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Stroobants S, Van Acker NGG, Verheijen FW, Goris I, Daneels GFT, Schot R, Verbeek E, Knaapen MWM, De Bondt A, Göhlmann HW, Crauwels MLA, Mancini GMS, Andries LJ, Moechars DWE, D'Hooge R. Progressive leukoencephalopathy impairs neurobehavioral development in sialin-deficient mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 291:106-119. [PMID: 28189729 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Slc17a5-/- mice represent an animal model for the infantile form of sialic acid storage disease (SASD). We analyzed genetic and histological time-course expression of myelin and oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage markers in different parts of the CNS, and related this to postnatal neurobehavioral development in these mice. Sialin-deficient mice display a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of sialic acid storage, CNS hypomyelination and leukoencephalopathy. Whereas few genes are differentially expressed in the perinatal stage (p0), microarray analysis revealed increased differential gene expression in later postnatal stages (p10-p18). This included progressive upregulation of neuroinflammatory genes, as well as continuous down-regulation of genes that encode myelin constituents and typical OL lineage markers. Age-related histopathological analysis indicates that initial myelination occurs normally in hindbrain regions, but progression to more frontal areas is affected in Slc17a5-/- mice. This course of progressive leukoencephalopathy and CNS hypomyelination delays neurobehavioral development in sialin-deficient mice. Slc17a5-/- mice successfully achieve early neurobehavioral milestones, but exhibit progressive delay of later-stage sensory and motor milestones. The present findings may contribute to further understanding of the processes of CNS myelination as well as help to develop therapeutic strategies for SASD and other myelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frans W Verheijen
- Dept. Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Goris
- Research and Early Development Europe, J&J Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Guy F T Daneels
- Research and Early Development Europe, J&J Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rachel Schot
- Dept. Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Verbeek
- Dept. Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - An De Bondt
- Research and Early Development Europe, J&J Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hinrich W Göhlmann
- Research and Early Development Europe, J&J Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Dept. Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dieder W E Moechars
- Research and Early Development Europe, J&J Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Peuchant E, Bats ML, Moranvillier I, Lepoivre M, Guitton J, Wendum D, Lacombe ML, Moreau-Gaudry F, Boissan M, Dabernat S. Metastasis suppressor NM23 limits oxidative stress in mammals by preventing activation of stress-activated protein kinases/JNKs through its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. FASEB J 2017; 31:1531-1546. [PMID: 28077425 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NME1 (nonmetastatic expressed 1) gene, which encodes nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) A [also known as nonmetastatic clone 23 (NM23)-H1 in humans and NM23-M1 in mice], is a suppressor of metastasis, but several lines of evidence-mostly from plants-also implicate it in the regulation of the oxidative stress response. Here, our aim was to investigate the physiologic relevance of NDPK A with respect to the oxidative stress response in mammals and to study its molecular basis. NME1-knockout mice died sooner, suffered greater hepatocyte injury, and had lower superoxide dismutase activity than did wild-type (WT) mice in response to paraquat-induced acute oxidative stress. Deletion of NME1 reduced total NDPK activity and exacerbated activation of the stress-related MAPK, JNK, in the liver in response to paraquat. In a mouse transformed hepatocyte cell line and in primary cultures of normal human keratinocytes, MAPK activation in response to H2O2 and UVB, respectively, was dampened by expression of NM23-M1/NM23-H1, dependent on its NDPK catalytic activity. Furthermore, excess or depletion of NM23-M1/NM23-H1 NDPK activity did not affect the intracellular bulk concentration of nucleoside di- and triphosphates. NME1-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts grew poorly in culture, were more sensitive to stress than WT fibroblasts, and did not immortalize, which suggested that they senesce earlier than do WT fibroblasts. Collectively, these results indicate that the NDPK activity of NM23-M1/NM23-H1 protects cells from acute oxidative stress by inhibiting activation of JNK in mammal models.-Peuchant, E., Bats, M.-L., Moranvillier, I., Lepoivre, M., Guitton, J., Wendum, D., Lacombe, M.-L., Moreau-Gaudry, F., Boissan, M., Dabernat, S. Metastasis suppressor NM23 limits oxidative stress in mammals by preventing activation of stress-activated protein kinases/JNKs through its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Peuchant
- Collège Santé Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM 1035, Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Lise Bats
- Collège Santé Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Moranvillier
- Collège Santé Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM 1035, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Université Paris Sud, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9198, Orsay, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Lacombe
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Collège Santé Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM 1035, Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Boissan
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche S938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France; .,Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Dabernat
- Collège Santé Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; .,INSERM 1035, Bordeaux, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Bloomfield M, Duesberg P. Karyotype alteration generates the neoplastic phenotypes of SV40-infected human and rodent cells. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:79. [PMID: 26500699 PMCID: PMC4618876 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite over 50 years of research, it remains unclear how the DNA tumor viruses SV40 and Polyoma cause cancers. Prevailing theories hold that virus-coded Tumor (T)-antigens cause cancer by inactivating cellular tumor suppressor genes. But these theories don't explain four characteristics of viral carcinogenesis: (1) less than one in 10,000 infected cells become cancer cells, (2) cancers have complex individual phenotypes and transcriptomes, (3) recurrent tumors without viral DNA and proteins, (4) preneoplastic aneuploidies and immortal neoplastic clones with individual karyotypes. RESULTS As an alternative theory we propose that viral carcinogenesis is a form of speciation, initiated by virus-induced aneuploidy. Since aneuploidy destabilizes the karyotype by unbalancing thousands of genes it catalyzes chain reactions of karyotypic and transcriptomic evolutions. Eventually rare karyotypes evolve that encode cancer-specific autonomy of growth. The low probability of forming new autonomous cancer-species by random karyotypic and transcriptomic variations predicts individual and clonal cancers. Although cancer karyotypes are congenitally aneuploid and thus variable, they are stabilized or immortalized by selections for variants with cancer-specific autonomy. Owing to these inherent variations cancer karyotypes are heterogeneous within clonal margins. To test this theory we analyzed karyotypes and phenotypes of SV40-infected human, rat and mouse cells developing into neoplastic clones. In all three systems we found (1) preneoplastic aneuploidies, (2) neoplastic clones with individual clonal but flexible karyotypes and phenotypes, which arose from less than one in 10,000 infected cells, survived over 200 generations, but were either T-antigen positive or negative, (3) spontaneous and drug-induced variations of neoplastic phenotypes correlating 1-to-1 with karyotypic variations. CONCLUSIONS Since all 14 virus-induced neoplastic clones tested contained individual clonal karyotypes and phenotypes, we conclude that these karyotypes have generated and since maintained these neoplastic clones. Thus SV40 causes cancer indirectly, like carcinogens, by inducing aneuploidy from which new cancer-specific karyotypes evolve automatically at low rates. This theory explains the (1) low probability of carcinogenesis per virus-infected cell, (2) the individuality and clonal flexibility of cancer karyotypes, (3) recurrence of neoplasias without viral T-antigens, and (4) the individual clonal karyotypes, transcriptomes and immortality of virus-induced neoplasias - all unexplained by current viral theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Peter Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
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4
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Sievert H, Pällmann N, Miller KK, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Venz S, Sendoel A, Preukschas M, Schweizer M, Boettcher S, Janiesch PC, Streichert T, Walther R, Hengartner MO, Manz MG, Brümmendorf TH, Bokemeyer C, Braig M, Hauber J, Duncan KE, Balabanov S. A novel mouse model for inhibition of DOHH-mediated hypusine modification reveals a crucial function in embryonic development, proliferation and oncogenic transformation. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:963-76. [PMID: 24832488 PMCID: PMC4107325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central importance of translational control by post-translational modification has spurred major interest in regulatory pathways that control translation. One such pathway uniquely adds hypusine to eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), and thereby affects protein synthesis and, subsequently, cellular proliferation through an unknown mechanism. Using a novel conditional knockout mouse model and a Caenorhabditis elegans knockout model, we found an evolutionarily conserved role for the DOHH-mediated second step of hypusine synthesis in early embryonic development. At the cellular level, we observed reduced proliferation and induction of senescence in 3T3 Dohh-/- cells as well as reduced capability for malignant transformation. Furthermore, mass spectrometry showed that deletion of DOHH results in an unexpected complete loss of hypusine modification. Our results provide new biological insight into the physiological roles of the second step of the hypusination of eIF5A. Moreover, the conditional mouse model presented here provides a powerful tool for manipulating hypusine modification in a temporal and spatial manner, to analyse both how this unique modification normally functions in vivo as well as how it contributes to different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sievert
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora Pällmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharine K Miller
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ataman Sendoel
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Preukschas
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Boettcher
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Christoph Janiesch
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Braig
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kent E Duncan
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Lipps C, May T, Hauser H, Wirth D. Eternity and functionality – rational access to physiologically relevant cell lines. Biol Chem 2013; 394:1637-48. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the first 50 years of cell culture, the development of new cell lines was mainly based on trial and error. Due to the understanding of the molecular networks of aging, senescence, proliferation, and adaption by mutation, the generation of new cell lines with physiologic properties has become more systematic. This endeavor has been supported by the availability of new technological achievements and increasing knowledge about the biology of cell differentiation and cell-cell communication. Here, we review some promising developments that are contributing toward this goal. These include molecular tools frequently used for the immortalization process. In addition to these broadly acting immortalization regimens, we focus on the developments of cell type-specific immortalization and on the methodologies of how to control the growth of newly established cell lines.
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6
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Feng L, Zhang X, Xia X, Li Y, He S, Sun H. Generation and characterization of a porcine endometrial endothelial cell line susceptible to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2013; 171:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Houben R, Adam C, Baeurle A, Hesbacher S, Grimm J, Angermeyer S, Henzel K, Hauser S, Elling R, Bröcker EB, Gaubatz S, Becker JC, Schrama D. An intact retinoblastoma protein-binding site in Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen is required for promoting growth of Merkel cell carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:847-56. [PMID: 21413015 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive skin cancer that frequently harbours Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) DNA integrated in the genome of the tumor cells. In our study, we elaborate our recent finding that MCV-positive MCC cell lines require the expression of the viral T antigens (TA). Indeed, in a xeno-transplantation model, we prove that TA expression is essential also in an in vivo situation, as knock down of TA leads to tumor regression. Moreover, rescuing TA short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-treated MCV-positive MCC cells by ectopic expression of shRNA-insensitive TAs clearly demonstrates that the observed effect is caused by TA knockdown. Notably, introduction of a mutation in the LTA protein interfering with LTA binding to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) ablated this rescue. The importance of this interaction was further confirmed as LTA-specific knockdown leads to explicit cell growth inhibition. In summary, the presented data demonstrate that established MCV-positive MCC tumors critically depend on TA expression, in particular the LTA and RB interaction, for sustained tumor growth. Consequently, interference with LTA/RB interaction appears as promising strategy to treat MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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McDuff FKE, Turner SD. Aberrant anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity induces a p53 and Rb-dependent senescence-like arrest in the absence of detectable p53 stabilization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17854. [PMID: 21423761 PMCID: PMC3056788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase aberrantly
expressed in a variety of tumor types, most notably in Anaplastic Large Cell
Lymphoma (ALCL) where a chromosomal translocation generates the oncogenic fusion
protein, Nucleophosmin-ALK (NPM-ALK). Whilst much is known regarding the
mechanism of transformation by NPM-ALK, the existence of cellular defence
pathways to prevent this pathological process has not been investigated.
Employing the highly tractable primary murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) system
we show that cellular transformation is not an inevitable consequence of NPM-ALK
activity but is combated by p53 and Rb. Activation of p53 and/or Rb by NPM-ALK
triggers a potent proliferative block with features reminiscent of senescence.
While loss of p53 alone is sufficient to circumvent NPM-ALK-induced senescence
and permit cellular transformation, sole loss of Rb permits continued
proliferation but not transformation due to p53-imposed restraints. Furthermore,
NPM-ALK attenuates p53 activity in an Rb and MDM2 dependent manner but this
activity is not sufficient to bypass senescence. These data indicate that
senescence may constitute an effective barrier to ALK-induced malignancies that
ultimately must be overcome for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kate Elizabeth McDuff
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Dawn Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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9
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Stadler G, Chen JC, Wagner K, Robin JD, Shay JW, Emerson CP, Wright WE. Establishment of clonal myogenic cell lines from severely affected dystrophic muscles - CDK4 maintains the myogenic population. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:12. [PMID: 21798090 PMCID: PMC3156635 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A hallmark of muscular dystrophies is the replacement of muscle by connective tissue. Muscle biopsies from patients severely affected with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) may contain few myogenic cells. Because the chromosomal contraction at 4q35 linked to FSHD is thought to cause a defect within myogenic cells, it is important to study this particular cell type, rather than the fibroblasts and adipocytes of the endomysial fibrosis, to understand the mechanism leading to myopathy. Results We present a protocol to establish clonal myogenic cell lines from even severely dystrophic muscle that has been replaced mostly by fat, using overexpression of CDK4 and the catalytic component of telomerase (human telomerase reverse transcriptase; hTERT), and a subsequent cloning step. hTERT is necessary to compensate for telomere loss during in vitro cultivation, while CDK4 prevents a telomere-independent growth arrest affecting CD56+ myogenic cells, but not their CD56- counterpart, in vitro. Conclusions These immortal cell lines are valuable tools to reproducibly study the effect of the FSHD mutation within myoblasts isolated from muscles that have been severely affected by the disease, without the confounding influence of variable amounts of contaminating connective-tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stadler
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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11
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Moorhead PS, Saksela E. The sequence of chromosome aberrations during SV 40 transformation of a human diploid cell strain. Hereditas 2009; 52:271-84. [PMID: 4283934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1965.tb01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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12
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Kim JH, Gurumurthy CB, Naramura M, Zhang Y, Dudley AT, Doglio L, Band H, Band V. Role of mammalian Ecdysoneless in cell cycle regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26402-10. [PMID: 19640839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ecdysoneless (Ecd) protein is required for cell-autonomous roles in development and oogenesis in Drosophila, but the function of its evolutionarily conserved mammalian orthologs is not clear. To study the cellular function of Ecd in mammalian cells, we generated Ecd(lox/lox) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells from Ecd floxed mouse embryos. Cre-mediated deletion of Ecd in Ecd(lox/lox) mouse embryonic fibroblasts led to a proliferative block due to a delay in G(1)-S cell cycle progression; this defect was reversed by the introduction of human Ecd. Loss of Ecd led to marked down-regulation of E2F target gene expression. Furthermore, Ecd directly bound to Rb at the pocket domain and competed with E2F for binding to hypophosphorylated Rb. Our results demonstrate that mammalian Ecd plays a role in cell cycle progression via the Rb-E2F pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyun Kim
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5805, USA
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13
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Cancers and the concept of cell senescence. Biogerontology 2009; 11:211-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Pipas JM. SV40: Cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Virology 2008; 384:294-303. [PMID: 19070883 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The story of SV40-induced tumorigenesis and cellular transformation is intimately entwined with the development of modern molecular biology. Because SV40 and other viruses have small genomes and are relatively easy to manipulate in the laboratory, they offered tractable systems for molecular analysis. Thus, many of the early efforts to understand how eukaryotes replicate their DNA, regulate expression of their genes, and translate mRNA were focused on viral systems. The discovery that SV40 induces tumors in certain laboratory animals and transforms many types of cultured cells offered the first opportunity to explore the molecular basis for cancer. The goal of this article is to highlight some of the experiments that have led to our current view of SV40-induced transformation and to provide some context as to how they contributed to basic research in molecular biology and to our understanding of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Pipas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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15
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Fabarius A, Li R, Yerganian G, Hehlmann R, Duesberg P. Specific clones of spontaneously evolving karyotypes generate individuality of cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Arai S, Miyake K, Voit R, Nemoto S, Wakeland EK, Grummt I, Miyazaki T. Death-effector domain-containing protein DEDD is an inhibitor of mitotic Cdk1/cyclin B1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2289-94. [PMID: 17283331 PMCID: PMC1793902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611167104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that many molecules, including some cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and cyclins, as well as the death-effector domain (DED)-containing FADD, function for both apoptosis and cell cycle. Here we identified that DEDD, which also possesses the DED domain, acts as a novel inhibitor of the mitotic Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex. DEDD associates with mitotic Cdk1/cyclin B1 complexes via direct binding to cyclin B1 and reduces their function. In agreement, kinase activity of nuclear Cdk1/cyclin B1 in DEDD-null (DEDD-/-) embryonic fibroblasts is increased compared with that in DEDD+/+ cells, which results in accelerated mitotic progression, thus exhibiting a shortened G2/M stage. Interestingly, DEDD-/- cells also demonstrated decreased G1 duration, which perhaps enhanced the overall reduction in rRNA amounts and cell volume, primarily caused by the rapid termination of rRNA synthesis before cell division. Likewise, DEDD-/- mice show decreased body and organ weights relative to DEDD+/+ mice. Thus, DEDD is an impeder of cell mitosis, and its absence critically influences cell and body size via modulation of rRNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Arai
- *Division of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, NA7200, Dallas, TX 75390-9093; and
| | - Katsuhisa Miyake
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, NA7200, Dallas, TX 75390-9093; and
| | - Renate Voit
- Department of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shino Nemoto
- *Division of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, NA7200, Dallas, TX 75390-9093; and
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Department of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- *Division of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, NA7200, Dallas, TX 75390-9093; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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17
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Tan Y, Dourdin N, Wu C, De Veyra T, Elce JS, Greer PA. Ubiquitous calpains promote caspase-12 and JNK activation during endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:16016-24. [PMID: 16597616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601299200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed mu- and m-calpain proteases are implicated in development and apoptosis. They consist of 80-kDa catalytic subunits encoded by the capn1 and capn2 genes, respectively, and a common 28-kDa regulatory subunit encoded by the capn4 gene. The regulatory subunit is required to maintain the stability and activity of mu- and m-calpains. Accordingly, genetic disruption of capn4 in the mouse eliminated both ubiquitous calpain activities. In embryonic fibroblasts derived from these mice, calpain deficiency correlated with resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis, and this was directly related to a calpain requirement for activation of both caspase-12 and the ASK1-JNK cascade. This study provides compelling genetic evidence for calpain's role in caspase-12 activation at the ER, and reveals a novel role for the ubiquitous calpains in ER-stress induced apoptosis and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Tan Y, Dourdin N, Wu C, De Veyra T, Elce JS, Greer PA. Conditional disruption of ubiquitous calpains in the mouse. Genesis 2006; 44:297-303. [PMID: 16783822 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous mu- and m-calpain proteases are implicated in development and apoptosis. They are heterodimers consisting of 80-kDa catalytic subunits encoded by capn1 and capn2, respectively, and a common 28-kDa regulatory subunit encoded by capn4. The regulatory subunit is required to maintain stability and activity of mu- and m-calpains; thus, genetic disruption of capn4 was predicted to eliminate both calpain activities. Germline disruption of capn4 caused embryonic lethality, hampering the use of those mouse models to explore physiological calpain functions. Here we describe a loxP/cre conditional capn4 targeted mouse model that enables tissue-specific and temporal deletion of calpain activity. Disruption of the floxed capn4 gene using a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus promoter driven Cre recombinase transgene led to midgestation embryonic lethality. Fibroblasts from these embryos lacked detectable regulatory subunit expression, had reduced levels of the mu- and m-calpain catalytic subunits, and had no detectable mu- and m-calpain activities. These defects were corrected with a capn4-encoding lentivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Hasenmaile S, Pawelec G. The concept of telomeric non-reciprocal recombination (TENOR) applied to human fibroblasts grown in serial cultures: concordance with genealogical data. Rejuvenation Res 2005; 8:154-71. [PMID: 16144470 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2005.8.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the limited life span of human fibroblasts some 50 years ago, many genealogical studies have been undertaken to describe growth kinetics of fibroblasts in serial cultures by their individual division behavior. It is now accepted that proliferation capacities of human fibroblasts strongly depend on their telomere lengths and integrity. Telomeres shorten with each replication round, and there is a direct correlation between cell division capacity and telomere lengths; that is, the consumption of disposable telomeric DNA repeats during cell divisions progresses until critically short telomeres determining the replicative senescence of the cells are present. Recently, we have suggested that telomeres in fibroblasts can also become elongated during DNA replication by telomeric non-reciprocal recombination (TENOR). Here we discuss genealogical data collected over the last decades as well as more recent findings on the telomere-driven replicative senescence process, and we summarize both to give an integrated picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hasenmaile
- Tubingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Center for Medical Research, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany.
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20
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Aneuploidy vs. gene mutation hypothesis of cancer: recent study claims mutation but is found to support aneuploidy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97. [PMID: 10725343 PMCID: PMC16222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040529797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly a century, cancer has been blamed on somatic mutation. But it is still unclear whether this mutation is aneuploidy, an abnormal balance of chromosomes, or gene mutation. Despite enormous efforts, the currently popular gene mutation hypothesis has failed to identify cancer-specific mutations with transforming function and cannot explain why cancer occurs only many months to decades after mutation by carcinogens and why solid cancers are aneuploid, although conventional mutation does not depend on karyotype alteration. A recent high-profile publication now claims to have solved these discrepancies with a set of three synthetic mutant genes that "suffices to convert normal human cells into tumorigenic cells." However, we show here that even this study failed to explain why it took more than "60 population doublings" from the introduction of the first of these genes, a derivative of the tumor antigen of simian virus 40 tumor virus, to generate tumor cells, why the tumor cells were clonal although gene transfer was polyclonal, and above all, why the tumor cells were aneuploid. If aneuploidy is assumed to be the somatic mutation that causes cancer, all these results can be explained. The aneuploidy hypothesis predicts the long latent periods and the clonality on the basis of the following two-stage mechanism: stage one, a carcinogen (or mutant gene) generates aneuploidy; stage two, aneuploidy destabilizes the karyotype and thus initiates an autocatalytic karyotype evolution generating preneoplastic and eventually neoplastic karyotypes. Because the odds are very low that an abnormal karyotype will surpass the viability of a normal diploid cell, the evolution of a neoplastic cell species is slow and thus clonal, which is comparable to conventional evolution of new species.
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21
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Li R, Sonik A, Stindl R, Rasnick D, Duesberg P. Aneuploidy vs. gene mutation hypothesis of cancer: Recent study claims mutation but is found to support aneuploidy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3236-41. [PMID: 10725343 PMCID: PMC16222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly a century, cancer has been blamed on somatic mutation. But it is still unclear whether this mutation is aneuploidy, an abnormal balance of chromosomes, or gene mutation. Despite enormous efforts, the currently popular gene mutation hypothesis has failed to identify cancer-specific mutations with transforming function and cannot explain why cancer occurs only many months to decades after mutation by carcinogens and why solid cancers are aneuploid, although conventional mutation does not depend on karyotype alteration. A recent high-profile publication now claims to have solved these discrepancies with a set of three synthetic mutant genes that "suffices to convert normal human cells into tumorigenic cells." However, we show here that even this study failed to explain why it took more than "60 population doublings" from the introduction of the first of these genes, a derivative of the tumor antigen of simian virus 40 tumor virus, to generate tumor cells, why the tumor cells were clonal although gene transfer was polyclonal, and above all, why the tumor cells were aneuploid. If aneuploidy is assumed to be the somatic mutation that causes cancer, all these results can be explained. The aneuploidy hypothesis predicts the long latent periods and the clonality on the basis of the following two-stage mechanism: stage one, a carcinogen (or mutant gene) generates aneuploidy; stage two, aneuploidy destabilizes the karyotype and thus initiates an autocatalytic karyotype evolution generating preneoplastic and eventually neoplastic karyotypes. Because the odds are very low that an abnormal karyotype will surpass the viability of a normal diploid cell, the evolution of a neoplastic cell species is slow and thus clonal, which is comparable to conventional evolution of new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stanley Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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22
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Neel JV, Major EO, Awa AA, Glover T, Burgess A, Traub R, Curfman B, Satoh C. Hypothesis: "Rogue cell"-type chromosomal damage in lymphocytes is associated with infection with the JC human polyoma virus and has implications for oncopenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:2690-5. [PMID: 8610102 PMCID: PMC39692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the JC and BK polyoma viruses (JCV and BKV, respectively) are significantly elevated in individuals exhibiting "rogue" cells among their cultured lymphocytes. However, the elevation is so much greater with respect to JCV that the BKV elevation could readily be explained by cross reactivity to the capsid protein of these two closely related viruses. The JCV exhibits high sequence homology with the simian papovavirus, simian virus 40 (SV40), and inoculation of human fetal brain cells with JCV produces polyploidy and chromosomal damage very similar to that produced by SV40. We suggest, by analogy with the effects of SV40, that these changes are due to the action of the viral large tumor antigen, a pluripotent DNA binding protein that acts in both transcription and replication. The implications of these findings for oncogenesis are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Neel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109-0618, USA
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23
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Shackney SE, Berg G, Simon SR, Cohen J, Amina S, Pommersheim W, Yakulis R, Wang S, Uhl M, Smith CA. Origins and clinical implications of aneuploidy in early bladder cancer. CYTOMETRY 1995; 22:307-16. [PMID: 8749781 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic and flow cytometric studies in a variety of human solid tumors have suggested that gross aneuploidy may arise by a process of abrupt chromosome complement doubling followed by gradual chromosome loss. However, this sequence has not been demonstrated directly in serial studies in individual patients in vivo. The purpose of this study was to search for evidence of chromosome complement doubling and subsequent chromosome loss in flow cytometric ploidy patterns in serial bladder washings and/or biopsies from individual patients with early bladder cancer. Fifty-two patients with noninvasive bladder cancer were followed with serial flow cytometric DNA studies for periods ranging from 5.1 to 42.7 months (median 15.1 months). Serial changes in DNA ploidy and S phase fractions were recorded and correlated with histologic and/or cytologic findings, response to treatment and clinical outcome. The data suggest a series of genetic evolutionary changes in early bladder cancer that include the initial development of peridiploid aneuploidy and repeated rounds of DNA content doubling with chromosome loss in patients with progressive disease. It is likely that gross DNA aneuploidy, and more specifically, DNA multiploidy and DNA hypertetraploidy, all arise by this mechanism. The sequence of DNA diploidy, peridiploid aneuploidy, near-tetraploidy, hypotetraploidy and hypertetraploidy is associated with a progressive increase in S phase fraction, and with increasing tumor grade; late steps in this ploidy sequence were often present in tumors that were refractory to local therapeutic measures and tumors that developed deep tumor invasion and/or distant metastases. We conclude that DNA multiploidy and hypertetraploidy are markers of advanced stages of genetic evolution in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Shackney
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and Genetics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212-4772, USA
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24
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Cristofalo VJ, Pignolo RJ. Cell Culture as a Model. Compr Physiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Macieira-Coelho A. Genome reorganization through cell division. Implications for aging of the organism and cancer development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 719:108-28. [PMID: 8010586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb56823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Macieira-Coelho
- Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty Pitié, Salpetrière, Paris, France
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26
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Macieira-Coelho A. Contributions made by the studies of cells in vitro for understanding of the mechanisms of aging. Exp Gerontol 1993; 28:1-16. [PMID: 8436202 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(93)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Lechner MS, Laimins LA. Human epithelial cells immortalized by SV40 retain differentiation capabilities in an in vitro raft system and maintain viral DNA extrachromosomally. Virology 1991; 185:563-71. [PMID: 1660195 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90526-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas are the predominant type of cancer found in man, yet in vitro studies on the transformation of epithelial cells have been limited. In an attempt to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development of epithelial cancers, we have examined the effects of oncogenes on keratinocytes in vitro using both the ability to immortalize and the ability to alter differentiation as criteria for transformation. SV40 T-antigen was observed to be an efficient immortalizing agent in human keratinocytes consistent with previous studies in other human cell types. Using an in vitro cell culture system (rafts) for epithelial stratification at the air-liquid interface, we observed that the morphology of rafts of SV40-immortalized keratinocytes was similar to that of untransfected epithelial cells, demonstrating that although immortal these cells retain differentiation capabilities. The ability to differentiate was lost only upon prolonged passage in culture, suggesting that this effect is separable from immortalization. In these immortalized epithelial cells, SV40 genomes were found to be maintained as a heterogeneous population of extrachromosomal molecules dependent upon the SV40 origin of replication. It is not clear whether these molecules arise continuously as a result of excision events from integrated copies or are stably maintained as episomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lechner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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28
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Abstract
A mathematical model is presented which describes the proliferative senescence of cells in culture. The model is based on the DNA damage hypothesis of cellular aging and is able to account for both the limited and unlimited in vitro proliferative potential of normal and transformed cells. It is predicted that the destiny of a cell population is determined by two counteracting factors: the proliferation rate of the dividable cells and the gene damage accumulation rate. The formation of an immortal cell line requires high rate of proliferation and/or low rate of gene damage accumulation. The related computer simulations on a number of proliferative properties of cell culture produces results in agreement, in the general properties, with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing
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29
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30
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Abstract
The field of cellular senescence (cytogerontology) is reviewed. The historical precedence for investigation in this field is summarized, and placed in the context of more recent studies of the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The now-classical embryonic lung fibroblast model is compared to models utilizing other cell types as well as cells from donors of different ages and phenotypes. Modulation of cellular senescence by growth factors, hormones, and genetic manipulation is contrasted, but newer studies in oncogene involvement are omitted. A current consensus would include the view that the life span of normal diploid cells in culture is limited, is under genetic control, and is capable of being modified. Finally, embryonic cells aging in vitro share certain characteristics with early passage cells derived from donors of increasing age.
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31
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32
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Price JE, Syms AJ, Wallace JS, Fleming KA, Tarin D. Cellular immortality, clonogenicity, tumorigenicity and the metastatic phenotype. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1986; 22:349-55. [PMID: 3709603 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(86)90404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Ide T, Tsuji Y, Ishibashi S, Mitsui Y. Reinitiation of host DNA synthesis in senescent human diploid cells by infection with Simian virus 40. Exp Cell Res 1983; 143:343-9. [PMID: 6299766 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1, cease to proliferate at about 60-62 population doubling level. In their senescent state used in this study, the percentage of nuclei labeled by [3H]thymidine for 48 h was around 1-2% in fresh medium containing 5-40% fetal bovine serum. The percentage of labelled nuclei increased up to 10-fold after infection with SV40. This increase reflects stimulation of cell DNA synthesis because: 1. The increase also occurred when ts A900 was used for infection at the non-permissive temperature, under these conditions viral DNA synthesis is inhibited; 2, the increase paralleled the stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in a Hirt-precipitate fraction from SV40-infected cells. UV-irradiated SV40 had reduced ability to induce DNA synthesis. A viable deletion mutant of SV40, d1940, had almost the same activity to induce cell DNA synthesis as did wild-type SV40. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation analysis of DNA labelled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) supported semiconservative replication rather than repair synthesis. We conclude that a considerable fraction of human diploid cells in a senescent population initiate host DNA replication by infection with SV40, although these cells cannot be stimulated with fetal bovine serum.
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34
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Cristofalo VJ, Stanulis-Praeger BM. Cellular Senescence in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007902-5.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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35
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Didinsky JB, Rheinwald JG. Failure of hydrocortisone or growth factors to influence the senescence of fibroblasts in a new culture system for assessing replicative lifespan. J Cell Physiol 1981; 109:171-9. [PMID: 6460039 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the replicative lifespan of human fibroblasts can be substantially extended by supplementing the growth medium with hydrocortisone or increased levels of serum proteins. These observations have been made only on cell populations transferred many times at high cell density, and cumulative population doublings have been recorded, rather than a more direct measure of cell division potential. We have measured the replicative potential of human fibroblasts cultured so as to avoid conditions of high cell density, medium depletion, and departure from exponential growth. Two fetal lung and two newborn foreskin fibroblast strains were serially passaged in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone (HC), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) until they senesced. At each passage cells were plated at densities sufficiently low that colony-forming efficiency could be calculated. We determined cumulative population doublings and also estimated the number of cell generations attained under each condition. FGF caused small but possibly significant changes, while HC and EGF failed to substantially alter replicative lifespan. The reported effect of HC on the doubling potential of fetal lung fibroblasts is therefore not an inevitable action of this hormone on the senescence mechanism, but may instead depend for its apparent activity on the passage regimen used. The fibroblast's insensitivity to EGF as a modulator of replicative potential, as compared with the keratinocyte, whose lifespan can be tripled by EGF, implies that the mechanisms limiting the replicative potential of these two cell types are not identical.
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36
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38
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Adam G. Population-dynamical model of cell-density dependent growth regulation and aging of fibroblasts in vitro. J Theor Biol 1980; 84:233-57. [PMID: 7412327 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(80)80006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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40
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Smets LA. Cell transformation as a model for tumor induction and neoplastic growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 605:93-111. [PMID: 6989401 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(80)90022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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42
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Oshima RG, Pellett OL, Robb JA, Schneider JA. Transformation of human cystinotic fibroblasts by SV40: characteristics of transformed cells with limited and unlimited growth potential. J Cell Physiol 1977; 93:129-36. [PMID: 198418 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040930116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human skin fibroblasts derived from patients with nephropathic cystinosis were transformed with SV40 virions, cloned and permitted to enter the degenerative stage of growth termed "crisis," characteristic of SV40 transformed human cells. Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessively inherited metabolic disorder resulting in the intracellular accumulation of the amino acid cystine. A transformed cystinotic cell line which was recovered from the crisis stage was indistinguishable from its transformed precrisis parental cell strain in growth rate in media containing either 1% or 10% serum, cloning efficiency on plastic, in semisolid media, or upon confluent monolayers of normal skin fibroblasts, expression of SV40 T antigen, or production of virus. However, the modal DNA content of the recovered postcrisis transformed cystinotic cell line was different from that of the cloned parental precrisis transformed cell strain, suggesting that the postcrisis line was derived from a small subpopulation of the precrisis strain. The DNA content of the established cystinotic cell line continued to be unstable during subsequent subculturing and gave rise to subclones with both more and less DNA per cell. This line now has an apparently infinite growth potential and still has the hallmark of the cystinotic parental line, the storage of abnormally large amounts of intracellular nonprotein cystine.
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43
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Hopwood JJ, Dorfman A. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human skin fibroblasts after transformation with simian virus 40. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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44
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45
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46
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Benveniste RE, Heinemann R, Wilson GL, Callahan R, Todaro GJ. Detection of baboon type C viral sequences in various primate tissues by molecular hybridization. J Virol 1974; 14:56-67. [PMID: 4365323 PMCID: PMC355478 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.56-67.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sequences homologous to a single-stranded [(3)H]DNA transcript prepared from a baboon type C virus replicating in dog thymus cells can be readily detected in the cellular DNA of several Old World monkeys (baboon, patas, African green, and two species of macaques-rhesus and stumptail). These results demonstrate that primates other than the baboon also contain endogenous type C viral genes. With the hybridization conditions employed (S(1) nuclease, 65 C), no homologous sequences were detected in DNA from human or New World monkey tissues. Of various nonprimate tissues examined, only domestic cat cellular DNA was partially homologous to the baboon virus [(3)H]DNA transcript. In reciprocal experiments, [(3)H]DNA transcripts of RNAs from endogenous cat viruses (RD-114/CCC group) show a significant partial homology with cellular DNA from Old World primates (baboon, patas, and rhesus monkey). The partial homology between type-C-related information in the DNA of domestic cats and various Old World monkeys suggests the possibility of horizontal transmission between the progenitors of these animals at some point in evolution. No nucleic acid sequences homologous to [(3)H]DNA transcripts prepared from type C viruses isolated from tumor tissue of a woolly monkey and a gibbon ape could be detected in any primate tissue DNA examined; however, a partial nucleic acid homology was found between woolly monkey and gibbon ape type C viral [(3)H]DNA and normal mouse cellular DNA.
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47
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48
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Cone CD, Tongier M. Contact inhibition of division: involvement of the electrical transmembrane potential. J Cell Physiol 1973; 82:373-86. [PMID: 4590237 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040820307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ. Homology between type-C viruses of various species as determined by molecular hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3316-20. [PMID: 4357865 PMCID: PMC427227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of feline leukemia virus, two endogenous feline type-C viruses (RD/CCC group), several endogenous and laboratory strains of murine "leukemia" virus, two rat viruses, two primate viruses (woolly monkey and gibbon ape), as well as hamster, pig, and avian type-C viruses were examined for their relatedness to one another by molecular hybridization. The extent of nucleic-acid homology was determined by hybridization of the various viral RNAs to a [(3)H]DNA product synthesized from each virus. Among the murine type-C viruses (Rauscher, Kirsten, AT-124, and endogenous BALB/c virus) a high degree of homology is observed, although the viruses are not identical. The two primate viruses are also closely related to one another. The feline, rat, hamster, and pig endogenous viruses can be readily distinguished from one another and from the murine and primate viruses since their DNA products share very little or no nucleic-acid homology. However, the murine and primate type-C virus groups possess a surprising degree of relatedness. Feline type-C viruses fall into two distinct groups, the feline leukemia virus group and the RD-114/CCC group, with little detectable nucleic-acid homology between them. Infection of feline or rat cells with type-C virus results in production of the endogenous type-C virus of the species along with the infecting virus.
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Benveniste RE, Todaro GJ, Scolnick EM, Parks WP. Partial transcription of murine type C viral genomes in BALB c cell lines. J Virol 1973; 12:711-20. [PMID: 4359949 PMCID: PMC356689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.4.711-720.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse cell line, BALB/c 3T3, and its derivatives transformed either spontaneously or by treatment with a variety of external agents, were analyzed for cytoplasmic RNA complementary to DNA products prepared from the Kirsten strain of murine sarcoma-leukemia virus, and from an endogenous type C virus of BALB/c 3T3. Although none of these cell lines spontaneously releases complete type C virions, they all contain RNA which is partially homologous to a portion of the 35S RNA isolated from these viruses. The parental cell line, BALB/c 3T3, contains a low level of viral-related RNA, and there is an increased amount of this RNA in some of the transformed cells. The RNA detected represents only a fraction of the viral RNA found in virus-producing cells. The formation of RNA:DNA hybrids was detected by equilibrium centrifugation in Cs(2)SO(4) density gradients and by analysis with a single-strand-specific nuclease from Aspergillus oryzae. Viral DNA products prepared either from an endogenous reaction with whole virus in the presence of actinomycin D or from purified 70S viral RNA as template using avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase yield comparable data. In addition, all of the BALB/c lines examined produce detectable levels of murine type C virus group-specific antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Deoxyribonucleases
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/analysis
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- RNA, Ribosomal
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication
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