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Gottfredson NC, Bhushan NL, Reyes HLM, Pettifor AE, Kahn K. Effects of Early Social Bonds on Adolescent Trajectories of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among South African Girls. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1173-1182. [PMID: 34622349 PMCID: PMC8940619 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this manuscript is to advance HIV risk behavior prevention efforts for South African adolescent girls by identifying distinct trajectory patterns across multiple behavioral domains for adolescent and young adults. We draw from a sample of N = 1070 adolescent girls from South Africa who were between the ages of 13-15 at baseline. Participants were followed across 6 waves of data collection between 2011 and 2019. We focus on predicting trajectories between ages 15 and 21. All participants were HIV negative and had not experienced sexual debut at baseline. We examine group-based multi-variable trajectories across several known HIV risk behaviors: earlier age of sexual debut, engaging in unprotected sex, engaging in transactional sex, earlier age at first pregnancy, and exposure to physical IPV. We characterized three prototypical joint trajectories: abstainers (54%), early unprotected sex (36%), and high-risk sexually active (11%). We then predicted membership based on the following baseline risk and protective factors: household expenditures, bonding to school, parental monitoring, number of close friends, and community engagement. We found that school bonding and parental monitoring were the strongest predictor of sexual risk, and that, among those in both the early unprotected sex and high-risk groups, risky behaviors like unprotected and transactional sex most frequently occurred early in adolescence. These findings suggest that interventions should target girls early in adolescence, and that interventions focused at improving school bonding and promoting parental involvement may be most effective at preventing risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, Turner KM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Gottlieb SL, Looker KJ. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:315-329. [PMID: 32514197 PMCID: PMC7265941 DOI: 10.2471/blt.19.237149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To generate global and regional estimates for the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infection for 2016. Methods To obtain data, we undertook a systematic review to identify studies up to August 2018. Adjustments were made to account for HSV test sensitivity and specificity. For each World Health Organization (WHO) region, we applied a constant incidence model to pooled prevalence by age and sex to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HSV types 1 and 2 infections. For HSV type 1, we apportioned infection by anatomical site using pooled estimates of the proportions that were oral and genital. Findings In 2016, an estimated 491.5 million people (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 430.4 million–610.6 million) were living with HSV type 2 infection, equivalent to 13.2% of the world’s population aged 15–49 years. An estimated 3752.0 million people (95% UI: 3555.5 million–3854.6 million) had HSV type 1 infection at any site, equivalent to a global prevalence of 66.6% in 0–49-year-olds. Differing patterns were observed by age, sex and geographical region, with HSV type 2 prevalence being highest among women and in the WHO African Region. Conclusion An estimated half a billion people had genital infection with HSV type 2 or type 1, and several billion had oral HSV type 1 infection. Millions of people may also be at higher risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly women in the WHO African Region who have the highest HSV type 2 prevalence and exposure to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte James
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
| | | | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
| | | | | | - Sami L Gottlieb
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katharine J Looker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
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Fearon E, Wiggins RD, Pettifor AE, MacPhail C, Kahn K, Selin A, Gómez-Olivé FX, Hargreaves JR. Friendships Among Young South African Women, Sexual Behaviours and Connections to Sexual Partners (HPTN 068). AIDS Behav 2019; 23:1471-1483. [PMID: 30684099 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Friends could be influential on young women's sexual health via influences on sexual behaviours and as connections to sexual partners, but are understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. We cross-sectionally surveyed 2326 13-20 year-old young women eligible for grades 8-11 in rural South Africa about their sexual behaviour and up to three sexual partners. Participants each described five specific but unidentified friends and the relationships between them in an 'egocentric' network analysis design. We used logistic regression to investigate associations between friendship characteristics and participants' reports of ever having had sex (n = 2326) and recent condom use (n = 457). We used linear regression with random effects by participant to investigate friendship characteristics and age differences with sexual partners (n = 633 participants, 1051 partners). We found that it was common for friends to introduce young women to those who later became sexual partners, and having older friends was associated with having older sexual partners, (increase of 0.37 years per friend at least 1 year older, 95% CI 0.21-0.52, adjusted). Young women were more likely to report ever having had sex when more friends were perceived to be sexually active (adjusted OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.72-2.01 per friend) and when they discussed sex, condoms and HIV with friends. Perception of friends' condom use was not associated with participants' reported condom use. While this study is preliminary and unique in this population and further research should be conducted, social connections between friends and sexual partners and perceptions of friend sexual behaviours could be considered in the design of sexual health interventions for young women in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fearon
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9 SH, UK.
| | - Richard D Wiggins
- Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Wits Reproductive Health Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine MacPhail
- Wits Reproductive Health Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amanda Selin
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - James R Hargreaves
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9 SH, UK
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Maenetje P, Lindan C, Makkan H, Chetty-Makkan CM, Latka MH, Charalambous S, Mlotshwa M, Malefo M, Brumskine W, Hills NK, Price MA, Edward V. HIV incidence and predictors of inconsistent condom use among adult men enrolled into an HIV vaccine preparedness study, Rustenburg, South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214786. [PMID: 30943254 PMCID: PMC6447216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding HIV incidence and risk behaviour among populations being considered for HIV vaccine studies is necessary for the appropriate design of trials. METHODS Between May 2012 and June 2015, we recruited men aged 18-49 years from urban and peri-urban areas of Rustenburg, a mining town in the North West Province, South Africa. Men who reported HIV-risk behaviour were followed for nine to 12 months to determine HIV incidence and factors associated with condom use. RESULTS A total of 400 HIV uninfected men were enrolled; 366 (91.5%) had at least one follow-up visit and were included in the analysis; 47.6% were under 25 years of age. HIV incidence was 1.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.79-4.56). Among heterosexual men (N = 339), 80.8% reported having vaginal intercourse with multiple partners in the past three months, among whom 74.1% reported inconsistent condom use. Sixty-eight percent reported vaginal intercourse with new female partners, of whom 40.6% reported inconsistent condom use. Over half (55.6%) of men who had sex with men (N = 27) reported anal intercourse with multiple male partners in the past three months, of whom 68.2% reported using condoms inconsistently. Men who had more than two female partners in the last three months (n = 121) were more likely to use condoms inconsistently (aOR 4.31, 95% CI: 1.34-13.8); in contrast, those with more than one new female sex partner (aOR 0.13, 94% CI 0.04-0.44), and whose sexual debut was after 19 years of age (aOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-1.01) were less likely to use condoms inconsistently. CONCLUSION HIV incidence was low and similar to other studies of heterosexual men in South Africa. To identify men at high risk for HIV for enrolment in prevention trials, future researchers may need to focus on those who report early sexual debut and who report having multiple sexual partners. Men in newer relationships appear to use condoms more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pholo Maenetje
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Salome Charalambous
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mandla Mlotshwa
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Nancy K. Hills
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, United States of America
| | - Vinodh Edward
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Advancing Care and Treatment for TB/HIV, A Collaborating Centre of the South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bowman‒Birk Inhibitor Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection of Human Cervical Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100557. [PMID: 30322047 PMCID: PMC6213026 DOI: 10.3390/v10100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bowman‒Birk inhibitor (BBI), a protease inhibitor derived from soybeans, has been extensively studied in anti-tumor and anti-inflammation research. We recently reported that BBI has an anti-HIV-1 property in primary human macrophages. Because HSV-2 infection plays a role in facilitating HIV-1 sexual transmission, we thus examined whether BBI has the ability to inhibit HSV-2 infection. We demonstrated that BBI could potently inhibit HSV-2 replication in human cervical epithelial cells (End1/E6E7). This BBI-mediated HSV-2 inhibition was partially through blocking HSV-2-mediated activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways. In addition, BBI could activate the JAK/STAT pathway and enhance the expression of several antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, BBI treatment of End1/E6E7 cells upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins and reduced HSV-2-mediated cellular ubiquitinated proteins’ degradation through suppressing the ubiquitin‒proteasome system. These observations indicate that BBI may have therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of HSV-2 infections.
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Fearon E, Wiggins RD, Pettifor AE, MacPhail C, Kahn K, Selin A, Gómez‐Olivé FX, Delany‐Moretlwe S, Piwowar‐Manning E, Laeyendecker O, Hargreaves JR. Associations between friendship characteristics and HIV and HSV-2 status amongst young South African women in HPTN-068. J Int AIDS Soc 2017; 20:e25029. [PMID: 29285883 PMCID: PMC5810346 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevalence of HIV among young women in South Africa remains extremely high. Adolescent peer groups have been found to be an important influence on a range of health behaviours. The characteristics of young women's friendships might influence their sexual health and HIV risk via connections to sexual partners, norms around sexual initiation and condom use, or provision of social support. We investigated associations between young women's friendships and their Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) and HIV infection status in rural South Africa. METHODS Our study is a cross-sectional, egocentric network analysis. In 2011 to 2012, we tested 13- to 20-year-old young women for HIV and HSV-2, and collected descriptions of five friendships for each. We generated summary measures describing friend socio-demographic characteristics and the number of friends perceived to have had sex. We used logistic regression to analyse associations between friend characteristics and participant HIV and HSV-2 infection, excluding likely perinatal HIV infections. RESULTS There were 2326 participants included in the study sample, among whom HIV and HSV-2 prevalence were 3.3% and 4.6% respectively. Adjusted for participant and friend socio-demographic characteristics, each additional friend at least one year older than the participant was associated with raised odds of HIV (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.82) and HSV-2 (adjusted OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.69). Each additional friend perceived to have ever had sex also raised the odds of HIV (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.63) and HSV-2 (OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.35). DISCUSSION We found good evidence that a greater number of older friends and friends perceived to have had sex were associated with increased risk for HSV-2 and HIV infection among young women. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of young women's friendships could contribute to their risk of HIV infection. The extent to which policies or programmes influence age-mixing and young women's normative environments should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fearon
- Department of Social and Environmental Health ResearchLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Richard D Wiggins
- Department of Social ScienceUCL Institute of EducationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Catherine MacPhail
- Wits RHIUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Health and SocietyUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt)School of Public HealthFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Centre for Global Health ResearchUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- INDEPTH NetworkAccraGhana
| | - Amanda Selin
- Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - F Xavier Gómez‐Olivé
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt)School of Public HealthFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- INDEPTH NetworkAccraGhana
| | | | | | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious DiseasesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - James R Hargreaves
- Department of Social and Environmental Health ResearchLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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