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Liu P, Zhang R, Song X, Tian X, Guan Y, Li L, He M, He C, Ding N. RTCB deficiency triggers colitis in mice by influencing the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:405-413. [PMID: 38425245 PMCID: PMC11292128 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA terminal phosphorylase B (RTCB) has been shown to play a significant role in multiple physiological processes. However, the specific role of RTCB in the mouse colon remains unclear. In this study, we employ a conditional knockout mouse model to investigate the effects of RTCB depletion on the colon and the potential molecular mechanisms. We assess the efficiency and phenotype of Rtcb knockout using PCR, western blot analysis, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the control mice, the Rtcb-knockout mice exhibit compromised colonic barrier integrity and prominent inflammatory cell infiltration. In the colonic tissues of Rtcb-knockout mice, the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-8, and p-p65 are increased, whereas the levels of IKKβ and IκBα are decreased. Moreover, the level of GSK3β is increased, whereas the levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and LGR5 are decreased. Collectively, our findings unveil a close association between RTCB and colonic tissue homeostasis and demonstrate that RTCB deficiency can lead to dysregulation of both the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in colonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Liu
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Xiaohua Tian
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Yichao Guan
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Licheng Li
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Mei He
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Chengqiang He
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
| | - Naizheng Ding
- />College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan250014China
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2
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Huang WC, Yeh CW, Hsu SY, Lee LT, Chu CY, Yen HCS. Characterization of degradation signals at protein C-termini. Methods Enzymol 2023; 686:345-367. [PMID: 37532407 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein termini are critical for protein functions. They are often more accessible than internal regions and thus are frequently subjected to various modifications that affect protein function. Protein termini also contribute to regulating protein lifespan. Recent studies have revealed a series of degradation signals located at protein C-termini, termed C-degrons or C-end degrons. C-degrons have been implicated as underlying a protein quality surveillance system that eliminates truncated, cleaved and mislocalized proteins. Despite the importance of C-degrons, our knowledge of them remains sparse. Here, we describe an established framework for the characterization of C-degrons by Global Protein Stability (GPS) profiling assay, a fluorescence-based reporter system for measuring protein stability in cellulo. Furthermore, we apply an approach that couples GPS with random peptide libraries for unbiased and context-independent characterization of C-degron motifs. Our methodology provides a robust and efficient platform for analyzing the degron potencies of C-terminal peptides, which can significantly accelerate our understanding of C-degrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Wei Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lo-Tung Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chi S Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Niu X, Cui H, Gu X, Wu T, Sun M, Zhou C, Ma M. Nuclear Receptor PXR Confers Irradiation Resistance by Promoting DNA Damage Response Through Stabilization of ATF3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837980. [PMID: 35372071 PMCID: PMC8965888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low response rate to radiotherapy remains a problem for liver and colorectal cancer patients due to inappropriate DNA damage response in tumors. Here, we report that pregnane X receptor (PXR) contributes to irradiation (IR) resistance by promoting activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-mediated ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) activation. PXR stabilized ATF3 protein by blocking its ubiquitination. PXR–ATF3 interaction is required for regulating ATF3, as one mutant of lysine (K) 42R of ATF3 lost binding with PXR and abolished PXR-reduced ubiquitination of ATF3. On the other hand, threonine (T) 432A of PXR lost binding with ATF3 and further compromised ATM activation. Moreover, the PXR–ATF3 interaction increases ATF3 stabilization through disrupting ATF3–murine double minute 2 (MDM2) interaction and negatively regulating MDM2 protein expression. PXR enhanced MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and shortened its half-life, therefore compromising the MDM2-mediated degradation of ATF3 protein. Structurally, both ATF3 and PXR bind to the RING domain of MDM2, and on the other hand, MDM2 binds with PXR on the DNA-binding domain (DBD), which contains zinc finger sequence. Zinc finger sequence is well known for nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) playing E3 ligase activity to degrade nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/p65. However, whether zinc-RING sequence grants E3 ligase activity to PXR remains elusive. Taken together, these results provide a novel mechanism that PXR contributes to IR resistance by promoting ATF3-mediated ATM activation through stabilization of ATF3. Our result suggests that targeting PXR may sensitize liver and colon cancer cells to IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Wang T, Wang T, Zhang M, Shi X, Zhang M, Wang H, Yang X, Yu Z, Liu J. The Ovarian Development Genes of Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis Evaluated by Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:783404. [PMID: 34977217 PMCID: PMC8714755 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.783404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis has two reproductive groups: a bisexual group (HLBP) and a parthenogenetic group (HLPP). The comparative molecular regulation of ovarian development in these two groups is unexplored. We conducted transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics on the ovaries of HLBP and HLPP, in different feeding stages, to evaluate the molecular function of genes associated with ovarian development. The ovarian tissues of HLBP and HLPP were divided into three feeding stages (early-fed, partially-fed and engorged). A total of 87,233 genes and 2,833 proteins were annotated in the ovary of H. longicornis in the different feeding stages. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of functional pathway analysis indicated that Lysosome, MAPK Signaling Pathway, Phagosome, Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton, Endocytosis, Apoptosis, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Sphingolipid Metabolism were most abundant in the ovary of H. longicornis in the different feeding stages. Comparing the DEGs between HLBP and HLPP revealed that the ABC Transporter, PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway and cAMP Signaling Pathway were the most enriched and suggested that the functions of signal transduction mechanisms may have changed during ovarian development. The functions of the annotated proteome of ovarian tissues were strongly correlated with the transcriptome annotation results, and these were further validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the HLBP, the expression of cathepsin L, secreted proteins and glycosidase proteins was significantly up-regulated during feeding stages. In the HLPP, the lysozyme, yolk proteins, heat shock protein, glutathione S transferase, myosin and ATP synthase proteins were up-regulated during feeding stages. The significant differences of the gene expression between HLBP and HLPP indicated that variations in the genetic background and molecular function might exist in the two groups. These results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism and exploring the functions of genes in the ovarian development of different reproductive groups of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tongxuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyue Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Moscvin M, Ho M, Bianchi G. Overcoming drug resistance by targeting protein homeostasis in multiple myeloma. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:1028-1046. [PMID: 35265794 PMCID: PMC8903187 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder typically characterized by abundant synthesis of clonal immunoglobulin or free light chains. Although incurable, a deeper understanding of MM pathobiology has fueled major therapeutical advances over the past two decades, significantly improving patient outcomes. Proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective anti-MM drugs, targeting not only the cancerous cells, but also the bone marrow microenvironment. However, de novo resistance has been reported, and acquired resistance is inevitable for most patients over time, leading to relapsed/refractory disease and poor outcomes. Sustained protein synthesis coupled with impaired/insufficient proteolytic mechanisms makes MM cells exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in protein homeostasis, offering us the opportunity to target this intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic purposes. This review highlights the scientific rationale for the clinical use of FDA-approved and investigational agents targeting protein homeostasis in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moscvin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 240010, USA
| | - Giada Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Gabrielli NM, Mazzocchi LC, Kryvenko V, Tello K, Herold S, Morty RE, Grimminger F, Dada LA, Seeger W, Sznajder JI, Vadász I. TRAF2 Is a Novel Ubiquitin E3 Ligase for the Na,K-ATPase β-Subunit That Drives Alveolar Epithelial Dysfunction in Hypercapnia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689983. [PMID: 34277634 PMCID: PMC8283768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several acute and chronic lung diseases are associated with alveolar hypoventilation leading to accumulation of CO2 (hypercapnia). The β-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase plays a pivotal role in maintaining epithelial integrity by functioning as a cell adhesion molecule and regulating cell surface stability of the catalytic α-subunit of the transporter, thereby, maintaining optimal alveolar fluid balance. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase for the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit, which promoted polyubiquitination, subsequent endocytosis and proteasomal degradation of the protein upon exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to elevated CO2 levels, thus impairing alveolar integrity. Ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit required lysine 5 and 7 and mutating these residues (but not other lysines) prevented trafficking of Na,K-ATPase from the plasma membrane and stabilized the protein upon hypercapnia. Furthermore, ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit was dependent on prior phosphorylation at serine 11 by protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ. Using a protein microarray, we identified the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) as the E3 ligase driving ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit upon hypercapnia. Of note, prevention of Na,K-ATPase β-subunit ubiquitination was necessary and sufficient to restore the formation of cell-cell junctions under hypercapnic conditions. These results suggest that a hypercapnic environment in the lung may lead to persistent epithelial dysfunction in affected patients. As such, the identification of the E3 ligase for the Na,K-ATPase may provide a novel therapeutic target, to be employed in patients with acute or chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, aiming to restore alveolar epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves M. Gabrielli
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Luciana C. Mazzocchi
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Vitalii Kryvenko
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Khodr Tello
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura A. Dada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Werner Seeger
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - István Vadász
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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7
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Franco R, Rivas-Santisteban R, Navarro G, Pinna A, Reyes-Resina I. Genes Implicated in Familial Parkinson's Disease Provide a Dual Picture of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration with Mitochondria Taking Center Stage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4643. [PMID: 33924963 PMCID: PMC8124903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of nigral dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. One of the pathological characteristics of the disease is the deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) that occurs in the brain from both familial and sporadic PD patients. This paper constitutes a narrative review that takes advantage of information related to genes (SNCA, LRRK2, GBA, UCHL1, VPS35, PRKN, PINK1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, DJ-1/PARK7 and FBXO7) involved in familial cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) to explore their usefulness in deciphering the origin of dopaminergic denervation in many types of PD. Direct or functional interactions between genes or gene products are evaluated using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. The rationale is to propose a map of the interactions between SNCA, the gene encoding for α-syn that aggregates in PD, and other genes, the mutations of which lead to early-onset PD. The map contrasts with the findings obtained using animal models that are the knockout of one of those genes or that express the mutated human gene. From combining in silico data from STRING-based assays with in vitro and in vivo data in transgenic animals, two likely mechanisms appeared: (i) the processing of native α-syn is altered due to the mutation of genes involved in vesicular trafficking and protein processing, or (ii) α-syn mutants alter the mechanisms necessary for the correct vesicular trafficking and protein processing. Mitochondria are a common denominator since both mechanisms require extra energy production, and the energy for the survival of neurons is obtained mainly from the complete oxidation of glucose. Dopamine itself can result in an additional burden to the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons because its handling produces free radicals. Drugs acting on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the mitochondria of neurons may hopefully end up targeting those receptors to reduce oxidative burden and increase mitochondrial performance. In summary, the analysis of the data of genes related to familial PD provides relevant information on the etiology of sporadic cases and might suggest new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute–Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (R.R.-S.); (I.R.-R.)
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8
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Yeom J, Groisman EA. Reduced ATP-dependent proteolysis of functional proteins during nutrient limitation speeds the return of microbes to a growth state. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/667/eabc4235. [PMID: 33500334 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When cells run out of nutrients, the growth rate greatly decreases. Here, we report that microorganisms, such as the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, speed up the return to a rapid growth state by preventing the proteolysis of functional proteins by ATP-dependent proteases while in the slow-growth state or stationary phase. This reduction in functional protein degradation resulted from a decrease in the intracellular concentration of ATP that was nonetheless sufficient to allow the continued degradation of nonfunctional proteins by the same proteases. Protein preservation occurred under limiting magnesium, carbon, or nitrogen conditions, indicating that this response was not specific to low availability of a particular nutrient. Nevertheless, the return to rapid growth required proteins that mediate responses to the specific nutrient limitation conditions, because the transcriptional regulator PhoP was necessary for rapid recovery only after magnesium starvation. Reductions in intracellular ATP and in ATP-dependent proteolysis also enabled the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to recover faster from stationary phase. Our findings suggest that protein preservation during a slow-growth state is a conserved microbial strategy that facilitates the return to a growth state once nutrients become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinki Yeom
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eduardo A Groisman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA. .,Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, P.O. Box 27389, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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9
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Sainani SR, Pansare PA, Rode K, Bhalchim V, Doke R, Desai S. Emendation of autophagic dysfuction in neurological disorders: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:466-482. [PMID: 32924706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1822356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders have been continuously contributing to the global disease burden and affect millions of people worldwide. Researchers strive hard to extract out the ultimate cure and serve for the betterment of the society, and yet the treatments available provide only symptomatic relief. Aging and abnormal mutations seem to be the major culprits responsible for neurotoxicity and neuronal death. One of the major causes of these neurological disorders that has been paid utmost attention recently, is Autophagic Dysfunction. AIM The aim of the study was to understand the autophagic process, its impairment in neurological disorders and targeting the impairments as a therapeutic option for the said disorders. METHODS For the purpose of review, we carried out an extensive literature study to excerpt the series of steps involved in autophagy and to understand the mechanism of autophagic impairment occurring in a range of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, Depression, Schizophrenia, Autism etc. The review also involved the exploration of certain molecules that can help in triggering the compromised autophagic members. RESULTS We found that, a number of genes, proteins, receptors and transcription factors interplay to bring about autophagy and plethora of neurological disorders are associated with the diminished expression of one or more autophagic member leading to inhibition of autophagy. CONCLUSION Autophagy is a significant process for the removal of misfolded, abnormal, damaged protein aggregates and nonfunctional cell organelles in order to suppress neurodegeneration. Therefore, triggering autophagy could serve as an important therapeutic target to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani R Sainani
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Prajakta A Pansare
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Ketki Rode
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Vrushali Bhalchim
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Rohit Doke
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
| | - Shivani Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr D Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune, India
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10
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Berglund J, Gjondrekaj R, Verney E, Maupin-Furlow JA, Edelmann MJ. Modification of the host ubiquitome by bacterial enzymes. Microbiol Res 2020; 235:126429. [PMID: 32109687 PMCID: PMC7369425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM), which occurs ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells and controls most cellular processes. As a consequence, ubiquitination is an attractive target of pathogen-encoded virulence factors. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to hijack the host's ubiquitin system to their advantage. In this review, we discuss the bacteria-encoded E3 ligases and deubiquitinases translocated to the host for an addition or removal of eukaryotic ubiquitin modification, effectively hijacking the host's ubiquitination processes. We review bacterial enzymes homologous to host proteins in sequence and functions, as well as enzymes with novel mechanisms in ubiquitination, which have significant structural differences in comparison to the mammalian E3 ligases. Finally, we will also discuss examples of molecular "counter-weapons" - eukaryotic proteins, which counteract pathogen-encoded E3 ligases. The many examples of the pathogen effector molecules that catalyze eukaryotic ubiquitin modification bring to light the intricate pathways involved in the pathogenesis of some of the most virulent bacterial infections with human pathogens. The role of these effector molecules remains an essential determinant of bacterial virulence in terms of infection, invasion, and replication. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms dictating the mimicry employed by bacterial pathogens is of vital importance in developing new strategies for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Berglund
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Rafaela Gjondrekaj
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Ellen Verney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1355 Museum Drive, Gainesville, 32611-0700, FL USA.
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11
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Cassidy AA, Lamarre SG. Activation of oxygen-responsive pathways is associated with altered protein metabolism in Arctic char exposed to hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.203901. [PMID: 31704904 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish exposed to fluctuating oxygen concentrations often alter their metabolism and/or behaviour to survive. Hypoxia tolerance is typically associated with the ability to reduce energy demand by supressing metabolic processes such as protein synthesis. Arctic char is amongst the most sensitive salmonid to hypoxia, and typically engage in avoidance behaviour when faced with lack of oxygen. We hypothesized that a sensitive species will still have the ability (albeit reduced) to regulate molecular mechanisms during hypoxia. We investigated the tissue-specific response of protein metabolism during hypoxia. Little is known about protein degradation pathways during hypoxia in fish and we predict that protein degradation pathways are differentially regulated and play a role in the hypoxia response. We also studied the regulation of oxygen-responsive cellular signalling pathways [hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), unfolded protein response (UPR) and mTOR pathways] since most of what we know comes from studies on cancerous mammalian cell lines. Arctic char were exposed to cumulative graded hypoxia trials for 3 h at four air saturation levels (100%, 50%, 30% and 15%). The rate of protein synthesis was measured using a flooding dose technique, whereas protein degradation and signalling pathways were assessed by measuring transcripts and phosphorylation of target proteins. Protein synthesis decreased in all tissues measured (liver, muscle, gill, digestive system) except for the heart. Salmonid hearts have preferential access to oxygen through a well-developed coronary artery, therefore the heart is likely to be the last tissue to become hypoxic. Autophagy markers were upregulated in the liver, whereas protein degradation markers were downregulated in the heart during hypoxia. Further work is needed to determine the effects of a decrease in protein degradation on a hypoxic salmonid heart. Our study showed that protein metabolism in Arctic char is altered in a tissue-specific fashion during graded hypoxia, which is in accordance with the responses of the three major hypoxia-sensitive pathways (HIF, UPR and mTOR). The activation pattern of these pathways and the cellular processes that are under their control varies greatly among tissues, sometimes even going in the opposite direction. This study provides new insights on the effects of hypoxia on protein metabolism. Adjustment of these cellular processes is likely to contribute to shifting the fish phenotype into a more hypoxia-tolerant one, if more than one hypoxia event were to occur. Our results warrant studying these adjustments in fish exposed to long-term and diel cycling hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Cassidy
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1A 3E9
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12
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Lin HC, Yeh CW, Chen YF, Lee TT, Hsieh PY, Rusnac DV, Lin SY, Elledge SJ, Zheng N, Yen HCS. C-Terminal End-Directed Protein Elimination by CRL2 Ubiquitin Ligases. Mol Cell 2019; 70:602-613.e3. [PMID: 29775578 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The proteolysis-assisted protein quality control system guards the proteome from potentially detrimental aberrant proteins. How miscellaneous defective proteins are specifically eliminated and which molecular characteristics direct them for removal are fundamental questions. We reveal a mechanism, DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons), by which CRL2 ubiquitin ligase uses interchangeable substrate receptors to recognize the unusual C termini of abnormal proteins (i.e., C-end degrons). C-end degrons are mostly less than ten residues in length and comprise a few indispensable residues along with some rather degenerate ones. The C-terminal end position is essential for C-end degron function. Truncated selenoproteins generated by translation errors and the USP1 N-terminal fragment from post-translational cleavage are eliminated by DesCEND. DesCEND also targets full-length proteins with naturally occurring C-end degrons. The C-end degron in DesCEND echoes the N-end degron in the N-end rule pathway, highlighting the dominance of protein "ends" as indicators for protein elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Domnita V Rusnac
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sung-Ya Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chi S Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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13
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14
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Cassidy AA, Blier PU, Le François NR, Dionne P, Morin PJ, Lamarre SG. Effects of fasting and refeeding on protein and glucose metabolism in Arctic charr. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:66-74. [PMID: 30144517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Refeeding, following a period of food deprivation will often lead to compensatory growth. Although many studies have focused on molecular mechanisms behind this accelerated growth response in fish, little is known on the roles of protein and metabolism. We also assessed, for the first time, the potential roles of miRNAs in regulating compensatory growth. Artcic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, a northern freshwater species, was deprived of food for 101 days and then fed to satiety for 126 days. The refeeding period resulted in compensatory growth, with a partial compensation of body mass. The feed deprivation period lead to a decrease in hepatosomatic index (HSI) and intestinal somatic index (ISI). HSI and ISI were then gradually replenished during early refeeding, following a lag phase prior to the compensatory growth response. mRNA transcripts regulating protein degradation via the autophagy pathway (Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L) in muscle were upregulated during feed restriction and downregulated after refeeding, which could allow for greater protein accretion in muscle, facilitating compensatory growth. Transcript levels from the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (Mafbx and Murf1) and the calpain system (Calpain 7 and Calpastatin) suggested that these pathways were not involved in regulating compensatory growth. Furthermore, we've shown that miRNAs (miR-29a and miR-223) could be involved in fish glycogen homeostasis during the early stages of refeeding. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating growth in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Cassidy
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Nathalie R Le François
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative et Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Division des Collections Vivantes et de la Recherche, Biodôme de Montréal-Espace pour la vie, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Patrick Dionne
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
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15
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Zhang Y, Miao G, Fazhan H, Waiho K, Zheng H, Li S, Ikhwanuddin M, Ma H. Transcriptome-seq provides insights into sex-preference pattern of gene expression between testis and ovary of the crucifix crab (Charybdis feriatus). Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:393-405. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucifix crab, Charybdis feriatus, which mainly inhabits Indo-Pacific region, is regarded as one of the most high-potential species for domestication and incorporation into the aquaculture sector. However, the regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation of this species remain unclear. To identify candidate genes involved in sex determination and differentiation, high throughput sequencing of transcriptome from the testis and ovary of C. feriatus was performed by the Illumina platform. After removing adaptor primers, low-quality sequences and very short (<50 nt) reads, we obtained 80.9 million and 66.2 million clean reads from testis and ovary, respectively. A total of 86,433 unigenes were assembled, and ~43% (37,500 unigenes) were successfully annotated to the NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, GO databases. By comparing the testis and ovary libraries, we obtained 27,636 differentially expressed genes. Some candidate genes involved in the sex determination and differentiation of C. feriatus were identified, such as vasa, pgds, vgr, hsp90, dsx-f, fem-1, and gpr. In addition, 88,608 simple sequence repeats were obtained, and 61,929 and 77,473 single nucleotide polymorphisms from testis and ovary were detected, respectively. The transcriptome profiling was validated by quantitative real-time PCR in 30 selected genes, which showed a good consistency. The present study is the first high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of C. feriatus. These findings will be useful for future functional analysis of sex-associated genes and molecular marker-assisted selections in C. feriatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Guidong Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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16
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Strand NS, Allen JM, Zayas RM. Post-translational regulation of planarian regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:58-68. [PMID: 29705300 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most mammals cannot easily overcome degenerative disease or traumatic injuries. In contrast, an innate ability to regenerate is observed across animal phyla. Freshwater planarians are amongst the organisms that are capable of stem cell-mediated whole-body regeneration and have served as an exemplary model to study how pluripotency is maintained and regulated in vivo. Here, we review findings on the role of post-translational modifications and the genes regulating phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and chromatin remodeling in planarian regeneration. Furthermore, we discuss how technological advances for identifying cellular targets of these processes will fill gaps in our knowledge of the signaling mechanisms that underlie regeneration in planarians, which should inform how tissue repair can be stimulated in non-regenerative model organisms and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Strand
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John M Allen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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17
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Cassidy AA, Driedzic WR, Campos D, Heinrichs-Caldas W, Almeida-Val VMF, Val AL, Lamarre SG. Protein synthesis is lowered by 4EBP1 and eIF2-α signaling while protein degradation may be maintained in fasting, hypoxic Amazonian cichlids Astronotus ocellatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.167601. [PMID: 29212844 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Amazonian cichlid Astronotus ocellatus is highly tolerant to hypoxia, and is known to reduce its metabolic rate by reducing the activity of energetically expensive metabolic processes when oxygen is lacking in its environment. Our objectives were to determine how protein metabolism is regulated in A. ocellatus during hypoxia. Fish were exposed to a stepwise decrease in air saturation (100%, 20%, 10% and 5%) for 2 h at each level, and sampled throughout the experiment. A flooding dose technique using a stable isotope allowed us to observe an overall decrease in protein synthesis during hypoxia in liver, muscle, gill and heart. We estimate that this decrease in rates of protein synthesis accounts for a 20 to 36% decrease in metabolic rate, which would enable oscars to maintain stable levels of ATP and prolong survival. It was also determined for the first time in fish that a decrease in protein synthesis during hypoxia is likely controlled by signaling molecules (4EBP1 and eIF2-α), and not simply due to a lack of ATP. We could not detect any effects of hypoxia on protein degradation as the levels of NH4 excretion, indicators of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, and enzymatic activities of lysosomal and non-lysosomal proteolytic enzymes were maintained throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cassidy
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
| | - W R Driedzic
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - D Campos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - W Heinrichs-Caldas
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - V M F Almeida-Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - A L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, 69.083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - S G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada E1A 3E9
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18
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Strand NS, Allen JM, Ghulam M, Taylor MR, Munday RK, Carrillo M, Movsesyan A, Zayas RM. Dissecting the function of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex genes in planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:210-217. [PMID: 29291974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system plays a role in nearly every aspect of eukaryotic cell biology. The enzymes responsible for transferring ubiquitin onto specific substrates are the E3 ubiquitin ligases, a large and diverse family of proteins, for which biological roles and target substrates remain largely undefined. Studies using model organisms indicate that ubiquitin signaling mediates key steps in developmental processes and tissue regeneration. Here, we used the freshwater planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea, to investigate the role of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes in stem cell regulation during regeneration. We identified six S. mediterranea cullin genes, and used RNAi to uncover roles for homologs of Cullin-1, -3 and -4 in planarian regeneration. The cullin-1 RNAi phenotype included defects in blastema formation, organ regeneration, lesions, and lysis. To further investigate the function of cullin-1-mediated cellular processes in planarians, we examined genes encoding the adaptor protein Skp1 and F-box substrate-recognition proteins that are predicted to partner with Cullin-1. RNAi against skp1 resulted in phenotypes similar to cullin-1 RNAi, and an RNAi screen of the F-box genes identified 19 genes that recapitulated aspects of cullin-1 RNAi, including ones that in mammals are involved in stem cell regulation and cancer biology. Our data provides evidence that CRLs play discrete roles in regenerative processes and provide a platform to investigate how CRLs regulate stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Strand
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John M Allen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mahjoobah Ghulam
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Matthew R Taylor
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Roma K Munday
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Artem Movsesyan
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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19
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Ramadan K, Dikic I. Editorial: Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Relative SUMO in DNA Damage Response. Front Genet 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 29230235 PMCID: PMC5711768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Ramadan
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology (MRC), Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Molecular Signaling Unit, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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20
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Kawaguchi T, Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Hirajima S, Nishimura Y, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Tsuda H, Otsuji E. Overexpression of TRIM44 is related to invasive potential and malignant outcomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317700409. [PMID: 28618928 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317700409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some members of the tripartite motif-containing protein family function as important regulators for carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether tripartite motif-containing protein 44 acts as a cancer-promoting gene through its overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We analyzed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to evaluate malignant potential and also analyzed 68 primary tumors to evaluate clinical relevance of tripartite motif-containing protein 44 protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Expression of the tripartite motif-containing protein 44 protein was detected in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (8/14 cell lines; 57%) and primary tumor samples of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (39/68 cases; 57%). Knockdown of tripartite motif-containing protein 44 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells using several specific small interfering RNAs inhibited cell migration and invasion, but not cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of the tripartite motif-containing protein 44 protein in the tumor infiltrated region was associated with the status of lymph node metastasis ( p = 0.049), and the overall survival rates were significantly worse among patients with tripartite motif-containing protein 44-overexpressing tumors than those with non-expressing tumors ( p = 0.029). Moreover, multivariate Cox regression model identified that overexpression of the tripartite motif-containing protein 44 protein was an independent worse prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 2.815; p = 0.041), as well as lymphatic invasion (hazard ratio = 2.735; p = 0.037). These results suggest that tripartite motif-containing protein 44 protein could play a crucial role in tumor invasion through its overexpression and highlight its usefulness as a predictor and potential therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoji Hirajima
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Nishimura
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- 2 Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,3 Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- 1 Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of α-methyl-chalcone for anti-cervical cancer activity. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:474-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Cassidy AA, Saulnier RJ, Lamarre SG. Adjustments of Protein Metabolism in Fasting Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153364. [PMID: 27096948 PMCID: PMC4838323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein metabolism, including the interrelated processes of synthesis and degradation, mediates the growth of an animal. In ectothermic animals, protein metabolism is responsive to changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions. This study aimed to characterise responses of protein metabolism to food deprivation that occur in the coldwater salmonid, Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. We compared two groups of Arctic charr: one fed continuously and the other deprived of food for 36 days. We measured the fractional rate of protein synthesis (KS) in individuals from the fed and fasted groups using a flooding dose technique modified for the use of deuterium-labelled phenylalanine. The enzyme activities of the three major protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin proteasome, lysosomal cathepsins and the calpain systems) were measured in the same fish. This study is the first to measure both KS and the enzymatic activity of protein degradation in the same fish, allowing us to examine the apparent contribution of different protein degradation pathways to protein turnover in various tissues (red and white muscle, liver, heart and gills). KS was lower in the white muscle and in liver of the fasted fish compared to the fed fish. There were no observable effects of food deprivation on the protease activities in any of the tissues with the exception of liver, where the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seemed to be activated during fasting conditions. Lysosomal proteolysis appears to be the primary degradation pathway for muscle protein, while the ubiquitin proteasome pathway seems to predominate in the liver. We speculate that Arctic charr regulate protein metabolism during food deprivation to conserve proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon G. Lamarre
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Asaoka T, Ikeda F. New Insights into the Role of Ubiquitin Networks in the Regulation of Antiapoptosis Pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 318:121-58. [PMID: 26315885 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a small modifier protein that conjugates on lysine (Lys) residues of substrates, and it can be targeted by another ubiquitin molecule to form chains through conjugation on the intrinsic Lys residues and methionine (Met) 1 residue. Ubiquitination of substrates by such chains determines the fate of substrates, thereby influencing various biological processes. In this chapter, we focus on apoptosis with an emphasis on the regulation by ubiquitination. The signal transduction of apoptosis is governed not only by the classical function of ubiquitin, which is proteasome-dependent degradation of substrates, but also by the apoptosis signaling complex formation guided by different types of ubiquitin chains. Ubiquitinations of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins are tightly regulated by particular sets of enzymes, such as ubiquitin E3 ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs). We further discuss ubiquitination in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway as an example for the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of apoptosis and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Asaoka
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
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25
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Henderson JM, Nisperos SV, Weeks J, Ghulam M, Marín I, Zayas RM. Identification of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family genes involved in stem cell regulation and regeneration in planarians. Dev Biol 2015; 404:21-34. [PMID: 25956527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases constitute a large family of enzymes that modify specific proteins by covalently attaching ubiquitin polypeptides. This post-translational modification can serve to regulate protein function or longevity. In spite of their importance in cell physiology, the biological roles of most ubiquitin ligases remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the function of the HECT domain family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration in planarians. Using bioinformatic searches, we identified 17 HECT E3 genes that are expressed in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome. Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments showed that HECT genes were expressed in diverse tissues and most were expressed in the stem cell population (neoblasts) or in their progeny. To investigate the function of all HECT E3 ligases, we inhibited their expression using RNA interference (RNAi) and determined that orthologs of huwe1, wwp1, and trip12 had roles in tissue regeneration. We show that huwe1 RNAi knockdown led to a significant expansion of the neoblast population and death by lysis. Further, our experiments showed that wwp1 was necessary for both neoblast and intestinal tissue homeostasis as well as uncovered an unexpected role of trip12 in posterior tissue specification. Taken together, our data provide insights into the roles of HECT E3 ligases in tissue regeneration and demonstrate that planarians will be a useful model to evaluate the functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in stem cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana M Henderson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Sean V Nisperos
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Joi Weeks
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Mahjoobah Ghulam
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Ignacio Marín
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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26
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Seo TW, Lee JS, Yoo SJ. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 ubiquitinates endonuclease G but does not affect endonuclease G-mediated cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:644-9. [PMID: 25139236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are evolutionarily well conserved and have been recognized as the key negative regulators of apoptosis. Recently, the role of IAPs as E3 ligases through the Ring domain was revealed. Using proteomic analysis to explore potential target proteins of DIAP1, we identified Drosophila Endonuclease G (dEndoG), which is known as an effector of caspase-independent cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that human EndoG interacts with IAPs, including human cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1 (cIAP1). EndoG was ubiquitinated by IAPs in vitro and in human cell lines. Interestingly, cIAP1 was capable of ubiquitinating EndoG in the presence of wild-type and mutant Ubiquitin, in which all lysines except K63 were mutated to arginine. cIAP1 expression did not change the half-life of EndoG and cIAP1 depletion did not alter its levels. Expression of dEndoG 54310, in which the mitochondrial localization sequence was deleted, led to cell death that could not be suppressed by DIAP1 in S2 cells. Moreover, EndoG-mediated cell death induced by oxidative stress in HeLa cells was not affected by cIAP1. Therefore, these results indicate that IAPs interact and ubiquitinate EndoG via K63-mediated isopeptide linkages without affecting EndoG levels and EndoG-mediated cell death, suggesting that EndoG ubiquitination by IAPs may serve as a regulatory signal independent of proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woong Seo
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lee
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Life Sciences, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ji Yoo
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanopharmaceutical Life Sciences, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Saritas-Yildirim B, Silva EM. The role of targeted protein degradation in early neural development. Genesis 2014; 52:287-99. [PMID: 24623518 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As neural stem cells differentiate into neurons during neurogenesis, the proteome of the cells is restructured by de novo expression and selective removal of regulatory proteins. The control of neurogenesis at the level of gene regulation is well documented and the regulation of protein abundance through protein degradation via the Ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway is a rapidly developing field. This review describes our current understanding of the role of the proteasome pathway in neurogenesis. Collectively, the studies show that targeted protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism in the generation of new neurons.
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28
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Pollmann L, Wettern M. The Ubiquitin System in Higher and Lower Plants - Pathways in Protein Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Tian M, Xie Q. Non-26S proteasome proteolytic role of ubiquitin in plant endocytosis and endosomal trafficking(F). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:54-63. [PMID: 23137267 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub) is highly conserved in all eukaryotic species. It plays important roles in many cellular processes by covalently attaching to the target proteins. The best known function of Ub is marking substrate proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. In fact, other consequences of ubiquitination have been discovered in yeast and mammals, such as membrane trafficking, DNA repair, chromatin modification, and protein kinase activation. The common mechanism underlying these processes is that Ub serves as a signal to sort proteins to the vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation as opposed to 26S proteasome-dependent degradation. To date, several reports have indicated that a similar function of Ub also exists in plants. This review focuses on a summary and analysis of the recent research progress on Ub acting as a signal to mediate endocytosis and endosomal trafficking in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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30
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Bustos D, Bakalarski CE, Yang Y, Peng J, Kirkpatrick DS. Characterizing ubiquitination sites by peptide-based immunoaffinity enrichment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1529-40. [PMID: 22729469 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r112.019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high resolution tandem mass spectrometry and peptide enrichment technologies have transformed the field of protein biochemistry by enabling analysis of end points that have traditionally been inaccessible to molecular and biochemical techniques. One field benefitting from this research has been the study of ubiquitin, a 76-amino acid protein that functions as a covalent modifier of other proteins. Seminal work performed decades ago revealed that trypsin digestion of a branched protein structure known as A24 yielded an enigmatic diglycine signature bound to a lysine residue in histone 2A. With the onset of mass spectrometry proteomics, identification of K-GG-modified peptides has emerged as an effective way to map the position of ubiquitin modifications on a protein of interest and to quantify the extent of substrate ubiquitination. The initial identification of K-GG peptides by mass spectrometry initiated a flurry of work aimed at enriching these post-translationally modified peptides for identification and quantification en masse. Recently, immunoaffinity reagents have been reported that are capable of capturing K-GG peptides from ubiquitin and its thousands of cellular substrates. Here we focus on the history of K-GG peptides, their identification by mass spectrometry, and the utility of immunoaffinity reagents for studying the mechanisms of cellular regulation by ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Bustos
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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31
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Zhu M, Torres MP, Kelley JB, Dohlman HG, Wang Y. Pheromone- and RSP5-dependent ubiquitination of the G protein beta subunit Ste4 in yeast. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27147-55. [PMID: 21685393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.254193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ste4 is the β subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein that mediates mating responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that Ste4 undergoes ubiquitination in response to pheromone stimulation. Ubiquitination of Ste4 is dependent on the E3 ligase Rsp5. Disrupting the activity of Rsp5 abolishes ubiquitination of Ste4 in vivo, and recombinant Rsp5 is capable of ubiquitinating Ste4 in vitro. We find also that Lys-340 is a major ubiquitination site on Ste4, as pheromone-induced ubiquitination of the protein is prevented when this residue is mutated to an arginine. Functionally, ubiquitination does not appear to regulate the stability of Ste4, as blocking ubiquitination has no apparent effect on either the abundance or the half-life of the protein. However, when presented with a concentration gradient of pheromone, Ste4(K340R) mutant cells polarize significantly faster than wild-type cells, indicating that ubiquitination limits pheromone-directed polarized growth. Together, these findings reveal a novel stimulus-dependent posttranslational modification of a Gβ subunit, establish Ste4 as a new substrate of the E3 ligase Rsp5, and demonstrate a role for G protein ubiquitination in cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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Ahn J, Novince Z, Concel J, Byeon CH, Makhov AM, Byeon IJL, Zhang P, Gronenborn AM. The Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4-DCAF1 complex dimerizes via a short helical region in DCAF1. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1359-67. [PMID: 21226479 DOI: 10.1021/bi101749s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cullin4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) is a multisubunit protein complex, comprising cullin4A (CUL4), RING H2 finger protein (RBX1), and DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1). Proteins that recruit specific targets to CRL4 for ubiquitination (ubiquitylation) bind the DDB1 adaptor protein via WD40 domains. Such CRL4 substrate recognition modules are DDB1- and CUL4-associated factors (DCAFs). Here we show that, for DCAF1, oligomerization of the protein and the CRL4 complex occurs via a short helical region (residues 845-873) N-terminal to DACF1's own WD40 domain. This sequence was previously designated as a LIS1 homology (LisH) motif. The oligomerization helix contains a stretch of four Leu residues, which appear to be essential for α-helical structure and oligomerization. In vitro reconstituted CRL4-DCAF1 complexes (CRL4(DCAF1)) form symmetric dimers as visualized by electron microscopy (EM), and dimeric CRL4(DCAF1) is a better E3 ligase for in vitro ubiquitination of the UNG2 substrate compared to a monomeric complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Ahn
- University of Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Bazzaro M, Anchoori RK, Mudiam MKR, Issaenko O, Kumar S, Karanam B, Lin Z, Isaksson Vogel R, Gavioli R, Destro F, Ferretti V, Roden RBS, Khan SR. α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl system of chalcone-based derivatives is responsible for broad inhibition of proteasomal activity and preferential killing of human papilloma virus (HPV) positive cervical cancer cells. J Med Chem 2010; 54:449-56. [PMID: 21186794 DOI: 10.1021/jm100589p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have potential for the treatment of cervical cancer. We describe the synthesis and biological characterization of a new series of 1,3-diphenylpropen-1-one (chalcone) based derivatives lacking the boronic acid moieties of the previously reported chalcone-based proteasome inhibitor 3,5-bis(4-boronic acid benzylidene)-1-methylpiperidin-4-one and bearing a variety of amino acid substitutions on the amino group of the 4-piperidone. Our lead compound 2 (RA-1) inhibits proteasomal activity and has improved dose-dependent antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties in cervical cancer cells containing human papillomavirus. Further, it induces synergistic killing of cervical cancer cell lines when tested in combination with an FDA approved proteasome inhibitor. Exploration of the potential mechanism of proteasomal inhibition by our lead compound using in silico docking studies suggests that the carbonyl group of its oxopiperidine moiety is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the γ-hydroxythreonine side chain within the catalytic sites of the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Heath, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
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Characterization of Puma-dependent and Puma-independent neuronal cell death pathways following prolonged proteasomal inhibition. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5484-501. [PMID: 20921277 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00575-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal stress and the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins are key features of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Previously we demonstrated that stabilization of p53 and activation of its target gene, puma (p53-upregulated mediator of apoptosis), mediated proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we demonstrated that Puma also contributed to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in mouse neocortical neurons. Although protection afforded by puma gene deletion was incomplete, we found little evidence indicating contributions from other proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. Attenuation of bax expression did not further reduce Puma-independent apoptosis, suggesting that pathways other than the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were activated. Real-time imaging experiments in wild-type and puma-deficient neurons using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based caspase sensor confirmed the involvement of a second cell death pathway characterized by caspase activation prior to mitochondrial permeabilization and, more prominently, a third, caspase-independent and Puma-independent pathway characterized by rapid cell shrinkage and nuclear condensation. This pathway involved lysosomal permeabilization in the absence of autophagy activation and was sensitive to cathepsin but not autophagy inhibition. Our data demonstrate that proteasomal stress activates distinct cell death pathways in neurons, leading to both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, and demonstrate independent roles for Puma and lysosomal permeabilization in this model.
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35
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Jubelin G, Taieb F, Duda DM, Hsu Y, Samba-Louaka A, Nobe R, Penary M, Watrin C, Nougayrède JP, Schulman BA, Stebbins CE, Oswald E. Pathogenic bacteria target NEDD8-conjugated cullins to hijack host-cell signaling pathways. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001128. [PMID: 20941356 PMCID: PMC2947998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cycle inhibiting factors (Cif), produced by pathogenic bacteria isolated from vertebrates and invertebrates, belong to a family of molecules called cyclomodulins that interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cif blocks the cell cycle at both the G1/S and G2/M transitions by inducing the stabilization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21waf1 and p27kip1. Using yeast two-hybrid screens, we identified the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 as a target of Cif. Cif co-compartmentalized with NEDD8 in the host cell nucleus and induced accumulation of NEDD8-conjugated cullins. This accumulation occurred early after cell infection and correlated with that of p21 and p27. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that Cif interacted with cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complexes (CRLs) through binding with the neddylated forms of cullins 1, 2, 3, 4A and 4B subunits of CRL. Using an in vitro ubiquitylation assay, we demonstrate that Cif directly inhibits the neddylated CUL1-associated ubiquitin ligase activity. Consistent with this inhibition and the interaction of Cif with several neddylated cullins, we further observed that Cif modulates the cellular half-lives of various CRL targets, which might contribute to the pathogenic potential of diverse bacteria. Among the arsenal of virulence factors used by bacterial pathogens to infect and manipulate their hosts, cyclomodulins are a growing family of bacterial toxins that interfere with the eukaryotic cell-cycle. Cif is one of these cyclomodulins produced by both mammalian and invertebrate pathogenic bacteria. Cif blocks the host cell cycle by inducing the accumulation of two regulators of cell cycle progression: the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. To decipher the mode of action of Cif, we performed yeast two-hybrid screenings. We show that Cif binds to NEDD8 and induce accumulation of neddylated cullins early after infection. Cullins are scaffold components of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), which ubiquitinate proteins and target them for degradation by the 26S proteasome. We demonstrate that Cif directly inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of these CRLs and consequently the targeting of p21 and p27 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Targeting at NEDD8 represents a novel strategy for modulation of host cell functions by bacterial pathogens. By inhibiting the most prominent class of ubiquitin-ligases, Cif controls the stability of a cohort of key regulators and impinge on not only cell cycle progression but also on many cellular and biological processes such as immunity, development, transcription, and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Jubelin
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | - David M. Duda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Structural Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yun Hsu
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ascel Samba-Louaka
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | - Rika Nobe
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Penary
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Watrin
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
| | | | - Brenda A. Schulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Structural Biology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C. Erec Stebbins
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CES); (EO)
| | - Eric Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; ENVT; UMR 1225; Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; Faculté de Médecine; Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse; Institut Fédératif de Biologie; Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène; Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (CES); (EO)
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Andreson BL, Gupta A, Georgieva BP, Rothstein R. The ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, Sml1, is sequentially phosphorylated, ubiquitylated and degraded in response to DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:6490-501. [PMID: 20566477 PMCID: PMC2965251 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is important for cell survival and genome integrity in the face of genotoxic stress. The Mec1/Rad53/Dun1 DNA damage response kinase cascade exhibits multifaceted controls over RNR activity including the regulation of the RNR inhibitor, Sml1. After DNA damage, Sml1 is degraded leading to the up-regulation of dNTP pools by RNR. Here, we probe the requirements for Sml1 degradation and identify several sites required for in vivo phosphorylation and degradation of Sml1 in response to DNA damage. Further, in a strain containing a mutation in Rnr1, rnr1-W688G, mutation of these sites in Sml1 causes lethality. Degradation of Sml1 is dependent on the 26S proteasome. We also show that degradation of phosphorylated Sml1 is dependent on the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Rad6, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Ubr2, and the E2/E3-interacting protein, Mub1, which form a complex previously only implicated in the ubiquitylation of Rpn4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Andreson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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37
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Singh AV, Palladino MA, Lloyd GK, Potts BC, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. Pharmacodynamic and efficacy studies of the novel proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 (marizomib) in a human plasmacytoma xenograft murine model. Br J Haematol 2010; 149:550-9. [PMID: 20331453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that the novel proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells resistant to conventional and bortezomib (Velcade, Takeda, Boston, MA, USA) therapies. In vivo studies using human MM-xenografts demonstrated that NPI-0052 is well tolerated, prolongs survival, and reduces tumour recurrence. These preclinical studies provided the basis for an ongoing phase-1 clinical trial of NPI-0052 in relapsed/refractory MM patients. Here we performed pharmacodynamic (PD) studies of NPI-0052 using human MM xenograft murine model. Our results showed that NPI-0052: (i) rapidly left the vascular compartment in an active form after intravenous (i.v.) administration, (ii) inhibited 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like (CT-L, beta5), trypsin-like (T-L, beta2), and caspase-like (C-L, beta1) activities in extra-vascular tumours, packed whole blood (PWB), lung, liver, spleen, and kidney, but not brain and (iii) triggered a more sustained (>24 h) proteasome inhibition in tumours and PWB than in other organs (<24 h). Tissue distribution analysis of radiolabeled compound (3H-NPI-0052) in mice demonstrated that NPI-0052 left the vascular space and entered organs as the parent compound. Importantly, treatment of MM.1S-bearing mice with NPI-0052 showed reduced tumour growth without significant toxicity, which was associated with prolonged inhibition of proteasome activity in tumours and PWB but not normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita V Singh
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Wassler MJ, Shur BD, Zhou W, Geng YJ. Characterization of a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that regulates beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2006-18. [PMID: 18511602 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we identified a novel galactosyltransferase 1-associating protein (GTAP) by cDNA cloning from a murine embryonic cDNA library using the two-hybrid yeast system. GTAP is expressed in early embryonic tissues, as well as in adult tissues with active cell turnover, and belongs to the class III ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme family. Its COOH-terminal domain contains a consensus sequence for ubiquitin binding shared by all the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, whereas its NH(2)-terminal domain appears critical for the binding and internalization of cell surface galactosyltransferase 1 (GalT1) in embryonic stem cells through a monensin- and MG132-dependent pathway. We have found that GTAP regulates GalT1-associated, laminin-dependent embryonic cell adhesion and the formation of embryoid bodies. Thus, GTAP functions as an evolutionarily conserved E2 enzyme, which may participate in intercellular adhesion and embryonic development. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wassler
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
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39
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Neufeld TP, Baehrecke EH. Eating on the fly: function and regulation of autophagy during cell growth, survival and death in Drosophila. Autophagy 2008; 4:557-62. [PMID: 18319640 DOI: 10.4161/auto.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made over recent years in defining the normal progression and regulation of autophagy, particularly in cultured mammalian cells and yeast model systems. However, apart from a few notable exceptions, our understanding of the physiological roles of autophagy has lagged behind these advances, and identification of components and features of autophagy unique to higher eukaryotes also remains a challenge. In this review we describe recent insights into the roles and control mechanisms of autophagy gained from in vivo studies in Drosophila. We focus on potential roles of autophagy in controlling cell growth and death, and describe how the regulation of autophagy has evolved to include metazoan-specific signaling pathways. We discuss genetic screening approaches that are being used to identify novel regulators and effectors of autophagy, and speculate about areas of research in this system likely to bear fruit in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Neufeld
- University of Minnesota, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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40
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Roth G, Freund S, Möhrle B, Wöllner K, Brünjes J, Gauglitz G, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G. Ubiquitin binds to a short peptide segment of hydrolase UCH-L3: a study by FCS, RIfS, ITC and NMR. Chembiochem 2008; 8:323-31. [PMID: 17211910 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Screening for small peptidic affinity tags for the detection of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins yielded the dodecapeptide amide DPDELRFNAIAL-NH(2) as a specific ubiquitin-interacting ligand. A peptide collection--based on crystal structures with ubiquitin-interacting proteins--was designed and confirmed by sequence comparison of ubiquitin-interacting motifs. Four independent physical detection methods demonstrated that the peptide binds to monomeric ubiquitin with an affinity of about 10 muM and with fast on and off rates. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with fluorescent peptides showed specific interaction with ubiquitin. Reflectometric interference spectroscopy with surface-immobilized peptides and isothermal calorimetry measurements confirmed the specific binding of ubiquitin and fast rate constants. (1)H,(15)N heteronuclear NMR localised the interaction site across the beta sheet of ubiquitin. The peptide aligns well with the ubiquitin-interacting motif and represents a lead structure for the rational design of high-affinity tags for targeting ubiquitinated protein in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Roth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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41
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Combination of proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and NPI-0052 trigger in vivo synergistic cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 2007; 111:1654-64. [PMID: 18006697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated that a novel proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 triggers apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and importantly, that is distinct from bortezomib (Velcade) in its chemical structure, effects on proteasome activities, and mechanisms of action. Here, we demonstrate that combining NPI-0052 and bortezomb induces synergistic anti-MM activity both in vitro using MM cell lines or patient CD138(+) MM cells and in vivo in a human plasmacytoma xenograft mouse model. NPI-0052 plus bortezomib-induced synergistic apoptosis is associated with: (1) activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP; (2) induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and JNK; (3) inhibition of migration of MM cells and angiogenesis; (4) suppression of chymotrypsin-like (CT-L), caspase-like (C-L), and trypsin-like (T-L) proteolytic activities; and (5) blockade of NF-kappaB signaling. Studies in a xenograft model show that low dose combination of NPI-0052 and bortezomib is well tolerated and triggers synergistic inhibition of tumor growth and CT-L, C-L, and T-L proteasome activities in tumor cells. Immununostaining of MM tumors from NPI-0052 plus bortezomib-treated mice showed growth inhibition, apoptosis, and a decrease in associated angiogenesis. Taken together, our study provides the preclinical rationale for clinical protocols evaluating bortezomib together with NPI-0052 to improve patient outcome in MM.
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Wang X, Trotman L, Koppie T, Alimonti A, Gao Z, Wang J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Cordon-Cardo C, Pandolfi PP, Jiang X. NEDD4-1 is a proto-oncogenic ubiquitin ligase for PTEN. Cell 2007; 128:129-39. [PMID: 17218260 PMCID: PMC1828909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN, a critical regulator for multiple cellular processes, is mutated or deleted frequently in various human cancers. Subtle reductions in PTEN expression levels have profound impacts on carcinogenesis. Here we show that PTEN level is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, and purified its ubiquitin ligase as HECT-domain protein NEDD4-1. In cells NEDD4-1 negatively regulates PTEN stability by catalyzing PTEN polyubiquitination. Consistent with the tumor-suppressive role of PTEN, overexpression of NEDD4-1 potentiated cellular transformation. Strikingly, in a mouse cancer model and multiple human cancer samples where the genetic background of PTEN was normal but its protein levels were low, NEDD4-1 was highly expressed, suggesting that aberrant upregulation of NEDD4-1 can posttranslationally suppress PTEN in cancers. Elimination of NEDD4-1 expression inhibited xenotransplanted tumor growth in a PTEN-dependent manner. Therefore, NEDD4-1 is a potential proto-oncogene that negatively regulates PTEN via ubiquitination, a paradigm analogous to that of Mdm2 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Wang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Lloyd Trotman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Theresa Koppie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Zhonghua Gao
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Junru Wang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Paul Tempst
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 522, New York, NY 10021
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43
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Wang R, He G, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Ashorn CL, Gallick GE, Stukenberg PT, Kirschner MW, Kuang J. NEDD4-1 is a proto-oncogenic ubiquitin ligase for PTEN. Cell 2007; 128:1119-32. [PMID: 17382881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN, a critical regulator for multiple cellular processes, is mutated or deleted frequently in various human cancers. Subtle reductions in PTEN expression levels have profound impacts on carcinogenesis. Here we show that PTEN level is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, and purified its ubiquitin ligase as HECT-domain protein NEDD4-1. In cells NEDD4-1 negatively regulates PTEN stability by catalyzing PTEN polyubiquitination. Consistent with the tumor-suppressive role of PTEN, overexpression of NEDD4-1 potentiated cellular transformation. Strikingly, in a mouse cancer model and multiple human cancer samples where the genetic background of PTEN was normal but its protein levels were low, NEDD4-1 was highly expressed, suggesting that aberrant upregulation of NEDD4-1 can posttranslationally suppress PTEN in cancers. Elimination of NEDD4-1 expression inhibited xenotransplanted tumor growth in a PTEN-dependent manner. Therefore, NEDD4-1 is a potential proto-oncogene that negatively regulates PTEN via ubiquitination, a paradigm analogous to that of Mdm2 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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44
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Fraser KPP, Rogers AD. Protein metabolism in marine animals: the underlying mechanism of growth. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2007; 52:267-362. [PMID: 17298892 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2881(06)52003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a fundamental process within all marine organisms. In soft tissues, growth is primarily achieved by the synthesis and retention of proteins as protein growth. The protein pool (all the protein within the organism) is highly dynamic, with proteins constantly entering the pool via protein synthesis or being removed from the pool via protein degradation. Any net change in the size of the protein pool, positive or negative, is termed protein growth. The three inter-related processes of protein synthesis, degradation and growth are together termed protein metabolism. Measurement of protein metabolism is vital in helping us understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect growth and growth efficiency in marine animals. Recently, the developing fields of transcriptomics and proteomics have started to offer us a means of greatly increasing our knowledge of the underlying molecular control of protein metabolism. Transcriptomics may also allow us to detect subtle changes in gene expression associated with protein synthesis and degradation, which cannot be detected using classical methods. A large literature exists on protein metabolism in animals; however, this chapter concentrates on what we know of marine ectotherms; data from non-marine ectotherms and endotherms are only discussed when the data are of particular relevance. We first consider the techniques available to measure protein metabolism, their problems and what validation is required. Protein metabolism in marine organisms is highly sensitive to a wide variety of factors, including temperature, pollution, seasonality, nutrition, developmental stage, genetics, sexual maturation and moulting. We examine how these abiotic and biotic factors affect protein metabolism at the level of whole-animal (adult and larval), tissue and cellular protein metabolism. Available gene expression data, which help us understand the underlying control of protein metabolism, are also discussed. As protein metabolism appears to comprise a significant proportion of overall metabolic costs in marine organisms, accurate estimates of the energetic cost per unit of synthesised protein are important. Measured costs of protein metabolism are reviewed, and the very high variability in reported costs highlighted. Two major determinants of protein synthesis rates are the tissue concentration of RNA, often expressed as the RNA to protein ratio, and the RNA activity (k(RNA)). The effects of temperature, nutrition and developmental stage on RNA concentration and activity are considered. This chapter highlights our complete lack of knowledge of protein metabolism in many groups of marine organisms, and the fact we currently have only limited data for animals held under a narrow range of experimental conditions. The potential assistance that genomic methods may provide in increasing our understanding of protein metabolism is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiron P P Fraser
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 OET, United Kingdom
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45
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Hu J, Haseebuddin M, Young M, Colburn NH. Suppression of p65 phosphorylation coincides with inhibition of IkappaBalpha polyubiquitination and degradation. Mol Carcinog 2006; 44:274-84. [PMID: 16163708 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state by IkappaB inhibitors. Oncogenic activation of NF-kappaB is achieved by stimulus-induced ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of IkappaBalpha. Once released from the inhibitor, NF-kappaB/p65 enters the nucleus. A pre-requisite for cytokine-induced IkappaBalpha ubiquitination and degradation is the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha at S32/S36. Phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha alone, however, is not sufficient to trigger its degradation, suggesting other events must be required for regulating IkappaBalpha degradation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of p65 at 536 is required for TNF-alpha induced IkappaBalpha proteolysis that in turn controls p65 nuclear translocation. We observed that, without affecting IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, MEK1 inhibitor U0126 treatment inhibited not only p65-S536 phosphorylation but also TNF-alpha-induced polyubiquitination of IkappaBalpha thereby inhibiting IkappaBalpha degradation. With p65 S536 phosphorylation mutants and mimics, we further observed that the structural mutation of p65 serine 536 to alanine inhibited the recruitment of ubiquitin to the p65-containing complex. As a consequence of suppressing polyubiquitination of the p65-containing complex, degradation of p65 phosphorylation mutant-bound IkappaBalpha was also inhibited. Accordingly, the nuclear translocation of phosphorylation-impaired p65 was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that p65 phosphorylation plays a key role in stimulus-induced IkappaBalpha ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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46
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Abstract
The main epigenetic mechanisms in regulation of gene expression are discussed. The definition of epigenetics and its specific mechanisms including DNA methylation and gene imprinting, modifications of nucleosomal histones associated with silencing or activation of gene transcription, RNA interference, chromosomal silencing, and the role of mobile elements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Tchurikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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47
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Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, Chauhan D, Fanourakis G, Gu X, Bailey C, Joseph M, Libermann TA, Treon SP, Munshi NC, Richardson PG, Hideshima T, Anderson KC. Molecular sequelae of proteasome inhibition in human multiple myeloma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14374-9. [PMID: 12391322 PMCID: PMC137891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202445099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 inhibits IkappaB degradation, prevents NF-kappaB activation, and induces apoptosis in several types of cancer cells, including chemoresistant multiple myeloma (MM) cells. PS-341 has marked clinical activity even in the setting of relapsed refractory MM. However, PS-341-induced apoptotic cascade(s) are not yet fully defined. By using gene expression profiling, we characterized the molecular sequelae of PS-341 treatment in MM cells and further focused on molecular pathways responsible for the anticancer actions of this promising agent. The transcriptional profile of PS-341-treated cells involved down-regulation of growth/survival signaling pathways, and up-regulation of molecules implicated in proapoptotic cascades (which are both consistent with the proapoptotic effect of proteasome inhibition), as well as up-regulation of heat-shock proteins and ubiquitin/proteasome pathway members (which can correspond to stress responses against proteasome inhibition). Further studies on these pathways showed that PS-341 decreases the levels of several antiapoptotic proteins and triggers a dual apoptotic pathway of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation, as well as activation of Jun kinase and a Fas/caspase-8-dependent apoptotic pathway [which is inhibited by a dominant negative (decoy) Fas construct]. Stimulation with IGF-1, as well as overexpression of Bcl-2 or constitutively active Akt in MM cells also modestly attenuates PS-341-induced cell death, whereas inhibitors of the BH3 domain of Bcl-2 family members or the heat-shock protein 90 enhance tumor cell sensitivity to proteasome inhibition. These data provide both insight into the molecular mechanisms of antitumor activity of PS-341 and the rationale for future clinical trials of PS-341, in combination with conventional and novel therapies, to improve patient outcome in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Mitsiades
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Busquets S, Alvarez B, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM. Branched-chain amino acids: a role in skeletal muscle proteolysis in catabolic states? J Cell Physiol 2002; 191:283-9. [PMID: 12012323 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 48-h starvation period resulted in a great increase in muscle proteolysis-as measured following the release of tyrosine into the medium-in incubated isolated rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. We have quantified the contribution of the different proteolytic systems to the increased protein degradation and observed a considerable activation in the ATP-dependent proteolytic (60%) and in the calcium-dependent (125%) systems, while no increases were observed in lysosomal proteolysis. The addition of 10 mM leucine to the incubation medium did not result in any changes in either total proteolytic rate or the activity rates of any of the different systems studied. In addition, the presence of the amino acid did not influence the levels of mRNA for the different genes studied-ubiquitin, C8 proteasome subunit, E2 conjugating enzyme, m-calpain, and cathepsin B. In a similar way, as observed during starvation, tumor growth resulted in increased protein degradation in incubated isolated EDL muscles from animals bearing the Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma. The increased rate of protein degradation affected all the proteolytic systems studied: ATP- and calcium-dependent and lysosomal. Finally, leucine addition (10 mM), although not able to revert the increased proteolytic rate, resulted in a decrease in the gene expression for ubiquitin, C8 proteasome subunit and cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Busquets
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Abstract
The intracellular class of proteins that bind the interleukin-2 suppressing drugs (cyclosporin, tacrolimus, and sirolimus) are called immunophilins. It is believed that the drugs do not act directly on T cells to cause immunosuppression. Instead, there is evidence that drug-immunophilin complexes are responsible for the therapeutic effect. In this work, evidence is presented that ubiquitin is an immunophilin. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved protein essential to an important pathway that targets proteins for proteolysis. The interaction of these drugs could cause accelerated proteolysis of a key protein for T-cell upregulation or could cause the inhibition of proteolysis of a T-cell suppressor. It was also shown that when ubiquitin is complexed with tacrolimus, the complex inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, and it is known that immunosuppression with these drugs occurs concurrently with a decrease in the activity of this enzyme. The discovery of ubiquitin as an immunophilin has opened many new avenues to explore in relation to the effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Davis
- Health Sciences Department, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
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50
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Lam YW, Ng TB, Wang HX. Antiproliferative and antimitogenic activities in a peptide from puffball mushroom Calvatia caelata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:744-9. [PMID: 11726211 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A peptide with a molecular weight of 8 kDa and an N-terminal sequence closely resembling that of ubiquitin was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mosaic puffball mushroom Calvatia caelata. The peptide was purified using a protocol that involved ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, and ion-exchange chromatography on Mono S. The peptide inhibited translation in the cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and exhibited N-glycosidase activity. It potently inhibited proliferation of spleen cells with an IC(50) of about 100 nM as indicated by the suppression of [methyl-(3)H]thymidine uptake. The viability of breast cancer cells was reduced to half at a ubiquitin concentration of about 100 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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