information transfer leading to the continuous adaptation of bone tissue. Increased appreciation of the importance of the mechanical environment in regulating and determining the effectiveness of structural adjustment of the skeleton defines new horizons for the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to diseases associated with bone loss.
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29
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Meyer MB, Benkusky NA, Sen B, Rubin J, Pike JW. Epigenetic Plasticity Drives Adipogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17829-47. [PMID: 27402842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of multipotent stem cells is achieved through a coordinated cascade of activated transcription factors and epigenetic modifications that drive gene transcription responsible for unique cell fate. Within the mesenchymal lineage, factors such as RUNX2 and PPARγ are indispensable for osteogenesis and adipogenesis, respectively. We therefore investigated genomic binding of transcription factors and accompanying epigenetic modifications that occur during osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). As assessed by ChIP-sequencing and RNA-sequencing analyses, we found that genes vital for osteogenic identity were linked to RUNX2, C/EBPβ, retinoid X receptor, and vitamin D receptor binding sites, whereas adipocyte differentiation favored PPARγ, retinoid X receptor, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ binding sites. Epigenetic marks were clear predictors of active differentiation loci as well as enhancer activities and selective gene expression. These marrow-derived MSCs displayed an epigenetic pattern that suggested a default preference for the osteogenic pathway; however, these patterns were rapidly altered near the Adipoq, Cidec, Fabp4, Lipe, Plin1, Pparg, and Cebpa genes during adipogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, we found that these cells also exhibited an epigenetic plasticity that enabled them to trans-differentiate from adipocytes to osteoblasts (and vice versa) after commitment, as assessed by staining, gene expression, and ChIP-quantitative PCR analysis. The osteogenic default pathway may be subverted during pathological conditions, leading to skeletal fragility and increased marrow adiposity during aging, estrogen deficiency, and skeletal unloading. Taken together, our data provide an increased mechanistic understanding of the epigenetic programs necessary for multipotent differentiation of MSCs that may prove beneficial in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Nancy A Benkusky
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Buer Sen
- the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Janet Rubin
- the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - J Wesley Pike
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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30
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Jiang M, Zheng C, Shou P, Li N, Cao G, Chen Q, Xu C, Du L, Yang Q, Cao J, Han Y, Li F, Cao W, Liu F, Rabson A, Roberts A, Xie W, Wang Y, Shi Y. SHP1 Regulates Bone Mass by Directing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:769-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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31
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Liu B, Li K, Huang B, Yan B, Zhang Z, Liang K, Jia C, Lin J, Zeng C, Cai D, Jin D, Jiang Y, Bai X. Activation of mTORC1 in B Lymphocytes Promotes Osteoclast Formation via Regulation of β-Catenin and RANKL/OPG. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1320-33. [PMID: 26825871 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) induces osteoclast formation from monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. However, the mechanisms by which RANKL expression is controlled in cells that support osteoclast differentiation are still unclear. We show that deletion of TSC1 (tuberous sclerosis complex 1) in murine B cells causes constitutive activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and stimulates RANKL but represses osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and subsequently promotes osteoclast formation and causes osteoporosis in mice. Furthermore, the regulation of RANKL/OPG and stimulation of osteoclastogenesis by mTORC1 was confirmed in a variety of RANKL-expressing cells and in vivo. Mechanistically, mTORC1 controls RANKL/OPG expression through negative feedback inactivation of Akt, destabilization of β-catenin mRNA, and downregulation of β-catenin. Our findings demonstrate that mTORC1 activation-stimulated RANKL expression in B cells is sufficient to induce bone loss and osteoporosis. The study also established a link between mTORC1 and the RANKL/OPG axis via negative regulation of β-catenin. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zeng
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daozhang Cai
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dadi Jin
- Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Orthopedics in Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Signaling pathways effecting crosstalk between cartilage and adjacent tissues: Seminars in cell and developmental biology: The biology and pathology of cartilage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:16-33. [PMID: 27180955 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, the mechanism responsible for the development of the long bones, is dependent on an extremely stringent coordination between the processes of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate, vascular expansion in the surrounding tissues, and osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium and the developing bone center. The synchronization of these processes occurring in adjacent tissues is regulated through vigorous crosstalk between chondrocytes, endothelial cells and osteoblast lineage cells. Our knowledge about the molecular constituents of these bidirectional communications is undoubtedly incomplete, but certainly some signaling pathways effective in cartilage have been recognized to play key roles in steering vascularization and osteogenesis in the perichondrial tissues. These include hypoxia-driven signaling pathways, governed by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are absolutely essential for the survival and functioning of chondrocytes in the avascular growth plate, at least in part by regulating the oxygenation of developing cartilage through the stimulation of angiogenesis in the surrounding tissues. A second coordinating signal emanating from cartilage and regulating developmental processes in the adjacent perichondrium is Indian Hedgehog (IHH). IHH, produced by pre-hypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate, induces the differentiation of adjacent perichondrial progenitor cells into osteoblasts, thereby harmonizing the site and time of bone formation with the developmental progression of chondrogenesis. Both signaling pathways represent vital mediators of the tightly organized conversion of avascular cartilage into vascularized and mineralized bone during endochondral ossification.
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Abstract
Gata2 is a zinc finger transcription factor that is important in hematopoiesis and neuronal development. However, the roles of Gata2 in the mesenchymal lineages are poorly understood. In vitro studies suggest that Gata2 modulates adipocyte differentiation and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation. To systematically determine the in vivo functions of Gata2 in the MSC lineage commitment and development, we have generated three mouse models in which Gata2 is specifically deleted in MSCs, adipocytes, or osteoblasts. During the MSC expansion stage, Gata2 promotes proliferation and attenuates differentiation; thereby Gata2 loss in MSCs results in enhanced differentiation of both adipocytes and osteoblasts. During the differentiation stage, Gata2 also plays MSC-independent roles to impede lineage commitment; hence, Gata2 loss in adipocyte or osteoblast lineages also augments adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, respectively. These findings reveal Gata2 as a crucial rheostat of MSC fate to control osteoblast and adipocyte lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., H.H., H.Z., Y.W.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (M.S.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - HoangDinh Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., H.H., H.Z., Y.W.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (M.S.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hao Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., H.H., H.Z., Y.W.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (M.S.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., H.H., H.Z., Y.W.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (M.S.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., H.H., H.Z., Y.W.), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (M.S.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Li J. Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis: New insights and directions. Metabolism 2016; 65:30-40. [PMID: 26773927 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt signaling pathway significantly participates in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation. Therefore, we reviewed current evidence on the new perspectives and biological association between Wnt signaling pathway and cardiac fibrosis. DESIGN AND METHODS A PubMed database search was performed for studies of Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation. RESULTS Numerous studies have shown that the Wnt signaling pathway significantly participates in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the Wnt signaling pathway significantly participating in cardiac fibrosis and CFs activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of Wnt signaling pathway research. Moreover, we will discuss the different insights that interact with the Wnt signaling pathway-regulated cardiac fibrosis. The Wnt proteins are glycoproteins that bind to the Fz receptors on the cell surface, which lead to several important biological functions, such as cell differentiation and proliferation. There are several signals among the characterized pathways of cardiac fibrosis, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, new insight into the Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis is discussed, with special emphasis on Wnt/β-catenin. CONCLUSION It seems reasonable to suggest the potential targets of Wnt signaling pathway and it can be developed as a therapeutic target for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601.
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230601.
| | - Jun Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China 230032
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Pagnotti GM, Styner M. Exercise Regulation of Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 27471493 PMCID: PMC4943947 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite association with low bone density and skeletal fractures, marrow adipose tissue (MAT) remains poorly understood. The marrow adipocyte originates from the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) pool that also gives rise to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes, among other cell types. To date, the presence of MAT has been attributed to preferential biasing of MSC into the adipocyte rather than osteoblast lineage, thus negatively impacting bone formation. Here, we focus on understanding the physiology of MAT in the setting of exercise, dietary interventions, and pharmacologic agents that alter fat metabolism. The beneficial effect of exercise on musculoskeletal strength is known: exercise induces bone formation, encourages growth of skeletally supportive tissues, inhibits bone resorption, and alters skeletal architecture through direct and indirect effects on a multiplicity of cells involved in skeletal adaptation. MAT is less well studied due to the lack of reproducible quantification techniques. In recent work, osmium-based 3D quantification shows a robust response of MAT to both dietary and exercise intervention in that MAT is elevated in response to high-fat diet and can be suppressed following daily exercise. Exercise-induced bone formation correlates with suppression of MAT, such that exercise effects might be due to either calorie expenditure from this depot or from mechanical biasing of MSC lineage away from fat and toward bone, or a combination thereof. Following treatment with the anti-diabetes drug rosiglitazone - a PPARγ-agonist known to increase MAT and fracture risk - mice demonstrate a fivefold higher femur MAT volume compared to the controls. In addition to preventing MAT accumulation in control mice, exercise intervention significantly lowers MAT accumulation in rosiglitazone-treated mice. Importantly, exercise induction of trabecular bone volume is unhindered by rosiglitazone. Thus, despite rosiglitazone augmentation of MAT, exercise significantly suppresses MAT volume and induces bone formation. That exercise can both suppress MAT volume and increase bone quantity, notwithstanding the skeletal harm induced by rosiglitazone, underscores exercise as a powerful regulator of bone remodeling, encouraging marrow stem cells toward the osteogenic lineage to fulfill an adaptive need for bone formation. Thus, exercise represents an effective strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of overeating and iatrogenic etiologies on bone and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Maya Styner,
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Snyder J, Rin Son A, Hamid Q, Wang C, Lui Y, Sun W. Mesenchymal stem cell printing and process regulated cell properties. Biofabrication 2015; 7:044106. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/4/044106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen S, Feng J, Bao Q, Li A, Zhang B, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Guo Q, Jing J, Lin S, Zong Z. Adverse Effects of Osteocytic Constitutive Activation of ß-Catenin on Bone Strength and Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1184-94. [PMID: 25639729 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts has been demonstrated to increase bone mass, showing promise for the treatment of low bone volume conditions such as osteoporosis. However, the possible side effects of manipulating this pathway have not been fully addressed. Previously, we reported that the constitutive activation of ß-catenin in osteoblasts impaired vertebral linear growth. In the present study, β-catenin was constitutively activated in osteocytes by crossing Catnb+/lox(exon 3) mice with dentin matrix protein 1(DMP1)-Cre transgenic mice, and the effects of this activation on bone mass, bone growth and bone strength were then observed. DMP1-Cre was found to be predominantly expressed in osteocytes, with weak expression in a small portion of osteoblasts and growth plate chondrocytes. After the activation, the cancellous bone mass was dramatically increased, almost filling the entire bone marrow cavity in long bones. However, bone strength decreased significantly. Thinner and more porous cortical bone along with impaired mineralization were responsible for the decrease in bone strength. Furthermore, the mice showed shorter stature with impaired linear growth of the long bones. Moreover, the concentration of serum phosphate decreased significantly after the activation of ß-catenin, and a high inorganic phosphate (Pi) diet could partially rescue the phenotype of decreased mineralization level and impaired linear growth. Taken together, the constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteocytes may increase cancellous bone mass; however, the activation also had adverse effects on bone strength and bone growth. These adverse effects should be addressed before the adoption of any therapeutic clinical application involving adjustment of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Qingshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Wang H, Sun W, Ma J, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang WB. Biglycan mediates suture expansion osteogenesis via potentiation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Biomech 2015; 48:432-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Patil S, Paul S. A comprehensive review on the role of various materials in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with a special focus on the association of heat shock proteins and nanoparticles. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:81-102. [PMID: 25401759 DOI: 10.1159/000362226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have important roles in the area of regenerative medicine and clinical applications due to their pluripotent nature. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has been studied extensively using various stimulants to develop models of bone repair. There are several factors that enhance the differentiation of MSCs into bone tissues. This review focuses on the effects of various inducers on the osteoblast differentiation of MSCs at different stages of cellular development. We discuss the various growth factors, hormones, vitamins, cytokines, chemical stimulants, and mechanical forces applied in bioreactors that play an essential role in the proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization of stem cells during osteogenesis. Various nanoparticles have also been used recently for the same purpose and the results are promising. Moreover, we review the role of various stresses, including thermal stress, and the subsequent involvement of heat shock proteins as inducers of the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. We also report how various proteasome inhibitors have been shown to induce proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in a number of cases. In this communication, the role of peptide-based scaffolds in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation is also reviewed. Based on the reviewed information, this article proposes novel possibilities for the enhancement of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of osteoblasts from MSCs. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Patil
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
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Desiderio V, Tirino V, Papaccio G, Paino F. Bone defects: Molecular and cellular therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:75-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang H, Sun W, Ma J, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang W. Polycystin-1 mediates mechanical strain-induced osteoblastic mechanoresponses via potentiation of intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91730. [PMID: 24618832 PMCID: PMC3950298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical regulation of bone formation involves a complex biophysical process, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Polycystin-1 (PC1) is postulated to function as a mechanosensory molecule mediating mechanical signal transduction in renal epithelial cells. To investigate the involvement of PC1 in mechanical strain-induced signaling cascades controlling osteogenesis, PKD1 gene was stably silenced in osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 by using lentivirus-mediated shRNA technology. Here, our findings showed that mechanical tensile strain sufficiently enhanced osteogenic gene expressions and osteoblastic proliferation. However, PC1 deficiency resulted in the loss of the ability to sense external mechanical stimuli thereby promoting osteoblastic osteogenesis and proliferation. The signal pathways implicated in this process were intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. The basal levels of intracellular calcium, phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK-3β and nuclear accumulation of active β-catenin were significantly attenuated in PC1 deficient osteoblasts. In addition, PC1 deficiency impaired mechanical strain-induced potentiation of intracellular calcium, and activation of Akt-dependent and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which was able to be partially reversed by calcium ionophore A23187 treatment. Furthermore, applications of LiCl or A23187 in PC1 deficient osteoblasts could promote osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation under mechanical strain conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that osteoblasts require mechanosensory molecule PC1 to adapt to external mechanical tensile strain thereby inducing osteoblastic mechanoresponse, partially through the potentiation of intracellular calcium and downstream Akt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
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Knapik DM, Perera P, Nam J, Blazek AD, Rath B, Leblebicioglu B, Das H, Wu LC, Hewett TE, Agarwal SK, Robling AG, Flanigan DC, Lee BS, Agarwal S. Mechanosignaling in bone health, trauma and inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:970-85. [PMID: 23815527 PMCID: PMC3924811 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mechanosignaling is vital for maintaining the structural integrity of bone under physiologic conditions. These signals activate and suppress multiple signaling cascades regulating bone formation and resorption. Understanding these pathways is of prime importance to exploit their therapeutic potential in disorders associated with bone loss due to disuse, trauma, or disruption of homeostatic mechanisms. RECENT ADVANCES In the case of cells of the bone, an impressive amount of data has been generated that provides evidence of a complex mechanism by which mechanical signals can maintain or disrupt cellular homeostasis by driving transcriptional regulation of growth factors, matrix proteins and inflammatory mediators in health and inflammation. Mechanical signals act on cells in a magnitude dependent manner to induce bone deposition or resorption. During health, physiological levels of these signals are essential for maintaining bone strength and architecture, whereas during inflammation, similar signals can curb inflammation by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling cascade, while upregulating matrix synthesis via mothers against decapentaplegic homolog and/or Wnt signaling cascades. Contrarily, excessive mechanical forces can induce inflammation via activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade. CRITICAL ISSUES Given the osteogenic potential of mechanical signals, it is imperative to exploit their therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of bone disorders. Here we review select signaling pathways and mediators stimulated by mechanical signals to modulate the strength and integrity of the bone. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransduction and its effects on bone lay the groundwork for development of nonpharmacologic mechanostimulatory approaches for osteodegenerative diseases and optimal bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Knapik
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
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Shwartz Y, Blitz E, Zelzer E. One load to rule them all: Mechanical control of the musculoskeletal system in development and aging. Differentiation 2013; 86:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dirckx N, Van Hul M, Maes C. Osteoblast recruitment to sites of bone formation in skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:170-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christa Maes
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Kim JH, Liu X, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang H, Kim SH, Cui J, Li R, Zhang W, Kong Y, Zhang J, Shui W, Lamplot J, Rogers MR, Zhao C, Wang N, Rajan P, Tomal J, Statz J, Wu N, Luu HH, Haydon RC, He TC. Wnt signaling in bone formation and its therapeutic potential for bone diseases. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2013; 5:13-31. [PMID: 23514963 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x12466608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role not only in embryonic development but also in the maintenance and differentiation of the stem cells in adulthood. In particular, Wnt signaling has been shown as an important regulatory pathway in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Induction of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes bone formation while inactivation of the pathway leads to osteopenic states. Our current understanding of Wnt signaling in osteogenesis elucidates the molecular mechanisms of classic osteogenic pathologies. Activating and inactivating aberrations of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenesis results in sclerosteosis and osteoporosis respectively. Recent studies have sought to target the Wnt signaling pathway to treat osteogenic disorders. Potential therapeutic approaches attempt to stimulate the Wnt signaling pathway by upregulating the intracellular mediators of the Wnt signaling cascade and inhibiting the endogenous antagonists of the pathway. Antibodies against endogenous antagonists, such as sclerostin and dickkopf-1, have demonstrated promising results in promoting bone formation and fracture healing. Lithium, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, has also been reported to stimulate osteogenesis by stabilizing β catenin. Although manipulating the Wnt signaling pathway has abundant therapeutic potential, it requires cautious approach due to risks of tumorigenesis. The present review discusses the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenesis and examines its targeted therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Kim
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Duan J, Lee Y, Jania C, Gong J, Rojas M, Burk L, Willis M, Homeister J, Tilley S, Rubin J, Deb A. Rib fractures and death from deletion of osteoblast βcatenin in adult mice is rescued by corticosteroids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55757. [PMID: 23393600 PMCID: PMC3564851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribs are primarily made of cortical bone and are necessary for chest expansion and ventilation. Rib fractures represent the most common type of non-traumatic fractures in the elderly yet few studies have focused on the biology of rib fragility. Here, we show that deletion of βcatenin in Col1a2 expressing osteoblasts of adult mice leads to aggressive osteoclastogenesis with increased serum levels of the osteoclastogenic cytokine RANKL, extensive rib resorption, multiple spontaneous rib fractures and chest wall deformities. Within days of osteoblast specific βcatenin deletion, animals die from respiratory failure with a vanishing rib cage that is unable to sustain ventilation. Increased bone resorption is also observed in the vertebrae and femur. Treatment with the bisphosphonate pamidronate delayed but did not prevent death or associated rib fractures. In contrast, administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone decreased serum RANKL and slowed osteoclastogenesis. Dexamethasone preserved rib structure, prevented respiratory compromise and strikingly increased survival. Our findings provide a novel model of accelerated osteoclastogenesis, where deletion of osteoblast βcatenin in adults leads to rapid development of destructive rib fractures. We demonstrate the role of βcatenin dependent mechanisms in rib fractures and suggest that glucocorticoids, by suppressing RANKL, may have a role in treating bone loss due to aggressive osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinZhu Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yueh Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Corey Jania
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jucheng Gong
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laurel Burk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monte Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathon Homeister
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Tilley
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arjun Deb
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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James AW. Review of Signaling Pathways Governing MSC Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:684736. [PMID: 24416618 PMCID: PMC3874981 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells, functioning as precursors to a variety of cell types including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. Between osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment and differentiation, a theoretical inverse relationship exists, such that differentiation towards an osteoblast phenotype occurs at the expense of an adipocytic phenotype. This balance is regulated by numerous, intersecting signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of two main transcription factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR γ ) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). These two transcription factors, PPAR γ and Runx2, are generally regarded as the master regulators of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. This review will summarize signaling pathways that govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation. A number of signaling pathways follow the inverse balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and are generally proosteogenic/antiadipogenic stimuli. These include β -catenin dependent Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and NELL-1 signaling. However, other signaling pathways exhibit more context-dependent effects on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. These include bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling and insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling, which display both proosteogenic and proadipogenic effects. In summary, understanding those factors that govern osteogenic versus adipogenic MSC differentiation has significant implications in diverse areas of human health, from obesity to osteoporosis to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS A3-251, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
- *Aaron W. James:
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Lerner UH. Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes: Unveiling Their Intimate-Associated Responses to Applied Orthodontic Forces. Semin Orthod 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Bone responds to supraphysiological mechanical loads by increasing bone formation. Depending on the applied strain magnitude (and other loading parameters) the response can be either adaptive (mostly lamellar bone) or injury (mostly woven bone). Seminal studies of Hert, Lanyon, and Rubin originally established the basic "rules" of bone mechanosensitivity. These were reinforced by subsequent studies using non-invasive rodent loading models, most notably by Turner et al. More recent work with these models have been able to explore the structural, transcriptional, and molecular mechanisms which distinguish the two responses (lamellar vs. woven). Wnt/Lrp signaling has emerged as a key mechanoresponsive pathway for lamellar bone. However, there is still much to study with regard to effects of ageing, osteocytes, other signaling pathways, and the molecular regulation that modulates lamellar vs. woven bone formation. This review summarizes not only the historical findings but also the current data for these topics.
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Pagnotti G, Adler BJ, Green DE, Chan ME, Frechette D, Shroyer KR, Beamer WG, Rubin J, Rubin CT. Low magnitude mechanical signals mitigate osteopenia without compromising longevity in an aged murine model of spontaneous granulosa cell ovarian cancer. Bone 2012; 51:570-7. [PMID: 22584009 PMCID: PMC3412935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is often paralleled by a decline in bone mass, raising risk of fracture. Concerns persist regarding anabolic interventions for skeletal protection, as these may inadvertently exacerbate neoplastic tissue expansion. Given bone's inherent mechanosensitivity, low intensity vibration (LIV), a mechanical signal that encourages osteoblastogenesis, could possibly slow cancer-associated bone loss, but this goal must be achieved without fostering disease progression. Seventy 12w female F1-SWRxSWXJ-9 mice, a strain prone to developing granulosa cell tumors, were randomized into baseline control (BC: n=10), age-matched control (AC: n=30), and LIV (n=30), which received mechanical signals (90Hz @ 0.3g) for 15m/day, 5 day/w over the course of 1 year. Survival curves for AC (10 died) and LIV (8 died) followed similar trends (p=0.62), indicating longevity was unperturbed by LIV. At 1 year, bone volume of proximal tibiae in LIV mice was 25% greater than AC (p<0.02), while bone volume of L5 vertebrae was 16% higher in LIV over AC (p<0.02). Primary lesions and peripheral metastases were apparent in both LIV and AC; however, overall tumor incidence was approximately 30% less in LIV (p=0.27) and, when disease was evident, involved fewer organ systems (p=0.09). Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were 52% lower (p<0.01) in LIV, and 31% lower (p=0.08) in mice lacking pathology, suggesting higher MSC levels in this model of cancer susceptibility may have contributed to tumor progression. These experiments indicate that LIV helps protect bone mass in mice inherently susceptible to cancer without compromising life expectancy, perhaps through mechanical control of stem cell fate. Further, these data reflect the numerous system-level benefits of exercise in general, and mechanical signals in particular, in the preservation of bone density and the suppression of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pagnotti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Benjamin J. Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Danielle E. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Meilin E. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Danielle Frechette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
| | | | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Clinton T. Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2580
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