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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Gambardella L, Bozzuto G, Vona R, Caruso D, Villari V, Cappello T, Maisano M, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R, Straface E. Internalization of nano- and micro-plastics in human erythrocytes leads to oxidative stress and estrogen receptor-mediated cellular responses. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:1-17. [PMID: 39038767 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Plastic material versatility has resulted in a substantial increase in its use in several sectors of our everyday lives. Consequently, concern regarding human exposure to nano-plastics (NPs) and micro-plastics (MPs) has recently increased. It has been shown that plastic particles entering the bloodstream may adhere to the erythrocyte surface and exert adverse effects following erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion to blood vessels. Here, we explored the effects of polystyrene nano-plastics (PS-NPs) and micro-plastics (PS-MPs) on human erythrocytes. Cellular morphology, binding/internalization of PS-NPs and PS-MPs, oxidative stress parameters, as well as the distribution and anion exchange capability of band 3 (anion exchanger 1; SLC4A1) have been analyzed in human erythrocytes exposed to 1 μg/mL PS-NPs or PS-MPs for 3 and 24 h, respectively. The data obtained showed significant modifications of the cellular shape after exposure to PS-NPs or PS-MPs. In particular, a significantly increased number of acanthocytes, echinocytes and leptocytes were detected. However, the percentage of eryptotic cells (<1 %) was comparable to physiological conditions. Analytical cytology and confocal microscopy showed that PS-NPs and PS-MPs bound to the erythrocyte plasma membrane, co-localized with estrogen receptors (Erα/ERβ), and were internalized. An increased trafficking from the cytosol to the erythrocyte plasma membrane and abnormal distribution of ERs were also observed, consistent with ERα-mediated binding and internalization of PS-NPs. An increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT kinases indicated that an activation of the ER-modulated non-genomic pathway occurred following exposure to PS-NPs and PS-MPs. Interestingly, PS-NPs or PS-MPs caused a significant production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in an increased lipid peroxidation and protein sulfhydryl group oxidation. Oxidative stress was also associated with an altered band 3 ion transport activity and increased oxidized haemoglobin, which led to abnormal clustering of band 3 on the plasma membrane. Taken together, these findings identify cellular events following the internalization of PS-NPs or PS-MPs in human erythrocytes and contribute to elucidating potential oxidative stress-related harmful effects, which may affect erythrocyte and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy.
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Rosa Vona
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Valentina Villari
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per I Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research and Innovation Center Regenerative Medicine & Novel Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
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Xiong Y, Wang F, Mu H, Zhang A, Zhao Y, Han K, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ma J, Wei R, Luan X. hPMSCs prevent erythrocytes dysfunction caused by graft versus host disease via promoting GSH synthesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112689. [PMID: 39029234 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is increased in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients and leads to the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can ameliorate GVHD by regulating the function of T cells. However, whether MSCs can modulate erythrocyte antioxidant metabolism and thus reduce GVHD is not known. METHODS Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups: the control, GVHDhigh, hPMSC, and PBS groups. A hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system was used to steadily and gradually produce superoxide in an in vitro experiment. A scanning microscope was used to examine the ultrastructure of erythrocytes. Laser diffraction analyses were used to analyze erythrocyte deformability. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins Band 3 and β-Spectrin. Corresponding kits were used to assess the levels of oxidative damage and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS Morphological and deformability defects were significantly increased in erythrocytes from GVHD patients. Band 3 and β-Spectrin expression was also reduced in GVHD patients and model mice. Furthermore, we observed significantly increased oxidative stress-induce injury and decreased antioxidant capability in erythrocytes from both GVHD patients and model mice. Subsequent research showed that human placenta-derived MSC (hPMSC) therapy decreased the GVHD-induced redox imbalance in erythrocytes. Furthermore, our findings suggested that upregulating glucose metabolism promoted both the de novo synthesis and recycling of GSH, which is the primary mechanism by which hPMSCs mediate the increase in antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes. CONCLUSION Together, our findings suggest that hPMSCs can increase antioxidant capacity by increasing erythrocyte GSH production and thus ameliorate GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlian Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Huanmei Mu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yaxuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Kaiyue Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Jiashen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Hengchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Zhuoya Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, PR China
| | - Rongxia Wei
- Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, PR China.
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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Zhang K, Zhao C, Liu K, Feng R, Zhao Y, Zong Y, Du R. Oral Administration of Deer Bone Collagen Peptide Can Enhance the Skin Hydration Ability and Antioxidant Ability of Aging Mice Induced by D-Gal, and Regulate the Synthesis and Degradation of Collagen. Nutrients 2024; 16:1548. [PMID: 38892482 PMCID: PMC11174718 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin problems caused by aging have attracted much attention, and marine collagen peptides have been proved to improve these problems, while mammalian collagen peptides are rarely reported. In this study, fermented deer bone collagen peptide (FCP) and non-fermented deer bone collagen peptide (NCP) were extracted from fermented and non-fermented deer bone, respectively, and their peptide sequences and differential proteins were analyzed using LC-MS/MS technology. After they were applied to aging mice induced with D-gal, the skin hydration ability, antioxidant ability, collagen synthesis, and degradation ability of the mice were studied. The results show that FCP and NCP are mainly peptides that constitute type Ⅰ collagen, and their peptide segments are different. In vivo experiments show that FCP and NCP can improve the richness of collagen fibers in the skin of aging mice; improve the hydration ability of skin; promote the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes; and also show that through the TGF-β and MAPK pathways, the synthesis and degradation of collagen in skin are regulated. These results show that deer bone collagen peptide can improve skin problems caused by aging, promote skin hydration and antioxidant capacity of aging mice, and regulate collagen synthesis and degradation through the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ruyi Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.L.); (R.F.); (Y.Z.)
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Zuccolini P, Gavazzo P, Marino A, Pusch M, Morabito R, Dossena S. Melatonin protects Kir2.1 function in an oxidative stress-related model of aging neuroglia. Biofactors 2024; 50:523-541. [PMID: 38095328 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic biofactor and an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger and, as such, can be protective in oxidative stress-related brain conditions including epilepsy and aging. To test the potential protective effect of melatonin on brain homeostasis and identify the corresponding molecular targets, we established a new model of oxidative stress-related aging neuroglia represented by U-87 MG cells exposed to D-galactose (D-Gal). This model was characterized by a substantial elevation of markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. The function of the inward rectifying K+ channel Kir2.1, which was identified as the main Kir channel endogenously expressed in these cells, was dramatically impaired. Kir2.1 was unlikely a direct target of oxidative stress, but the loss of function resulted from a reduction of protein abundance, with no alterations in transcript levels and trafficking to the cell surface. Importantly, melatonin reverted these changes. All findings, including the melatonin antioxidant effect, were reproduced in heterologous expression systems. We conclude that the glial Kir2.1 can be a target of oxidative stress and further suggest that inhibition of its function might alter the extracellular K+ buffering in the brain, therefore contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis during aging. Melatonin can play a protective role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Zuccolini
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Gavazzo
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genova, Italy
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genova, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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García-Trejo SS, Gómez-Sierra T, Eugenio-Pérez D, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Protective Effect of Curcumin on D-Galactose-Induced Senescence and Oxidative Stress in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:415. [PMID: 38671863 PMCID: PMC11047423 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
D-galactose has been widely used as an inducer of cellular senescence and pathophysiological processes related to aging because it induces oxidative stress. On the other hand, the consumption of antioxidants such as curcumin can be an effective strategy to prevent phenotypes related to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as aging and senescence. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of curcumin on senescence and oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by D-galactose treatment in Lilly Laboratories Culture-Porcine Kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) and human kidney 2 (HK-2) proximal tubule cell lines from pig and human, respectively. For senescence induction, cells were treated with 300 mM D-galactose for 120 h and, to evaluate the protective effect of the antioxidant, cells were treated with 5 µM curcumin for 24 h and subsequently treated with curcumin + D-galactose for 120 h. In LLC-PK1 cells, curcumin treatment decreased by 20% the number of cells positive for senescence-associated (SA)-β-D-galactosidase staining and by 25% the expression of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and increased by 40% lamin B1 expression. In HK-2 cells, curcumin treatment increased by 60% the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, 50% Klotho levels, and 175% catalase activity. In both cell lines, this antioxidant decreased the production of ROS (20% decrease for LLC-PK1 and 10 to 20% for HK-2). These data suggest that curcumin treatment has a moderate protective effect on D-galactose-induced senescence in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.S.G.-T.); (T.G.-S.); (D.E.-P.); (O.N.M.-C.)
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Rajendran P, Al-Saeedi FJ, Ammar RB, Abdallah BM, Ali EM, Al Abdulsalam NK, Tejavat S, Althumairy D, Veeraraghavan VP, Alamer SA, Bekhet GM, Ahmed EA. Geraniol attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation-mediated cognitive impairment in D galactose-induced mouse aging model. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5000-5026. [PMID: 38517361 PMCID: PMC11006477 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
D-galactose (D-gal) administration was proven to induce cognitive impairment and aging in rodents' models. Geraniol (GNL) belongs to the acyclic isoprenoid monoterpenes. GNL reduces inflammation by changing important signaling pathways and cytokines, and thus it is plausible to be used as a medicine for treating disorders linked to inflammation. Herein, we examined the therapeutic effects of GNL on D-gal-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation-mediated memory loss in mice. The study was conducted using six groups of mice (6 mice per group). The first group received normal saline, then D-gal (150 mg/wt) dissolved in normal saline solution (0.9%, w/v) was given orally for 9 weeks to the second group. In the III group, from the second week until the 10th week, mice were treated orally (without anesthesia) with D-gal (150 mg/kg body wt) and GNL weekly twice (40 mg/kg body wt) four hours later. Mice in Group IV were treated with GNL from the second week up until the end of the experiment. For comparison of young versus elderly mice, 4 month old (Group V) and 16-month-old (Group VI) control mice were used. We evaluated the changes in antioxidant levels, PI3K/Akt levels, and Nrf2 levels. We also examined how D-gal and GNL treated pathological aging changes. Administration of GNL induced a significant increase in spatial learning and memory with spontaneously altered behavior. Enhancing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and activating PI3K/Akt were the mechanisms that mediated this effect. Further, GNL treatment upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis. This was confirmed using 99mTc-HMPAO brain flow gamma bioassays. Thus, our data suggested GNL as a promising agent for treating neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Fatma J. Al-Saeedi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Rebai Ben Ammar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Technopole of Borj-Cedria PBOX 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas M. Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Khaled Al Abdulsalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujatha Tejavat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Althumairy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarah Abdulaziz Alamer
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal M. Bekhet
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Egypt, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Emad A. Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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El-Far AH, Elghaity MM, Mohamed SA, Noreldin AE, Elewa YHA, Al Jaouni SK, Alsenosy AA. Diosgenin alleviates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in rats' brain and liver targeting aging and apoptotic marker genes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1303379. [PMID: 38463710 PMCID: PMC10922004 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1303379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The theory of aging is primarily concerned with oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in reactive oxygen species generation and cellular antioxidants. To alleviate the oxidative stress, we investigated the protective effect of diosgenin (DSG) for D-galactose (D-gal) using 20 and 40 mg of DSG/kg/day/orally for 42 days. The findings showed that D-gal caused brain and liver oxidative injuries by upregulating aging and oxidative markers. To counteract the oxidative stress caused by D-gal, DSG upregulated glutathione peroxidase-1, superoxide dismutase-1, and glutathione S-transferase-α. DSG also diminished the expression of p53, p21, Bcl-2-associated X protein, caspase-3, and mammalian target of rapamycin in brain and liver, as well as the build-up of β-galactosidase. DSG, in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the oxidative aging effects of D-gal in brain and liver tissues through targeting of aging and apoptotic marker genes. Finally, it should be noted that consuming DSG supplements is a suggesting natural preventative agent that may counteract aging and preserve health through improvement of body antioxidant status and control aging associated inflammation and cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Elghaity
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A. Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Unit, Medical Technology Centre, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Yaser H. A. Elewa
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soad Khalil Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahab A. Alsenosy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Patanè GT, Barreca D, Straface E, Gambardella L, Bozzuto G, Caruso D, Falliti G, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R. AAPH-induced oxidative damage reduced anion exchanger 1 (SLC4A1/AE1) activity in human red blood cells: protective effect of an anthocyanin-rich extract. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1303815. [PMID: 38111898 PMCID: PMC10725977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1303815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During their lifespan in the bloodstream, red blood cells (RBCs) are exposed to multiple stressors, including increased oxidative stress, which can affect their morphology and function, thereby contributing to disease. Aim: This investigation aimed to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to oxidative stress underlying anion exchanger 1 activity (band 3, SLC4A1/AE1) in human RBCs. To achieve this aim, the relationship between RBC morphology and functional and metabolic activity has been explored. Moreover, the potential protective effect of an anthocyanin-enriched fraction extracted from Callistemon citrinus flowers was studied. Methods: Cellular morphology, parameters of oxidative stress, as well as the anion exchange capability of band 3 have been analyzed in RBCs treated for 1 h with 50 mM of the pro-oxidant 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamide)-dihydrochloride (AAPH). Before or after the oxidative insult, subsets of cells were exposed to 0.01 μg/mL of an anthocyanin-enriched fraction for 1 h. Results: Exposure to AAPH caused oxidative stress, exhaustion of reduced glutathione, and over-activation of the endogenous antioxidant machinery, resulting in morphological alterations of RBCs, specifically the formation of acanthocytes, increased lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins, as well as abnormal distribution and hyper-phosphorylation of band 3. Expected, oxidative stress was also associated with a decreased band 3 ion transport activity and an increase of oxidized haemoglobin, which led to abnormal clustering of band 3. Exposure of cells to the anthocyanin-enriched fraction prior to, but not after, oxidative stress efficiently counteracted oxidative stress-related alterations. Importantly, protection of band3 function from oxidative stress could only be achieved in intact cells and not in RBC ghosts. Conclusion: These findings contribute a) to clarify oxidative stress-related physiological and biochemical alterations in human RBCs, b) propose anthocyanins as natural antioxidants to neutralize oxidative stress-related modifications, and 3) suggest that cell integrity, and therefore a cytosolic component, is required to reverse oxidative stress-related pathophysiological derangements in human mature RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falliti
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Branch DR. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia: new insights and hypotheses. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:203-209. [PMID: 37497853 PMCID: PMC10552839 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA) is the most common of the immune hemolytic anemias. Although there are numerous case reports and reviews regarding this condition, some of the unusual and more recent findings have not been fully defined and may be contentious. This review will provide insight into the common specificity of the warm autoantibodies and hypothesize a novel mechanism of wAIHA, that is proposed to be linked to the controversial subject of red blood cell senescence. RECENT FINDINGS AND HYPOTHESES It is now well established that band 3 on the red blood cell is the main target of autoantibodies in wAIHA. wAIHA targets the older red blood cells (RBCs) in about 80% of cases and, recently, it has been shown that the RBCs in these patients are aging faster than normal. It has been proposed that in these 80% of patients, that the autoantibody recognizes the senescent red blood cell antigen on band 3. It is further hypothesized that this autoantibody's production and potency has been exacerbated by hypersensitization to the RBC senescent antigen, which is processed through the adaptive immune system to create the pathogenic autoantibody. Recent publications have supported previous data that the senescent RBC antigen is exposed via a dynamic process, wherein oscillation of a band 3 internal loop flipping to the cell surface, creates a conformational neoantigen that is the RBC senescent antigen. It has also recently been shown that the cytokine profile in patients with wAIHA favors production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that includes interleukin-8 which can activate neutrophils to increase the oxidative stress on circulating RBCs to induce novel antigens, as has been postulated to favour exposure of the senescent RBC antigen. SUMMARY This manuscript reviews new findings and hypotheses regarding wAIHA and proposes a novel mechanism active in most wAIHA patients that is due to an exacerbation of normal RBC senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Branch
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto and the Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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10
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Straface E, Gambardella L, Russo M, Cafeo G, Caruso D, Falliti G, Dugo P, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R. Mechanisms underlying the anti-aging activity of bergamot ( Citrus bergamia) extract in human red blood cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1225552. [PMID: 37457030 PMCID: PMC10348362 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1225552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aging is a process characterised by a decline in physiological functions. Reactive species play a crucial role in the aging rate. Due to the close relationship between aging and oxidative stress, functional foods rich in phytochemicals are excellent candidates to neutralise age-related changes. Aim: This investigation aims to verify the potential protective role of bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Femminello cultivar) peel and juice extract in a model of aging represented by human red blood cells (RBCs) exposed to D-Galactose (DGal). Methods: Bergamot peel and juice extracts were subjected to RP-HPLC/PDA/MS for determination of their composition in bioactive compounds. Markers of oxidative stress, including ROS production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels -a marker of lipid peroxidation, oxidation of total protein sulfhydryl groups, as well as the expression and anion exchange capability of band 3 and glycated haemoglobin (A1c) production have been investigated in RBCs treated with D-Gal for 24 h, with or without pre-incubation for 15 min with 5 μg/mL peel or juice extract. In addition, the activity of the endogenous antioxidant system, including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the diversion of the RBC metabolism from glycolysis towards the pentose phosphate pathway shunt, as denoted by activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), have been explored. Results: Data shown here suggest that bergamot peel and juice extract i) prevented the D-Gal-induced ROS production, and consequently, oxidative stress injury to biological macromolecules including membrane lipids and proteins; ii) significantly restored D-Gal-induced alterations in the distribution and ion transport kinetics of band 3; iii) blunted A1c production; iv) effectively impeded the over-activation of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD; and v) significantly prevented the activation of G6PDH. Discussion: These results further contribute to shed light on aging mechanisms in human RBCs and identify bergamot as a functional food rich in natural antioxidants useful for prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related changes, which may lead to pathological states during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cafeo
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falliti
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Sakasai-Sakai A, Takeda K, Takeuchi M. Involvement of Intracellular TAGE and the TAGE-RAGE-ROS Axis in the Onset and Progression of NAFLD/NASH. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030748. [PMID: 36978995 PMCID: PMC10045097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated excessive intake of sugar, a factor that contributes to the onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to the chronic form of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), markedly increases the hepatocyte content of glyceraldehyde (GA), a glucose/fructose metabolic intermediate. Toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE) are synthesized by cross-linking reactions between the aldehyde group of GA and the amino group of proteins, and their accumulation has been implicated in the development of NAFLD/NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous findings not only showed that hepatocyte disorders were induced by the intracellular accumulation of TAGE, but they also indicated that extracellular leakage resulted in elevated TAGE concentrations in circulating fluids. Interactions between extracellular TAGE and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) affect intracellular signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may, in turn, contribute to the pathological changes observed in NAFLD/NASH. RAGE plays a role in the effects of the extracellular leakage of TAGE on the surrounding cells, which ultimately promote the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review describes the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and hepatocyte and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) damage as well as the TAGE-RAGE-ROS axis in hepatocytes, HSC, and HCC cells. The "TAGE theory" will provide novel insights for future research on NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeda
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Mercury Chloride Affects Band 3 Protein-Mediated Anionic Transport in Red Blood Cells: Role of Oxidative Stress and Protective Effect of Olive Oil Polyphenols. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030424. [PMID: 36766766 PMCID: PMC9913727 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal widely dispersed in the natural environment. Mercury exposure induces an increase in oxidative stress in red blood cells (RBCs) through the production of reactive species and alteration of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Recently, among various natural antioxidants, the polyphenols from extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have generated growing interest. Here, we examined the potential protective effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and/or homovanillyl alcohol (HVA) on an oxidative stress model represented by human RBCs treated with HgCl2 (10 µM, 4 h of incubation). Morphological changes as well as markers of oxidative stress, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, the oxidation of protein sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, methemoglobin formation (% MetHb), apoptotic cells, a reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, Band 3 protein (B3p) content, and anion exchange capability through B3p were analyzed in RBCs treated with HgCl2 with or without 10 μM HT and/or HVA pre-treatment for 15 min. Our data show that 10 µM HT and/or HVA pre-incubation impaired both acanthocytes formation, due to 10 µM HgCl2, and mercury-induced oxidative stress injury and, moreover, restored the endogenous antioxidant system. Interestingly, HgCl2 treatment was associated with a decrease in the rate constant for SO42- uptake through B3p as well as MetHb formation. Both alterations were attenuated by pre-treatment with HT and/or HVA. These findings provide mechanistic insights into benefits deriving from the use of naturally occurring polyphenols against oxidative stress induced by HgCl2 on RBCs. Thus, dietary supplementation with polyphenols might be useful in populations exposed to HgCl2 poisoning.
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Marino A, Pusch M, Morabito R, Dossena S. Oxidative Stress and Immune Response in Melanoma: Ion Channels as Targets of Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010887. [PMID: 36614330 PMCID: PMC9821408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and immune response play an important role in the development of several cancers, including melanoma. Ion channels are aberrantly expressed in tumour cells and regulate neoplastic transformation, malignant progression, and resistance to therapy. Ion channels are localized in the plasma membrane or other cellular membranes and are targets of oxidative stress, which is particularly elevated in melanoma. At the same time, ion channels are crucial for normal and cancer cell physiology and are subject to multiple layers of regulation, and therefore represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we analyzed the effects of oxidative stress on ion channels on a molecular and cellular level and in the context of melanoma progression and immune evasion. The possible role of ion channels as targets of alternative therapeutic strategies in melanoma was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Sun H, Yang Z, Teng Z, Zhang Y, Han Z, Xu C, Wang Z, Wang H, Wen H, Chen X, Qu C, Wang Y. DDX58 expression promotes inflammation and growth arrest in Sertoli cells by stabilizing p65 mRNA in patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135753. [PMID: 37033952 PMCID: PMC10073560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cell -only syndrome (SCOS) is a type of testicular pathological failure that causes male infertility and no effective treatment strategy, is available for this condition. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying its development remains unknown. We identified DExD/H-Box helicase 58 (DDX58) as a key gene in SCOS based on four datasets of testicular tissue samples obtained from the Gene Expression Synthesis database. DDX58 was significantly upregulated in SCOS testicular Sertoli cells. Moreover, high expression of DDX58 was positively correlated with the expression of several testicular inflammatory factors, such as IL -1β, IL-18, and IL-6. Interestingly, DDX58 could be induced in the D-galactose (D-gal)-stimulated TM4 cell injury model. Whereas silencing of DDX58 inhibited D-gal -mediated p65 expression, inflammatory cytokine release, and growth arrest. Mechanistically, we found that DDX58 acts as an RNA-binding protein, which enhances p65 expression by promoting mRNA stability. Furthermore, p65 gene silencing decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of cell growth in D-gal-induced cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that DDX58 promotes inflammatory responses and growth arrest in SCOS Sertoli cells by stabilizing p65 mRNA. Accordingly, the DDX58/p65 regulatory axis might be a therapeutic target for SCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Talent and Academic Exchange Center, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhihai Teng
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenwei Han
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongzhuang Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changbao Qu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Changbao Qu, ; Yaxuan Wang,
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Changbao Qu, ; Yaxuan Wang,
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15
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Aging Fibroblasts Adversely Affect Extracellular Matrix Formation via the Senescent Humoral Factor Ependymin-Related Protein 1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233749. [PMID: 36497009 PMCID: PMC9736265 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin senescence is characterized by a decrease in extracellular matrix and the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts in the dermis, and their secretion of humoral factors. Ependymin-related protein 1 (EPDR1) is involved in abnormal fibroblast metabolism and collagen deposition, however, its relation to skin aging is unclear. We investigated whether and how EPDR1 is involved in age-related dermal deterioration. When young dermal fibroblasts and senescent cells were co-cultured in a semipermeable membrane separation system, the young fibroblasts showed decreased gene expression of collagen type I α1 chain (COL1A1) and elastin, and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 and MMP3. Senescence marker expression and EPDR1 production were increased in the culture medium of senescent cells. Treatment of young fibroblasts with recombinant EPDR1, enhanced matrix-related gene expression and suppressed COL1A1 expression, whereas EPDR1 knockdown had the opposite effects. EPDR1 gene and protein expression were increased in aged skin, compared to young skin. These results suggest that senescent cells affect nearby fibroblasts, in part through EPDR1 secretion, and exert negative effects on matrix production in the dermis. These results may lead to the discovery of potential candidate targets in the development of skin anti-aging therapies.
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16
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Alejandro SP. ER stress in cardiac aging, a current view on the D-galactose model. Exp Gerontol 2022; 169:111953. [PMID: 36116694 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies are mandatory to study aging, however, they have certain drawbacks, for example, they require strict maintenance that is expensive given the breeding time (approximately 2 years) and with a low survival rate, having some animals to study very limitedly. In vitro studies provide useful and invaluable information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that help understand the aging process to overcome these aspects. In particular, the model of premature aging induced by chronic exposure to D-galactose (D-Gal) offers a very similar picture to that which occurs in natural aging. This model mimics most of the old animals' cellular processes, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inflammation, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the information related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and, subsequently, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is not fully elucidated. Therefore, this review brings together the most current information on this response in the D-Gal-induced aging model and its effect on cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva-Palacios Alejandro
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico.
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17
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Straface E, Gambardella L, Caruso D, Falliti G, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R. Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin in a H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress Model in Red Blood Cells: Functional Role of Band 3 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231910991. [PMID: 36232293 PMCID: PMC9569818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231910991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During their lifespan, red blood cells (RBCs) are exposed to a large number of stressors and are therefore considered as a suitable model to investigate cell response to oxidative stress (OS). This study was conducted to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of the natural antioxidant quercetin (Q) on an OS model represented by human RBCs treated with H2O2. Markers of OS, including % hemolysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups, CD47 and B3p expression, methemoglobin formation (% MetHb), as well as the anion exchange capability through Band 3 protein (B3p) have been analyzed in RBCs treated for 1 h with 20 mM H2O2 with or without pre-treatment for 1 h with 10 μM Q, or in RBCs pre-treated with 20 mM H2O2 and then exposed to 10 µM Q. The results show that pre-treatment with Q is more effective than post-treatment to counteract OS in RBCs. In particular, pre-exposure to Q avoided morphological alterations (formation of acanthocytes), prevented H2O2-induced OS damage, and restored the abnormal distribution of B3p and CD47 expression. Moreover, H2O2 exposure was associated with a decreased rate constant of SO42− uptake via B3p, as well as an increased MetHb formation. Both alterations have been attenuated by pre-treatment with 10 μM Q. These results contribute (1) to elucidate OS-related events in human RBCs, (2) propose Q as natural antioxidant to counteract OS-related alterations, and (3) identify B3p as a possible target for the treatment and prevention of OS-related disease conditions or aging-related complications impacting on RBCs physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology, Papardo Hospital, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falliti
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology, Papardo Hospital, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Straface E, Gambardella L, Caruso D, Falliti G, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R. Açaì (Euterpe oleracea) Extract Protects Human Erythrocytes from Age-Related Oxidative Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152391. [PMID: 35954235 PMCID: PMC9368007 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a process characterised by a general decline in physiological functions. The high bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the aging rate. Due to the close relationship between aging and oxidative stress (OS), functional foods rich in flavonoids are excellent candidates to counteract age-related changes. This study aimed to verify the protective role of Açaì extract in a d-Galactose (d-Gal)-induced model of aging in human erythrocytes. Markers of OS, including ROS production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups, as well as the anion exchange capability through Band 3 protein (B3p) and glycated haemoglobin (A1c) have been analysed in erythrocytes treated with d-Gal for 24 h, with or without pre-incubation for 1 h with 0.5–10 µg/mL Açaì extract. Our results show that the extract avoided the formation of acanthocytes and leptocytes observed after exposure to 50 and 100 mM d-Gal, respectively, prevented d-Gal-induced OS damage, and restored alterations in the distribution of B3p and CD47 proteins. Interestingly, d-Gal exposure was associated with an acceleration of the rate constant of SO42− uptake through B3p, as well as A1c formation. Both alterations have been attenuated by pre-treatment with the Açaì extract. These findings contribute to clarify the aging mechanisms in human erythrocytes and propose functional foods rich in flavonoids as natural antioxidants for the treatment and prevention of OS-related disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Falliti
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Oxidation Stress as a Mechanism of Aging in Human Erythrocytes: Protective Effect of Quercetin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147781. [PMID: 35887126 PMCID: PMC9323120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multi-factorial process developing through a complex net of interactions between biological and cellular mechanisms and it involves oxidative stress (OS) as well as protein glycation. The aim of the present work was to verify the protective role of Quercetin (Q), a polyphenolic flavonoid compound, in a d-Galactose (d-Gal)-induced model of aging in human erythrocytes. The anion-exchange capability through the Band 3 protein (B3p) measured by the rate constant of the SO42− uptake, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels—a marker of lipid peroxidation—total sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, glycated hemoglobin (A1c), and a reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) ratio were determined following the exposure of erythrocytes to 100 mM d-Gal for 24 h, with or without pre-incubation with 10 µM Q. The results confirmed that d-Gal activated OS pathways in human erythrocytes, affecting both membrane lipids and proteins, as denoted by increased TBARS levels and decreased total sulfhydryl groups, respectively. In addition, d-Gal led to an acceleration of the rate constant of the SO42− uptake through the B3p. Both the alteration of the B3p function and oxidative damage have been improved by pre-treatment with Q, which preferentially ameliorated lipid peroxidation rather than protein oxidation. Moreover, Q prevented glycated A1c formation, while no protective effect on the endogenous antioxidant system (GSH-GSSG) was observed. These findings suggest that the B3p could be a novel potential target of antioxidant treatments to counteract aging-related disturbances. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of Q in pharmacological strategies against aging.
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Takeuchi M, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Takino JI, Koriyama Y. Effects of Toxic AGEs (TAGE) on Human Health. Cells 2022; 11:2178. [PMID: 35883620 PMCID: PMC9317028 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The habitual and excessive consumption of sugar (i.e., sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup, HFCS) is associated with the onset and progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD). Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have recently been the focus of research on the factors contributing to LSRD. Approaches that inhibit the effects of AGEs may be used to prevent and/or treat LSRD; however, since the structures of AGEs vary depending on the type of reducing sugars or carbonyl compounds to which they respond, difficulties are associated with verifying that AGEs are an etiological factor. Cytotoxic AGEs derived from glyceraldehyde, a triose intermediate in the metabolism of glucose and fructose, have been implicated in LSRD and are called toxic AGEs (TAGE). A dietary imbalance (the habitual and excessive intake of sucrose, HFCS, or dietary AGEs) promotes the generation/accumulation of TAGE in vivo. Elevated circulating levels of TAGE have been detected in non-diabetics and diabetics, indicating a strong relationship between the generation/accumulation of TAGE in vivo and the onset and progression of LSRD. We herein outline current findings on "TAGE as a new target" for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Jun-ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure 737-0112, Hiroshima, Japan;
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan;
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Oxidative Stress in Ageing and Chronic Degenerative Pathologies: Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Counteracting Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137273. [PMID: 35806275 PMCID: PMC9266760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies demonstrate the shared characteristics of high bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, chronic/persistent inflammation, glycation, and mitochondrial abnormalities. Excessive ROS production results in nucleic acid and protein destruction, thereby altering the cellular structure and functional outcome. To stabilise increased ROS production and modulate oxidative stress, the human body produces antioxidants, “free radical scavengers”, that inhibit or delay cell damage. Reinforcing the antioxidant defence system and/or counteracting the deleterious repercussions of immoderate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is critical and may curb the progression of ageing and chronic degenerative syndromes. Various therapeutic methods for ROS and oxidative stress reduction have been developed. However, scientific investigations are required to assess their efficacy. In this review, we summarise the interconnected mechanism of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation that contributes to ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases CVD, diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We also highlight potential counteractive measures to combat ageing and chronic degenerative diseases.
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Huchzermeyer B, Menghani E, Khardia P, Shilu A. Metabolic Pathway of Natural Antioxidants, Antioxidant Enzymes and ROS Providence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:761. [PMID: 35453446 PMCID: PMC9025363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the origin, we can classify different types of stress. Environmental factors, such as high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic stresses and discriminated from biotic stresses that are exerted by pathogens and herbivores, for instance. It was an unexpected observation that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to all kinds of stress investigated so far. With respect to applied aspects in agriculture and crop breeding, this observation allows using ROS production as a measure to rank the stress perception of individual plants. ROS are important messengers in cell signaling, but exceeding a concentration threshold causes damage. This requires fine-tuning of ROS production and degradation rates. In general, there are two options to control cellular ROS levels, (I) ROS scavenging at the expense of antioxidant consumption and (II) enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS. As antioxidants are limited in quantity, the first strategy only allows temporarily buffering of a certain cellular ROS level. This way, it prevents spells of eventually damaging ROS concentrations. In this review, we focus on the second strategy. We discuss how enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS integrates into plant metabolism. Enzyme activities can be continuously operative. Cellular homeostasis can be achieved by regulation of respective gene expression and subsequent regulation of the enzyme activities. A better understanding of this interplay allows for identifying traits for stress tolerance breeding of crops. As a side effect, the result also may be used to identify cultivation methods modifying crop metabolism, thus resulting in special crop quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Huchzermeyer
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
- Association of German Engineers (VDI), BV Hannover, AK Biotechnology, Hanomag Str. 12, 30449 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ekta Menghani
- Department of Biotechnology, JECRC University, Jaipur 303905, India; (P.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Pooja Khardia
- Department of Biotechnology, JECRC University, Jaipur 303905, India; (P.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Ayushi Shilu
- Department of Biotechnology, JECRC University, Jaipur 303905, India; (P.K.); (A.S.)
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Kudlova N, De Sanctis JB, Hajduch M. Cellular Senescence: Molecular Targets, Biomarkers, and Senolytic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084168. [PMID: 35456986 PMCID: PMC9028163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is defined as irreversible cell cycle arrest caused by various processes that render viable cells non-functional, hampering normal tissue homeostasis. It has many endogenous and exogenous inducers, and is closely connected with age, age-related pathologies, DNA damage, degenerative disorders, tumor suppression and activation, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, the literature is replete with contradictory findings concerning its triggering mechanisms, specific biomarkers, and detection protocols. This may be partly due to the wide range of cellular and in vivo animal or human models of accelerated aging that have been used to study senescence and test senolytic drugs. This review summarizes recent findings concerning senescence, presents some widely used cellular and animal senescence models, and briefly describes the best-known senolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kudlova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (N.K.); (J.B.D.S.)
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Czech Advanced Technologies and Research Institute, Palacky University, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-0-585632082
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Cipollina C, Bruno A, Fasola S, Cristaldi M, Patella B, Inguanta R, Vilasi A, Aiello G, La Grutta S, Torino C, Pace E. Cellular and Molecular Signatures of Oxidative Stress in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Models Injured by Cigarette Smoke Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1770. [PMID: 35163691 PMCID: PMC8836577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the airways epithelium to environmental insults, including cigarette smoke, results in increased oxidative stress due to unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants. Oxidative stress is a feature of inflammation and promotes the progression of chronic lung diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Increased oxidative stress leads to exhaustion of antioxidant defenses, alterations in autophagy/mitophagy and cell survival regulatory mechanisms, thus promoting cell senescence. All these events are amplified by the increase of inflammation driven by oxidative stress. Several models of bronchial epithelial cells are used to study the molecular mechanisms and the cellular functions altered by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure, and to test the efficacy of molecules with antioxidant properties. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies published from 2011 to 2021 describing the molecular and cellular mechanisms evoked by CSE exposure in bronchial epithelial cells, the most used experimental models and the mechanisms of action of cellular antioxidants systems as well as natural and synthetic antioxidant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cipollina
- Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasola
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Patella
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Rosalinda Inguanta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Antonio Vilasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Aiello
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Torino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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