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Lakshman MK, Sebastian D, Pradhan P, Neary MC, Piette AM, Trzebiatowski SP, Henriques AEK, Willoughby PH. Nitrene C-H Bond Insertion Approach to Carbazolones and Indolones, and a Reactivity Departure for 7-Membered Analogues. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302995. [PMID: 37751465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A modular platform for facile access to 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-ones (H4 -carbazolones) and 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-1(2H)-ones (H2 -indolones) is described. The requisite 6- and 5-membered 2-arylcycloalkane-1,3-dione precursors were readily obtained through a Cu-catalyzed arylation of 1,3-cyclohexanediones or by a ring expansion of aryl succinoin derivatives. Enolization of one carbonyl group in the diones, conversion to a leaving group, and subsequent azidation gave 2-aryl-3-azidocycloalk-2-en-1-ones. This two-step, one-pot azidation is highly regioselective with unsymmetrically substituted 2-arylcyclohexane-1,3-diones. The regioselectivity, which is important for access to single isomers of 3,3-disubstituted carbazolones, was analyzed mechanistically and computationally. Finally, a Rh-catalyzed nitrene/nitrenoid insertion into the ortho C-H bond of the aryl moiety gave the H4 -carbazolones and H2 -indolones. One carbazolone was elaborated to an intermediate reported in the total synthesis of N-decarbomethoxychanofruticosinate, (-)-aspidospermidine, (+)-kopsihainanine A. With 2-phenylcycloheptane-1,3-dione, prepared from cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, the azidation reaction was readily accomplished. However, the Rh-catalyzed reaction unexpectedly led to a labile but characterizable azirine rather than the indole derivative. Computations were performed to understand the differences in reactivities of the 5- and 6-membered 2-aryl-3-azidocycloalk-2-en-1-ones in comparison to the 7-membered analogue, and to support the structural assignment of the azirine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dellamol Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Padmanava Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Michelle C Neary
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexis M Piette
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, 300 W. Seward St., Ripon, WI 54971, USA
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Sun W, Raimbach WAT, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI, Harrowven DC. New approaches to ondansetron and alosetron inspire a versatile, flow photochemical method for indole synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:383-386. [PMID: 34860228 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative photocyclisation of N-arylenaminones to indoles is described, that mirrors the Fischer indole synthesis but uses anilines in place of arylhydrazines. Its value is exemplified with new approaches to the WHO-listed APIs ondansetron and alosetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Kaur N, Verma Y, Grewal P, Ahlawat N, Bhardwaj P, Jangid NK. Photochemical C–N bond forming reactions for the synthesis of five-membered fused N-heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1713378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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Usman M, Hu X, Liu W. Recent Advances and Perspectives in the Synthesis and Applications of Tetrahydrocarbazol‐4‐ones†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xu‐Dong Hu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wen‐Bo Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences; Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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Modha SG, Pöthig A, Dreuw A, Bach T. [6π] Photocyclization to cis-Hexahydrocarbazol-4-ones: Substrate Modification, Mechanism, and Scope. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1139-1153. [PMID: 30648858 PMCID: PMC6362434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Upon irradiation at λ = 366
nm, tertiary N-alkoxycarbonyl-N-aryl-β-enaminones
furnished
exclusively the trans-hexahydrocarbazol-4-ones by
a conrotatory [6π] photocyclization but epimerized on silica
to cis-hexahydrocarbazol-4-ones (14 examples, 44–98%
yield). The acceptor substitution on the nitrogen atom enhanced the
stability of the cyclized products compared to N-alkyl-N-aryl-β-enaminones reported previously. The mechanism
of the [6π] photocyclization was investigated by quenching experiments,
deuterium-labeling experiments, and DFT calculations, suggesting a
triplet pathway for the conrotatory ring closure followed by a suprafacial
[1,4] hydrogen migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin G Modha
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Ruprecht-Karls University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
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Meena K, Kumari S, Khurana JM, Malik A, Sharma C, Panwar H. One pot three component synthesis of spiro [indolo-3,10′-indeno[1,2- b ] quinolin]-2,4,11′-triones as a new class of antifungal and antimicrobial agents. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Dar'in DV, Lobanov PS. Push-pull enamines in the synthesis of fused azaheterocycles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Role of the electron-donating methoxy group on the photo-induced cyclization of 2-azadienes: a mechanistic study. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang LJ, Yan CG. One-pot domino reactions for synthesis of heterocyclic[3.3.3]propellanes and spiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-4,2′-indenes]. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yun XL, Bi WY, Huang JH, Liu Y, Zhang-Negrerie D, Du YF, Zhao K. Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Ban X, Pan Y, Lin Y, Wang S, Du Y, Zhao K. Synthesis of carbazolones and 3-acetylindoles via oxidative C–N bond formation through PIFA-mediated annulation of 2-aryl enaminones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3606-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Negri G, Kascheres C, Kascheres AJ. Recent development in preparation reactivity and biological activity of enaminoketones and enaminothiones and their utilization to prepare heterocyclic compounds. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570410402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Würtz S, Rakshit S, Neumann J, Dröge T, Glorius F. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization ofN-Aryl Enamines: From Anilines to Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7230-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Würtz S, Rakshit S, Neumann J, Dröge T, Glorius F. Palladium-katalysierte oxidative Cyclisierung vonN-Aryl-Enaminen: von Anilinen zu Indolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cacchi S, Fabrizi G, Filisti E. N-Propargylic β-Enaminones: Common Intermediates for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles and Pyridines. Org Lett 2008; 10:2629-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Cacchi
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Filisti
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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