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Yang G, Zhang C. CTBP1-AS2 promoted non-small cell lung cancer progression via sponging the miR-623/MMP3 axis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38385-38394. [PMID: 35076836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that lncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) are involved in the initiation and development of tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the involvement of C-terminal binding protein-antisense RNA 2 (CTBP1-AS2) in NSCLC remains to be studied. RT-qPCR was carried out to detect CTBP1-AS2 and miR-623 expression in NSCLC cells and tissues. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were performed to measure cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Luciferase reporter analysis was performed to study the potential target of CTBP1-AS2. We found that CTBP1-AS2 expression was upregulated in NSCLC cells (SPC-A1, A549, H23, and H1299) compared to 16HBE cells. We demonstrated that the CTBP1-AS2 level was higher in NSCLC specimens than in paired non-tumor specimens. Elevated expression of CTBP1-AS2 increased cell growth and induced cell cycle progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We also found that ectopic expression of CTBP1-AS2 inhibited miR-623 expression. MMP3 was a direct target of miR-623, and luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR-623 overexpression suppressed the luciferase expression driven by the MMP3 wild-type reporter but not the mutant reporter. Overexpression of miR-623 suppressed MMP3 expression in A549 cells, and overexpression of CTBP1-AS2 increased MMP3 expression in A549 cells. Moreover, the miR-623 level was lower in NSCLC specimens than in paired non-tumor specimens, and CTBP1-AS2 expression was negatively correlated with miR-623 expression in NSCLC samples. Furthermore, overexpression of CTBP1-AS2 enhanced cell growth, cell cycle progression, and EMT progression by modulating MMP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Yang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China.
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Khalighfard S, Kalhori MR, Haddad P, Khori V, Alizadeh AM. Enhancement of resistance to chemo-radiation by hsa-miR-1290 expression in glioblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173144. [PMID: 32387352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the resistance mechanisms to chemo-radiation is the efficiency of the DNA repair systems. MicroRNAs can alter the expression of their involved proteins; therefore, it may lead to a change in the response of cancer cells to adjuvant treatments. Here, the present study is aimed to investigate the role of hsa-miR-1290 on the chemo-radiation resistance and the target genes in the glioblastoma cells. First, we altered miR-1290 expression in the U-87 cells by using hsa-miR-1290 mimic and anti-miR-1290. Then, the Annexin V, CCK-8, MTT, colony formation, invasion, migration, and wound healing tests were utilized to study hsa-miR-1290 influences on cellular behavior such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Moreover, the qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the effects of miR-1290 on the SOCS4 gene expression. Our results represented that the overexpression of miR-1290 could increase cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to chemo-radiation. The results showed miR-1290 directly targeted the 3՛UTR of the SOCS4 gene and suppressed its expression. Moreover, the suppression of hsa-miR-1290 led to an increase of apoptosis and cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs and could also lead to decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our findings proposed that miR-1290 can function as a novel oncomiR in glioblastoma cells by regulating its downstream genes such as SOCS4. Moreover, hsa-miR-1290 may be employed as a therapeutic target for clinical therapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Khalighfard
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Breast Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalhori
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Peiman Haddad
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Khori
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Breast Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xu S. Long noncoding RNA FBXL19-AS1 induces tumor growth and metastasis by sponging miR-203a-3p in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3612-3625. [PMID: 31566718 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs have been reported in various cancers. Recently, FBXL19-AS1 was proposed to be involved in tumor progression. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains elusive. In this study, we observed that FBXL19-AS1 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues and high FBXL19-AS1 expression in LUAD was associated with a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, miR-203-3p showed the opposite effect. Moreover, cell viability and apoptosis analysis revealed that FBXL19-AS1 knockdown could arrest LUAD cells in G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and inhibited LUAD tumor progress in vivo. Mechanistically, we identified FBXL19-AS1 could act as a miR-203a-3p sponge using dual-luciferase reporter assay. In addition, we demonstrated that downregulation of miR-203a-3p reversed growth inhibition of LUAD cells caused by FBXL19-AS1 knockdown. Finally, FBXL19-AS1/miR-203a-3p axis was found to associate with baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.1-A-like (survivin), distal-less homeobox 5, E2F transcription factor 1, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 to regulate metastasis in LUAD cells. This study reveals a significance and mechanism of FBXL19-AS1 in LUAD proliferation and metastasis and offers a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Xiao X, Yang D, Gong X, Mo D, Pan S, Xu J. miR-1290 promotes lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and invasion by targeting SOCS4. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11977-11988. [PMID: 29552286 PMCID: PMC5844722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs play important roles in lung adenocarcioma (LADC) progression. We previously found that miR-1290 expression was upregulated in LADC tissue and serum samples from patients with LADC, and correlated with prognosis. However, the biological role of miR-1290 in LADC and mechanism of such role are poorly understood. Here, we found that miR-1290 overexpression promoted LADC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and invasion, while suppressing cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, miR-1290 promoted tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in vivo. miR-1290 downregulated suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (SOCS4) at both the mRNA and protein levels by targeting SOCS4. Reduced SOCS4 level reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-1290 downregulation on cell proliferation and invasion. miR-1290 activated the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by targeting SOCS4. An inverse correlation was observed between miR-1290 and SOCS4 expression in LADC tissues. Clinicopathological characteristics analysis showed that SOCS4 expression was negatively associated with higher clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. These observations suggest that miR-1290 promotes LADC cell proliferation and invasion by targeting SOCS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Daheng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dongping Mo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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Zhou W, Yang W, Ma J, Zhang H, Li Z, Zhang L, Liu J, Han Z, Wang H, Hong L. Role of miR-483 in digestive tract cancers: from basic research to clinical value. J Cancer 2018; 9:407-414. [PMID: 29344287 PMCID: PMC5771348 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive tract cancers (DTCs) is the most common malignant tumors in the world. Despite surgery and medical technology have witnessed the increasing development and sharp advancement in the past decade, DTCs remain a critical concern with high morbidity and mortality. Since a class of small noncoding RNAs termed miRNAs were identified several years ago, increasing studies have attempted to illustrate the relationship between the specific miRNAs dysregulated expression levels and the diseases phenotypic changes. For example, microRNA-483 (miR-483) aberrant expression plays a pivotal part in tumor biology in a variety of human cancer, including DTCs. In this review, we focus on the present key findings from recent profiling studies, discuss the use of miR-483 as a novel biomarker for DTCs. At the same time, we emphasize the significant diversities and technical difficulties must be overcome before clinically relevant signatures arose. It is believed that this might provide researchers an insight into the molecular targeting cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, NO.406 Hospital, Dalian 116041, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Xinyang Cadres Sanatorium of Wuhan Military Logistics Base, Xinyang 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Hong
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Ward JM, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP. Reproducibility of histopathological findings in experimental pathology of the mouse: a sorry tail. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:146-151. [PMID: 28328876 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproducibility of in vivo research using the mouse as a model organism depends on many factors, including experimental design, strain or stock, experimental protocols, and methods of data evaluation. Gross and histopathology are often the endpoints of such research and there is increasing concern about the accuracy and reproducibility of diagnoses in the literature. To reproduce histopathological results, the pathology protocol, including necropsy methods and slide preparation, should be followed by interpretation of the slides by a pathologist familiar with reading mouse slides and familiar with the consensus medical nomenclature used in mouse pathology. Likewise, it is important that pathologists are consulted as reviewers of manuscripts where histopathology is a key part of the investigation. The absence of pathology expertise in planning, executing and reviewing in vivo research using mice leads to questionable pathology-based findings and conclusions from studies, even in high-impact journals. We discuss the various aspects of this problem, give some examples from the literature and suggest solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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Liu HT, Gao P. The roles of microRNAs related with progression and metastasis in human cancers. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5436-9. [PMID: 27714675 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an important factor in predicting the prognosis of the patients with cancers and contributes to high cancer-related mortality. Recent studies indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) played a functional role in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of about 22 nucleotides in length that can induce messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or repress mRNA translation by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their target genes. Overwhelming reports indicated that miRNAs could regulate cancer invasion and metastasis via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related and/or non-EMT-related mechanisms. In this review, we concentrate on the underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Tang B, Lei B, Qi G, Liang X, Tang F, Yuan S, Wang Z, Yu S, He S. MicroRNA-155-3p promotes hepatocellular carcinoma formation by suppressing FBXW7 expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:93. [PMID: 27306418 PMCID: PMC4910248 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs frequently dysregulated in human malignant tumors. In the present study, we analyzed the role miR-155-3p plays in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has been reported participation in some other types of cancer. METHODS qRT-PCR was used to measure the levels of miR-155-3p in HCC specimens and HCC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-155-3p and miR-155-3p inhibitor were transfected into HCC cell lines to investigate its role in HCC. Colony formation assay and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays were used to analyses cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo tumor formation assays were performed in BALB/c nude mice. Luciferase reporter assay was carried out to measure the translation of F-Box and WD repeat romain containing 7 (FBXW7). RESULTS We found that miR-155-3p was remarkably upregulated both in HCC tissue and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-155-3p enhanced HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, overexpression of miR-155-3p is correlated with decreased levels FBXW7 mainly through inhibiting the expression of FBXW7. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that miR-155-3p plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC and implicates its potential applications in the treatment of HCC cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsi Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengguang Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenran Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiping Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair Molecular Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Expression of Concern: MicroRNA profile of tumorigenic cells during carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma by Zhao, ZG, Jin, JY, Zhang, AM, Zhang, LP, Wang, XX, Sun, JG, and Chen, ZT. J Cell Biochem, 116: 458-466. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24999. J Cell Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26205483 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Decock J, Hendrickx W, Thirkettle S, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Robinson SD, Edwards DR. Pleiotropic functions of the tumor- and metastasis-suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-8 in mammary cancer in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:38. [PMID: 25848906 PMCID: PMC4380014 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8; neutrophil collagenase) is an important regulator of innate immunity that has oncosuppressive actions in numerous tumor types. METHODS We have intercrossed Mmp8-null mice with the Polyoma virus middle T oncogene-driven (MMTV-PyMT) mouse model of mammary cancer to explore the effects of loss of MMP-8 on the incidence and progression of mammary carcinomas. RESULTS In this aggressive mouse model of breast cancer, loss of MMP-8 accelerated tumor onset even further, such that 90% of MMTV-PyMT; Mmp8-null female mice were tumor-bearing at the time of weaning. Throughout the 14 weeks of the model, tumor burden increased in homozygous Mmp8-null mice compared to Mmp8-wild-type and -heterozygote animals. Likewise, lung metastasis dramatically increased in the MMTV-PyMT; Mmp8-null mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that tumors in wild-type, Mmp8-heterozygotes and -null animals had similar vascular density at 8 weeks, but at 10 weeks Mmp8-wild-type tumors had a lower vascularity than their heterozygote and null counterparts. No differences in macrophage infiltration were apparent throughout primary tumor development, though at 10 weeks a drop in neutrophil infiltrates was observed in Mmp8-wild-type tumors. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we tracked the expression of the entire Mmp and Timp gene families, observing a significant decrease in Mmp3 expression in Mmp8-null tumors compared to wild-type and heterozygotes throughout the time course of the model, which was confirmed at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insight into the suppressive action of MMP-8 on mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis, and indicate that the loss of MMP-8 likely has pleiotropic effects on innate immunity and angiogenesis that are reflected in changes in the protease web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Decock
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
- />Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
- />Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sally Thirkettle
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Fernández
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Spain
| | - Stephen D Robinson
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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