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Chettouh-Hammas N, Grillon C. Physiological skin oxygen levels: An important criterion for skin cell functionality and therapeutic approaches. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:259-274. [PMID: 38908804 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The skin is made up of different layers with various gradients, which maintain a complex microenvironment, particularly in terms of oxygen levels. However, all types of skin cells are cultured in conventional incubators that do not reproduce physiological oxygen levels. Instead, they are cultured at atmospheric oxygen levels, a condition that is far removed from physiology and may lead to the generation of free radicals known to induce skin ageing. This review aims to summarize the current literature on the effect of physiological oxygen levels on skin cells, highlight the shortcomings of current in vitro models, and demonstrate the importance of respecting skin oxygen levels. We begin by clarifying the terminology used about oxygen levels and describe the specific distribution of oxygen in the skin. We review and discuss how skin cells adapt their oxygen consumption and metabolism to oxygen levels environment, as well as the changes that are induced, particularly, their redox state, life cycle and functions. We examine the effects of oxygen on both simple culture models and more complex reconstructed skin models. Finally, we present the implications of oxygen modulation for a more therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira Chettouh-Hammas
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Catherine Grillon
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, Cedex 2, France.
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2
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Alva R, Wiebe JE, Stuart JA. Revisiting reactive oxygen species production in hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1423-1444. [PMID: 38955833 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellular responses to hypoxia are crucial in various physiological and pathophysiological contexts and have thus been extensively studied. This has led to a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional response to hypoxia, which is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of HIF regulation in hypoxia remain incompletely understood. In particular, there is controversy surrounding the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxia and how this affects the stabilization and activity of HIFs. This review examines this controversy and attempts to shed light on its origin. We discuss the role of physioxia versus normoxia as baseline conditions that can affect the subsequent cellular response to hypoxia and highlight the paucity of data on pericellular oxygen levels in most experiments, leading to variable levels of hypoxia that might progress to anoxia over time. We analyze the different outcomes reported in isolated mitochondria, versus intact cells or whole organisms, and evaluate the reliability of various ROS-detecting tools. Finally, we examine the cell-type and context specificity of oxygen's various effects. We conclude that while recent evidence suggests that the effect of hypoxia on ROS production is highly dependent on the cell type and the duration of exposure, efforts should be made to conduct experiments under carefully controlled, physiological microenvironmental conditions in order to rule out potential artifacts and improve reproducibility in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Jacob E Wiebe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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3
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Alva R, Gardner GL, Liang P, Stuart JA. Supraphysiological Oxygen Levels in Mammalian Cell Culture: Current State and Future Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:3123. [PMID: 36231085 PMCID: PMC9563760 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most conventional incubators used in cell culture do not regulate O2 levels, making the headspace O2 concentration ~18%. In contrast, most human tissues are exposed to 2-6% O2 (physioxia) in vivo. Accumulating evidence has shown that such hyperoxic conditions in standard cell culture practices affect a variety of biological processes. In this review, we discuss how supraphysiological O2 levels affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and redox homeostasis, gene expression, replicative lifespan, cellular respiration, and mitochondrial dynamics. Furthermore, we present evidence demonstrating how hyperoxic cell culture conditions fail to recapitulate the physiological and pathological behavior of tissues in vivo, including cases of how O2 alters the cellular response to drugs, hormones, and toxicants. We conclude that maintaining physioxia in cell culture is imperative in order to better replicate in vivo-like tissue physiology and pathology, and to avoid artifacts in research involving cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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4
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Warpsinski G, Smith MJ, Srivastava S, Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Fraser PA, Mann GE. Nrf2-regulated redox signaling in brain endothelial cells adapted to physiological oxygen levels: Consequences for sulforaphane mediated protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101708. [PMID: 32949969 PMCID: PMC7502377 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is associated with a surge in reactive oxygen species generation during reperfusion. The narrow therapeutic window for the delivery of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy limits therapeutic options for patients. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating neurovascular redox defenses are key for improved clinical translation. Our previous studies in a rodent model of ischemic stroke established that activation of Nrf2 defense enzymes by pretreatment with sulforaphane (SFN) affords protection against neurovascular and neurological deficits. We here further investigate SFN mediated protection in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) adapted long-term (5 days) to hyperoxic (18 kPa) and normoxic (5 kPa) O2 levels. Using an O2-sensitive phosphorescent nanoparticle probe, we measured an intracellular O2 level of 3.4 ± 0.1 kPa in bEnd 3 cells cultured under 5 kPa O2. Induction of HO-1 and GCLM by SFN (2.5 μM) was significantly attenuated in cells adapted to 5 kPa O2, despite nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. To simulate ischemic stroke, bEnd.3 cells were adapted to 18 or 5 kPa O2 and subjected to hypoxia (1 kPa O2, 1 h) and reoxygenation. In cells adapted to 18 kPa O2, reoxygenation induced free radical generation was abrogated by PEG-SOD and significantly attenuated by pretreatment with SFN (2.5 μM). Silencing Nrf2 transcription abrogated HO-1 and NQO1 induction and led to a significant increase in reoxygenation induced free radical generation. Notably, reoxygenation induced oxidative stress, assayed using the luminescence probe L-012 and fluorescence probes MitoSOX™ Red and FeRhoNox™-1, was diminished in cells cultured under 5 kPa O2, indicating an altered redox phenotype in brain microvascular cells adapted to physiological normoxia. As redox and other intracellular signaling pathways are critically affected by O2, the development of antioxidant therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 defense pathway in treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke, coronary and renal disease will require in vitro studies conducted under well-defined O2 levels. Physiological normoxia alters the redox phenotype of murine microvascular brain endothelial cells. Intracellular GSH levels are lower in bEnd.3 cells adapted to 5 kPa versus 18 kPa O2. Nrf2 activated HO-1 and GCLM expression is attenuated under physiological normoxia. Sulforaphane protects against reoxygenation induced reactive oxygen species generation via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Warpsinski
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matthew J Smith
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Salil Srivastava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul A Fraser
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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5
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Swindell WR, Bojanowski K, Chaudhuri RK. A novel fumarate, isosorbide di-(methyl fumarate) (IDMF), replicates astrocyte transcriptome responses to dimethyl fumarate (DMF) but specifically down-regulates genes linked to a reactive phenotype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:475-481. [PMID: 32892947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has emerged as a first-line treatment for the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) subtype. It is hypothesized that DMF has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects although mechanisms are not fully understood. This study used RNA-seq to profile gene expression responses to DMF in cultured astrocytes. Responses were compared with those of isosorbide di-(methyl fumarate) (IDMF), a newly designed fumarate that may partially replicate DMF activity with fewer adverse effects. Both compounds altered the expression of MS-associated genes, including those near MS susceptibility loci and genes dysregulated in MS patient astrocytes. The shared DMF/IDMF transcriptome response involved altered expression of antioxidant genes (e.g., HMOX1) and genes linked to extracellular matrix integrity (TIMP3, MMP9) and migration of pro-inflammatory cells into CNS (CCL2). IDMF-specific transcriptome responses included down-regulation of mitotic genes associated with a proliferative reactive astrocyte phenotype (ICAM1) and repression of genes encoding NF-kappaB subunits (NFKB2, RELA, RELB) and NF-kappaB targets (NCAPG, CXCL1, OAS3). Overall, these results identify astrocyte-centered mechanisms that may contribute to the established efficacy of DMF as an RRMS treatment. Furthermore, our findings support a rationale for further studies of IDMF as a novel fumarate, which may have unique suppressive effects on astrocyte reactivity and glial scar formation. [200 words].
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Swindell
- The Jewish Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45236, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Bojanowski
- Sunny BioDiscovery Inc., Santa Paula, CA, 93060, USA; Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boonton, NJ, 07005, USA.
| | - Ratan K Chaudhuri
- Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boonton, NJ, 07005, USA; Sytheon Ltd., Boonton, NJ, 07005, USA.
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6
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Yu Y, Jiang H, Niu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu XI, Qi T, Yu C. Candesartan inhibits inflammation through an angiotensin II type 1 receptor independent way in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180699. [PMID: 31038541 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides stimulating vasoconstriction, Angiotensin II is also well known in inducing reactive oxygen species and promoting inflammatory phenotype switch via its type 1 receptor. In clinic, Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker like candesartan has been widely applied as an antihypertensive medication. We previous have demonstrated that a higher dose of candesartan plays a protective role after kidney injury. However, whether candesartan could exhibit anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. Here, by stimulating isolated human embryonic kidney epithelial cells with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), we observed the anti-inflammation capacity of candesartan ex vivo. It was found that pre-treat with candesartan significantly suppressed transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression after incubation with TNF-α. Surprisingly, silence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor has little effects on reducing TGF-β or IL-6 products. Furthermore, candesartan inhibited TNF-α-induced oxidative stress in the primary cultured tubular epithelial cells. Overall, our data indicates that candesartan suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting oxidative stress, rather than block AT1 receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 185, Pu'an Road, 200021 Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - X I Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Qi
- Division of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300, Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389, Xincun Road, 200065 Shanghai, China
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7
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Bucolo C, Drago F, Maisto R, Romano GL, D'Agata V, Maugeri G, Giunta S. Curcumin prevents high glucose damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells through ERK1/2-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17295-17304. [PMID: 30770549 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of curcumin on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells exposed to high glucose (HG) insult, we performed in vitro studies on RPE cells cultured both in normal and HG conditions to assess the effects of curcumin on the cell viability, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, HO-1 activity, and ERK1/2 expression. RPE cells exposed to HG insult were treated with curcumin. The cell viability, apoptosis, HO-1 activity, ERK, and Nrf2 expression were evaluated. The data indicated that treatment with curcumin caused a significant decrease in terms of apoptosis. Further, curcumin was able to induce HO-1 expression via Nrf2 activation and counteracts the damage elicited by HG. The present study demonstrated that curcumin provides protection against HG-induced damage in RPE cells through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling that involves the ERK pathway, suggesting that curcumin may have therapeutic value in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO-, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO-, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Maisto
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontologìa Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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8
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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9
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Pinto A, El Ali Z, Moniot S, Tamborini L, Steegborn C, Foresti R, De Micheli C. Effects of 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroisoxazole Derivatives on Nrf2 Activation and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:858-864. [PMID: 30397576 PMCID: PMC6207109 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic electrophilic compounds have been shown to activate the antioxidant protective Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis in cells and tissues. Here, we tested the ability of different isoxazoline-based electrophiles to up-regulate Nrf2/HO-1. The potency of activation is dependent on the leaving group at the 3-position of the isoxazoline nucleus, and an additional ring on the molecule limits the Nrf2/HO-1 activating properties. Among the synthetized compounds, we identified 3-bromo-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole 1 as the derivative with best activating properties in THP-1 human monocytic cells. We have confirmed that the target of our compounds is the Cys151 of the BTB domain of Keap1 by using mass spectrometry analyses and X-ray crystallography. Our findings demonstrate that these compounds affect the Nrf2/HO-1 axis and highlight a positive activity that can be of relevance from a therapeutic perspective in inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanviaCeloria 220133MilanItaly
| | - Zeina El Ali
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12Créteil94000France
- Université Paris EstFaculté de MédecineCréteil94000France
| | - Sébastien Moniot
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanviaMangiagalli 2520133MilanItaly
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12Créteil94000France
- Université Paris EstFaculté de MédecineCréteil94000France
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanviaMangiagalli 2520133MilanItaly
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10
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Motterlini R, Nikam A, Manin S, Ollivier A, Wilson JL, Djouadi S, Muchova L, Martens T, Rivard M, Foresti R. HYCO-3, a dual CO-releaser/Nrf2 activator, reduces tissue inflammation in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Redox Biol 2018; 20:334-348. [PMID: 30391826 PMCID: PMC6223233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are predominant features of several chronic diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a major arbiter in counteracting these insults via up-regulation of several defensive proteins, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). HO-1-derived carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits anti-inflammatory actions and can be delivered to tissues by CO-releasing agents. In this study we assessed the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory properties of HYCO-3, a dual activity compound obtained by conjugating analogues of the CO-releasing molecule CORM-401 and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an immunomodulatory drug known to activate Nrf2. HYCO-3 induced Nrf2-dependent genes and delivered CO to cells in vitro and tissues in vivo, confirming that the two expected pharmacological properties of this agent are achieved. In mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide, orally administered HYCO-3 reduced the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) while increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory genes ARG1 and IL-10 in brain, liver, lung and heart. In contrast, DMF or CORM-401 alone or their combination decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes but had limited influence on anti-inflammatory markers. Furthermore, HYCO-3 diminished TNF-α and IL-1β in brain and liver but not in lung and heart of Nrf2-/- mice, indicating that the CO-releasing part of this hybrid contributes to reduction of pro-inflammation and that this effect is organ-specific. These data demonstrate that the dual activity of HYCO-3 results in enhanced efficacy compared to the parent compounds indicating the potential exploitation of hybrid compounds in the development of effective anti-inflammatory therapies. HYCO-3 is a novel hybrid between an Nrf2 activator and a CO-releasing molecule. HYCO-3 induces Nrf2 and simultaneously delivers CO in vitro and in vivo. Oral administration of HYCO-3 reduces inflammation in mice challenged with LPS. In Nrf2-/- mice, the anti-inflammatory action of HYCO-3 is organ specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Motterlini
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France.
| | - Aniket Nikam
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Sylvie Manin
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Anthony Ollivier
- University Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR 7182), CNRS, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Jayne Louise Wilson
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Sabrina Djouadi
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Lucie Muchova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Martens
- University Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR 7182), CNRS, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- University Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR 7182), CNRS, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Inserm U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France; University Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil 94000, France.
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11
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Ferguson DCJ, Smerdon GR, Harries LW, Dodd NJF, Murphy MP, Curnow A, Winyard PG. Altered cellular redox homeostasis and redox responses under standard oxygen cell culture conditions versus physioxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:322-333. [PMID: 30142453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, mammalian cells reside in an environment of 0.5-10% O2 (depending on the tissue location within the body), whilst standard in vitro cell culture is carried out under room air. Little is known about the effects of this hyperoxic environment on treatment-induced oxidative stress, relative to a physiological oxygen environment. In the present study we investigated the effects of long-term culture under hyperoxia (air) on photodynamic treatment. Upon photodynamic irradiation, cells which had been cultured long-term under hyperoxia generated higher concentrations of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, compared with cells in a physioxic (2% O2) environment. However, there was no significant difference in viability between hyperoxic and physioxic cells. The expression of genes encoding key redox homeostasis proteins and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes was significantly higher after the long-term culture of hyperoxic cells compared with physioxic cells. The induction of antioxidant genes and increased antioxidant enzyme activity appear to contribute to the development of a phenotype that is resistant to oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and death when using standard cell culture conditions. The results from experiments using selective inhibitors suggested that the thioredoxin antioxidant system contributes to this phenotype. To avoid artefactual results, in vitro cellular responses should be studied in mammalian cells that have been cultured under physioxia. This investigation provides new insights into the effects of physioxic cell culture on a model of a clinically relevant photodynamic treatment and the associated cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R Smerdon
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; DDRC Healthcare, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alison Curnow
- University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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12
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Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Jacob R, Mann GE. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O 2 levels. FASEB J 2017; 32:2531-2538. [PMID: 29273673 PMCID: PMC5901376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700685rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Unregulated increases in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis are a hallmark of pathophysiological conditions and a key trigger of cell death. Endothelial cells cultured under physiologic O2 conditions (5% O2) exhibit a reduced cytosolic Ca2+ response to stimulation. The mechanism for reduced plateau [Ca2+]i upon stimulation was due to increased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)-mediated reuptake rather than changes in Ca2+ influx capacity. Agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of the SERCA regulatory protein phospholamban was increased in cells cultured under 5% O2. Elevation of cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] and cell death after prolonged ionomycin treatment, as a model of Ca2+ overload, were lower when cells were cultured long-term under 5% compared with 18% O2. This protection was abolished by cotreatment with the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid. Taken together, these results demonstrate that culturing cells under hyperoxic conditions reduces their ability to efficiently regulate [Ca2+]i, resulting in greater sensitivity to cytotoxic stimuli.-Keeley, T. P., Siow, R. C. M., Jacob, R., Mann, G. E. Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ron Jacob
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gong J, Yang L, Niu C, Ni X, Wang Y, Peng S, Gu X, Sun C, Yang Y. Chitosan degradation products facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration by improving macrophage-constructed microenvironments. Biomaterials 2017; 134:64-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Mahrouf-Yorgov M, Augeul L, Da Silva CC, Jourdan M, Rigolet M, Manin S, Ferrera R, Ovize M, Henry A, Guguin A, Meningaud JP, Dubois-Randé JL, Motterlini R, Foresti R, Rodriguez AM. Mesenchymal stem cells sense mitochondria released from damaged cells as danger signals to activate their rescue properties. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1224-1238. [PMID: 28524859 PMCID: PMC5520168 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect tissues against cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion insults. This therapeutic effect seems to be controlled by physiological cues released by the local microenvironment following injury. Recent lines of evidence indicate that MSC can communicate with their microenvironment through bidirectional exchanges of mitochondria. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies report that MSCs rescue injured cells through delivery of their own mitochondria. However, the role of mitochondria conveyed from somatic cells to MSC remains unknown. By using a co-culture system consisting of MSC and distressed somatic cells such as cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells, we showed that mitochondria from suffering cells acted as danger-signaling organelles that triggered the anti-apoptotic function of MSC. We demonstrated that foreign somatic-derived mitochondria were engulfed and degraded by MSC, leading to induction of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. As a result, the capacity of MSC to donate their mitochondria to injured cells to combat oxidative stress injury was enhanced. We found that similar mechanisms - activation of autophagy, HO-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis - occurred after exposure of MSC to exogenous mitochondria isolated from somatic cells, strengthening the idea that somatic mitochondria alert MSC of a danger situation and subsequently promote an adaptive reparative response. In addition, the cascade of events triggered by the transfer of somatic mitochondria into MSC was recapitulated in a model of myocardial infarction in vivo. Specifically, MSC engrafted into infarcted hearts of mice reduced damage, upregulated HO-1 and increased mitochondrial biogenesis, while inhibition of mitophagy or HO-1 failed to protect against cardiac apoptosis. In conclusion, our study reveals a new facet about the role of mitochondria released from dying cells as a key environmental cue that controls the cytoprotective function of MSC and opens novel avenues to improve the effectiveness of MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Mahrouf-Yorgov
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Augeul
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Jourdan
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955 Team 10, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Manin
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - René Ferrera
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Cardiovasculaires and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Henry
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955, Plateforme de Cytométrie en flux, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Guguin
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955, Plateforme de Cytométrie en flux, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Meningaud
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Maxillo-Faciale, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,Fédération de Cardiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Motterlini
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Rodriguez
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
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15
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Patel MN, Carroll RG, Galván-Peña S, Mills EL, Olden R, Triantafilou M, Wolf AI, Bryant CE, Triantafilou K, Masters SL. Inflammasome Priming in Sterile Inflammatory Disease. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:165-180. [PMID: 28109721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic protein complex that processes interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-18, and drives a form of cell death known as pyroptosis. Oligomerization of this complex is actually the second step of activation, and a priming step must occur first. This involves transcriptional upregulation of pro-IL-1β, inflammasome sensor NLRP3, or the non-canonical inflammasome sensor caspase-11. An additional aspect of priming is the post-translational modification of particular inflammasome constituents. Priming is typically accomplished in vitro using a microbial Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand. However, it is now clear that inflammasomes are activated during the progression of sterile inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, metabolic disease, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, it is time to consider the endogenous factors and mechanisms that may prime the inflammasome in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana N Patel
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Richard G Carroll
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Silvia Galván-Peña
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Robin Olden
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amaya I Wolf
- Host Defense Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB23 8AQ, UK
| | - Kathy Triantafilou
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Seth L Masters
- Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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16
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Mingomataj EÇ, Bakiri AH. Regulator Versus Effector Paradigm: Interleukin-10 as Indicator of the Switching Response. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50:97-113. [PMID: 26450621 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-10 (IL-10) is generally considered as the most important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties and one of the key cytokines preventing inflammation-mediated tissue damage. In this respect, IL-10 producing cells play a crucial role in the outcome of infections, allergy, autoimmune reactions, tumor development, and transplant tolerance. Based on recent findings with regard to the mentioned clinical conditions, this review attempts to shed some light on the IL-10 functions, considering this cytokine as inherent inducer of the switching immunity. While acute infections and vaccinations are associated by IL-10 enhanced during few weeks, chronic parasitoses, tumor diseases, allergen-specific immunotherapy, transplants, and use of immune-suppressor drugs show an increased IL-10 level along months or years. With regard to autoimmune pathologies, the IL-10 increase is prevalently observed during early stages, whereas the successive stages are characterized by reaching of immune equilibrium independently to disease's activity. Together, these findings indicate that IL-10 is mainly produced during transient immune conditions and the persistent IL-10-related effect is the indication/prediction (and maybe effectuation) of the switching immunity. Actual knowledge emphasizes that any manipulation of the IL-10 response for treatment purposes should be considered very cautiously due to its potential hazards to the immune system. Probably, the IL-10 as potential switcher of immunity response should be used in association with co-stimulatory immune effectors that are necessary to determine the appropriate deviation during treatment of respective pathologies. Hopefully, further findings would open new avenues to study the biology of this "master switch" cytokine and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Ç Mingomataj
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, "Mother Theresa" School of Medicine, Tirana, Albania. .,Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Alketa H Bakiri
- Hygeia Hospital Tirana, Outpatients Service, Allergology Consulting Room, Tirana, Albania.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Albanian University, Tirana, Albania
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17
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Mills EL, Kelly B, Logan A, Costa ASH, Varma M, Bryant CE, Tourlomousis P, Däbritz JHM, Gottlieb E, Latorre I, Corr SC, McManus G, Ryan D, Jacobs HT, Szibor M, Xavier RJ, Braun T, Frezza C, Murphy MP, O'Neill LA. Succinate Dehydrogenase Supports Metabolic Repurposing of Mitochondria to Drive Inflammatory Macrophages. Cell 2016; 167:457-470.e13. [PMID: 27667687 PMCID: PMC5863951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1362] [Impact Index Per Article: 170.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages undergo metabolic reprogramming, which drives their pro-inflammatory phenotype, but the mechanistic basis for this remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, macrophages shift from producing ATP by oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis while also increasing succinate levels. We show that increased mitochondrial oxidation of succinate via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and an elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential combine to drive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. RNA sequencing reveals that this combination induces a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile, while an inhibitor of succinate oxidation, dimethyl malonate (DMM), promotes an anti-inflammatory outcome. Blocking ROS production with rotenone by uncoupling mitochondria or by expressing the alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibits this inflammatory phenotype, with AOX protecting mice from LPS lethality. The metabolic alterations that occur upon activation of macrophages therefore repurpose mitochondria from ATP synthesis to ROS production in order to promote a pro-inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanna L Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beth Kelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Angela Logan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Mukund Varma
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB23 8AQ, UK
| | - Panagiotis Tourlomousis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB23 8AQ, UK
| | - J Henry M Däbritz
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Isabel Latorre
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sinéad C Corr
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute for Preventative Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dylan Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland; BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland; BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland; Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Chapple SJ, Keeley TP, Mastronicola D, Arno M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fleck R, Siow RCM, Mann GE. Bach1 differentially regulates distinct Nrf2-dependent genes in human venous and coronary artery endothelial cells adapted to physiological oxygen levels. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:152-162. [PMID: 26698668 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of physiological oxygen tension on Nuclear Factor-E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated redox signaling remain poorly understood. We report the first study of Nrf2-regulated signaling in human primary endothelial cells (EC) adapted long-term to physiological O2 (5%). Adaptation of EC to 5% O2 had minimal effects on cell ultrastructure, viability, basal redox status or HIF1-α expression. Affymetrix array profiling and subsequent qPCR/protein validation revealed that induction of select Nrf2 target genes, HO-1 and NQO1, was significantly attenuated in cells adapted to 5% O2, despite nuclear accumulation and DNA binding of Nrf2. Diminished HO-1 induction under 5% O2 was stimulus independent and reversible upon re-adaptation to air or silencing of the Nrf2 repressor Bach1, notably elevated under 5% O2. Induction of GSH-related genes xCT and GCLM were oxygen and Bach1-insensitive during long-term culture under 5% O2, providing the first evidence that genes related to GSH synthesis mediate protection afforded by Nrf2-Keap1 defense pathway in cells adapted to physiological O2 levels encountered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas P Keeley
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Daniela Mastronicola
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matthew Arno
- Genomics Centre, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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19
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Nikam A, Ollivier A, Rivard M, Wilson JL, Mebarki K, Martens T, Dubois-Randé JL, Motterlini R, Foresti R. Diverse Nrf2 Activators Coordinated to Cobalt Carbonyls Induce Heme Oxygenase-1 and Release Carbon Monoxide in Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2016; 59:756-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Nikam
- Equipe
12, Inserm U955, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil, 94000, France
- Faculty
of Medicine, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - Anthony Ollivier
- ICMPE
(UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC, University Paris Est, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- ICMPE
(UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC, University Paris Est, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Jayne Louise Wilson
- Equipe
12, Inserm U955, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil, 94000, France
- Faculty
of Medicine, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - Kevin Mebarki
- ICMPE
(UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC, University Paris Est, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Thierry Martens
- ICMPE
(UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC, University Paris Est, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | | | - Roberto Motterlini
- Equipe
12, Inserm U955, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil, 94000, France
- Faculty
of Medicine, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Equipe
12, Inserm U955, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, Créteil, 94000, France
- Faculty
of Medicine, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, 94000, France
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20
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Foresti R, Bucolo C, Platania CMB, Drago F, Dubois-Randé JL, Motterlini R. Nrf2 activators modulate oxidative stress responses and bioenergetic profiles of human retinal epithelial cells cultured in normal or high glucose conditions. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:296-307. [PMID: 26188148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cells exert an important supporting role in the eye and develop adaptive responses to oxidative stress or high glucose levels, as observed during diabetes. Endogenous antioxidant defences are mainly regulated by Nrf2, a transcription factor that is activated by naturally-derived and electrophilic compounds. Here we investigated the effect of the Nrf2 activators dimethylfumarate (DMF) and carnosol on antioxidant pathways, oxygen consumption rate and wound healing in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) cultured in medium containing normal (NG, 5mM) or high (HG, 25 mM) glucose levels. We also assessed wound healing using an in vivo corneal epithelial injury model. We found that Nrf2 nuclear translocation and heme oxygenase activity increased in ARPE cells treated with 10 μM DMF or carnosol irrespective of glucose culture conditions. However, HG rendered retinal cells more sensitive to regulators of glutathione synthesis or inhibition and caused a decrease of both cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Culture in HG also reduced ATP production and mitochondrial function as measured with the Seahorse XF analyzer and electron microscopy analysis revealed morphologically damaged mitochondria. Acute treatment with DMF or carnosol did not restore mitochondrial function in HG cells; conversely, the compounds reduced cellular maximal respiratory and reserve capacity, which were completely prevented by N-acetylcysteine thus suggesting the involvement of thiols in this effect. Interestingly, the scratch assay showed that wound closure was faster in cells cultured in HG than NG and was accelerated by carnosol. This effect was reversed by an inhibitor of heme oxygenase activity. Moreover, topical application of carnosol to the cornea of diabetic rats significantly accelerated wound healing. In summary, these data indicate that culture of retinal epithelial cells in HG does not affect the activation of the Nrf2/heme oxygenase axis but influences other crucial oxidative and mitochondrial-dependent cellular functions. The additional effect on wound closure suggests that results obtained in in vitro experimental settings need to be carefully evaluated in the context of the glucose concentrations used in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Foresti
- Université Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil, 94000, France; Inserm U955, Equipe 12, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Bianca Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé
- Université Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil, 94000, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service Hospitalier, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Roberto Motterlini
- Université Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, Créteil, 94000, France; Inserm U955, Equipe 12, 94000 Créteil, France.
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