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Kurniawan Y, Tyasningsih W, Rahmahani J, Puspitasari Y, Kusnoto K, Azzahra F, Tobing TM, Aswin A, Diyantoro D, Maulana FK, Susilowati H, Kuncorojakti S, Rantam FA. Protein characterization of an Indonesian isolate of foot and mouth disease virus inactivated with formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine. Vet World 2024; 17:1836-1845. [PMID: 39328437 PMCID: PMC11422645 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1836-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-footed animals. It is a major threat to livestock production worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Inactivation of FMD virus (FMDV) is crucial for vaccine development and control of outbreaks. However, traditional inactivation methods can sometimes damage the viral protein, affecting vaccine efficacy. Therefore, finding new inactivating agents that effectively inactivate the virus while preserving the integrity of its proteins is an important research area. This study investigated the optimal materials (0.04% formaldehyde, 0.001 M binary ethylenimine [BEI], or a combination) for inactivating and preserving the specific molecular weight of Serotype O FMDV protein. Materials and Methods This study used serotype O FMDV isolated from several areas of East Java. The virus was inoculated into baby hamster kidney-21 cells, and the titer was calculated using the TCID50 Assay. The virus was inactivated using 0.04% formaldehyde, 0.001 M BEI, or a combination of 0.04% formaldehyde and 0.001 M BEI. Inactive viral proteins were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Results Serotype O FMDV can be inactivated using 0.04% formaldehyde while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 and VP3 with a molecular weight (MW) of 36 kDa and VP3 with a MW of 24 kDa. Serotype O FMDV can be inactivated by 0.001 M BEI while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 with a MW of 35 kDa, VP3 with a MW of 28 kDa, and VP1 with a MW of 23 kDa. FMDV serotype O can be inactivated using a combination of 0.04% formaldehyde and 0.001 M BEI while preserving specific FMDV proteins, specifically VP0 and VP3 with a MW of 36 kDa and VP3 with a MW of 24 kDa. Conclusion This study found that 0.04% formaldehyde, alone or in combination with 0.001 M BEI, was effective for inactivating and preserving the specific molecular weight of Serotype O FMDV protein. The limitation of this study was the inactivations of the virus have not yet been tested for their potency on experimental animals. Further research is warranted to investigate the inactivation kinetics of these materials, including their potency on experimental animals. Additionally, a comparison of the inactivation rates between 0.04% formaldehyde alone and the combination with BEI would help to determine the optimal inactivation agent for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudha Kurniawan
- Magister Program in Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Wiwiek Tyasningsih
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Jola Rahmahani
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yulianna Puspitasari
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Kusnoto Kusnoto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fadia Azzahra
- Bachelor Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Talenta Miracle Tobing
- Bachelor Program in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Aswin
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Diyantoro Diyantoro
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Firdausy Kurnia Maulana
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Helen Susilowati
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Research Centre for Vaccine Technology and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Gomes MPDB, Linhares JHR, Dos Santos TP, Pereira RC, Santos RT, da Silva SA, Souza MCDO, da Silva JFA, Trindade GF, Gomes VS, Barreto-Vieira DF, Carvalho MMVF, Ano Bom APD, Gardinali NR, Müller R, Alves NDS, Moura LDC, Neves PCDC, Esteves GS, Schwarcz WD, Missailidis S, Mendes YDS, de Lima SMB. Inactivated and Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 for Safe Use in Immunoassays and as an Immunization Control for Non-Clinical Trials. Viruses 2023; 15:1486. [PMID: 37515173 PMCID: PMC10386713 DOI: 10.3390/v15071486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful SARS-CoV-2 inactivation allows its safe use in Biosafety Level 2 facilities, and the use of the whole viral particle helps in the development of analytical methods and a more reliable immune response, contributing to the development and improvement of in vitro and in vivo assays. In order to obtain a functional product, we evaluated several inactivation protocols and observed that 0.03% beta-propiolactone for 24 h was the best condition tested, as it promoted SARS-CoV-2 inactivation above 99.99% and no cytopathic effect was visualized after five serial passages. Moreover, RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy revealed that RNA quantification and viral structure integrity were preserved. The antigenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by ELISA using different Spike-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. K18-hACE2 mice immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, formulated in AddaS03TM, presented high neutralizing antibody titers, no significant weight loss, and longer survival than controls from a lethal challenge, despite RNA detection in the oropharyngeal swab, lung, and brain. This work emphasizes the importance of using different techniques to confirm viral inactivation and avoid potentially disastrous contamination. We believe that an efficiently inactivated product can be used in several applications, including the development and improvement of molecular diagnostic kits, as an antigen for antibody production as well as a control for non-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Carvalho Pereira
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Silva Gomes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Immunological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Müller
- Pre-Clinical Trials Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luma da Cruz Moura
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Santos Esteves
- Recombinant Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ygara da Silva Mendes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Marchi S, Lanave G, Camero M, Dapporto F, Manenti A, Benincasa L, Acciavatti A, Brogi G, Viviani S, Montomoli E, Trombetta CM. SARS-CoV-2 Circulation during the First Year of the Pandemic: A Seroprevalence Study from January to December 2020 in Tuscany, Italy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071441. [PMID: 35891420 PMCID: PMC9324460 DOI: 10.3390/v14071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Italy was the second country affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; the virus spread mainly in Northern Italy with a subsequent diffusion to the center and southern part of the country. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the general population of the Siena province in the Tuscany region (Central Italy) during 2020. A total of 2480 serum samples collected from January to December 2020 were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by a commercial ELISA. Positive and borderline samples were further tested for the presence of anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgM and IgG antibodies by an in-house ELISA and by a micro-neutralization assay. Out of the 2480 samples tested by the commercial ELISA, 81 (3.3%) were found to be positive or borderline for IgG and 58 (2.3%) for IgM in a total of 133 samples (5.4%) found to be positive or borderline for at least one antibody class. When the commercial ELISA and in-house ELISA/micro-neutralization assay results were combined, 26 samples (1.0%) were positive for RBD IgG, 11 (0.4%) for RBD IgM, and 23 (0.9%) for a neutralizing antibody. An increase in seroprevalence was observed during the year 2020, especially from the end of summer, consistent with the routine epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.V.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giulio Brogi
- NeoMedica Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Simonetta Viviani
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.V.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.V.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
- VisMederi Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.D.); (A.M.)
- VisMederi Research Srl, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.V.); (E.M.); (C.M.T.)
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Cerutti H, Bandini T, Castria M, Cartocci A, Ricci V, Tornesi S, Bogi A, Tesi G, Soldatini C, Toppi S, Brogi A. A quantitative assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. J Clin Virol 2022; 147:105064. [PMID: 35033881 PMCID: PMC8720384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 have a critical role not only in diagnosis of COVID-19, but also in assessing the degree and duration of response of specific antibodies against the virus obtained through infection or vaccination. We present the results obtained with a competitive immunoenzymatic method (Chorus SARS-CoV-2 "Neutralizing" Ab) for quantitative determination of total neutralizing anti-S1 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) in human serum obtained on a disposable device with the Chorus TRIO instrument using a recombinant strong neutralizing antibody as tracer. METHODS A total of 694 sera were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies: 407 uninfected, 201 symptomatic subjects, 37 post-infection patients, and 49 vaccinated. Sixty-eight of the previous sera were used to compare the Chorus SARS-CoV-2 "Neutralizing" Ab results with those obtained with micro-neutralization of the Alpha and original variants. A set of 74 positive sera for other respiratory infections were analyzed to evaluate the possible cross reaction to SARS-CoV-2 virus. RESULTS Of the 694 samples, only 3 had discordant results between micro-neutralization and values measured by Chorus SARS-CoV-2 "Neutralizing" Ab: 1 false negative and 2 false positives. Values of sensitivity and specificity were very high: percent positive agreement (sensitivity) 99.6% (95% CI: 97.7 - 99.9) and percent negative agreement (specificity) 99.6% (95% CI: 98.0 -99.9). Concordance was high with a Gwet's Ac1 of 0.992. No significant differences were observed between the alpha and original variants. CONCLUSIONS The Chorus SARS-CoV-2 "Neutralizing" Ab test was highly sensitive and specific, and varies from most other currently available tests since it analyzes only antibodies with viral-neutralizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cerutti
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Biotechnology Research Site: Via Fiorentina, 1 - c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Bandini
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Development Site: Via delle Rose, Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Marinunzia Castria
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Biotechnology Research Site: Via Fiorentina, 1 - c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Ricci
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Production Site: Via delle Rose, Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Stefania Tornesi
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Production Site: Via delle Rose, Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Alessia Bogi
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Development Site: Via delle Rose, Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Giulia Tesi
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Biotechnology Research Site: Via Fiorentina, 1 - c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Soldatini
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Biotechnology Research Site: Via Fiorentina, 1 - c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Toppi
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Production Site: Via delle Rose, Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brogi
- Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, Siena, Italy; Diesse Diagnostica Senese SpA, R&D Biotechnology Research Site: Via Fiorentina, 1 - c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
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5
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Do T, Guran R, Adam V, Zitka O. Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for virus identification: a review. Analyst 2022; 147:3131-3154. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00431c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibilities of virus identification, including SARS-CoV-2, by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Du PX, Chou YY, Santos HM, Keskin BB, Hsieh MH, Ho TS, Wang JY, Lin YL, Syu GD. Development and Application of Human Coronavirus Protein Microarray for Specificity Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7690-7698. [PMID: 34011150 PMCID: PMC8146142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus that causes mild to severe respiratory diseases in humans, including HKU1-CoV, 229E-CoV, NL63-CoV, OC43-CoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Due to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to identify the patients and investigate their immune responses. Protein microarray is one of the best platforms to profile the antibodies in the blood because of its fast, multiplexed, and sensitive nature. To fully understand the immune responses and biological specificities, this study developed a human coronavirus (HCoV) protein microarray and included all seven human coronaviruses and three influenza viruses. Each protein was printed in triplicate and formed 14 identical blocks per array. The HCoV protein microarray showed high reproducibility and sensitivity to the monoclonal antibodies against spike and nucleocapsid protein with detection limits of 10-200 pg. The HCoV proteins that were immobilized on the array were properly folded and functional by showing interactions with a known human receptor, e.g., ACE2. By profiling the serum IgG and IgA from 32 COVID-19 patients and 36 healthy patients, the HCoV protein microarray demonstrated 97% sensitivity and 97% specificity with two biomarkers. The results also showed the cross-reactivity of IgG and IgA in COVID-19 patients to spike proteins from various coronaviruses, including that from SARS-CoV, HKU1-CoV, and OC43-CoV. Finally, an innate immune protein named surfactant protein D showed broad affinities to spike proteins in all human coronaviruses. Overall, the HCoV protein microarray is multiplexed, sensitive, and specific, which is useful in diagnosis, immune assessment, biological development, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Xian Du
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Chou
- Department
of Nursing, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Harvey M. Santos
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Batuhan Birol Keskin
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Miao-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department
of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of
Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
- Center
of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Department
of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of
Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for
Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research (ACIR), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guan-Da Syu
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
- International
Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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7
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Faizo AA, Alandijany TA, Abbas AT, Sohrab SS, El-Kafrawy SA, Tolah AM, Hassan AM, Azhar EI. A Reliable Indirect ELISA Protocol for Detection of Human Antibodies Directed to SARS-CoV-2 NP Protein. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:825. [PMID: 34063315 PMCID: PMC8147428 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A few months ago, the availability of a reliable and cost-effective testing capacity for COVID-19 was a concern for many countries. With the emergence and circulation of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, another layer of challenge can be added for COVID-19 testing at both molecular and serological levels. This is particularly important for the available tests principally designed to target the S gene/protein where multiple mutations have been reported. Herein, the SARS-CoV-2 NP recombinant protein was utilized to develop a simple and reliable COVID-19 NP human IgG ELISA. The optimized protocol was validated against a micro-neutralization (MN) assay, in-house S-based ELISA, and commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The developed assay provides 100% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, 98.9% agreement, and high overall accuracy with an area under curve equal to 0.9998 ± 0.0002 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.99 to 1.00. The optical density values of positive samples significantly correlated with their corresponding MN titers. The assay specifically detects IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 NP protein and does not cross-detect IgG to the viral S protein. Moreover, it does not cross-react with antibodies related to other coronaviruses (e.g., the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or human coronavirus HKU1). The availability of this reliable COVID-19 NP IgG ELISA protocol is highly valuable for its diagnostic and epidemiological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa A. Faizo
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman T. Abbas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed S. Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 128442, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.F.); (A.T.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.T.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Loveday EK, Hain KS, Kochetkova I, Hedges JF, Robison A, Snyder DT, Brumfield SK, Young MJ, Jutila MA, Chang CB, Taylor MP. Effect of Inactivation Methods on SARS-CoV-2 Virion Protein and Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:562. [PMID: 33810401 PMCID: PMC8066162 DOI: 10.3390/v13040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) dictates that live-virus research is conducted in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility. Working with SARS-CoV-2 at lower biosafety levels can expedite research yet requires the virus to be fully inactivated. In this study, we validated and compared two protocols for inactivating SARS-CoV-2: heat treatment and ultraviolet irradiation. The two methods were optimized to render the virus completely incapable of infection while limiting the destructive effects of inactivation. We observed that 15 min of incubation at 65 °C completely inactivates high titer viral stocks. Complete inactivation was also achieved with minimal amounts of UV power (70,000 µJ/cm2), which is 100-fold less power than comparable studies. Once validated, the two methods were then compared for viral RNA quantification, virion purification, and antibody detection assays. We observed that UV irradiation resulted in a 2-log reduction of detectable genomes compared to heat inactivation. Protein yield following virion enrichment was equivalent for all inactivation conditions, but the quality of resulting viral proteins and virions were differentially impacted depending on inactivation method and time. Here, we outline the strengths and weaknesses of each method so that investigators might choose the one which best meets their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Loveday
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Kyle S. Hain
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Susan K. Brumfield
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Connie B. Chang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Matthew P. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
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