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Cai X, Tacke F, Guillot A, Liu H. Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192840. [PMID: 37261338 PMCID: PMC10229055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Loilome W, Namwat N, Jusakul A, Techasen A, Klanrit P, Phetcharaburanin J, Wangwiwatsin A. The Hallmarks of Liver Fluke Related Cholangiocarcinoma: Insight into Drug Target Possibility. Recent Results Cancer Res 2023; 219:53-90. [PMID: 37660331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35166-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor of the biliary tree that is classified into three groups based on its anatomic location: intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA). Perihilar CCA is the most common type and accounts for 50-60% of CCA cases. It is followed by distal CCA and then intrahepatic CCA that account for 20-30% and 10-20% of cases, respectively. This chapter discusses the hallmarks of liver fluke related CCA and explores insights into drug target possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharin Loilome
- Department of System Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of System Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Apinya Jusakul
- Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Department of System Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of System Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Department of System Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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3
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Wu L, Wang Z, He X, Jiang Y, Pan R, Chen S, Chen Y, Han Y, Yu H, Zhang T. GJA1 reverses arsenic-induced EMT via modulating MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116138. [PMID: 35750204 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is known as a well-established human carcinogen. Gap Junction Protein Alpha 1 (GJA1) is a multifunction protein that forms gap junction channels and is important for intercellular communication. Recently, its aberrant expression has been shown to associate with cancer recurrence and metastatic spread. However, whether GJA1 plays a role in arsenic carcinogenesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that chronic exposure of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to sodium arsenite promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via increasing the expression of EMT inducer S100A4 and activation of MAPK/ERK signaling. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that chronic exposure to sodium arsenite reduced GJA1 expression. Forced expression of GJA1 inhibited sodium arsenite-induced EMT via suppressing MAPK/ERK signaling whereas GJA1 knockdown produced an opposite effect. Intriguingly, chronic exposure to sodium arsenite increased autophagy flux. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological intervention or genetic deletion of autophagy core gene Beclin-1 upregulated GJA1 expression. These results suggested that GJA1 restrained the carcinogenic effect of sodium arsenite by limiting MAPK/ERK signaling, and GJA1 expression was decreased by arsenic-activated autophagy. In addition, interventions directed at enhancing the level or functional activity of GJA1 could be of preventive and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zengbin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | - Shi Chen
- Kindstar Global Medical Special Inspection Group, Wuhan, China
| | - Yizhong Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huahui Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Cadamuro M, Strazzabosco M. Inflammatory pathways and cholangiocarcinoma risk mechanisms and prevention. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:39-73. [PMID: 35961707 PMCID: PMC10916841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a neoplasm burdened by a poor prognosis and currently lacking adequate therapeutic treatments, can originate at different levels of the biliary tree, in the intrahepatic, hilar, or extrahepatic area. The main risk factors for the development of CCA are the presence of chronic cholangiopathies of various etiology. To date, the most studied prodromal diseases of CCA are primary sclerosing cholangitis, Caroli's disease and fluke infestations, but other conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, are emerging as associated with an increased risk of CCA development. In this review, we focused on the analysis of the pro-inflammatory mechanisms that induce the development of CCA and on the role of cells of the immune response in cholangiocarcinogenesis. In very recent times, these cellular mechanisms have been the subject of emerging studies aimed at verifying how the modulation of the inflammatory and immunological responses can have a therapeutic significance and how these can be used as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Osataphan S, Mahankasuwan T, Saengboonmee C. Obesity and cholangiocarcinoma: A review of epidemiological and molecular associations. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2021; 28:1047-1059. [PMID: 34053180 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy of bile duct epithelium, and its incidence is increasing globally. Numerous factors are reported associated with an increased risk of CCA and vary among populations across different areas. Obesity is a major, worldwide public health problem that leads to several complications and is associated with increased cancer risk. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is likely associated with the increased risk of CCA, this association might be limited to Western countries. Multiple hormones, cytokines, and metabolite perturbations in obese states have been shown to enhance tumorigenicity and metastasis potentials. Understanding the biological linkage of obesity to CCA might lead to novel prevention and therapeutic approaches to CCA treatment. This review summarizes the current evidence and highlights the knowledge gaps regarding the relationship between obesity and CCA from epidemiological and molecular perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Sawanyawisuth K, Sashida G, Sheng G. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Liver Fluke-Induced Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040791. [PMID: 33672838 PMCID: PMC7917655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitic infection remains a health threat in many countries. Liver flukes, parasitic flatworms endemic to southeast and east Asia, cause bile duct inflammation and are major risk factors of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). As the only group of eukaryotic organisms listed as carcinogens, liver flukes can increase cholangiocarcinoma incidence by 100-fold in some parts of Thailand. How they interact with bile duct epithelial cells during tumor initiation and progression is unknown. In this review, we summarize molecular and cellular evidence linking liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma with mis-regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a multicellular morphogenetic process known to be involved in many normal and pathological settings, including cancer. EMT markers and regulators can potentially be used to facilitate cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and treatment. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of hepatic cancer. In east and southeast Asia, intrahepatic CCA is caused predominantly by infection of Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, two species of parasitic liver flukes. In this review, we present molecular evidence that liver fluke-associated CCAs have enhanced features of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) and that some of those features are associated with mis-regulation at the epigenetic level. We hypothesize that both direct and indirect mechanisms underlie parasitic infection-induced EMT in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Morphogenesis, International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
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7
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Kulma I, Panrit L, Plengsuriyakarn T, Chaijaroenkul W, Warathumpitak S, Na-Bangchang K. A randomized placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. in healthy Thai subjects. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:61. [PMID: 33579265 PMCID: PMC7879636 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) and bioactive compounds β-eudesmol and atractylodin have been demonstrated in the in vitro and in vivo studies for their potential clinical use in cholangiocarcinoma. The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of AL in human subjects. Methods The modulatory effects of AL and β-eudesmol and atractylodin on TNFα and IL6 expression in PBMCs were measured using real-time PCR. Blood samples were collected from forty-eight healthy subjects following oral administration of a single or multiple dosing of capsule formulation of the standardized AL extract or placebo. Serum cytokine profiles, lymphocyte subpopulations (B lymphocytes, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, and NK cells), and cytotoxic activity of PBMCs against the cholangiocarcinoma cell line CL-6 were evaluated using cytometric bead array (CBA) with flow cytometry analysis. Results AL extract at almost all concentrations significantly inhibited both TNFα and IL6 expression in Con A-mediated inflammation in PBMCs. β-Eudesmol at all concentrations significantly inhibited only IL6 expression. Atractylodin at the lowest concentration significantly inhibited the expression of both cytokines, while the highest concentration significantly inhibited only IL6 expression. The administration of AL at a single oral dose of 1000 mg appeared to decrease IFNγ and IL10 and increase B cell, while significantly increase NK and CD4+ and CD8+ cells. A trend of increasing (compared with placebo) in the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs at 24 h of dosing was observed. AL at multiple dosing of 1000 mg for 21 days tended to decrease the production of all cytokines, while significantly inhibited IL17A production at 24 h of dosing. In addition, a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ cells was observed. A trend of increase in the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs was observed at 24 h but terminated at 48 h of dosing. Conclusions The results confirm the immunomodulatory activity of AL in humans. This activity, in complementary with the direct action of AL on inducing cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis, suggests its potential role for CCA control. Trial registration Retrospectively registered on 17 October 2020 [Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR: www.clinicaltrials.in.th) Number TCTR20201020001#]. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-020-03199-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthuon Kulma
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Luxsana Panrit
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Siriprapa Warathumpitak
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand. .,Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand.
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8
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Wu HJ, Chu PY. Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Cholangiocarcinoma and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174154. [PMID: 31450710 PMCID: PMC6747544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of liver cancer, and is highly aggressive with very poor prognosis. CCA is classified into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA), which is further stratified into perihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells capable of tumor initiation and malignant growth, and are also responsible for chemoresistance. Thus, CSCs play an important role in CCA carcinogenesis. Surface markers such as CD133, CD24, CD44, EpCAM, Sox2, CD49f, and CD117 are important for identifying and isolating CCA CSCs. CSCs are present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), termed ‘CSC niche’, where cellular components and soluble factors interact to promote tumor initiation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is another important mechanism underlying carcinogenesis, involved in the invasiveness, metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer. It has been demonstrated that EMT plays a critical role in generating CSCs. Therapies targeting the surface markers and signaling pathways of CCA CSCs, proteins involved in TME, and immune checkpoint proteins are currently under investigation. Therefore, this review focuses on recent studies on the roles of CSCs in CCA; the possible therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs of CCA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wu
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Town, Changhua County 505, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan.
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Ponicidin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via suppressing the AKT/GSK-3β/Snail pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:627-638. [PMID: 30244296 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ponicidin (PON), a natural diterpenoid compound, has been shown to exhibit potent anticancer activities in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms underlying the anti-metastasis effect of PON have not yet been completely defined. The present study was designed to uncover the inhibitory effect of PON on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion of HCT116 cells induced by pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vitro, and liver metastasis in vivo. Briefly, cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, followed by wound healing and transwell assays to evaluate cell migration and invasion. The EMT-related molecular markers were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunofluorescence (IF), western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, WB was used to assess the expression of AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), GSK-3β, and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β). As a result, PON could effectively suppress EMT, migration, and invasion in HCT116 cells in vitro, and liver metastasis of HCT116 cells in vivo. Additionally, PON administration also dramatically altered the expression of EMT-associated markers such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin, and suppressed the expression of p-AKT, p-GSK-3β and transcription factor, Snail in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the incidence of liver metastasis in the control group was 100% and although the incidence of liver metastasis did not decrease, the number of metastatic nodules in the livers of each PON dose group decreased by (34 ± 4.2)%, (64 ± 3.6)%, and (76 ± 5.3)%, respectively, compared to the control group. Collectively, these findings indicated that targeting the AKT/GSK-3β/Snail pathway by PON might be a promising treatment for TNF-α-induced EMT and metastasis of CRC.
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Hu F, Liu C, Xie F, Lin X, Yang J, Wang C, Huang Q. MSI2 knockdown represses extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4035-4046. [PMID: 30034243 PMCID: PMC6049051 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s170739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the expression and functional role of Musashi2 (MSI2), an RNA-binding protein, in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). Patients and methods We measured MSI2 expression in human specimens and cell lines using Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and we analyzed its association with clinicopathologic features in eCCA patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival. Functional experiments were used to study the mechanisms of MSI2 in regulating eCCA cell growth, migration, and invasion. Results MSI2 expression was upregulated significantly in both human specimens and cell lines, and high MSI2 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and poor prognosis in eCCA patients. Additionally, MSI2 overexpression promoted eCCA cell growth, migration, and invasion, while MSI2 knockdown repressed eCCA cell migration and invasion by inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Conclusion MSI2 is an independent prognostic factor for eCCA patients, and MSI2 downregulation inhibits eCCA cell growth and metastasis. MSI2 may be a potential therapeutic target for eCCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Chenhai Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Xiansheng Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Heifei, China,
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11
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Role of inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1270-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness: An Overview. Gene Expr 2018; 18:31-50. [PMID: 29070148 PMCID: PMC5860940 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15088670121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive functions by tumor cells is a first and crucial step toward the development of metastasis, which nowadays represents the main cause of cancer-related death. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer originating from the biliary epithelium, typically develops intrahepatic or lymph node metastases at early stages, thus preventing the majority of patients from undergoing curative treatments, consistent with their very poor prognosis. As in most carcinomas, CCA cells gradually adopt a motile, mesenchymal-like phenotype, enabling them to cross the basement membrane, detach from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding stroma. Unfortunately, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that synergistically orchestrate this proinvasive phenotypic switch. Autocrine and paracrine signals (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens) permeating the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly play a prominent role in this context. Moreover, a number of recently identified signaling systems are currently drawing attention as putative mechanistic determinants of CCA cell invasion. They encompass transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, adaptor proteins, and miRNAs, whose aberrant expression may result from either stochastic mutations or the abnormal activation of upstream pro-oncogenic pathways. Herein we sought to summarize the most relevant molecules in this field and to discuss their mechanism of action and potential prognostic relevance in CCA. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the molecular determinants of CCA invasiveness will help to identify clinically useful biomarkers and novel druggable targets, with the ultimate goal to develop innovative approaches to the management of this devastating malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Zu C, Liu S, Cao W, Liu Z, Qiang H, Li Y, Cheng C, Ji L, Li J, Li J. MiR-590-3p suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by inhibiting SIP1 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34698-34708. [PMID: 28423728 PMCID: PMC5471004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional roles and clinical significances of miR-590-3p in ICC remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the expression of miR-590-3p in tissues and sera of ICC by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found miR-590-3p was significantly down-regulated in the sera and tissues of ICC patients, especially in those patients with lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. AUC curves and Cox proportional hazards mode revealed serum miR-590-3p could be novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ICC patients. MiR-590-3p dramatically suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and invasion of ICC cells. SIP1 was identified as direct and functional target of miR-590-3p in ICC cells by luciferase assays. Finally, we found SIP1 expression was inversely correlated with miR-590-3p and closely related to diminished survival in ICC patients. These findings reveal functional and mechanistic roles of miR-590-3p and EMT activator SIP1 in the pathogenesis of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Shizhang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Le Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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14
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Høgdall D, Lewinska M, Andersen JB. Desmoplastic Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Cholangiocarcinoma. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:239-255. [PMID: 29506673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a dismal disease which often is diagnosed at a late stage where the tumor is locally advanced, metastatic, and, as a result, is associated with low resectability. The heterogeneity of this cancer type is a major reason why the majority of patients fail to respond to therapy, and surgery remains their only curative option. Among patients who undergo surgical intervention, such tumors typically recur in 50% of cases within 1year. Thus, CCA is among the most aggressive and chemoresistant malignancies. CCA is characterized by marked tumor reactive stroma, a fibrogenic connective tissue which surrounds and infiltrates the tumor epithelium. This desmoplastic environment presents a clinical challenge, limiting drug delivery and supporting the growth of the tumor mass. In this review we attempt to highlight key pathways involved in cell to cell communication between the tumor epithelium and stroma, the immune components, and opportunities for novel strategies to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Høgdall
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; These authors contributed equally
| | - Monika Lewinska
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Daya M, Loilome W, Techasen A, Thanee M, Sa-Ngiamwibool P, Titapun A, Yongvanit P, Namwat N. Progranulin modulates cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and motility via the PI3K/pAkt pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:395-408. [PMID: 29403285 PMCID: PMC5783154 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s155511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor normally expressed in rapidly cycling epithelial cells for growth, differentiation, and motility. Several studies have shown the association of PGRN overexpression with the progression of numerous malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the underlying mechanisms on how PGRN modulates CCA cell proliferation and motility is not clear. In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of PGRN expression in human CCA tissue and the mechanisms of PGRN modulation of CCA cell proliferation and motility. We found that CCA tissues with high PGRN expression were correlated with poor prognosis and likelihood of metastasis. PGRN knockdown KKU-100 and KKU-213 cells demonstrated a reduced rate of proliferation and colony formation and decreased levels of phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) proteins. Accumulation of cells at the G1 phase was observed and was accompanied by a reduction of cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein levels. Knockdown cells also induced apoptosis by increasing the Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio. Increased cell apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Moreover, suppression of PGRN reduced CCA cell migration and invasion in vitro. Investigating the biomarkers in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) revealed a decrease in the expression of vimentin, snail, and metalloproteinase-9. In conclusion, our findings imply that PGRN modulates cell proliferation by dysregulating the G1 phase, inhibiting apoptosis, and that it plays a role in the EMT affecting CCA cell motility, possibly via the PI3K/pAkt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Daya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute.,Faculty of Associated Medical Science
| | | | | | - Attapol Titapun
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute
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16
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Jiao J, González Á, Stevenson HL, Gagea M, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R, Beretta L. Depletion of S100A4 + stromal cells does not prevent HCC development but reduces the stem cell-like phenotype of the tumors. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e422. [PMID: 29303514 PMCID: PMC5992984 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for the development of novel approaches to treat and prevent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The S100 calcium-binding protein S100A4 is associated with poor prognosis and metastasis in several human cancers. In addition, a role for S100A4 in modulating cancer-initiating cells stemness properties was recently proposed in head and neck and gastric cancers. Whether S100A4+ stromal cells contribute to tumor onset remains, however, an unanswered question. To address that question, we generated a new mouse model allowing for the depletion of S100A4+ cells in a mouse model of HCC with stemness properties, by crossing mice with hepatic deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) with mice expressing viral thymidine kinase under the control of S100A4 promoter. Depletion of S100A4+ cells by ganciclovir injection did not prevent the development of HCC but reduced the stemness phenotype of the tumor as measured by the expression of progenitor cell, biliary cell and hepatocyte markers. The results were further confirmed by histology analysis showing reduction of cholangiolar tumor components and degree of oval cell hyperplasia in the adjacent liver. Depletion of S100A4+ cells had also some beneficial effect on the underlying liver disease with a reduction of NAS score, largely due to the reduction of inflammation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that S100A4+ cells do not contribute to HCC onset but maintain the stemness phenotype of the tumor. This study also suggests for the first time a crosstalk between inflammation and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Álvaro González
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Cadamuro M, Stecca T, Brivio S, Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. The deleterious interplay between tumor epithelia and stroma in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1435-1443. [PMID: 28757170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma, a devastating liver epithelial malignancy characterized by early invasiveness, remains very dismal, though its incidence has been steadily increasing. Evidence is mounting that in cholangiocarcinoma, tumor epithelial cells establish an intricate web of mutual interactions with multiple stromal components, largely determining the pervasive behavior of the tumor. The main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (i.e. myofibroblasts, macrophages, lymphatic endothelial cells), which has been recently termed as 'tumor reactive stroma', are recruited and activated by neoplastic cells, and in turn, deleteriously mold tumor behavior by releasing a huge variety of paracrine signals, including cyto/chemokines, growth factors, morphogens and proteinases. An abnormally remodeled and stiff extracellular matrix favors and supports these cell interactions. Although the mechanisms responsible for the generation of tumor reactive stroma are largely uncertain, hypoxia presumably plays a central role. In this review, we will dissect the intimate relationship among the different cell elements cooperating within this complex 'ecosystem', with the ultimate goal to pave the way for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying cholangiocarcinoma aggressiveness, and possibly, to foster the development of innovative, combinatorial therapies aimed at halting tumor progression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stecca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Brivio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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18
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Organoid-based epithelial to mesenchymal transition (OEMT) model: from an intestinal fibrosis perspective. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2435. [PMID: 28550311 PMCID: PMC5446415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current in vitro or in vivo intestinal fibrosis models have many limitations. Recent advancements in the isolation and culturing of organoids has led to development of various three-dimensional (3D) intestinal disease models with in vivo physiology. In this study, we generated an organoid-based epithelial to mesenchymal transition (OEMT) model, which could be used as a novel intestinal fibrosis model. Intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) were isolated and cultured from the small intestines of normal mice. IEOs were treated with transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) or Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to evaluate their phenotypic change. Raw 264.7 cells (macrophage) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide were co-cultured with IEOs in growth media with or without TGF-β1. TGF-β1 alone slightly induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the IEOs but mainly disrupted them. Macrophage released cytokines synergistically induced mesenchymal phenotypic changes in TGF-β1 stimulated intestinal organoids. TNF-α and TGF-β1 synergistically induced proliferation of mesenchymal cells as well as EMT in the IEOs. We generated a novel OEMT model based on our finding that TNF-α and TGF-β synergistically induce type 2 EMT in IEOs. This 3D EMT model with in vivo physiology could be used to study EMT associated intestinal fibrosis.
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19
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Chen H, Lu W, Huang C, Ding K, Xia D, Wu Y, Cai M. Prognostic significance of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in digestive cancers: a cohort-based analysis and secondary analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:31435-31448. [PMID: 28416756 PMCID: PMC5458220 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestive cancers are common malignancies worldwide, however there are few effective prognostic markers available. In this study we comprehensively investigated the prognostic significance of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in digestive cancers. METHODS Electronic databases were searched and studies met the selection criteria were included. Study information was recorded and quality assessment was performed according to the REMARK guideline. Hazard ratios and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals were extracted and pooled. Sensitivity analyses, subgroup analyses, cumulative meta-analyses and secondary analyses were also performed to increase the stability and reliability of our results. RESULTS 24 cohort studies were included in the study. High ZEB1 and ZEB2 levels predicted poor overall survival, meanwhile high ZEB2 levels predicted poor disease free survival for digestive cancer patients. From subgroup analyses we observed ZEB1 was found to be significantly associated with poor overall survival for patients with pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, while ZEB2 was found to be significantly associated with poor overall survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. Furthermore, by conducting secondary analyses we confirmed both ZEB1 and ZEB2 played important roles in gastric cancer prediction. In addition, we found high ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression were significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in digestive cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study validated the prognostic value and clinicopathological association of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in digestive cancers, especially in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongjie Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mao Cai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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20
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Tumor reactive stroma in cholangiocarcinoma: The fuel behind cancer aggressiveness. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:455-468. [PMID: 28396716 PMCID: PMC5368623 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i9.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive epithelial malignancy still carrying a dismal prognosis, owing to early lymph node metastatic dissemination and striking resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Although mechanisms underpinning CCA progression are still a conundrum, it is now increasingly recognized that the desmoplastic microenvironment developing in conjunction with biliary carcinogenesis, recently renamed tumor reactive stroma (TRS), behaves as a paramount tumor-promoting driver. Indeed, once being recruited, activated and dangerously co-opted by neoplastic cells, the cellular components of the TRS (myofibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells) continuously rekindle malignancy by secreting a huge variety of soluble factors (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, morphogens and proteinases). Furthermore, these factors are long-term stored within an abnormally remodeled extracellular matrix (ECM), which in turn can deleteriously mold cancer cell behavior. In this review, we will highlight evidence for the active role played by reactive stromal cells (as well as by the TRS-associated ECM) in CCA progression, including an overview of the most relevant TRS-derived signals possibly fueling CCA cell aggressiveness. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the paracrine communications reciprocally exchanged between cancer and stromal cells will steer the development of innovative, combinatorial therapies, which can finally hinder the progression of CCA, as well as of other cancer types with abundant TRS, such as pancreatic and breast carcinomas.
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21
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Martínez AK, Jensen K, Hall C, O'Brien A, Ehrlich L, White T, Meng F, Zhou T, Greene J, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Dostal DE, Lairmore T, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Nicotine Promotes Cholangiocarcinoma Growth in Xenograft Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1093-1105. [PMID: 28315314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main addictive substance in tobacco, is known to play a role in the development and/or progression of a number of malignant tumors. However, nicotine's involvement in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is controversial. Therefore, we studied the effects of nicotine on the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and the progression of cholangiocarcinoma in a mouse xenograft model. The predominant subunit responsible for nicotine-mediated proliferation in normal and cancer cells, the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), was more highly expressed in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines compared with normal human cholangiocytes. Nicotine also stimulated the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and promoted α7-nAChR-dependent activation of proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In addition, nicotine and PNU282987 (α7-nAChR agonist) accelerated the growth of the cholangiocarcinoma tumors in our xenograft mouse model and increased fibrosis, proliferation of the tumor cells, and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase activation. Finally, α7-nAChR was expressed at significantly higher levels in human cholangiocarcinoma compared with normal human control liver samples. Taken together, results of this study suggest that nicotine acts through α7-nAChR and plays a novel role in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Furthermore, nicotine may act as a mitogen in cholestatic liver disease processes, thereby facilitating malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kendal Jensen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - April O'Brien
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Tori White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - John Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Terry Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
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22
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Vaquero J, Guedj N, Clapéron A, Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires TH, Paradis V, Fouassier L. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cholangiocarcinoma: From clinical evidence to regulatory networks. J Hepatol 2017; 66:424-441. [PMID: 27686679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis due to its late clinical presentation and the lack of effective non-surgical therapies. Unfortunately, most of the patients are not eligible for curative surgery owing to the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to understand the steps leading to cell dissemination in patients with CCA. To metastasize from the primary site, cancer cells must acquire migratory and invasive properties by a cell plasticity-promoting phenomenon known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a reversible dynamic process by which epithelial cells gradually adopt structural and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells, and has lately become a centre of attention in the field of metastatic dissemination. In the present review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the current clinical data and the prognostic value of different EMT markers that have been analysed in CCA. We summarize all the regulatory networks implicated in EMT from the membrane receptors to the main EMT-inducing transcription factors (SNAIL, TWIST and ZEB). Furthermore, since a tumor is a complex structure not exclusively formed by tumor cells, we also address the prominent role of the main cell types of the desmoplastic stroma that characterizes CCA in the regulation of EMT. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic considerations and difficulties faced to develop an effective anti-EMT treatment due to the redundancies and bypasses among the pathways regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vaquero
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France; FONDATION ARC, F-94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Guedj
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, F-92110 Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Clapéron
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Paradis
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, F-92110 Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France.
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23
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Ding WJ, Zhou M, Chen MM, Qu CY. HOXB8 promotes tumor metastasis and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition via ZEB2 targets in gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:385-397. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Roy S, Benz F, Alder J, Bantel H, Janssen J, Vucur M, Gautheron J, Schneider A, Schüller F, Loosen S, Luedde M, Koch A, Tacke F, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Roderburg C. Down-regulation of miR-192-5p protects from oxidative stress-induced acute liver injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1197-1207. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
miR-192-5p has gained increasing relevance in various diseases, however, its function in acute liver injury is currently unknown. We analysed miR-192-5p serum levels and hepatic miR-192-5p expression in mice after hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) as well as in toxic liver injury. On a functional level, miRNA levels were analysed in the different hepatic cell-compartments and in the context of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent liver cell death. We detected increased serum levels of miR-192-5p after hepatic I/R- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. miR-192-5p levels correlated with the degree of liver damage and the presence of hepatic cell death detected by TUNEL stainings (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labelling stainings). Moreover, expression of miR-192-5p was increased in a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of in vitro hepatocyte injury, supporting that the passive release of miR-192-5p represents a surrogate for hepatocyte death in liver injury. In critically ill patients, miR-192-5p levels were elevated selectively in patients with liver injury and closely correlated with the presence of hepatic injury. In contrast with up-regulated miR-192-5p in the serum, we detected a down-regulation of miR-192-5p in both injured mouse and human livers. Deregulation of miR-192-5p in livers was dependent on stimulation with TNF. Functional experiments confirmed a protective effect of down-regulation of miR-192-5p in hepatocytes, suggesting a role of miR-192-5p in limiting liver injury. Finally, we identified Zeb2, an important regulator of cell death, as a potential target gene mediating the function of miR-192-5p. Our data suggest that miR-192-5p is involved in the regulation of liver cell death during acute liver injury and might represent a potent marker of hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Benz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Alder
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joern Janssen
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeremie Gautheron
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Schüller
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Loosen
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Luedde
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Man XY, Chen XB, Li W, Landeck L, Dou TT, Chen JQ, Zhou J, Cai SQ, Zheng M. Analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in psoriatic epidermal keratinocytes. Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.150032. [PMID: 26269426 PMCID: PMC4554915 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is similar to endpoints of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process of epithelial cells transformed into fibroblast-like cells. The molecular epithelial and mesenchymal markers were analysed in psoriatic keratinocytes. No obvious alteration of epithelial markers E-cadherin (E-cad), keratin 10 (K10), K14 and K16 was detected in psoriatic keratinocytes. However, significantly increased expression of Vim, FN, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and Slug was seen. IL-17A and IL-13 at 50 ng ml−1 strongly decreased expression of K10, Vim and FN. TGF-β1 at 50 ng ml−1 promoted the production of N-cad, Vim, FN and PAI-1. Slug was decreased by dexamethasone (Dex), but E-cad was upregulated by Dex. Silencing of ERK partially increased E-cad and K16, but remarkably inhibited K14, FN, Vim, β-catenin, Slug and α5 integrin. Moreover, inhibition of Rho and GSK3 by their inhibitors Y27632 and SB216763, respectively, strongly raised E-cad, β-catenin and Slug. Dex decreased Y27632-mediated increase of β-catenin. Dex at 2.0 µM inhibited SB216763-regulated E-cad, β-catenin and slug. In conclusion, EMT in psoriatic keratinocytes may be defined as an intermediate phenotype of type 2 EMT. ERK, Rho and GSK3 play active roles in the process of EMT in psoriatic keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Man
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Bei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilla Landeck
- Department of Dermatology, Ernst von Bergmann General Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Charité-University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ting-Ting Dou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui-Qing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
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Adisakwattana P, Suwandittakul N, Petmitr S, Wongkham S, Sangvanich P, Reamtong O. ALCAM is a Novel Cytoplasmic Membrane Protein in TNF-α Stimulated Invasive Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3849-56. [PMID: 25987048 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or bile duct cancer, is incurable with a high mortality rate due to a lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment. Identifying cytoplasmic membrane proteins of invasive CCA that facilitate cancer progression would contribute toward the development of novel tumor markers and effective chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS An invasive CCA cell line (KKU-100) was stimulated using TNF-α and then biotinylated and purified for mass spectrometry analysis. Novel proteins expressed were selected and their mRNAs expression levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the expression of ALCAM was selected for further observation by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescent imaging, and antibody neutralization assay. RESULTS After comparing the proteomics profile of TNF-α induced invasive with non-treated control cells, over-expression of seven novel proteins was observed in the cytoplasmic membrane of TNF-α stimulated CCA cells. Among these, ALCAM is a novel candidate which showed significant higher mRNA- and protein levels. Immunofluorescent assay also supported that ALCAM was expressed on the cell membrane of the cancer, with increasing intensity associated with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that ALCAM may be a novel protein candidate expressed on cytoplasmic membranes of invasive CCA cells that could be used as a biomarker for development of diagnosis, prognosis, and drug or antibody-based targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :
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Thanee M, Loilome W, Techasen A, Namwat N, Boonmars T, Pairojkul C, Yongvanit P. Quantitative changes in tumor-associated M2 macrophages characterize cholangiocarcinoma and their association with metastasis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3043-50. [PMID: 25854403 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes numerous non-neoplastic cells such as leukocytes and fibroblasts that surround the neoplasm and influence its growth. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are documented as key players in facilitating cancer appearance and progression. Alteration of the macrophage (CD68, CD163) and fibroblast (α-SMA, FSP-1) cells in Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov)-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) was here assessed using liver tissues from an established hamster model and from 43 human cases using immunohistochemistry. We further investigated whether M2-activated TAMs influence CCA cell migration ability by wound healing assay and Western blot analysis. Macrophages and fibroblasts change their phenotypes to M2-TAMs (CD68+, CD163+) and CAFs (α-SMA+, FSP-1+), respectively in the early stages of carcinogenesis. Interestingly, a high density of the M2-TAMs CCA in patients is significantly associated with the presence of extrahepatic metastases (p=0.021). Similarly, CD163+ CCA cells are correlated with metastases (p=0.002), and they may be representative of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with increased metastatic activity. We further showed that M2-TAM conditioned medium can induce CCA cell migration as well as increase N-cadherin expression (mesenchymal marker). The present work revealed that significant TME changes occur at an early stage of Ov-induced carcinogenesis and that M2-TAMs are key factors contributing to CCA metastasis, possibly via EMT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinee Thanee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand E-mail : ;
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Inhibition of Mast Cell-Derived Histamine Decreases Human Cholangiocarcinoma Growth and Differentiation via c-Kit/Stem Cell Factor-Dependent Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:123-33. [PMID: 26597881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is composed of numerous cells, including mast cells (MCs). MCs release histamine, which increases CCA progression and angiogenesis. Cholangiocytes secrete stem cell factor, which functions via the MC growth factor receptor c-Kit. Here, we show that cholangiocytes express histidine decarboxylase and its inhibition reduces CCA growth. MC recruitment in the tumor microenvironment increased CCA growth. MC infiltration and MC markers were detected by toluidine blue staining and real-time PCR in human biopsies and in tumors from athymic mice treated with saline, histamine, histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, or cromolyn sodium. Tumor growth, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/extracellular matrix (ECM) markers were measured in mice treated with cromolyn sodium. In vitro, human CCA cells were treated with MC supernatant fluids before evaluating angiogenesis and EMT/ECM expression. Migration assays were performed with CCA cells treated with the stem cell factor inhibitor. MC supernatant fluids increased CCA histidine decarboxylase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and MC/EMT/ECM expression that decreased with pretreatment of cromolyn sodium. MCs were found in human biopsies. In mice treated with cromolyn sodium, MC infiltration and tumor growth decreased. Inhibition of CCA stem cell factor blocked MC migration and MC/EMT/ECM in CCA. MCs migrate into CCA tumor microenvironment via c-Kit/stem cell factor and increase tumor progression, angiogenesis, EMT switch, and ECM degradation.
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Romano M, De Francesco F, Gringeri E, Giordano A, Ferraro GA, Di Domenico M, Cillo U. Tumor Microenvironment Versus Cancer Stem Cells in Cholangiocarcinoma: Synergistic Effects? J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:768-76. [PMID: 26357947 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCAs) may be defined as tumors that derived from the biliary tree with the differentiation in the biliary epithelial cells. This tumor is malignant, extremely aggressive with a poor prognosis. It can be treated surgically and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a very important factor in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Besides cancer stem cells (CSCs) can modulate tumor growth, stroma formation, and migratory capability. The initial stage of tumorigenesis is characterized by genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations due to intrinsic factors which lead to the generation of oncogenes thus inducing tumorigenesis. CSCs may result from precancerous stem cells, cell de-differentiation, normal stem cells, or an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CSCs have been found in the cancer niche, and EMT may occur early within the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies have demonstrated evidence of cholangiocarcinoma stem cells (CD133, CD24, EpCAM, CD44, and others) and the presence of these markers has been associated with malignant potential. The interaction between TME and cholangiocarcinoma stem cells via signaling mediators may create an environment that accommodates tumor growth, yielding resistance to cytotoxic insults (chemotherarapeutic). While progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms, the interactions in the tumorigenic process still remain a major challenge. Our review, addresses recent concepts of TME-CSCs interaction and will emphasize the importance of early detection with the use of novel diagnostic mechanisms such as CCA-CSC biomarkers and the importance of tumor stroma to define new treatments. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 768-776, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Romano
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Gringeri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giuseppe A Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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30
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Gurzu S, Turdean S, Kovecsi A, Contac AO, Jung I. Epithelial-mesenchymal, mesenchymal-epithelial, and endothelial-mesenchymal transitions in malignant tumors: An update. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:393-404. [PMID: 25984514 PMCID: PMC4419103 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents conversion of an epithelial cell in an elongated cell with mesenchymal phenotype, which can occur in physiologic and pathologic processes such as embryogenesis (type 1 EMT), wound healing and/or fibrosis (type 2 EMT) and malignant tumors (type 3 EMT). The proliferation rate, metastasizing and recurrence capacity, as also the individualized response at chemotherapics, in both epithelial and mesenchymal malignant tumors is known to be influenced by reversible switch between EMT and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Although much research work has already been done in these fields, the specific molecular pathways of EMT, relating to the tumor type and tumor localization, are yet to be elucidated. In this paper, based on the literature and personal experience of the authors, an update in the field of EMT vs MET in epithelial and mesenchymal tumors is presented. The authors tried to present the latest data about the particularities of these processes, and also of the so-called endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, based on tumor location. The EMT-angiogenesis link is discussed as a possible valuable parameter for clinical follow-up and targeted therapeutic oncologic management. The paper begins with presentation of the basic aspects of EMT, its classification and assessment possibilities, and concludes with prognostic and therapeutic perspectives. The particularities of EMT and MET in gastric and colorectal carcinomas, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinomas, and lung, breast and prostate cancers, respectively in sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors are presented in detail.
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31
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Yang P, Li Z, Li H, Lu Y, Wu H, Li Z. Pyruvate kinase M2 accelerates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1525-32. [PMID: 25778902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Surgery-induced inflammation has been associated with cancer recurrence and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). As a constituent of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently abundant in the peri-operative window. However, the definite roles of LPS in tumour progression remain elusive. Here we reported that LPS treatment increased PKM expression through activation of NF-κB signalling pathway, and knockdown of PKM reversed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β production and cell proliferation in CRC cells. We further showed that the PKM2 but not PKM1 mediated the pro-inflammatory and proliferative effects of LPS. Interestingly, LPS promoted PKM2 binding to the STAT3 promoter to enhance STAT3 expression and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Depletion of STAT3 decreased PKM2-induced TNF-α and IL-1β expression, indicating that STAT3 mediates the pro-inflammatory effects of PKM2. Furthermore, it is the protein kinase activity but not the pyruvate kinase activity of PKM2 that is required for inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, our findings reveal the NF-κB-PKM2-STAT3 axis as a novel mechanism for the regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β production and suggest the importance of PKM2 as a key inflammatory mediator in inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hanqing Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yangxu Lu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Goebel L, Grage-Griebenow E, Gorys A, Helm O, Genrich G, Lenk L, Wesch D, Ungefroren H, Freitag-Wolf S, Sipos B, Röcken C, Schäfer H, Sebens S. CD4 + T cells potently induce epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in premalignant and malignant pancreatic ductal epithelial cells-novel implications of CD4 + T cells in pancreatic cancer development. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1000083. [PMID: 26137395 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a risk factor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and characterized by a pronounced desmoplastic reaction with CD4+ T cells accounting for the majority of the stromal T cell infiltrate. Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) is a critical process for metastasis by which epithelial/carcinoma cells become enabled to disseminate probably prior to tumor formation. To investigate whether CD4+ T cells induce EMT in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, premalignant H6c7 cells were mono- or co-cultured with human CD4+CD25+CD127-CD49d- regulatory T cells (T-regs) or CD4+CD25- T-effector cells (T-effs) being isolated by negative magnetic bead separation from blood of healthy donors. Particularly in the presence of activated T-effs, H6c7 cells acquired a spindle-shaped morphology, reduced E-cadherin expression, and elevated expression of the mesenchymal proteins vimentin, L1CAM, and ZEB-1. This was accompanied by an increased invasive behavior. Moreover, activated T-effs exerted similar effects in the PDAC cell line T3M4. Blocking of TNF-α and IL-6 being released at greater amounts into supernatants during co-cultures with activated T-effs attenuated the EMT-associated alterations in H6c7 cells. Supporting these findings, EMT-associated alterations (exemplified by reduced E-cadherin expression and enhanced expression of vimentin and L1CAM) were predominantly detected in ductal epithelium of CP tissues surrounded by a dense stroma enriched with CD4+ T cells. Overall this study points to a novel role of CD4+ T cells beyond their immune function in pancreatic tumorigenesis and underscores the view that EMT induction in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells represents an early event in PDAC development being essentially promoted by inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goebel
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Evelin Grage-Griebenow
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Artur Gorys
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Ole Helm
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Geeske Genrich
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Lennart Lenk
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology; Christian-Albrechts-University and UKSH Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics; UKSH Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology; University Hospital Tübingen ; Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Department of Internal Medicine I; UKSH Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel ; Kiel, Germany
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33
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MiR-141 targets ZEB2 to suppress HCC progression. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9993-7. [PMID: 25008569 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with HCC tumorigenesis. The present study was designed to define the role of miR-141 in HCC. The expression of miR-141 was significantly decreased in four HCC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-141 suppressed both the growth and the motility of HCC cells. Furthermore, we identified zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) as a target of miR-141 and miR-141 functioned as a tumor suppressor via ZEB2 targeting in HCC. These data provide a novel potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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