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Shiraki M, Kuroda T, Nakano M, Nakamura Y, Saito M, Urano T. Nitric oxide is associated with fracture risk in Japanese women. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280854. [PMID: 36749766 PMCID: PMC9904477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) is a known factor that regulates the bone physiology, few and discordant results have been obtained in human studies evaluating the effect of nitrates on bone health. We investigated for the relationship between serum NOx level and incident osteoporotic fracture rate prospectively in a cohort consisting of Japanese women. A total of 871 subjects (67.5 ± 10.8 y/o) were analyzed. During the observation period (8.8 ± 7.2 yrs), incident osteoporotic fractures occurred in 267 participants (209 vertebral fractures, 57 long-bone fractures, and 1 both types). Hazard ratio, by the Cox proportional hazards model, of serum NOx for incident fracture was 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.53-0.78, p < 0.001) after adjustment for baseline age (1.13, 1.06-1.21, p < 0.001), lumbar bone mineral density (L-BMD; 0.85, 0.78-0.92, p < 0.001), presence of prevalent fracture (3.27, 2.49-4.32, p < 0.001), and treatment of osteoporosis (0.70, 0.53-0.92, p = 0.010). The relationships between serum level of NOx and bone-related parameters were examined by multiple regression analysis; body mass index (p < 0.001) and L-BMD (p = 0.011) were significantly associated with serum NOx level. These results suggest that the low circulating NOx is one of the independent predictors for osteoporotic fracture occurrence in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Shiraki
- Research Institute and Practice for Involutional Diseases, Azumino City, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Nakano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita City, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Liu S, Li G, Ma D. Controllable Nitric Oxide‐Delivering Platforms for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Guowei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT‐MRI Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Guangzhou 510630 China
| | - Dong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
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Jeddi S, Yousefzadeh N, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Role of nitric oxide in type 1 diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114888. [PMID: 34968494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mineral density, bone quality, rate of bone healing, bone formation, and increased bone resorption. Patients with T1D have a 2-7-fold higher risk of osteoporotic fracture. The mechanisms leading to increased risk of osteoporotic fracture in T1D include insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, lower insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, a higher probability of falling, kidney dysfunction, weakened vision, and neuropathy indirectly increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture in T1D patients. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability contributes to the pathophysiology of T1D-induced osteoporotic fracture. This review discusses the role of NO in osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in T1D. In addition, the mechanisms involved in reduced NO bioavailability and activity in type 1 diabetic bones as well as NO-based therapy for T1D-induced osteoporosis are summarized. Available data indicates that lower NO bioavailability in diabetic bones is due to disruption of phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial NO synthases and NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G signaling pathways. Thus, NO bioavailability may be boosted directly or indirectly by NO donors. As NO donors with NO-like effects in the bone, inorganic nitrate and nitrite can potentially be used as novel therapeutic agents for T1D-induced osteoporosis. Inorganic nitrites and nitrates can decrease the risk for osteoporotic fracture probably directly by decreasing osteoclast activity, decreasing fat accumulation in the marrow cavity, increasing osteoblast activity, and increasing bone perfusion or indirectly, by improving hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and reducing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hazan-Molina H, Gabet Y, Aizenbud I, Aizenbud N, Aizenbud D. Orthodontic force and extracorporeal shock wave therapy: Assessment of orthodontic tooth movement and bone morphometry in a rat model. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 134:105327. [PMID: 34891101 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement, in a rat model, based on a previously established treatment protocol. DESIGN In conjunction with orthodontic force commencement, rats underwent ESWT. The amount of tooth movement along with different microarchitectural parameters were measured after three weeks by means of microcomputed tomography. In addition, the percentage of cells expressing vascular endothelial growth factor, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells/area and blood vessel density were evaluated both for the pressure and tension sides. RESULTS The addition of ESWT to the orthodontic force after three weeks more than doubled the average tooth movement. The addition of ESWT on the pressure side induced a significant decrease in volumetric bone mineral density. Blood vessel density and the number of TRAP positive cells were higher after the application of ESWT. CONCLUSION The induction of ESWT during orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model increases the rate of tooth movement by accelerating bone resorption on the pressure side and possibly enhances bone formation on the tension side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Hazan-Molina
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Center and Technion Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itay Aizenbud
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Nitzan Aizenbud
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Dror Aizenbud
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Anomalies, School of Graduate Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Center and Technion Haifa, Israel
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Diabetoporosis: Role of nitric oxide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:764-780. [PMID: 34121973 PMCID: PMC8192884 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetoporosis, diabetic-related decreased bone quality and quantity, is one of the leading causes of osteoporotic fractures in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is associated with lower trabecular and cortical bone quality, lower bone turnover rates, lower rates of bone healing, and abnormal posttranslational modifications of collagen. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been reported within the bones of T2D patients and can be considered as one of the primary mechanisms by which diabetoporosis is manifested. NO donors increase trabecular and cortical bone quality, increase the rate of bone formation, accelerate the bone healing process, delay osteoporosis, and decrease osteoporotic fractures in T2D patients, suggesting the potential therapeutic implication of NO-based interventions. NO is produced in the osteoblast and osteoclast cells by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes. In this review, the roles of NO in bone remodeling in the normal and diabetic states are discussed. Also, the favorable effects of low physiological levels of NO produced by endothelial NOS (eNOS) versus detrimental effects of high pathological levels of NO produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in diabetoporosis are summarized. Available data indicates decreased bone NO bioavailability in T2D and decreased expression of eNOS, and increased expression and activity of iNOS. NO donors can be considered novel therapeutic agents in diabetoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York,NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Qin A, Chen S, Wang P, Huang X, Zhang Y, Liang L, Du LR, Lai DH, Ding L, Yu X, Xiang AP. Knockout of NOS2 Promotes Adipogenic Differentiation of Rat MSCs by Enhancing Activation of JAK/STAT3 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:638518. [PMID: 33816486 PMCID: PMC8017136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.638518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that possess multilineage differentiation potential and extensive immunomodulatory properties. In mice and rats, MSCs produce nitric oxide (NO), as immunomodulatory effector molecule that exerts an antiproliferative effect on T cells, while the role of NO in differentiation was less clear. Here, we investigated the role of NO synthase 2 (NOS2) on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs. MSCs isolated from NOS2-null (NOS2–/–) and wild type (WT) Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats exhibited homogenous fibroblast-like morphology and characteristic phenotypes. However, after induction, adipogenic differentiation was found significantly promoted in NOS2–/– MSCs compared to WT MSCs, but not in osteogenic differentiation. Accordingly, qRT-PCR revealed that the adipogenesis-related genes PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, LPL and FABP4 were markedly upregulated in NOS2–/– MSCs, but not for osteogenic transcription factors or marker genes. Further investigations revealed that the significant enhancement of adipogenic differentiation in NOS2–/– MSCs was due to overactivation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Both AG490 and S3I-201, small molecule inhibitors that selectively inhibit STAT3 activation, reversed this adipogenic effect. Furthermore, after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, knockout of NOS2 in rat MSCs resulted in significant obesity. In summary, NOS2 is involved in the regulation of rat MSC adipogenic differentiation via the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ran Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Razavi F, Farhad A, Razavi S, Saatchi M, Manshaei M. Histological assessment of the local effect of different concentrations of aminoguanidine hydrochloride on bone healing in rats. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.324022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Tao H, Ge G, Liang X, Zhang W, Sun H, Li M, Geng D. ROS signaling cascades: dual regulations for osteoclast and osteoblast. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1055-1062. [PMID: 33085739 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is highly involved in bone homeostasis by intervening osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, ROS that are known as oxidizing agents exert dose-dependent biphasic properties in bone remodeling, including preventing osteoblast activity but accelerating osteoclast resorption. ROS mainly composed of superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and two-electron reduction product hydrogen peroxide, which are important components to regulate bone cell metabolism and function in mammal skeleton. These free radicals can be partly produced in bone and boosted in an inflammation state. Although numerous researches have emphasized the impacts of ROS on bone cell biology and verified the mechanism of ROS signaling cascades, the recapitulatory commentary is necessary. In this review article, we particularly focus on the regulation of the intracellular ROS and its potential mechanism impacting on cell-signaling transduction in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation for preferable understanding the pathogenesis and searching for novel therapeutic protocols for human bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
| | - Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
| | - Houyi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China, and
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9
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Kim SM, Taneja C, Perez-Pena H, Ryu V, Gumerova A, Li W, Ahmad N, Zhu LL, Liu P, Mathew M, Korkmaz F, Gera S, Sant D, Hadelia E, Ievleva K, Kuo TC, Miyashita H, Liu L, Tourkova I, Stanley S, Lizneva D, Iqbal J, Sun L, Tamler R, Blair HC, New MI, Haider S, Yuen T, Zaidi M. Repurposing erectile dysfunction drugs tadalafil and vardenafil to increase bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14386-14394. [PMID: 32513693 PMCID: PMC7321982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000950117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that two widely-used drugs for erectile dysfunction, tadalafil and vardenafil, trigger bone gain in mice through a combination of anabolic and antiresorptive actions on the skeleton. Both drugs were found to enhance osteoblastic bone formation in vivo using a unique gene footprint and to inhibit osteoclast formation. The target enzyme, phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A), was found to be expressed in mouse and human bone as well as in specific brain regions, namely the locus coeruleus, raphe pallidus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Localization of PDE5A in sympathetic neurons was confirmed by coimmunolabeling with dopamine β-hydroxylase, as well as by retrograde bone-brain tracing using a sympathetic nerve-specific pseudorabies virus, PRV152. Both drugs elicited an antianabolic sympathetic imprint in osteoblasts, but with net bone gain. Unlike in humans, in whom vardenafil is more potent than tadalafil, the relative potencies were reversed with respect to their osteoprotective actions in mice. Structural modeling revealed a higher binding energy of tadalafil to mouse PDE5A compared with vardenafil, due to steric clashes of vardenafil with a single methionine residue at position 806 in mouse PDE5A. Collectively, our findings suggest that a balance between peripheral and central actions of PDE5A inhibitors on bone formation together with their antiresorptive actions specify the osteoprotective action of PDE5A blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Kim
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Charit Taneja
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Helena Perez-Pena
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Anisa Gumerova
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Naseer Ahmad
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peng Liu
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mehr Mathew
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sakshi Gera
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Damini Sant
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Elina Hadelia
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kseniia Ievleva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Reproductive Health, Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, 664003 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tan-Chun Kuo
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Hirotaka Miyashita
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Irina Tourkova
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daria Lizneva
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jameel Iqbal
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Li Sun
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ronald Tamler
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Maria I New
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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Associations among Bone Mineral Density, Physical Activity and Nutritional Intake in Middle-Aged Women with High Levels of Arterial Stiffness: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051620. [PMID: 32138200 PMCID: PMC7084750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is little consensus regarding the impacts of physical activity and nutrient intake on bone mineral density (BMD) in subjects with high or low levels of arterial stiffness. This study was performed to investigate whether physical activity and nutrient intake are associated with BMD in middle-aged women with high levels of arterial stiffness. The study population consisted of middle-aged women aged 40–64 years (n = 22). BMD was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) was used as an indicator of arterial stiffness. Subjects were divided into two groups by median cf-PWV. Physical activity in free-living conditions was evaluated using a triaxial accelerometer. Nutrient intake was also measured using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. In the High-PWV group, BMD showed a significant negative correlation with age. Using a partial correlation model, BMD was associated with the number of steps and unsaturated fatty acid intake in the High-PWV group. These results suggest that BMD in middle-aged women with high levels of arterial stiffness may be associated with both the number of steps and nutritional intake. Recommendations of physical activity and nutritional intake for the prevention of osteopenia should include consideration of arterial stiffness.
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Yang S, Guo L, Su Y, Wen J, Du J, Li X, Liu Y, Feng J, Xie Y, Bai Y, Wang H, Liu Y. Nitric oxide balances osteoblast and adipocyte lineage differentiation via the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway in periodontal ligament stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:118. [PMID: 29716662 PMCID: PMC5930947 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Critical tissues that undergo regeneration in periodontal tissue are of mesenchymal origin; thus, investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying the fate of periodontal ligament stem cells could be beneficial for application in periodontal tissue regeneration. Nitric oxide (NO) regulates many biological processes in developing embryos and adult stem cells. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of NO on the function of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) as well as to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry were used for stem cell identification. Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were used to examine the expression of NO-synthesizing enzymes. The proliferative capacity of PDLSCs was determined by EdU assays. The osteogenic potential of PDLSCs was tested using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red staining, and calcium concentration detection. Oil Red O staining was used to analyze the adipogenic ability. Western blot, RT-PCR, and staining were used to examine the signaling pathway. Results Human PDLSCs expressed both inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and produced NO. Blocking the generation of NO with the NOS inhibitor l-NG-monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA) had no influence on PDLSC proliferation and apoptosis but significantly attenuated the osteogenic differentiation capacity and stimulated the adipogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs. Increasing the physiological level of NO with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation capacity but reduced the adipogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs. NO balances the osteoblast and adipocyte lineage differentiation in periodontal ligament stem cells via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Conclusions NO is essential for maintaining the balance between osteoblasts and adipocytes in PDLSCs via the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway. Graphical Abstract NO balances osteoblast and adipocyte lineage differentiation via JNK/MAPK signaling pathway![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0869-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Feng
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Lee DW, Kwon JY, Kim HK, Lee HJ, Kim ES, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee HB. Propofol attenuates osteoclastogenesis by lowering RANKL/OPG ratio in mouse osteoblasts. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:723-729. [PMID: 29910677 PMCID: PMC6001417 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling plays an important role in the bone healing process; for example, following fracture. The relative ratio of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)/ osteoprotegerin (OPG) controls osteoclast differentiation, thereby playing a pivotal role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Propofol, a widely used anesthetic agent in orthopedic procedures, is considered to possess potential antioxidant properties owing to its structural similarity to α-tocopherol. Antioxidants are known to enhance bone healing. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to investigate osteoblastic differentiation and RANKL/OPG expression following propofol administration, in order to assess the potentially beneficial effects of this drug on the bone remodeling process, using calvarial primary osteoblasts from newborn mice. Calvarial pre-osteoblast cells were cultured in media containing clinically relevant concentrations of propofol, and cytotoxicity, effects on cell proliferation, osteogenic activity, and osteoclastogenesis were examined. The present findings indicated that propofol did not exert cytotoxic effects or alter cell proliferation in primary calvarial osteoblasts. Further, propofol did not affect osteoblast differentiation. The RANKL/OPG ratio was found to be decreased following propofol administration, and osteoclastogenesis was significantly reduced, indicating that propofol attenuated the osteoclastogenesis-supporting activity of osteoblasts. The results demonstrate that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, exerts beneficial effects on bone remodeling by attenuating osteoclastogenesis via suppression of the RANKL/OPG expression axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kwon
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kyu Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae-Jin Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, and Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Bit Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Li Y, Yuan J, Wang Q, Sun L, Sha Y, Li Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Ma Y, Cao H. The collective influence of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 with physiological fluid shear stress on osteoblasts. Steroids 2018; 129:9-16. [PMID: 29155218 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25 (OH)2 D3) and mechanical stimuli in physiological environment contributes greatly to osteoporosis pathogenesis. Wide investigations have been conducted on how 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mechanical stimuli separately impact osteoblasts. This study reports the collective influences of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and flow shear stress (FSS) on biological functions of osteoblasts. 1, 25 (OH)2 D3 were prepared in various kinds of concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 nmmol/L), while physiological fluid shear stress (12 dynes/cm2) was produced by using a parallel-plate fluid flow system. 1, 25 (OH)2 D3 affects the responses of ROBs to FSS, including the inhibition of NO release and cell proliferation as well as the promotion of PGE2 release and cell differentiation. These findings provide a possible mechanism by which 1, 25(OH)2 D3 influences osteoblasts' responses to FSS, thus most probably providing guidance for the selection of 1, 25(OH)2 D3 concentration and mechanical loading in order to produce functional bone tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Jiafeng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Lijie Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yunying Sha
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yanxiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, China; Bone Tissue Engineering Research Center of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China
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Yang JY, Park MY, Park SY, Yoo HI, Kim MS, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Jung JY. Nitric Oxide-Induced Autophagy in MC3T3-E1 Cells is Associated with Cytoprotection via AMPK Activation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:507-14. [PMID: 26557017 PMCID: PMC4637353 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.6.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is important in the regulation of bone remodeling, whereas high concentration of NO promotes cell death of osteoblast. However, it is not clear yet whether NO-induced autophagy is implicated in cell death or survival of osteoblast. The present study is aimed to examine the role of NO-induced autophagy in the MC3T3-E1 cells and their underlying molecular mechanism. The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, on the cytotoxicity of the MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by MTT assay and expression of apoptosis or autophagy associated molecules was evaluated by western blot analysis. The morphological observation of autophagy and apoptosis by acridine orange stain and TUNEL assay were performed, respectively. Treatment of SNP decreased the cell viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. SNP increased expression levels of p62, ATG7, Beclin-1 and LC3-II, as typical autophagic markers and augmented acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, detected by acridine orange staining. However, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3MA), the specific inhibitor for autophagy, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 in the SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major autophagy regulatory kinase, was activated in SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, pretreatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the number of apoptotic cells, cleaved PARP and caspase-3 levels compared to those of SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, it is speculated that NO-induced autophagy functions as a survival mechanism via AMPK activation against apoptosis in the MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Yang
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sam Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hong Il Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Won Jae Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults to rat osteoblasts are attenuated by nitric oxide pretreatment via GATA-5-involved regulation of Bcl-X L gene expression and protein translocation. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:905-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Fang HW, Kao WY, Lin PI, Chang GW, Hung YJ, Chen RM. Effects of Polypropylene Carbonate/Poly(d,l-lactic) Acid/Tricalcium Phosphate Elastic Composites on Improving Osteoblast Maturation. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1999-2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Luo Y, Huang K, Xing J, Xie Z, Lin M, Yang L, Wang Y. The responses of osteoblasts to fluid shear stress depend on substrate chemistries. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Bucur RC, Reid LS, Hamilton CJ, Cummings SR, Jamal SA. Nitrates and bone turnover (NABT) - trial to select the best nitrate preparation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:284. [PMID: 24010992 PMCID: PMC3847792 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organic nitrates uncouple bone turnover, improve bone mineral density, and improve trabecular and cortical components of bone. These changes in turnover, strength and geometry may translate into an important reduction in fractures. However, before proceeding with a large fracture trial, there is a need to identify the nitrate formulation that has both the greatest efficacy (with regards to bone turnover markers) and gives the fewest headaches. Ascertaining which nitrate formulation this may be is the purpose of the current study. Methods and design This will be an open-label randomized, controlled trial conducted at Women’s College Hospital comparing five formulations of nitrates for their effects on bone turnover markers and headache. We will recruit postmenopausal women age 50 years or older with no contraindications to nitroglycerin. Our trial will consist of a run-in phase and a treatment phase. We will enroll 420 women in the run-in phase, each to receive all of the 5 potential treatments in random order for 2 days, each with a 2-day washout period between treatments. Those who tolerate all formulations will enter the 12-week treatment phase and be randomly assigned to one of five groups: 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin tablet, 0.6 mg of the sublingual tablet, a 20 mg tablet of isosorbide mononitrate, a 160 mg nitroglycerin transdermal patch (used for 8 h), and 15 mg of nitroglycerin ointment as used in a previous trial by our group. We will continue enrolment until we have randomized 210 women or 35 women per group. Concentrations of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide) and bone resorption (C-telopeptides of collagen crosslinks and N-terminal crosslinks of collagen) agents will be measured in samples taken at study entry (the start of the run in phase) and 12 weeks. Subjects will record the frequency and severity of headaches daily during the run-in phase and then monthly after that. We will use the ‘multiple comparisons with the best’ approach for data analyses, as this strategy allows practical considerations of ease of use and tolerability to guide selection of the preparation for future studies. Discussion Data from this protocol will be used to develop a randomized, controlled trial of nitrates to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01387672. Controlled-Trials.com: ISRCTN08860742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana C Bucur
- Women's College Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Li Y, Luo Y, Xie Z, Xing J, Lin M, Yang L, Wang Y, Huang K. The optimal combination of substrate chemistry with physiological fluid shear stress. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:51-60. [PMID: 23948154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts on implanted biomaterials sense both substrate chemistry and mechanical stimulus. The effects of substrate chemistry alone and mechanical stimulus alone on osteoblasts have been widely studied. This study investigates the optimal combination of substrate chemistry and 12dyn/cm(2) physiological flow shear stress (FSS) by examining their influences on primary rat osteoblasts (ROBs), including the releases of ATP, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on glass slides with -OH, -CH3, and -NH2 were employed to provide various substrate chemistries, whereas a parallel-plate fluid flow system produced the physiological FSS. Substrate chemistry alone exerted no observable effects on the releases of ATP, NO, and PGE2. Nevertheless, when ROBs were exposed to both substrate chemistry and FSS, the ATP releases of NH2 were upregulated about 12-fold compared to substrate chemistry alone, while the ATP releases of CH3 and OH was similarly increased 7-fold at the peak. Similar trends were observed for the releases of NO and PGE2. The expressions of ATP, NO, and PGE2 followed the pattern of NH2-FSS>Glass-FSS>CH3-FSS≈OH-FSS. ROBs on NH2 produced the optimal combination of substrate chemistry with the physiological FSS. The F-actin organization and focal adhesion (FA) formation of ROBs on various SAMs without FSS were examined. NH2 produced the best results whereas CH3 and OH produced the worst ones. Inhibition of FAs and/or disruption of F-actin significantly decreased the releases of FSS-induced PGE2, NO, and/or ATP. Consequently, a mechanism was proposed that the best F-actin organization and FA formation of ROBs on NH2 lead to the optimal combination of substrate chemistry with the 12dyn/cm(2) physiological FSS. This mechanism gives guidance for the design of implanted biomaterials and bioreactors for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China; Research Center of Bioinspired Materials Science and Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Hazan-Molina H, Reznick AZ, Kaufman H, Aizenbud D. Assessment of IL-1β and VEGF concentration in a rat model during orthodontic tooth movement and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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de Andrés MC, Kingham E, Imagawa K, Gonzalez A, Roach HI, Wilson DI, Oreffo ROC. Epigenetic regulation during fetal femur development: DNA methylation matters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54957. [PMID: 23383012 PMCID: PMC3557259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. DNA methylation has been implicated in the control of several cellular processes including differentiation, gene regulation, development, genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. Methylated cytosine residues at CpG dinucleotides are commonly associated with gene repression; conversely, strategic loss of methylation during development could lead to activation of lineage-specific genes. Evidence is emerging that bone development and growth are programmed; although, interestingly, bone is constantly remodelled throughout life. Using human embryonic stem cells, human fetal bone cells (HFBCs), adult chondrocytes and STRO-1+ marrow stromal cells from human bone marrow, we have examined a spectrum of developmental stages of femur development and the role of DNA methylation therein. Using pyrosequencing methodology we analysed the status of methylation of genes implicated in bone biology; furthermore, we correlated these methylation levels with gene expression levels using qRT-PCR and protein distribution during fetal development evaluated using immunohistochemistry. We found that during fetal femur development DNA methylation inversely correlates with expression of genes including iNOS (NOS2) and COL9A1, but not catabolic genes including MMP13 and IL1B. Furthermore, significant demethylation was evident in the osteocalcin promoter between the fetal and adult developmental stages. Increased TET1 expression and decreased expression of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in adult chondrocytes compared to HFBCs could contribute to the loss of methylation observed during fetal development. HFBC multipotency confirms these cells to be an ideal developmental system for investigation of DNA methylation regulation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the role of epigenetic regulation, specifically DNA methylation, in bone development, informing and opening new possibilities in development of strategies for bone repair/tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. de Andrés
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emmajayne Kingham
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kei Imagawa
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Helmtrud I. Roach
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Wilson
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The number of osteoporotic fractures is increasing worldwide as populations age. An inexpensive and widely available treatment is necessary to alleviate this increase in fractures. Current treatments decrease fractures at trabecular bone sites (spine) but have limited effects at cortical sites (hip, legs, forearm, and upper arm)-the most common sites of osteoporotic fracture. Treatments are also limited by costs, side effects, and lack of availability. Nitric oxide is a novel agent that has the potential to influence cortical bone, is inexpensive, is widely available, and has limited side effects. In this review we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo data which support the concept that nitric oxide is important in bone cell function, review the observational and case-control studies reporting on subjects taking organic nitrates that act as nitric oxide donors, and review the effects of nitrates on bone mineral density measurements and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Jamal
- Multidisciplinary Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, 790 Bay Street, 7th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada.
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Yan Q, Feng Q, Beier F. Reduced chondrocyte proliferation, earlier cell cycle exit and increased apoptosis in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:144-51. [PMID: 22179029 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the local regulation of bone metabolism. However, the contribution made by specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes to skeletal development is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of inactivation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on cartilage development in mice. DESIGN Mice carrying a null mutation in the nNOS gene were used to address our objectives. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ analyses were employed along with real-time reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS nNOS-null mice show transient growth retardation and shorter long bones. nNOS-deficient growth plates show a reduction in replicating cells. Reduced chondrocyte numbers may in part be due to slower cell cycle progression and premature cell cycle exit caused by decreased cyclin D1 and increased p57 expression in mutants. In addition, apoptosis was increased as shown by increased cleaved-caspase 3 staining in hypertrophic chondrocytes in mutants. Real-time PCR demonstrated that expression of early chondrocyte markers such as Sox genes was reduced in mutant mice, while expression of prehypertrophic markers such as RORα was increased. Histological sections also demonstrated thinner cortical bone, fewer trabeculae and reduced mineralization in mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS These data identify an important role of nNOS in chondrocyte proliferation and endochondral bone growth and demonstrate that nNOS coordinates cell cycle exit and chondrocyte differentiation in cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Pitsillides AA, Rawlinson SCF. Using cell and organ culture models to analyze responses of bone cells to mechanical stimulation. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 816:593-619. [PMID: 22130954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-415-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells of the osteoblastic lineage are responsive to the local mechanical environment. Through integration of a number of possible loading-induced regulatory stimuli, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast behaviour is organized to fashion a skeletal element of sufficient strength and toughness to resist fracture and crack propagation. Early pre-osteogenic responses had been determined in vivo and this led to the development of bone organ culture models to elucidate other pre-osteogenic responses where osteocytes and osteoblasts retain the natural orientation, connections and attachments to their native extracellular matrix. The application of physiological mechanical loads to bone in these organ culture models generates the regulatory stimuli. As a consequence, these experiments can be used to illustrate the distinctive mechanisms by which osteocytes and osteoblasts respond to mechanical loads and also differences in these responses, suggesting co-ordinated and cooperatively between cell populations. Organ explant cultures are awkward to maintain, and have a limited life, but length of culture times are improving. Monolayer cultures are much easier to maintain and permit the application of a particular mechanical stimulation to be studied in isolation; mainly direct mechanical strain or fluid shear strains. These allow for the response of a single cell type to the applied mechanical stimulation to be monitored precisely.The techniques that can be used to apply mechanical strain to bone and bone cells have not advanced greatly since the first edition. The output from such experiments has, however, increased substantially and their importance is now more broadly accepted. This suggests a growing use of these approaches and an increasing awareness of the importance of the mechanical environment in controlling normal bone cell behaviour. We expand the text to include additions and modifications made to the straining apparatus and update the research cited to support this growing role of cell and organ culture models to analyze responses of bone cells to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Pitsillides
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK.
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Sinus Lift With Autologous Bone Alone or in Addition to Equine Bone: An Immunohistochemical Study in Man. IMPLANT DENT 2011; 20:383-8. [DOI: 10.1097/id.0b013e3182310b3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmidt-Bleek K, Schell H, Schulz N, Hoff P, Perka C, Buttgereit F, Volk HD, Lienau J, Duda GN. Inflammatory phase of bone healing initiates the regenerative healing cascade. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:567-73. [PMID: 21789579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone healing commences with an inflammatory reaction which initiates the regenerative healing process leading in the end to reconstitution of bone. An unbalanced immune reaction during this early bone healing phase is hypothesized to disturb the healing cascade in a way that delays bone healing and jeopardizes the successful healing outcome. The immune cell composition and expression pattern of angiogenic factors were investigated in a sheep bone osteotomy model and compared to a mechanically-induced impaired/delayed bone healing group. In the impaired/delayed healing group, significantly higher T cell percentages were present in the bone hematoma and the bone marrow adjacent to the osteotomy gap when compared to the normal healing group. This was mirrored in the higher cytotoxic T cell percentage detected under delayed bone healing conditions indicating longer pro-inflammatory processes. The highly activated periosteum adjourning the osteotomy gap showed lower expression of hematopoietic stem cell markers and angiogenic factors such as heme oxygenase and vascular endothelial growth factor. This indicates a deferred revascularization of the injured area due to ongoing pro-inflammatory processes in the delayed healing group. Results from this study suggest that there are unfavorable immune cells and factors participating in the initial healing phase. In conclusion, identifying beneficial aspects may lead to promising therapeutical approaches that might benefit further by eliminating the unfavorable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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Son MJ, Lee SB, Byun YJ, Lee HO, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Jeong SW. Sodium nitroprusside induces autophagic cell death in glutathione-depleted osteoblasts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 24:313-22. [PMID: 20201107 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that high levels of nitric oxide (NO) induce apoptotic cell death in osteoblasts. We examined molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic injury induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, in both glutathione (GSH)-depleted and control U2-OS osteoblasts. Cell viability was reduced by much lower effective concentrations of SNP in GSH-depleted cells compared to normal cells. The data suggest that the level of intracellular GSH is critical in SNP-induced cell death processes of osteoblasts. The level of oxidative stress due to SNP treatments doubled in GSH-depleted cells when measured with fluorochrome H2DCFDA. Pretreatment with the NO scavenger PTIO preserved the viability of cells treated with SNP. Viability of cells treated with SNP was recovered by pretreatment with Wortmannin, an autophagy inhibitor, but not by pretreatment with zVAD-fmk, a pan-specific caspase inhibitor. Large increases of LC3-II were shown by immunoblot analysis of the SNP-treated cells, and the increase was blocked by pretreatment with PTIO or Wortmannin; this implies that under GSH-depleted conditions SNP induces different molecular signaling that lead to autophagic cell death. The ultrastructural morphology of SNP-treated cells in transmission electron microscopy showed numerous autophagic vacuoles. These data suggest NO produces oxidative stress and cellular damage that culminate in autophagic cell death of GSH-depleted osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Scherberich A, Müller AM, Schäfer DJ, Banfi A, Martin I. Adipose tissue-derived progenitors for engineering osteogenic and vasculogenic grafts. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:348-53. [PMID: 20626000 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current need for bone grafts in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery cannot be satisfied by autologous tissue transplant due to its limited availability and significant associated morbidity. Tissue engineering approaches could supply sufficient amounts of bone substitutes by exploiting the ability to harvest autologous osteogenic progenitors associated with suitable porous materials. However, the generation of clinically relevant-sized constructs is critically hampered by limited vascularization, with consequent engraftment and survival only of a thin outer shell, upon in vivo implantation. To overcome this limitation, different non-mutually exclusive approaches have recently been developed to promote or accelerate graft vascularization, from angiogenic growth factor gene delivery to surgical pre-vascularization of the construct before implantation. A simple, promising strategy involves the co-culture of vasculogenic cells to form an intrinsic vascular network inside the graft in vitro, which can rapidly anastomose with the host blood vessels in vivo. Recent data have shown that adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) may provide an efficient, convenient, and autologous source for both osteogenic and endothelial cells. When SVF progenitors were cultured in appropriate bioreactor systems and ectopically implanted, a functional vascular network connected to the host was formed concomitantly to bone formation. Future studies should aim at demonstrating that this approach effectively supports survival of scaled up cell-based bone grafts at an orthotopic site. The procedure should also be adapted to become compatible with an intra-operative timeline and complemented with the definition of suitable potency markers, to facilitate its development into a simplified, reproducible, and cost-effective clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Scherberich
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Inflammation as death or life signal in diabetic fracture healing. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:3-10. [PMID: 20845059 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased apoptosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and prolonged survival of osteoclasts lead to early destruction of callus tissue and impair bone remodeling in fracture healing of diabetic patients. Diabetes is accompanied by an increased inflammatory state, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a heterogenous group of toxic metabolites that can induce inflammation. Prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance correlate with increased apoptosis rate and, accordingly, the proapoptotic role of several inflammatory mediators, ROS and AGEs has been also documented. In this review we summarize the most recent reports supporting the idea that inflammatory signaling increases chondrocyte and osteoblast death and prolongs osteoclast survival, resulting in impaired bone regeneration in diabetes. Antagonising inflammatory signal pathways and solution of inflammation may deserve greater attention in the management of diabetic fracture healing.
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Ho WP, Chan WP, Hsieh MS, Chen RM. Runx2-mediated bcl-2 gene expression contributes to nitric oxide protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:1084-93. [PMID: 19746447 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a source of NO on hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast insults and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of human osteosarcoma MG63 cells to hydrogen peroxide significantly increased cellular oxidative stress, but decreased ALP activity and cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered hydrogen peroxide-induced cell insults. Treatment of human MG63 cells with hydrogen peroxide inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA and protein production, but pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly ameliorated such inhibition. Sequentially, hydrogen peroxide decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, but increased the levels of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered such alterations. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide decreased Runx2 mRNA and protein syntheses. However, pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP significantly lowered the suppressive effects. Runx2 knockdown using RNA interference inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA production in human MG63 cells. Protection of pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP against hydrogen peroxide-induced alterations in ALP activity, caspase-3 activity, apoptotic cells, and cell viability were also alleviated after administration of Runx2 small interference RNA. Thus, this study shows that pretreatment with 0.3 mM SNP can protect human MG63 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic insults possibly via Runx2-involved regulation of bcl-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Pin Ho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Son MJ, Lee SB, Byun YJ, Lee HO, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Nam SW, Jeong SW. Sodium nitroprusside induces autophagic cell death in glutathione-depleted osteoblasts. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thompson AD, Betz MW, Yoon DM, Fisher JP. Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells induced by coculture with chondrocytes encapsulated in three-dimensional matrices. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1181-90. [PMID: 18855520 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification implicates chondrocyte signaling as an important factor in directing the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo. In this study, the osteoinductive capabilities of articular chondrocytes suspended in alginate hydrogels were analyzed via coculture with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In particular, the effect of chondrocyte coculture time on the mechanism underlying this osteogenic induction was examined. Chondrocytes were suspended in alginate beads and cultured above BMSCs in monolayer. Beads containing chondrocytes were removed after 1, 10, or 21 days of coculture. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and osteocalcin by BMSCs after days 1, 8, 14, and 21. Calcium deposition was also assayed to characterize the extent of mineralization within cultures. Results indicate that osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs is initiated upon brief exposure to chondrocyte signaling, but requires continued exposure in order to progress fully and maintain an osteoblastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Jamal SA, Goltzman D, Hanley DA, Papaioannou A, Prior JC, Josse RG. Nitrate use and changes in bone mineral density: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:737-44. [PMID: 18800179 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nitrates may have beneficial effects on bone. To determine if nitrates were associated with increased bone mineral density (BMD), we conducted a secondary analysis using data from subjects in a prospective study. Subjects reporting nitrate use had increased BMD compared with non-users, confirming that nitrates have positive BMD effects in women and men. INTRODUCTION Prior studies suggest positive associations between nitrates and bone. METHODS We used linear regression models, stratified by gender and adjusted for age, weight, and baseline differences, to determine the association between daily nitrate use and BMD among subjects participating in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. All results are reported as annualised percent change in BMD at the hip and spine among nitrate users compared to non-users. RESULTS We included 1,419 men (71 reported daily nitrate use) and 2,587 women (97 reported daily nitrate use). Male non-users had decreased hip BMD (-1.3%; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = -1.6 to -1.1) and increased spine BMD (2.8%; 95%CI = 2.5 to 3.1). Male nitrate users had increased hip BMD (1.4%; 95%CI = 0.1 to 2.8) and spine BMD (4.5%; 95%CI = 3.2 to 5.7). Among women, non-users had decreased hip BMD (-1.9; 95%CI = -2.1 to -1.7) and increased spine BMD (2.1%; 95%CI = 1.9 to 2.4) whilst users had an increase in hip BMD (2.0%; 95%CI = 1.2 to 2.8) and spine BMD (4.1%; 95%CI = 3.4 to 4.9). CONCLUSION Nitrate use is associated with increased BMD at the hip and spine in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jamal
- Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Silveira DMD, Franco FCM, Nascimento ILDO, Salomão MDFL, Araujo TMD. Pesquisa de interferon gama em tecido periodontal de ratos submetidos à movimentação dentária induzida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-54192009000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: durante o tratamento ortodôntico, um processo inflamatório é induzido, desencadeando uma série de eventos bioquímicos que resultam na movimentação dentária. Estímulos como a hipóxia e a deformação mecânica são os principais fatores responsáveis pela quebra da homeostasia celular, resultando em estresse e liberação de diversos mediadores importantes para o movimento do dente. Para que a remodelação óssea ocorra durante o tratamento ortodôntico, fatores reguladores,como subprodutos do ácido araquidônico e citocinas,são liberados.Ao interferon gama (INF-γ , uma citocina principal liberada após a indução da resposta imune adaptativa, é atribuída a função de atrair os macrófagos, que auxiliam na remoção de restos celulares e promovem a cicatrização e reorganização das áreas com inflamação. OBJETIVO: visto que alguns aspectos biológicos que permeiam a movimentação dentária ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, procurou-se, neste trabalho, verificar a expressão do INF-γ por células do periodonto de ratos submetidos à movimentação ortodôntica. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi constituída por nove ratos, cujos primeiros molares superiores direitos foram movimentados com uma força de 0,5N, por 3, 7 e 14 dias. Os molares esquerdos desempenharam o papel de grupo controle. RESULTADOS: através da imunohistoquímica, foi verificada a ausência de expressão de INF-γ na quase totalidade dos tecidos estudados,tanto no lado de pressão quanto no lado de tração.
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Salvolini E, Orciani M, Vignini A, Di Primio R, Mazzanti L. The effects of disodium pamidronate on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets: an in vitro study. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 14:457-65. [PMID: 19238333 PMCID: PMC6275572 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-009-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that, as well as having antiresorptive effects, bisphosphonates could have an application as anti-inflammatory drugs. Our aim was to investigate whether this anti-inflammatory action could be mediated by the nitric oxide (NO) released by the leukocytes migrating to the site of inflammation. In particular, we investigated in vitro the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)), the level of NO released by PMN and platelets, and the PMN myeloperoxidase activity after incubation with disodium pamidronate, since there was a postulated modulatory effect of this aminosubstituted bisphosphonate on leukocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Our data shows that the pamidronate treatment provoked a significant increase in the [Ca2+](i) parallel to the enhancement in NO release, suggesting a possible activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase, while the myeloperoxidase activity was significantly reduced. In conclusion, we hypothesized that treatment with pamidronate could stimulate NO-production by cells present near the bone compartment, thus constituting a protective mechanism against bone resorption occurring during inflammation. In addition, PMN- and platelet-derived NO could act as a negative feed-back signal to restrict the inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies - Histology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
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Feng MS, Guo P, Jiang LX, Shi JB, Cao YP, Yao QZ. Synthesis of novel methotrexate derivatives with inhibition activity of nitric oxide synthase. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biocompatibility markers for the study of interactions between osteoblasts and composite biomaterials. Biomaterials 2009; 30:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Puisto V, Rissanen H, Heliövaara M, Knekt P, Helenius I. Mortality in the presence of a vertebral fracture, scoliosis, or Scheuermann's disease in the thoracic spine. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:595-601. [PMID: 18652976 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vertebral fractures and scoliosis, unlike Scheuermann's disease, have been associated with increased mortality. Total and cause-specific mortalities of these spinal deformities were studied to produce epidemiologic knowledge. METHODS A population of 16,010 Finnish men and women 20 to 92 years of age participated in a health examination from 1973-1976. Their spinal deformities were assessed from chest radiographs by two radiologists. Logistic regression and Cox's model were used to estimate risk ratios and to control confounding. The follow-up period was 30 years. RESULTS Vertebral fracture significantly predicted total mortality, and this increase in mortality was due to an excess of cancer and respiratory deaths. The increased risk of cancer death persisted even when those subjects with a history of cancer and the first 5 years of follow-up were excluded to avoid the effect of metastatic fractures, and when confounding was controlled. In this analysis the relative risk of cancer death in subjects with a baseline vertebral fracture was 2.02 (95% confidence interval: 1.23-3.31). CONCLUSION Vertebral fracture significantly predicted increased mortality from cancer. To clarify the mechanism, the fractures should be studied further for their associations with defined and site-specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Puisto
- National Public Health Institute and the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland.
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Cherng YG, Chang HC, Lin YL, Kuo ML, Chiu WT, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human chondrocytes induced by sodium nitroprusside are involved in sequential events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and Bax-mitochondria-mediated caspase activation. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1018-26. [PMID: 18306405 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate chondrocyte activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced insults to human chondrocytes. Exposure of human chondrocytes to SNP increased cellular NO levels but decreased cell viability in concentration- and time-dependent manners. SNP time dependently induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Treatment with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide, an NO scavenger, significantly lowered SNP-induced cell injuries. Administration of SNP interrupted F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Similar to SNP, cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of F-actin formation, disturbed F-actin polymerization and increased MEKK1 and JNK activations. Overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of MEKK1 (dnMEK1) in human chondrocytes significantly ameliorated SNP-induced cell apoptosis. Exposure to SNP promoted Bax translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria, but application of dnMEKK1 lowered the translocation. SNP time dependently decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity, and cellular ATP levels, but increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Activities of caspase-9, -3, and -6 were sequentially increased by SNP administration. This study shows that SNP can induce apoptosis of human chondrocytes through sequential events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, activation of MEKK1/JNK, Bax translocation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Giun Cherng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tai YT, Cherng YG, Chang CC, Hwang YP, Chen JT, Chen RM. Pretreatment with low nitric oxide protects osteoblasts from high nitric oxide-induced apoptotic insults through regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun-mediated Bcl-2 gene expression and protein translocation. J Orthop Res 2007; 25:625-35. [PMID: 17262823 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can regulate osteoblast activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pretreatment with a low concentration of NO on osteoblast injuries induced by a high level of NO and its possible molecular mechanisms. Exposure of osteoblasts to 0.3 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, slightly increased cellular NO levels without affecting cell viability. SNP at 2 mM greatly increased the levels of cellular NO and reactive oxygen species, and induced osteoblast death. Thus, osteoblasts were treated with 0.3 and 2 mM SNP as the sources of low and high NO, respectively. Exposure of osteoblasts to high NO decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. With low-NO pretreatment, the high NO-induced cell insults were significantly ameliorated. When the culture medium was totally replaced after pretreatment with low NO, the protective effects obviously decreased. Administration of high NO significantly decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and nuclear c-Jun levels. Meanwhile, pretreatment with low NO significantly alleviated the high NO-induced reduction in activation of JNK and c-Jun. Sequentially, high NO inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA and protein synthesis. After pretreatment with low NO, the high NO-induced inhibition of the production of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein significantly decreased. Imaging analysis from confocal microscopy further revealed that high NO decreased translocation of the Bcl-2 protein from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. However, pretreatment with low NO significantly ameliorated the high NO-induced suppression of Bcl-2's translocation. Exposure of human osteoblasts to high NO significantly decreased ALP activity and cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis. Pretreatment with low NO significantly lowered the high NO-induced alterations in ALP activity, cell viability, and cell apoptosis. This study shows that pretreatment with low NO can protect osteoblasts from high NO-induced cell insults via JNK/c-Jun-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 gene expression and protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Zaragoza C, López-Rivera E, García-Rama C, Saura M, Martínez-Ruíz A, Lizarbe TR, Martín-de-Lara F, Lamas S. Cbfa-1 mediates nitric oxide regulation of MMP-13 in osteoblasts. J Cell Sci 2007; 119:1896-902. [PMID: 16636074 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During bone development, osteoblast differentiation requires remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated, evidence points to the participation of the nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) system. Here, we detected increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA, protein and activity, as well as increased inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO production during the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Transcriptional activity of the MMP-13 promoter was augmented by NO, 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP), and by a dominant-positive form of protein kinase G (PKG1-alpha). The stimulatory effect on the MMP-13 promoter was partially inhibited by mutation of the osteoblast-specific element 2 (OSE-2) binding site. Core binding factor-1 (Cbfa-1) expression peaked at 7 days of differentiation, and was phosphorylated by PKG in vitro. Cbfa-1 was localized to cell nuclei, and its translocation was inhibited by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W. Immunohistological examination revealed that MMP-13 and Cbfa-1 expression levels are both reduced in 17-day-old embryos of iNOS-deficient mice. Silencing of Cbfa-1 mRNA blocked MMP-13 expression without interfering with endogenous NO production, confirming its role in NO-induced MMP-13 expression by MC3T3-E1 cells. The results described here suggest a mechanism by which NO regulates osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zaragoza
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Musacchio E, Priante G, Budakovic A, Baggio B. Effects of unsaturated free fatty acids on adhesion and on gene expression of extracellular matrix macromolecules in human osteoblast-like cell cultures. Connect Tissue Res 2007; 48:34-8. [PMID: 17364665 DOI: 10.1080/03008200601056528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible role for unsaturated free fatty acids in osteoblast adhesion, the effects of two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, and of one monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (OA), on adhesion to the substrate and on gene expression of three extracellular matrix macromolecules were investigated in an in vitro model system--cultured osteoblast-like human cells. AA, but neither EPA nor OA, diminished bone cell adhesion, whereas both EPA and OA, but not AA, increased gene expression of type I collagen and fibronectin via a transforming growth factor-beta-independent mechanism. These results extend previous evidence for unsaturated fatty acids in bone cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella Musacchio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Chang CC, Liao YS, Lin YL, Chen RM. Nitric oxide protects osteoblasts from oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults via a mitochondria-dependent mechanism. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:1917-25. [PMID: 16917919 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the regulation of osteoblast activities. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of NO pretreatment on oxidative stress-induced osteoblast apoptosis and its possible mechanism using neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts as the experimental model. Exposure of osteoblasts to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a low concentration of 0.3 mM significantly increased cellular NO levels without affecting cell viability. However, when the concentration reached a high concentration of 2 mM, SNP increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and induced osteoblast injuries. Thus, administration of 0.3 and 2 mM SNP in osteoblasts were respectively used as sources of NO and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with NO for 24 h significantly ameliorated the oxidative stress-caused morphological alterations and decreases in alkaline phosphatase activity, and reduced cell death. Oxidative stress induced osteoblast death via an apoptotic mechanism, but NO pretreatment protected osteoblasts against the toxic effects. The mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced following exposure to the oxidative stress. However, pretreatment with NO significantly lowered the suppressive effects. Oxidative stress increased cellular Bax protein production and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Pretreatment with NO significantly decreased oxidative stress-caused augmentation of Bax and cytochrome c protein levels. In parallel with cytochrome c release, oxidative stress induced caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with NO significantly reduced the oxidative stress-enhanced caspase-3 activation and DNA damage. Results of this study show that NO pretreatment can protect osteoblasts from oxidative stress-induced apoptotic insults. The protective action involves a mitochondria-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Effects of hind limb unloading and reloading on nitric oxide synthase expression and apoptosis of osteocytes and chondrocytes. Bone 2006; 39:807-14. [PMID: 16765658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In rat bone, the absence of mechanical load results in a reduction in bone formation, inhibition of longitudinal growth, and a decrease in the number of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitors in cancellous bone. Unloading has also been linked to an increase in apoptosis of osteocytes and chondrocytes through production of nitric oxide (NO) and increased expression of NO synthases (NOS). Reloading results in recovery of bone volume within 14 days, although osteoblast and osteoclast numbers remain below control values, suggesting decreased bone turnover. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hind limb unloading and subsequent reloading on apoptosis, NOS expression, and histomorphometric parameters in trabecular and cortical bone, articular cartilage, and growth plate cartilage of the proximal tibia of the hind limbs. Compared to ambulatory controls, 2 weeks of unloading resulted in a 66% increase in the percentage of apoptotic osteocytes in the trabecular metaphysis, a 14% increase in osteoclast number and a 48% decrease in bone volume. The percentage of eNOS- or iNOS-positive osteocytes was unchanged. Upon reloading, the percentage of apoptotic osteocytes and bone volume returned to baseline whereas the percentage of iNOS-positive osteocytes increased by 50% and osteoclast number decreased by 30% compared to ambulatory controls. More striking changes were observed in articular and growth plate cartilage. Unloading resulted in a 230% increase in apoptotic chondrocytes, a 400% increase in iNOS-positive chondrocytes, and a 17% reduction in width in articular cartilage. Reloading for 2 weeks resulted in partial recovery. Chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate responded similarly to those in the articular cartilage. In summary, we observed that 14 days of unloading increased apoptosis of osteocytes and chondrocytes. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of iNOS-positive chondrocytes whereas the proportion of iNOS-positive osteocytes remained unchanged. Reloading for 14 days restored osteocyte apoptosis to control levels but the percentage of iNOS- and eNOS-positive osteocytes increased in reloaded bone compared to controls. This was associated with a decrease in osteoclast number. In cartilage, reloading for 2 weeks did not result in a return to baseline in any of the parameters measured, suggesting that the effects of unloading on articular cartilage and the growth plate last longer than those in bone and may have prolonged effects on joint biomechanics and longitudinal bone growth.
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46
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Jamal SA, Hamilton CJ, Black D, Cummings SR. The effects of organic nitrates on osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN94484747]. Trials 2006; 7:10. [PMID: 16640783 PMCID: PMC1471803 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporotic fractures are common and are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The most effective way to moderate increases in health care costs and the sickness and premature death associated with osteoporotic fractures, is to prevent osteoporosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrates, drugs typically prescribed for the treatment of angina, may be effective in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods We have designed a multicentre randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of nitrates on bone. The trial consists of two studies. The objective of the first study is to determine whether isosorbide mononitrate at 20 mg/day or nitroglycerin ointment at 15 mg/day leads to fewer headaches. The nitrate that is best tolerated will be used in a second study with one main objective: To determine if postmenopausal women with a T-score at the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) between 0 and -2.0 randomized to two years of treatment with intermittent nitrates have a greater increase in spine bone mineral density as compared to women randomized to placebo. We hypothesize that: 1. Women will report fewer headaches when they are randomized to intermittent nitroglycerin ointment at 15 mg/day compared to intermittent oral isosorbide mononitrate at 20 mg/day, and, 2. After two years, women randomized to intermittent nitrates will have a greater percent increase in lumbar spine bone mineral density compared with women randomized to placebo. Discussion We have completed our pilot study and found that transdermal nitroglycerin was associated with fewer headaches than oral isosorbide mononitrate. We are currently recruiting patients for our second main study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Jamal
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Celeste J Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dennis Black
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, USA
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Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129:469.e1-32. [PMID: 16627171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2005] [Revised: 08/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling changes in paradental tissues are considered essential in effecting orthodontic tooth movement. The force-induced tissue strain produces local alterations in vascularity, as well as cellular and extracellular matrix reorganization, leading to the synthesis and release of various neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, and metabolites of arachidonic acid. Recent research in the biological basis of tooth movement has provided detailed insight into molecular, cellular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic forces. Although many studies have been reported in the orthodontic and related scientific literature, a concise convergence of all data is still lacking. Such an amalgamation of the rapidly accumulating scientific information should help orthodontic clinicians and educators understand the biological processes that underlie the phenomenon of tooth movement with mechanics (removable, fixed, or functional appliances). This review aims to achieve this goal and is organized to include all major findings from the beginning of research in the biology of tooth movement. It highlights recent developments in cellular, molecular, tissue, and genetic reactions in response to orthodontic force application. It reviews briefly the processes of bone, periodontal ligament, and gingival remodeling in response to orthodontic force. This review also provides insight into the biological background of various deleterious effects of orthodontic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Krishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Rajas Dental College, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India.
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48
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Cortizo AM, Sedlinsky C, McCarthy AD, Blanco A, Schurman L. Osteogenic actions of the anti-diabetic drug metformin on osteoblasts in culture. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536:38-46. [PMID: 16564524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An association has been previously established between uncompensated diabetes mellitus and the loss of bone mineral density and/or quality. In this study, we evaluated the effects of metformin on the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts in culture. Treatment of two osteoblast-like cells (UMR106 and MC3T3E1) with metformin (25-500 microM) for 24 h led to a dose-dependent increase of cell proliferation. Metformin also promoted osteoblastic differentiation: it increased type-I collagen production in both cell lines and stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts. In addition, metformin markedly increased the formation of nodules of mineralization in 3-week MC3T3E1 cultures. Metformin induced activation and redistribution of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (P-ERK) in a transient manner, and dose-dependently stimulated the expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (e/iNOS). These results show for the first time a direct osteogenic effect of metformin on osteoblasts in culture, which could be mediated by activation/redistribution of ERK-1/2 and induction of e/iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cortizo
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, and Centro de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Hospital Francés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ho WP, Chen TL, Chiu WT, Tai YT, Chen RM. Nitric Oxide Induces Osteoblast Apoptosis through a Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:460-70. [PMID: 15965092 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts contribute to bone remodeling. Nitric oxide can regulate osteoblast activities. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the pathophysiological effects of nitric oxide on osteoblasts and its possible mechanism using neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts as the experimental model. Exposure of osteoblasts to sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, decreased alkaline phosphatase activities and cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Apoptotic analysis revealed that sodium nitroprusside time-dependently increased the percentages of osteoblasts undergoing apoptosis. Administration of sodium nitroprusside reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of osteoblasts. In parallel with the mitochondrial dysfunction, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c were significantly elevated following sodium nitroprusside administration. Exposure of osteoblasts to sodium nitroprusside significantly increased caspase-3 activity. Results of this study show that nitric oxide, decomposed from sodium nitroprusside, can induce osteoblast apoptosis through a mitochondrion-dependent cascade that causes mitochondrial dysfunction, release of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Pin Ho
- Department of Orthopedics, Wan-Fang Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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50
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Chen RM, Wu GJ, Chang HC, Chen JT, Chen TF, Lin YL, Chen TL. 2,6-Diisopropylphenol Protects Osteoblasts from Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis through Suppression of Caspase-3 Activation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:448-59. [PMID: 15965091 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diisopropylphenol is an intravenous anesthetic agent used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Since it is similar to alpha-tocopherol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol may have antioxidant effects. Osteoblasts play important roles in bone remodeling. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the protective effects of 2,6-diisopropylphenol on oxidative stress-induced osteoblast insults and their possible mechanisms, using neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts as the experimental model. Clinically relevant concentrations of 2,6-diisopropylphenol (3 and 30 microM) had no effect on osteoblast viability. However, 2,6-diisopropylphenol at 300 microM time-dependently caused osteoblast death. Exposure to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, increased amounts of nitrite in osteoblasts. 2,6-Diisopropylphenol did not scavenge basal or SNP-releasing nitric oxide. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) enhanced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts. 2,6-Diisopropylphenol significantly reduced HP-induced oxidative stress. Exposure of osteoblasts to SNP and HP decreased cell viability time-dependently. 2,6-Diisopropylphenol protected osteoblasts from SNP- and HP-induced cell damage. Analysis by a flow cytometric method revealed that SNP and HP induced osteoblast apoptosis. 2,6-Diisopropylphenol significantly blocked SNP- and HP-induced osteoblast apoptosis. Administration of SNP and HP increased caspase-3 activities. However, 2,6-diisopropylphenol significantly decreased SNP- and HP-enhanced caspase-3 activities. This study shows that a therapeutic concentration of 2,6-diisopropylphenol can protect osteoblasts from SNP- and HP-induced cell insults, possibly via suppression of caspase-3 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Hsing-Lung Rd., Sec. 3, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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