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Isasi E, Wajner M, Duarte JA, Olivera-Bravo S. Cerebral White Matter Alterations Associated With Oligodendrocyte Vulnerability in Organic Acidurias: Insights in Glutaric Aciduria Type I. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:33. [PMID: 38963434 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The white matter is an important constituent of the central nervous system, containing axons, oligodendrocytes, and its progenitor cells, astrocytes, and microglial cells. Oligodendrocytes are central for myelin synthesis, the insulating envelope that protects axons and allows normal neural conduction. Both, oligodendrocytes and myelin, are highly vulnerable to toxic factors in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders associated with disturbances of myelination. Here we review the main alterations in oligodendrocytes and myelin observed in some organic acidurias/acidemias, which correspond to inherited neurometabolic disorders biochemically characterized by accumulation of potentially neurotoxic organic acids and their derivatives. The yet incompletely understood mechanisms underlying the high vulnerability of OLs and/or myelin in glutaric acidemia type I, the most prototypical cerebral organic aciduria, are particularly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Unidad Académica de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas da Saude, Universidade Federal de Río Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Avila Duarte
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Radiología, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Faverzani JL, Guerreiro G, Hammerschmidt TG, Lopes FF, Coelho DDM, Sitta A, Mescka CP, Deon M, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Increased peripheral of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in phenylketonuric patients treated with l-carnitine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 749:109792. [PMID: 37863349 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inherited metabolic disorders caused by severe deficiency or absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity that converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. PKU patients were treated with a Phe restricted diet supplemented with a special formula containing l-carnitine (L-car), well-known antioxidant compound. The lack of treatment can cause neurological and cognitive impairment, as severe mental retardation, neuronal cell loss and synaptic density reduction. Although Phe has been widely demonstrated to be involved in PKU neurotoxicity, the mechanisms responsible for the CNS injury are still not fully known. In this work, we evaluated markers of neurodegeneration, namely BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), PAI-1 total (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 total), Cathepsin D, PDGF AB/BB (platelet-derived growth factor), and NCAM (neuronal adhesion molecule) in plasma of PKU patients at early and late diagnosis and under treatment. We found decreased Phe levels and increased L-car concentrations in PKU patients treated with L-car compared to the other groups, indicating that the proposed treatment was effective. Furthermore, we found increased BDNF levels in the patients under treatment compared to patients at early diagnosis, and a positive correlation between BDNF and L-car and a negative correlation between BDNF and Phe. Our results may indicate that in PKU patients treated with L-car there is an attempt to adjust neuronal plasticity and recover the damage suffered, reflecting a compensatory response to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lamberty Faverzani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gilian Guerreiro
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Grazieli Hammerschmidt
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Fátima Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniella de Moura Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Paula Mescka
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marion Deon
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Chang FM. Update current understanding of neurometabolic disorders related to lysine metabolism. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 146:109363. [PMID: 37499576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lysine, as an essential amino acid, predominantly undergoes metabolic processes through the saccharopine pathway, whereas a smaller fraction follows the pipecolic acid pathway. Although the liver is considered the primary organ for lysine metabolism, it is worth noting that lysine catabolism also takes place in other tissues and organs throughout the body, including the brain. Enzyme deficiency caused by pathogenic variants in its metabolic pathway may lead to a series of neurometabolic diseases, among which glutaric aciduria type 1 and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy have the most significant clinical manifestations. At present, through research, we have a deeper understanding of the multiple pathophysiological mechanisms related to these diseases, including intracerebral accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites, imbalance between GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, energy deprivation due to metabolites, and the dysfunction of antiquitin. Because of the complexity of these diseases, their clinical manifestations are also diverse. The early implementation of lysine-restricted diets and supplementation with arginine and carnitine has reported positive impacts on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of patients. Presently, there is more robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of these treatments in glutaric aciduria type 1 compared with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Man Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung, Taiwan.
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Shakerdi LA, Gillman B, Corcoran E, McNulty J, Treacy EP. Organic Aciduria Disorders in Pregnancy: An Overview of Metabolic Considerations. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040518. [PMID: 37110176 PMCID: PMC10146379 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acidurias are a heterogeneous group of rare inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) caused by a deficiency of an enzyme or a transport protein involved in the intermediary metabolic pathways. These enzymatic defects lead to an accumulation of organic acids in different tissues and their subsequent excretion in urine. Organic acidurias include maple syrup urine disease, propionic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria, isovaleric aciduria, and glutaric aciduria type 1. Clinical features vary between different organic acid disorders and may present with severe complications. An increasing number of women with rare IMDs are reporting successful pregnancy outcomes. Normal pregnancy causes profound anatomical, biochemical and physiological changes. Significant changes in metabolism and nutritional requirements take place during different stages of pregnancy in IMDs. Foetal demands increase with the progression of pregnancy, representing a challenging biological stressor in patients with organic acidurias as well as catabolic states post-delivery. In this work, we present an overview of metabolic considerations for pregnancy in patients with organic acidurias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai A. Shakerdi
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara Gillman
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Corcoran
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jenny McNulty
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders (NCIMD), Childrens Health Ireland at Temple Street, Temple Street, D01 XD99 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen P. Treacy
- The Irish National Rare Disease Office, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin (UCD) School of Medicine, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Boy N, Mühlhausen C, Maier EM, Ballhausen D, Baumgartner MR, Beblo S, Burgard P, Chapman KA, Dobbelaere D, Heringer-Seifert J, Fleissner S, Grohmann-Held K, Hahn G, Harting I, Hoffmann GF, Jochum F, Karall D, Konstantopoulous V, Krawinkel MB, Lindner M, Märtner EMC, Nuoffer JM, Okun JG, Plecko B, Posset R, Sahm K, Scholl-Bürgi S, Thimm E, Walter M, Williams M, Vom Dahl S, Ziagaki A, Zschocke J, Kölker S. Recommendations for diagnosing and managing individuals with glutaric aciduria type 1: Third revision. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 46:482-519. [PMID: 36221165 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 is a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder of lysine metabolism caused by pathogenic gene variations in GCDH (cytogenic location: 19p13.13), resulting in deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and, consequently, accumulation of glutaric acid, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid and glutarylcarnitine detectable by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (organic acids) and tandem mass spectrometry (acylcarnitines). Depending on residual GCDH activity, biochemical high and low excreting phenotypes have been defined. Most untreated individuals present with acute onset of striatal damage before age 3 (to 6) years, precipitated by infectious diseases, fever or surgery, resulting in irreversible, mostly dystonic movement disorder with limited life expectancy. In some patients, striatal damage develops insidiously. In recent years, the clinical phenotype has been extended by the finding of extrastriatal abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction, preferably in the high excreter group, as well as chronic kidney failure. Newborn screening is the prerequisite for pre-symptomatic start of metabolic treatment with low lysine diet, carnitine supplementation and intensified emergency treatment during catabolic episodes, which, in combination, have substantially improved neurologic outcome. In contrast, start of treatment after onset of symptoms cannot reverse existing motor dysfunction caused by striatal damage. Dietary treatment can be relaxed after the vulnerable period for striatal damage, that is, age 6 years. However, impact of dietary relaxation on long-term outcomes is still unclear. This third revision of evidence-based recommendations aims to re-evaluate previous recommendations (Boy et al., J Inherit Metab Dis, 2017;40(1):75-101; Kolker et al., J Inherit Metab Dis 2011;34(3):677-694; Kolker et al., J Inherit Metab Dis, 2007;30(1):5-22) and to implement new research findings on the evolving phenotypic diversity as well as the impact of non-interventional variables and treatment quality on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Boy
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Esther M Maier
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Ballhausen
- Paediatric Metabolic Unit, Paediatrics, Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Skadi Beblo
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Centre for Paediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospitals, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Burgard
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kimberly A Chapman
- Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dries Dobbelaere
- Department of Paediatric Metabolism, Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Jana Heringer-Seifert
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Fleissner
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Grohmann-Held
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hahn
- Department of Radiological Diagnostics, UMC, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Inga Harting
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Jochum
- Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Paediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michael B Krawinkel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Lindner
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - E M Charlotte Märtner
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Posset
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Sahm
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eva Thimm
- Division of Experimental Paediatrics and Metabolism, Department of General Paediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Magdalena Walter
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Vom Dahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Athanasia Ziagaki
- Centre of Excellence for Rare Metabolic Diseases, Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Evaluation of dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 patients. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:474-479. [PMID: 34628487 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite successful treatment with nitisinone, the pathophysiology of long-term complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma and mental decline in tyrosinemia type 1 patients, is still obscure. Oxidative stress may play a role in these complications. While increased fumarylacetoacetate and maleylacetoacetate cause oxidative stress in the liver, increased tyrosine causes oxidative stress in the brain. The aim of this study is to evaluate dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis as an indicator of oxidative stress in late-diagnosed tyrosinemia type 1 patients. METHODS Twenty-four late-diagnosed (age of diagnosis; 14.43 ± 26.35 months) tyrosinemia type 1 patients (19 under nitisinone treatment and 5 with liver transplantation) and 25 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Serum native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels were measured, and disulfide/native, disulfide/total, and native thiol/total thiol ratios were calculated from these values. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in native, total, and disulfide thiol levels between the groups and no increase in disulfide/native, disulfide/total, and native/total thiol ratios was detected, despite significantly higher plasma tyrosine levels in the nitisinone-treated group. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that providing sufficient metabolic control with good compliance to nitisinone treatment can help to prevent oxidative stress in late-diagnosed tyrosinemia type 1 patients. IMPACT Despite successful nitisinone (NTBC) treatment, the underlying mechanisms of long-term complications in hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), including hepatocellular carcinoma and mental decline, are still obscure. Oxidative stress may play a role in these complications. Thiol/disulfide homeostasis, which is an indicator of oxidative stress, is not disturbed in hereditary tyrosinemia patients under NTBC treatment, despite higher plasma tyrosine levels and patients who had liver transplantation. This is the first study evaluating dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis as an indicator of oxidative stress in late-diagnosed HT1 patients.
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Seminotti B, Brondani M, Ribeiro RT, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Disturbance of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Crosstalk, Redox Homeostasis, and Inflammatory Response in the Brain of Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase-Deficient Mice: Neuroprotective Effects of Bezafibrate. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4839-4853. [PMID: 35639256 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1), a neurometabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) activity, commonly manifest acute encephalopathy associated with severe striatum degeneration and progressive cortical and striatal injury whose pathogenesis is still poorly known. We evaluated redox homeostasis, inflammatory response, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria crosstalk, and ER stress in the brain of GCDH-deficient (Gcdh-/-) and wild-type (Gcdh+/+) mice fed a high Lys chow, which better mimics the human neuropathology mainly characterized by striatal lesions. Increased lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant defenses, including decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione transferase, were observed in the striatum and cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice. Augmented Iba-1 staining was also found in the dorsal striatum and neocortex, whereas the nuclear content of NF-κB was increased, and the cytosolic content of IκBα decreased in the striatum of the mutant animals, indicating a pro-inflammatory response. Noteworthy, in vivo treatment with the pan-PPAR agonist bezafibrate normalized these alterations. It was also observed that the ER-mitochondria crosstalk proteins VDAC1 and IP3R were reduced, whereas the ER stress protein DDIT3 was augmented in Gcdh-/- striatum, signaling disturbances of these processes. Finally, DRP1 content was elevated in the striatum of Gcdh-/- mice, indicating activated mitochondrial fission. We presume that some of these novel pathomechanisms may be involved in GA1 neuropathology and that bezafibrate should be tested as a potential adjuvant therapy for GA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Morgana Brondani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil.
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8
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Faverzani JL, Steinmetz A, Deon M, Marchetti DP, Guerreiro G, Sitta A, de Moura Coelho D, Lopes FF, Nascimento LVM, Steffens L, Henn JG, Ferro MB, Brito VB, Wajner M, Moura DJ, Vargas CR. L-carnitine protects DNA oxidative damage induced by phenylalanine and its keto acid derivatives in neural cells: a possible pathomechanism and adjuvant therapy for brain injury in phenylketonuria. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1957-1968. [PMID: 34216350 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although phenylalanine (Phe) is known to be neurotoxic in phenylketonuria (PKU), its exact pathogenetic mechanisms of brain damage are still poorly known. Furthermore, much less is known about the role of the Phe derivatives phenylacetic (PAA), phenyllactic (PLA) and phenylpyruvic (PPA) acids that also accumulate in this this disorder on PKU neuropathology. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Phe elicits oxidative stress in brain of rodents and that this deleterious process also occurs in peripheral tissues of phenylketonuric patients. In the present study, we investigated whether Phe and its derivatives PAA, PLA and PPA separately or in combination could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and provoke DNA damage in C6 glial cells. We also tested the role of L-carnitine (L-car), which has been recently considered an antioxidant agent and easily cross the blood brain barrier on the alterations of C6 redox status provoked by Phe and its metabolites. We first observed that cell viability was not changed by Phe and its metabolites. Furthermore, Phe, PAA, PLA and PPA, at concentrations found in plasma of PKU patients, provoked marked DNA damage in the glial cells separately and when combined. Of note, these effects were totally prevented (Phe, PAA and PPA) or attenuated (PLA) by L-car pre-treatment. In addition, a potent ROS formation also induced by Phe and PAA, whereas only moderate increases of ROS were caused by PPA and PLA. Pre-treatment with L-car also prevented Phe- and PAA-induced ROS generation, but not that provoked by PLA and PPA. Thus, our data show that Phe and its major metabolites accumulated in PKU provoke extensive DNA damage in glial cells probably by ROS formation and that L-car may potentially represent an adjuvant therapeutic agent in PKU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lamberty Faverzani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Aline Steinmetz
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marion Deon
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Desirèe Padilha Marchetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilian Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Fatima Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Steffens
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Gustavo Henn
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Bernardes Ferro
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Verônica Bidinotto Brito
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdades Integradas de Taquara (FACCAT), Taquara, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dinara Jaqueline Moura
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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9
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Tamhankar PM, Vasudevan L, Kondurkar P, Niazi S, Christopher R, Solanki D, Dholakia P, Muranjan M, Kamate M, Kalane U, Sheth J, Tamhankar V, Gulati R, Vasikarla M, Danda S, Naushad SM, Girisha KM, Patil S. Clinical Characteristics, Molecular Profile, and Outcomes in Indian Patients with Glutaric Aciduria Type 1. J Pediatr Genet 2021; 10:213-221. [PMID: 34504725 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA-1, OMIM 231670) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by the deficiency of glutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase with most children presenting in infancy with encephalopathy, dystonia, and macrocephaly. In this article, we presented the clinical characteristics, molecular profile, and outcomes in 29 unrelated families with affected children (30 cases total). The mean age at onset of illness was 10 months (±14.58), whereas the mean age at referral for molecular diagnosis was 29.44 months (±28.11). Patients were residents of nine different states of India. Clinical presentation varied from acute encephalitis followed by neuroregression and chronic/insidious developmental delay. Neurological sequelae varied from asymptomatic (no sequelae, 2 patients) to moderate (5 patients) and severe (23 patients) sequelae. All patients underwent blood tandem mass spectrometry (TMS on dried blood spots) and/or urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Neuroimaging demonstrated batwing appearance in 95% cases. Sanger's sequencing of GCDH , covering all exons and exon-intron boundaries, was performed for all patients. Variants identified include 15 novel coding variants: p.Met100Thr, p.Gly107Ser, p.Leu179Val, p.Pro217Ser, p. Phe236Leufs*107, p.Ser255Pro, p.Met266Leufs*2, p.Gln330Ter, p.Thr344Ile, p.Leu345Pro, p.Lys377Arg, p.Leu424Pro, p.Asn373Lys, p.Lys377Arg, p.Asn392Metfs*9, and nine known genetic variants such as p.Arg128Gln, p.Leu179Arg, p.Trp225Ter, p.Met339Val, p.Gly354Ser, p.Arg402Gln, p.Arg402Trp, p.His403Tyr, and p.Ala433Val (Ensembl transcript ID: ENST00000222214). Using in silico analysis, genetic variants were shown to be affecting the residues responsible for homotetramer formation of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase protein. Treatment included oral carnitine, riboflavin, protein-restricted diet, lysine-deficient special formulae, and management of acute crises with intravenous glucose and hydration. However, the mortality (9/30, 27.58%) and morbidity was high in our cohort with only two patients affording the diet. Our study is the largest multicentric, genetic variant-proven series of glutaric aciduria type 1 from India till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag M Tamhankar
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Centre for Medical Genetics, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Sandor Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Vasudevan
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratima Kondurkar
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarfaraj Niazi
- Biomedical Informatics Center of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval Solanki
- Mantra Child and Neurology and Epilepsy Clinic, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Mamta Muranjan
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh Kamate
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka Lingayat Education University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Umesh Kalane
- Pediatric Neurology Centre, Swargate, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayesh Sheth
- Foundation for Research in Genetics and Endocrinology Institute of Human Genetics, Foundation for Research in Genetics and Endocrinology House, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Reena Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Gorimedu, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shaik M Naushad
- Sandor Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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10
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Rostoka E, Salna I, Dekante A, Pahirko L, Borisovs V, Celma L, Valeinis J, Sjakste N, Sokolovska J. DNA damage in leukocytes and serum nitrite concentration are negatively associated in type 1 diabetes. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:213-222. [PMID: 34008029 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycaemia leads to DNA damage in diabetes and might be associated with nitrosative stress. In this study, we aimed at assessing the level of DNA strand breaks in leukocytes, serum nitrite and nitrate in patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls and associations of these parameters with diabetes-related outcomes in a prospective study. The level of DNA damage was determined in 71 patients with type 1 diabetes and 57 healthy controls by comet assay and scored with arbitrary units (AU). The chemiluminescence method was used to measure nitrite and nitrate. Clinical information and data on consumption of alcohol, physical activity and smoking were collected. Progression of complications in patients with diabetes was assessed after a follow-up time of 4-5 years. We observed a higher level of DNA damage in leukocytes of patients with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy subjects [type 1 diabetes AU 50 (36-74.5); control AU 30 (24.1-43), P < 0.001]. According to regression, type 1 diabetes leads to a 2-fold increase in DNA damage. In the group of type 1 diabetes, DNA damage correlated positively with total cholesterol (R = 0.262, P = 0.028) and negatively with serum glucose level (R = -0.284; P = 0.018) and serum nitrite (R = -0.335; P = 0.008). DNA damage was not significantly associated with HbA1c, diabetes duration, complications and lifestyle factors. However, DNA damage > 57 AU was associated with statistically significantly lower serum nitrite and 1.52 higher risk of progression of complications of diabetes over the follow-up period. The latter result was not statistically significant due to insufficient study power [relative risk 1.52 (95% confidence interval = 0.68, 3.42, P = 0.31)]. Our results confirm that type 1 diabetes is associated with a higher level of DNA strand breaks in leukocytes when compared with the reference group and demonstrate the negative association between DNA damage and serum nitrite concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evita Rostoka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Salna
- Residency Development Program, University of Latvia, Aspazijas Bvd. 5, LV1050 Riga, Latvia
| | - Alise Dekante
- Residency Development Program, University of Latvia, Aspazijas Bvd. 5, LV1050 Riga, Latvia
| | - Leonora Pahirko
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Vitalijs Borisovs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Celma
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jānis Valeinis
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Nikolajs Sjakste
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
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11
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Wajner M, Vargas CR, Amaral AU. Disruption of mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress contribute to neurologic dysfunction in organic acidurias. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108646. [PMID: 33098870 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic acidurias (OADs) are inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism biochemically characterized by accumulation of short-chain carboxylic acids in tissues and biological fluids of the affected patients and clinically by predominant neurological manifestations. Some of these disorders are amenable to treatment, which significantly decreases mortality and morbidity, but it is still ineffective to prevent long-term neurologic and systemic complications. Although pathogenesis of OADs is still poorly established, recent human and animal data, such as lactic acidosis, mitochondrial morphological alterations, decreased activities of respiratory chain complexes and altered parameters of oxidative stress, found in tissues from patients and from genetic mice models with these diseases indicate that disruption of critical mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress play an important role in their pathophysiology. Furthermore, organic acids that accumulate in the most prevalent OADs were shown to compromise bioenergetics, by decreasing ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing equivalent content and calcium retention capacity, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation and apoptosis. It is therefore presumed that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by major metabolites accumulating in OADs contribute to tissue damage in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, RS, Brazil
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12
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Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Grings M, Ribeiro CAJ, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Lipopolysaccharide-Elicited Systemic Inflammation Induces Selective Vulnerability of Cerebral Cortex and Striatum of Developing Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficient (Gcdh -/-) Mice to Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:1024-1036. [PMID: 33001399 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated redox homeostasis in cerebral and peripheral tissues of wild type (WT) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mice (Gcdh-/-) submitted to inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) since patients with glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) manifest acute encephalopathy during catabolic events triggered by inflammation. WT and Gcdh-/- mice fed a low (0.9%) or high (4.7%) Lys chow were euthanized 4 h after LPS intraperitoneal injection. Cerebral cortex of Lys-restricted Gcdh-/- animals presented no alterations of redox homeostasis, whereas those fed a high Lys chow showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, compared to WT mice. Furthermore, Gcdh-/- mice receiving low Lys and injected with LPS presented elevated MDA levels and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in cerebral cortex. LPS administration also decreased GSH values, as well as GPx and GR activities in cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice receiving Lys overload. Further experiments performed in WT and Gcdh-/- mice injected with LPS and receiving either a low or high Lys chow revealed increased MDA levels and decreased GSH concentrations in cerebral cortex and striatum, but not in hippocampus, liver and heart of Gcdh-/- mice, suggesting a selective vulnerability of these cerebral structures to oxidative stress during an inflammatory process. LPS administration also increased S100B and NF-κF protein levels in brain of Gcdh-/- mice receiving high Lys. These data support the hypothesis that low Lys diet is beneficial in GA I by preventing redox imbalance, whereas a high Lys diet or systemic inflammation per se or combined induce oxidative stress in striatum and cerebral cortex that are mainly damaged in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Avenida Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - César Augusto João Ribeiro
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-070, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Building 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-007, Brazil
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13
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Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Nazhand A, Souto SB, Silva AM, Severino P, Souto EB, Santini A. The Nutraceutical Value of Carnitine and Its Use in Dietary Supplements. Molecules 2020; 25:E2127. [PMID: 32370025 PMCID: PMC7249051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine can be considered a conditionally essential nutrient for its importance in human physiology. This paper provides an updated picture of the main features of carnitine outlining its interest and possible use. Particular attention has been addressed to its beneficial properties, exploiting carnitine's properties and possible use by considering the main in vitro, in animal, and human studies. Moreover, the main aspects of carnitine-based dietary supplements have been indicated and defined with reference to their possible beneficial health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Amirhossein Nazhand
- Department of Biotechnology, Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resource University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Sari 48181 68984, Mazandaran, Iran;
| | - Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology of Hospital São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil;
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via. D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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14
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Sanju S, Tullu MS, Seshadri N, Agrawal M. Glutaric Aciduria Type 1: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2020; 10:65-70. [PMID: 33585064 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old male infant patient was referred to our institution (from elsewhere) with a history of fever, convulsions, dystonic posturing, altered sensorium, and loss of motor and mental milestones since past 1 month. Upon admission to our institution, a neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging of the brain) revealed frontoparietal atrophy, "bat-wing appearance," and basal ganglia changes. Carnitine and acylcarnitine profile revealed low total carnitine, very low free carnitine, and low free/acylcarnitine ratio, with normal levels of plasma amino acids. Urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed an elevated level of ketones (3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetate) and glutaric acid with the presence of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, suggestive of glutaric aciduria type 1. Diet modification and pharmacotherapy with riboflavin and carnitine arrested the neurological deterioration in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidaraddi Sanju
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind S Tullu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nithya Seshadri
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukesh Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Guerreiro G, Diaz Jaques CE, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Elevated levels of BDNF and cathepsin‐
d
as possible peripheral markers of neurodegeneration in plasma of patients with glutaric acidemia type I. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:42-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gilian Guerreiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica HCPA UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Wajner
- Serviço de Genética Médica HCPA UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em CB:Bioquímica UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Faculdade de Farmácia UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica HCPA UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em CB:Bioquímica UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas UFRGS Porto Alegre Brazil
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16
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de Moraes MS, Guerreiro G, Sitta A, de Moura Coelho D, Manfredini V, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Oxidative damage in mitochondrial fatty acids oxidation disorders patients and the in vitro effect of l-carnitine on DNA damage induced by the accumulated metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 679:108206. [PMID: 31760122 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial fatty acids oxidation disorders (FAOD) are inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) characterized by the accumulation of fatty acids of different sizes of chain according to the affected enzyme. METHODS This study evaluated the lipid peroxidation by the measurement of 8-isoprostanes, nitrosative stress parameters by the measurement of nitrite and nitrate content and DNA and RNA oxidative damage by the measurement of oxidized guanine species in urine samples from long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) patients. Also, we analyzed the in vitro DNA damage by comet assay induced by adipic acid, suberic acid, hexanoylglycine and suberylglycine, separated and in combination, as well as the effect of l-carnitine in human leukocytes. RESULTS An increase on 8-isoprostanes levels in all groups of patients was observed. The nitrite and nitrate levels were increased in LCHADD patients. DNA and RNA damage evaluation revealed increase on oxidized guanine species levels in LCHADD and MADD patients. The in vitro evaluation revealed an increase on the DNA damage induced by all metabolites, besides a potencialyzed effect. l-carnitine decreased the DNA damage induced by the metabolites. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that toxic metabolites accumulated could be related to the increased oxidative and nitrosative stress of FAOD patients and that the metabolites, separated and in combination, cause DNA damage, which was reduced by l-carnitine, demonstrating antioxidant protection. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrated oxidative stress in FAOD patients and the genotoxic potential of MCADD metabolites and the protective effect of l-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Silmara de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gilian Guerreiro
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Acute lysine overload provokes marked striatum injury involving oxidative stress signaling pathways in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kluson P, Stavarek P, Penkavova V, Vychodilova H, Hejda S, Jaklova N, Curinova P. Stereoselective synthesis of optical isomers of ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate in a microfluidic chip reactor. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Delgado CA, Balbueno Guerreiro GB, Diaz Jacques CE, de Moura Coelho D, Sitta A, Manfredini V, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Prevention by L-carnitine of DNA damage induced by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric and 3-methylglutaric acids and experimental evidence of lipid and DNA damage in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 668:16-22. [PMID: 31047871 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria (HMGA) is an inherited disorder of the leucine catabolic pathway in which occurs a deficiency of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase enzyme. Therefore, the organic acids 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (HMG) and 3-methylglutaric (MGA), mainly, accumulate in tissues of affected patients. Lately, much attention has been focused on free radicals as mediators of tissue damage in human diseases, causing lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage. The treatment of this disease is based in a restricted protein ingest and supplementation with l-carnitine (LC), an antioxidant and detoxifying agent. In the present work, we investigated the in vitro oxidative damage to DNA induced by the accumulation of organic acids and oxidative stress parameters in vivo of patients with 3-HMG, as well as the effect of the recommended therapy. The in vitro DNA damage was analyzed by the alkaline comet assay in leukocytes incubated with HMG and MGA (1 mM, 2.5 mM and 5 mM) and co-incubated with LC (90 μM and 150 μM). The in vivo urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane levels and urinary oxidized guanine species were measured by ELISA kits in patient's urine before and after the treatment with LC. HMG and MGA induced a DNA damage index (DI) significantly higher than that of the control group. The DI was significantly reduced in the presence of LC. It was also verified a significant increase of oxidized guanine species and urinary isoprostane levels, biomarker of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation respectively, in patients before treatment. After the treatment and supplementation with LC, patients presented significantly lower levels of those biomarkers. Analyzing the data together, we can conclude that HMGA patients present oxidative lipid and DNA damage, which is induced by HMG and MGA, and the antioxidant therapy with LC can prevent that kind of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Aguilar Delgado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 27522, CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gilian Batista Balbueno Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 27522, CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Diaz Jacques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, CEP, 90035-03, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniella de Moura Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Manfredini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, BR 427 Km 585, 118, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, CEP, 90035-03, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 27522, CEP, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, CEP, 90035-03, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R.Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Jacobsen DW, Hannibal L. Redox signaling in inherited diseases of metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pathogenesis of brain damage in glutaric acidemia type I: Lessons from the genetic mice model. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 78:215-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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