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Abstract
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 into a chronic, well-managed disease. However, these therapies do not eliminate all infected cells from the body despite suppressing viral load. Viral rebound is largely due to the presence of cellular reservoirs which support long-term persistence of HIV-1. A thorough understanding of the HIV-1 reservoir will facilitate the development of new strategies leading to its detection, reduction, and elimination, ultimately leading to curative therapies for HIV-1. Although immune cells derived from lymphoid and myeloid progenitors have been thoroughly studied as HIV-1 reservoirs, few studies have examined whether mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can assume this function. In this review, we evaluate published studies which have assessed whether MSCs contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. MSCs have been found to express the receptors and co-receptors required for HIV-1 entry, albeit at levels of expression and receptor localisation that vary considerably between studies. Exposure to HIV-1 and HIV-1 proteins alters MSC properties in vitro, including their proliferation capacity and differentiation potential. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments investigating whether MSCs can become infected with and harbour latent integrated proviral DNA are lacking. In conclusion, MSCs appear to have the potential to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir. However, further studies are needed using techniques such as those used to prove that cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells constitute an HIV-1 reservoir before a reservoir function can definitively be ascribed to MSCs.
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Yuan Y, Zhou C, Yang Q, Ma S, Wang X, Guo X, Ding Y, Tang J, Zeng Y, Li D. HIV-1 Tat protein inhibits the hematopoietic support function of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Virus Res 2019; 273:197756. [PMID: 31521762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most HIV-1-infected patients experience hematopoiesis suppression complications. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are involved in regulation of hematopoietic homeostasis, so we investigated the role of Tat, a protein released by infected cells in bone marrow and impacted differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells, in the BMSC hematopoietic support function. BMSCs were treated with HIV-1 Tat protein (BMSCTat-p), transfected with HIV-1 Tat mRNA (BMSCTat-m) or treated with solvent (PBS) (BMSCcon) for 20 days. Then, the hematopoietic support function of BMSCTat-p, BMSCTat-m and BMSCcon was analyzed via ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) grown on the BMSCs and via in vivo cotransplantation of HSCs and BMSCs. In addition, the hematopoiesis-supporting gene expression patterns of BMSCTat-p, BMSCTat-m and BMSCcon were compared. The results showed that BMSCTat-p and BMSCTat-m displayed reduced expansion, a decline in the number of colony forming units (CFUs) and a decreased proportion of the primitive subpopulation of hematopoietic stem cells under coculture conditions compared with BMSCcon. The ability of BMSCTat-p to support hematopoietic recovery was also impaired, which was further confirmed by the patterns in gene expression analysis. In conclusion, Tat treatment reduced the function of BMSCs in hematopoietic support, likely by downregulating the expression of a series of hematopoietic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Chunfang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Shinan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Junming Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 S. Renmin Rd., Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.
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Jiang Y, Chai L, Fasae MB, Bai Y. The role of HIV Tat protein in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases. J Transl Med 2018; 16:121. [PMID: 29739413 PMCID: PMC5941636 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global public health issue. HIV-related cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV positive patients. HIV Tat is a regulatory protein encoded by tat gene of HIV-1, which not only promotes the transcription of HIV, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of HIV-related complications. This review is aimed at summarizing the current understanding of Tat in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Chai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Moyondafoluwa Blessing Fasae
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Gutierrez J, Murray J, Chon C, Morgello S. Relationship between brain large artery characteristics and their downstream arterioles. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:106-112. [PMID: 29256040 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to test the hypothesis that brain large artery diameters relate to distal downstream arteriolar diameters. In a sample of 110 autopsied individuals (69% men, 76% HIV+, mean age 51), we used multilevel models to relate large artery lumen and lumen-to-wall ratio to left frontal lobe arteriolar lumen and lumen-to-wall ratio adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors. Comparing the large artery characteristics of the whole brain did not disclose significant associations with frontal lobe arteriolar characteristics. However, restricting the comparison to large arteries upstream of the studied arterioles demonstrated an independent association between left-sided frontal lobe arteriolar luminal diameter with large artery luminal diameters (B = 1.82 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and with large artery lumen-to-wall ratio (B = 0.58 ± 0.29, P = 0.05). In stratified models, the point estimates in the HIV+ subsample were larger than in the HIV- subsample. These finding suggest coupling between higher proximal blood flow represented by large artery diameter and lower distal resistance represented by arteriolar dilatation. The relationship between arteriolar dilatation and brain parenchyma homeostasis should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 710 W 168th Street, 6th floor, Suite 639, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Jacinta Murray
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christina Chon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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HIV Tat Impairs Neurogenesis through Functioning As a Notch Ligand and Activation of Notch Signaling Pathway. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11362-11373. [PMID: 27807176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1208-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in adult neurogenesis have been noted in the brain of HIV-infected individuals and are likely linked to HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits, including those in learning and memory. But the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In the study, we took advantage of doxycycline-inducible and astrocyte-specific HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice (iTat) and determined the relationship between Tat expression and neurogenesis. Tat expression in astrocytes was associated with fewer neuron progenitor cells (NPCs), fewer immature neurons, and fewer mature neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of the mouse brain. In vitro NPC-derived neurosphere assays showed that Tat-containing conditioned media from astrocytes or recombinant Tat protein inhibited NPC proliferation and migration and altered NPC differentiation, while immunodepletion of Tat from Tat-containing conditioned media or heat inactivation of recombinant Tat abrogated those effects. Notch signaling downstream gene Hes1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter gene assay and Western blotting showed that recombinant Tat or Tat-containing conditioned media activated Hes1 transcription and protein expression, which were abrogated by Tat heat inactivation, immunodepletion, and cysteine mutation at position 30. Last, Notch signaling inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) significantly rescued Tat-impaired NPC differentiation in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo Together, these results show that Tat adversely affects NPCs and neurogenesis through Notch signaling and point to the potential of developing Notch signaling inhibitors as HIV/neuroAIDS therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HIV infection of the CNS causes cognitive and memory deficits, which have become more prevalent in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neurogenesis is impaired in HIV-infected individuals. But the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we have discovered that HIV Tat impairs neurogenesis through the Notch signaling pathway. These findings are particularly important because Tat protein has recently been detected in the brain of HIV-infected individuals with HIV replication in the periphery being effectively controlled by cART. The current study not only further highlights the importance of HIV Tat protein in HIV/neuroAIDS, but also presents a new strategy to develop novel HIV/neuroAIDS therapeutics, particularly in the era of cART.
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Gutierrez J, Menshawy K, Goldman J, Dwork AJ, Elkind MSV, Marshall RS, Morgello S. Metalloproteinases and Brain Arterial Remodeling Among Individuals With and Those Without HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1329-1335. [PMID: 27549585 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tests the hypothesis that increased elastolytic activity is associated differentially with dolichoectasia in individuals with and those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS Large arteries from 84 autopsied brains from HIV-positive individuals and 78 autopsied brains from HIV-negative individuals were stained for metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-3, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, CD68, and caspase 3. Average pixel intensity was automatically obtained and categorized as high, moderate, or low. Dolichoectasia was defined as a lumen to wall ratio ≥95th percentile. RESULTS High MMP-9 staining alone (P = .001) or coexistent with low TIMP-2 staining was associated with dolichoectasia only in HIV-negative individuals (P = <.001). In HIV-positive individuals, MMP-9 was associated with dolichoectasia only when coexpressed with caspase 3 (P = .01). Thinning of the media was associated with CD68 staining (P = <.001) in HIV-negative individuals, while caspase 3 was associated with a thinner media only in HIV-positive individuals (P = .01). Media thickness modified the association between lumen to wall ratio and MMP expression. CONCLUSIONS A role for MMP/TIMP balance in dolichoectasia appears more prominent in HIV-negative individuals, while apoptosis, mediated by caspase 3, is the most important determinant of media thinning in HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore, apoptosis and media thickness appear to mediate the effects of MMP in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Menshawy
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - James Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | | | - Susan Morgello
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Paula AA, Falcão MCN, Pacheco AG. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals: underlying mechanisms and epidemiological aspects. AIDS Res Ther 2013; 10:32. [PMID: 24330597 PMCID: PMC3874610 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has determined a dramatic decline in AIDS- and immunodeficiency-related causes of death in the HIV-infected population. As life-expectancy increases, such individuals have become gradually exposed not only to the effects of aging itself, but also to the influence of environmental risk factors, which are known to act in the general population. These features can lead to obesity, diabetes mellitus and ultimately cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Metabolic complications and abnormal fat distribution were frequently observed after a few years of antiretroviral therapy and, as the array of antiretroviral drugs became broader, long term metabolic alterations are becoming far more common worldwide. Nevertheless, the risk of not being on HAART is overwhelmingly greater than the metabolic adverse events in terms of morbidity and mortality events. HIV/HAART-induced metabolic unbalances overlap in some extent the components of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its high rates in the HIV population place infected individuals in an elevated CVD risk category. MetS can explain at least in part the emergence of CVD as the major morbidity and mortality conditions in the HIV population. In this review we convey information on the underlying aspects of MetS during HIV infection, highlighting some physiopathological and epidemiological features of this comorbidity along with the role played by HIV itself and the synergy action of some antiretroviral drugs. Considerations on MetS management in the HIV population are also depicted.
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Gibellini D, Borderi M, Clò A, Morini S, Miserocchi A, Bon I, Ponti C, Re MC. HIV-related mechanisms in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:780-90. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283619331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from HIV transgenic mice exhibit altered proliferation, differentiation capacity and paracrine functions along with impaired therapeutic potential in kidney injury. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2266-74. [PMID: 23806280 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete paracrine factors that could be cytoprotective and serve roles in immunoregulation during tissue injury. Although MSCs express HIV receptors, and co-receptors, and are susceptible to HIV infection, whether HIV-1 may affect biological properties of MSCs needs more study. We evaluated cellular proliferation, differentiation and paracrine functions of MSCs isolated from compact bones of healthy control mice and Tg26 HIV-1 transgenic mice. The ability of MSCs to protect against cisplatin toxicity was studied in cultured renal tubular cells as well as in intact mice. We successfully isolated MSCs from healthy mice and Tg26 HIV-1 transgenic mice and found the latter expressed viral Nef, Vpu, NL4-3 and Vif genes. The proliferation and differentiation of Tg26 HIV-1 MSCs was inferior to MSCs from healthy mice. Moreover, transplantation of Tg26 HIV-1 MSCs less effectively improved outcomes compared with healthy MSCs in mice with acute kidney injury. Also, Tg26 HIV-1 MSCs secreted multiple cytokines, but at significantly lower levels than healthy MSCs, which resulted in failure of conditioned medium from these MSCs to protect cultured renal tubular cells from cisplatin toxicity. Therefore, HIV-1 had adverse biological effects on MSCs extending to their proliferation, differentiation, function, and therapeutic potential. These findings will help in advancing mechanistical insight in renal injury and repair in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
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Gibellini D, Clò A, Morini S, Miserocchi A, Ponti C, Re MC. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on the erythrocyte and megakaryocyte lineages. World J Virol 2013; 2:91-101. [PMID: 24175233 PMCID: PMC3785048 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaemia and thrombocytopenia are haematological disorders that can be detected in many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients during the development of HIV infection. The progressive decline of erythrocytes and platelets plays an important role both in HIV disease progression and in the clinical and therapeutic management of HIV-positive patients. HIV-dependent impairment of the megakaryocyte and erythrocyte lineages is multifactorial and particularly affects survival, proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells, the activity of BM stromal cells and the regulation of cytokine networks. In this review, we analyse the major HIV-related mechanisms that are involved in the genesis and development of the anaemia and thrombocytopenia observed in HIV positive patients.
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