1
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Teng Y, Yang H, Tian Y. The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research. Molecules 2024; 29:4109. [PMID: 39274956 PMCID: PMC11397416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With low background radiation, tritiate compounds exclusively emit intense beta particles without structural changes. This makes them a useful tool in the drug discovery arsenal. Thanks to the recent rapid progress in tritium chemistry, the preparation and analysis of tritium-labeled compounds are now much easier, simpler, and cheaper. Pharmacokinetics, autoradiography, and protein binding studies have been much more efficient with the employment of tritium-labeled compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tritium-labeled compounds regarding their properties, synthesis strategies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Martinelli E, Spiller M, Weck R, Llompart P, Minoletti C, Güssregen S, Sib A, Derdau V. Pegylated Phosphine Ligands in Iridium(I) Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions in Aqueous Buffers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402038. [PMID: 38861127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a water-soluble, phosphine-pegylated iridium(I) catalyst and its application in hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions in buffer is reported. The longer polyethylene glycol side chains on the phosphine increased the water solubility independently from the pH. HIE reactions of polar substrates in protic solvents were studied. DFT calculations gave further insights into the catalytic processes. The scope and limitation of the pegylated catalyst was studied in HIE reactions of several complex compounds in borax buffer at pH 9 and the best conditions were applied in a tritium experiment with the drug telmisartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Spiller
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre Llompart
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Claire Minoletti
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Stefan Güssregen
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Ning J, Du B, Cao S, Liu X, Kong D. Combining Umpolung and Carbon Isotope Exchange Strategies for Accessing Isotopically Labeled α-Keto Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:5966-5971. [PMID: 38958587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The integration of umpolung and carbon isotope exchange for accessing isotopically labeled α-keto acids through photoredox catalysis is elucidated. This process involves the carbonyl umpolung of C(sp2)-α-keto acids to yield C(sp3)-α-thioketal acids, followed by the carbon isotope exchange of C(sp3)-α-thioketal acids, and ultimately, deprotection to generate carbon-labeled α-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoyang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shilong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Duanyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Pichugov AV, Escomel L, Lassalle S, Petit J, Jabbour R, Gajan D, Veyre L, Fonda E, Lesage A, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Highly Selective and Efficient Perdeuteration of n-Pentane via H/D Exchange Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Hafnium-Iridium Bimetallic Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400992. [PMID: 38373040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry (SOMC) approach is used to prepare a novel hafnium-iridium catalyst immobilized on silica, HfIr/SiO2, featuring well-defined [≡SiOHf(CH2 tBu)2(μ-H)3IrCp*] surface sites. Unlike the monometallic analogous materials Hf/SiO2 and Ir/SiO2, which promote n-pentane deuterogenolysis through C-C bond scission, we demonstrate that under the same experimental conditions (1 bar D2, 250 °C, 3 h, 0.5 mol %), the heterobimetallic catalyst HfIr/SiO2 is highly efficient and selective for the perdeuteration of alkanes with D2, exemplified on n-pentane, without substantial deuterogenolysis (<2 % at 95 % conversion). Furthermore this HfIr/SiO2 catalyst is robust and can be re-used several times without evidence of decomposition. This represents substantial advance in catalytic H/D isotope exchange (HIE) reactions of C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pichugov
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Lassalle
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Petit
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP-48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Kramp H, Weck R, Sandvoss M, Sib A, Mencia G, Fazzini PF, Chaudret B, Derdau V. In situ Generated Iridium Nanoparticles as Hydride Donors in Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions with Deuterium and Tritium Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308983. [PMID: 37453077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the photoredox-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction with deuterium or tritium gas as isotope sources and in situ formed transition metal nanoparticles as hydrogen atom transfer pre-catalysts. By this means we have found synergistic reactivities applying two different HIE mechanisms, namely photoredox-catalyzed and CH-functionalization HIE leading to the synthesis of highly deuterated complex molecules. Finally, we adopted these findings successfully to tritium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kramp
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Bauder-Wüst U, Schäfer M, Winter R, Remde Y, Roscher M, Breyl H, Poethko T, Tömböly C, Benešová-Schäfer M. Synthesis of tritium-labeled Lu-PSMA-617: Alternative tool for biological evaluation of radiometal-based pharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110819. [PMID: 37119703 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This project focuses on the generation and evaluation of functional alternatives to radiometal-based pharmaceuticals supporting basic research and the in vitro developmental phase. Employing robust tritium chemistry and non-radioactive metal surrogates in two synthetic and labeling strategies resulted in ([ring-3H]Nal)PSMA-617 and ([α,ß-3H]Nal)PSMA-617. In particular, ([α,ß-3H]Nal)Lu-PSMA-617 exhibited high radiolytic as well as metal-complex stability and was compared to the clinically-established radiopharmaceutical [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. The cell-based assays confirmed the applicability of ([α,ß-3H]Nal)Lu-PSMA-617 as a substitute of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in pre-clinical biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Service Unit for Radiopharmaceuticals and Preclinical Trials, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Winter
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Remde
- Service Unit for Radiopharmaceuticals and Preclinical Trials, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Service Unit for Radiopharmaceuticals and Preclinical Trials, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Breyl
- Executive Department for Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Poethko
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, DMPK, Apratherweg 18a, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Temesvári körút 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Martina Benešová-Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Park SY, Kim J, Ko HM. Modified Chemoselective Reduction and Consecutive Regioselective Deuteration Reaction Catalyzed by B(C 6F 5) 3. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1996-2005. [PMID: 36716117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An efficient chemoselective reduction of isatin derivatives using catalyst B(C6F5)3, benzyldimethylsilane, and H2O is described. Notably, a small amount of water is shown to be a highly effective reaction promoter that decreases the reaction time and temperature for the synthesis of indolin-3-ones. Moreover, using method, excellent deuterium incorporation is achieved via the catalytic α-deuteration of indolin-3-ones using B(C6F5)3 and D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Haye Min Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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8
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Derdau V, Sandvoss M. Synthesis and analysis of isotopically stable labeled nitrosamines as mass spectrometry standards for drug impurity quality control. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:41-46. [PMID: 36582077 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple and easy pathway to synthesize nitrosamine mass spectrometry standards in good to moderate yields. N-alkylation of Boc-protected primary or secondary amines using stable isotope labeled alkyl halides yielded the key intermediates that were deprotected, and then, the nitrosamine was formed with sodium nitrite and sodium hydrogensulfate. Special attention to safety, disposal of waste, and surface cleaning was carried throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Radjani Bidesi NS, Battisti UM, Lopes van de Broek S, Shalgunov V, Dall AM, Bøggild Kristensen J, Sehlin D, Syvänen S, Moos Knudsen G, Herth MM. Development of the First Tritiated Tetrazine: Facilitating Tritiation of Proteins. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200539. [PMID: 36333105 PMCID: PMC10100488 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazine (Tz)-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) ligation is an ultra-fast and highly selective reaction and it is particularly suited to label biomolecules under physiological conditions. As such, a 3 H-Tz based synthon would have wide applications for in vitro/ex vivo assays. In this study, we developed a 3 H-labeled Tz and characterized its potential for application to pretargeted autoradiography. Several strategies were explored to synthesize such a Tz. However, classical approaches such as reductive halogenation failed. For this reason, we designed a Tz containing an aldehyde and explored the possibility of reducing this group with NaBT4 . This approach was successful and resulted in [3 H]-(4-(6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyl)methan-t-ol with a radiochemical yield of 22 %, a radiochemical purity of 96 % and a molar activity of 0.437 GBq/μmol (11.8 Ci/mmol). The compound was successfully applied to pretargeted autoradiography. Thus, we report the synthesis of the first 3 H-labeled Tz and its successful application as a labeling building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Shalina Radjani Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Umberto Maria Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Lopes van de Broek
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Dall
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Smørmosevej 17-19, Bagsvaerd, 2880, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dag Sehlin
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Manfred Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Peters M, Bockfeld D, Tamm M. Cationic Iridium(I) NHC‐Phosphinidene Complexes and Their Application in Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig GERMANY
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11
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Ou W, Qiu C, Su C. Photo- and electro-catalytic deuteration of feedstock chemicals and pharmaceuticals: A review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Yang H, Huang Z, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Ren S, Strotman NA. Efficient Aliphatic Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange with Tritium Gas through the Merger of Photoredox and Hydrogenation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5010-5022. [PMID: 35263094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employment of a combination of an organophotoredox catalyst with Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl) has given rise to an unprecedented method for hydrogen-isotope exchange (HIE) of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds of complex pharmaceuticals using T2 gas directly. Wilkinson's catalyst, commonly used for catalytic hydrogenations, was exploited as a precatalyst for activation of D2 or T2 and hydrogen atom transfer. In this combined methodology and mechanistic study, we demonstrate that by coupling photocatalysis with Rh catalysis, carbon-centered radicals generated via photoredox catalysis can be intercepted by Rh-hydride intermediates to deliver an effective hydrogen atom donor for hydrogen-isotope labeling of complex molecules in one step. By optimizing the ratio of the photocatalyst and Wilkinson's catalyst to balance the rate of the dual catalytic cycles, we can achieve efficient HIE and high recovery yield. This protocol was readily applied to direct HIE of C(sp3)-H bonds in 10 complex drug molecules, showing high isotope incorporation efficiency and exceptionally good functional group tolerance and demonstrating this approach as a practical and attractive labeling method for deuteration and tritiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zheng Huang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sumei Ren
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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13
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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15
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Sokka IK, Imlimthan S, Sarparanta M, Maaheimo H, Johansson MP, Ekholm FS. Halogenation at the Phenylalanine Residue of Monomethyl Auristatin F Leads to a Favorable cis/ trans Equilibrium and Retained Cytotoxicity. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3125-3131. [PMID: 34296616 PMCID: PMC8397390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation can be utilized for the purposes of labeling and molecular imaging, providing a means to, e.g., follow drug distribution in an organism through positron emission tomography (PET) or study the molecular recognition events unfolding by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For cancer therapeutics, where often highly toxic substances are employed, it is of importance to be able to track the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in order to ensure minimal side effects. Labeling should ideally have a negligible disruptive effect on the efficacy of a given drug. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and cytotoxicity assays, we identify a site susceptible to halogenation in monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), a widely used cytotoxic agent in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) family of cancer drugs, and study the effects of fluorination and chlorination on the physiological solution structure of the auristatins and their cytotoxicity. We find that the cytotoxicity of the parent drug is retained, while the conformational equilibrium is shifted significantly toward the biologically active trans isomer, simultaneously decreasing the concentration of the inactive and potentially disruptive cis isomer by up to 50%. Our results may serve as a base for the future assembly of a multifunctional toolkit for the assessment of linker technologies and exploring bystander effects from the warhead perspective in auristatin-derived ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. Sokka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Surachet Imlimthan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, VTT, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikael P. Johansson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- CSC,
IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box
405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio
1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Uttry A, Mal S, van Gemmeren M. Late-Stage β-C(sp 3)-H Deuteration of Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10895-10901. [PMID: 34279928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are highly abundant in bioactive molecules. In this study, we describe the late-stage β-C(sp3)-H deuteration of free carboxylic acids. On the basis of the finding that C-H activation with our catalysts is reversible, the de-deuteration process was first optimized. The resulting method uses ethylenediamine-based ligands and can be used to achieve the desired deuteration when using a deuterated solvent. The reported method allows for the functionalization of a wide range of free carboxylic acids with diverse substitution patterns, as well as the late-stage deuteration of bioactive molecules and related frameworks and enables the functionalization of nonactivated methylene β-C(sp3)-H bonds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Uttry
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sourjya Mal
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Kerr WJ, Knox GJ, Reid M, Tuttle T. Catalyst design in C-H activation: a case study in the use of binding free energies to rationalise intramolecular directing group selectivity in iridium catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6747-6755. [PMID: 34040751 PMCID: PMC8132953 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote directing groups in a bifunctional molecule do not always behave independently of one another in C-H activation chemistries. A combined DFT and experimental mechanistic study to provide enhanced Ir catalysts for chemoselective C-H deuteration of bifunctional aryl primary sulfonamides is described. This provides a pharmaceutically-relevant and limiting case study in using binding energies to predict intramolecular directing group chemoselectivity. Rational catalyst design, guided solely by qualitative substrate-catalyst binding free energy predictions, enabled intramolecular discrimination between competing ortho-directing groups in C-H activation and delivered improved catalysts for sulfonamide-selective C-H deuteration. As a result, chemoselective binding of the primary sulfonamide moiety was achieved in the face of an intrinsically more powerful pyrazole directing group present in the same molecule. Detailed DFT calculations and mechanistic experiments revealed a breakdown in the applied binding free energy model, illustrating the important interconnectivity of ligand design, substrate geometry, directing group cooperativity, and solvation in supporting DFT calculations. This work has important implications around attempts to predict intramolecular C-H activation directing group chemoselectivity using simplified monofunctional fragment molecules. More generally, these studies provide insights for catalyst design methods in late-stage C-H functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kerr
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
| | - Gary J Knox
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland UK
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18
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Tlahuext-Aca A, Hartwig JF. Site-Selective Silver-Catalyzed C-H Bond Deuteration of Five-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles and Pharmaceuticals. ACS Catal 2021; 11:1119-1127. [PMID: 35586574 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic methods for the direct introduction of hydrogen isotopes into organic molecules are essential to the development of improved pharmaceuticals and to the alteration of their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. However, the development of homogeneous catalysts for selective incorporation of isotopes in the absence of directing groups under practical conditions remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we show that a phosphine-ligated, silver-carbonate complex catalyzes the site-selective deuteration of C-H bonds in five-membered aromatic heterocycles and active pharmaceutical ingredients that have been resistant to catalytic H/D exchange. The reactions occur with CH3OD as a low-cost source of the isotope. The silver catalysts react with five-membered heteroarenes lacking directing groups, tolerate a wide range of functional groups, and react in both polar and nonpolar solvents. Mechanistic experiments, including deuterium kinetic isotope effects, determination of kinetic orders, and identification of the catalyst resting state, support C-H bond cleavage from a phosphine-ligated, silver-carbonate intermediate as the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tlahuext-Aca
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Kong D, Munch M, Qiqige Q, Cooze CJC, Rotstein BH, Lundgren RJ. Fast Carbon Isotope Exchange of Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2200-2206. [PMID: 33507731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole/cyanobenzene photocatalysts promote the direct isotopic carboxylate exchange of C(sp3) acids with labeled CO2. Substrates that are not compatible with transition-metal-catalyzed degradation-reconstruction approaches or prone to thermally induced reversible decarboxylation undergo isotopic incorporation at room temperature in short reaction times. The radiolabeling of drug molecules and precursors with [11C]CO2 is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Maxime Munch
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Qiqige Qiqige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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20
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Tritiation of aryl thianthrenium salts with a molecular palladium catalyst. Nature 2021; 600:444-449. [PMID: 34912086 PMCID: PMC8674128 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tritium labelling is a critical tool for investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs, autoradiography, receptor binding and receptor occupancy studies1. Tritium gas is the preferred source of tritium for the preparation of labelled molecules because it is available in high isotopic purity2. The introduction of tritium labels from tritium gas is commonly achieved by heterogeneous transition-metal-catalysed tritiation of aryl (pseudo)halides. However, heterogeneous catalysts such as palladium supported on carbon operate through a reaction mechanism that also results in the reduction of other functional groups that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals3. Homogeneous palladium catalysts can react chemoselectively with aryl (pseudo)halides but have not been used for hydrogenolysis reactions because, after required oxidative addition, they cannot split dihydrogen4. Here we report a homogenous hydrogenolysis reaction with a well defined, molecular palladium catalyst. We show how the thianthrene leaving group-which can be introduced selectively into pharmaceuticals by late-stage C-H functionalization5-differs in its coordinating ability to relevant palladium(II) catalysts from conventional leaving groups to enable the previously unrealized catalysis with dihydrogen. This distinct reactivity combined with the chemoselectivity of a well defined molecular palladium catalyst enables the tritiation of small-molecule pharmaceuticals that contain functionality that may otherwise not be tolerated by heterogeneous catalysts. The tritiation reaction does not require an inert atmosphere or dry conditions and is therefore practical and robust to execute, and could have an immediate impact in the discovery and development of pharmaceuticals.
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21
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Landge VG, Shrestha KK, Grant AJ, Young MC. Regioselective α-Deuteration of Michael Acceptors Mediated by Isopropylamine in D2O/AcOD. Org Lett 2020; 22:9745-9750. [PMID: 33259211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod G. Landge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Kendra K. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Aaron J. Grant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry & Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mailstop 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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22
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Derdau V. Isotopically labelled compounds in research projects of life sciences. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:60. [PMID: 33226661 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Porte V, Di Mauro G, Schupp M, Kaiser D, Maulide N. Chemoselective Alpha-Deuteration of Amides via Retro-ene Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:15509-15512. [PMID: 33035360 PMCID: PMC7756638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A synthetically convenient approach for the direct α‐deuteration of amides is reported. This mechanistically unusual process relies on a retro‐ene‐type process, triggered by the addition of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide to a keteniminium intermediate, generated through electrophilic amide activation. The transformation displays broad functional‐group tolerance and high deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Porte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Di Mauro
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Schupp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM-Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM-Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Daniel-Bertrand M, Garcia-Argote S, Palazzolo A, Mustieles Marin I, Fazzini PF, Tricard S, Chaudret B, Derdau V, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Multiple Site Hydrogen Isotope Labelling of Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21114-21120. [PMID: 33463019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabelling is fundamental in drug discovery and development as it is mandatory for preclinical ADME studies and late-stage human clinical trials. Herein, a general, effective, and easy to implement method for the multiple site incorporation of deuterium and tritium atoms using the commercially available and air-stable iridium precatalyst [Ir(COD)(OMe)]2 is described. A large scope of pharmaceutically relevant substructures can be labelled using this method including pyridine, pyrazine, indole, carbazole, aniline, oxa-/thia-zoles, thiophene, but also electron-rich phenyl groups. The high functional group tolerance of the reaction is highlighted by the labelling of a wide range of complex pharmaceuticals, containing notably halogen or sulfur atoms and nitrile groups. The multiple site hydrogen isotope incorporation has been explained by the in situ formation of complementary catalytically active species: monometallic iridium complexes and iridium nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Daniel-Bertrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Bat 547, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Garcia-Argote
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Bat 547, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Bat 547, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Irene Mustieles Marin
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215, INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215, INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215, INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5215, INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Bat 547, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Bat 547, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Kerr WJ, Knox GJ, Reid M, Tuttle T, Bergare J, Bragg RA. Computationally-Guided Development of a Chelated NHC-P Iridium(I) Complex for the Directed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Aryl Sulfones. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11120-11126. [PMID: 33123410 PMCID: PMC7587147 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the rational, computationally-guided design of an iridium(I) catalyst system capable of enabling directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) with the challenging sulfone directing group. Substrate binding energy was used as a parameter to guide rational ligand design via an in silico catalyst screen, resulting in a lead series of chelated iridium(I) NHC-phosphine complexes. Subsequent preparative studies show that the optimal catalyst system displays high levels of activity in HIE, and we demonstrate the labeling of a broad scope of substituted aryl sulfones. We also show that the activity of the catalyst is maintained at low pressures of deuterium gas and apply these conditions to tritium radiolabeling, including the expedient synthesis of a tritium-labeled drug molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Gary J. Knox
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Ryan A. Bragg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
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26
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Legros F, Fernandez‐Rodriguez P, Mishra A, Weck R, Bauer A, Sandvoss M, Ruf S, Méndez M, Mora‐Radó H, Rackelmann N, Pöverlein C, Derdau V. Photoredox‐Mediated Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions of Amino‐Acids, Peptides, and Peptide‐Derived Drugs. Chemistry 2020; 26:12738-12742. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Legros
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Anurag Mishra
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Helena Mora‐Radó
- TIDES Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Nils Rackelmann
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Christoph Pöverlein
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Integrated Drug Discovery Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt Germany
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27
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Daniel‐Bertrand M, Garcia‐Argote S, Palazzolo A, Mustieles Marin I, Fazzini P, Tricard S, Chaudret B, Derdau V, Feuillastre S, Pieters G. Multiple Site Hydrogen Isotope Labelling of Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Daniel‐Bertrand
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA INRAE Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM Bat 547 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Sébastien Garcia‐Argote
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA INRAE Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM Bat 547 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA INRAE Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM Bat 547 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Irene Mustieles Marin
- LPCNO Université de Toulouse UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Pier‐Francesco Fazzini
- LPCNO Université de Toulouse UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO Université de Toulouse UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO Université de Toulouse UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS Institut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Hoechst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA INRAE Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM Bat 547 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA INRAE Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM Bat 547 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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28
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Koneczny M, Phong Ho L, Nasr A, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Iridium(I) Complexes with Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands as Catalysts for H/D Exchange in Nonpolar Media. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Koneczny
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
| | - Luong Phong Ho
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
| | - Alexandre Nasr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Hagenring 30 Germany)
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29
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Zheng QH. Radioligands targeting purinergic P2X7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kerr WJ, Knox GJ, Paterson LC. Recent advances in iridium(I) catalysis towards directed hydrogen isotope exchange. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:281-295. [PMID: 31713876 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The initial discovery and establishment of a family of novel iridium catalysts possessing N-heterocyclic carbene units alongside bulky phosphine ligands allowed selected substrates to be labelled using deuterium or tritium gas at desirably low catalyst loadings via an ortho-directed C-H insertion process. Such a method has broad applicability and offers distinct advantages within the pharmaceutical industry, directly facilitating the ability to carefully monitor a potential drug molecule's biological fate. Over the past decade since these initial protocols were divulged, many additional advances have been made in terms of catalyst design and substrate scope. This review describes the broadened array of new iridium catalysts and associated protocols for direct and selective C-H activation and hydrogen isotope insertion within a number of new chemical entities of direct relevance to the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
| | - Gary J Knox
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura C Paterson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
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31
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Valero M, Kruissink T, Blass J, Weck R, Güssregen S, Plowright AT, Derdau V. C-H Functionalization-Prediction of Selectivity in Iridium(I)-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Competition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5626-5631. [PMID: 31917506 PMCID: PMC7232431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of the C-H activation catalyst [(COD)Ir(IMes)(PPh3 )]PF6 (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene, IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) in the deuteration of phenyl rings containing different functional directing groups is divulged. Competition experiments have revealed a clear order of the directing groups in the hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) with an iridium (I) catalyst. Through DFT calculations the iridium-substrate coordination complex has been identified to be the main trigger for reactivity and selectivity in the competition situation with two or more directing groups. We postulate that the competition concept found in this HIE reaction can be used to explain regioselectivities in other transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization reactions of complex drug-type molecules as long as a C-H activation mechanism is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Thomas Kruissink
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jennifer Blass
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Stefan Güssregen
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIndustriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
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32
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Valero M, Bouzouita D, Palazzolo A, Atzrodt J, Dugave C, Tricard S, Feuillastre S, Pieters G, Chaudret B, Derdau V. NHC-Stabilized Iridium Nanoparticles as Catalysts in Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions of Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3517-3522. [PMID: 31849160 PMCID: PMC7079112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized iridium nanoparticles and their application in hydrogen isotope exchange reactions is reported. These air-stable and easy-to-handle iridium nanoparticles showed a unique catalytic activity, allowing selective and efficient hydrogen isotope incorporation on anilines using D2 or T2 as isotopic source. The usefulness of this transformation has been demonstrated by the deuterium and tritium labeling of diverse complex pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR, 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- SCBM, JOLIOT Institute, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christophe Dugave
- SCBM, JOLIOT Institute, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR, 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- SCBM, JOLIOT Institute, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- SCBM, JOLIOT Institute, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR, 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Govaerts S, Nyuchev A, Noel T. Pushing the boundaries of C–H bond functionalization chemistry using flow technology. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H functionalization chemistry is one of the most vibrant research areas within synthetic organic chemistry. While most researchers focus on the development of small-scale batch-type transformations, more recently such transformations have been carried out in flow reactors to explore new chemical space, to boost reactivity or to enable scalability of this important reaction class. Herein, an up-to-date overview of C–H bond functionalization reactions carried out in continuous-flow microreactors is presented. A comprehensive overview of reactions which establish the formal conversion of a C–H bond into carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds is provided; this includes metal-assisted C–H bond cleavages, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and C–H bond functionalizations which involve an SE-type process to aromatic or olefinic systems. Particular focus is devoted to showcase the advantages of flow processing to enhance C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Consequently, it is our hope that this review will serve as a guide to inspire researchers to push the boundaries of C–H functionalization chemistry using flow technology.
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34
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Valero M, Kruissink T, Blass J, Weck R, Güssregen S, Plowright AT, Derdau V. C−H Functionalization—Prediction of Selectivity in Iridium(I)‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Competition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Kruissink
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jennifer Blass
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stefan Güssregen
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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35
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Valero M, Bouzouita D, Palazzolo A, Atzrodt J, Dugave C, Tricard S, Feuillastre S, Pieters G, Chaudret B, Derdau V. NHC‐Stabilized Iridium Nanoparticles as Catalysts in Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions of Anilines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-ObjetsUMR5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Alberto Palazzolo
- SCBMJOLIOT InstituteCEAUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christophe Dugave
- SCBMJOLIOT InstituteCEAUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-ObjetsUMR5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- SCBMJOLIOT InstituteCEAUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- SCBMJOLIOT InstituteCEAUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-ObjetsUMR5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&DIntegrated Drug Discovery Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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36
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Iridium Catalysts for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Müller V, Weck R, Derdau V, Ackermann L. Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Pharmaceutical Drugs by C−H Deuteration and C−H Tritiation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIsotope ChemistrySanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt am Main 65926 Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- R&DIntegrated Drug DiscoveryIsotope ChemistrySanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt am Main 65926 Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 Göttingen 37077 Germany
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38
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Chang Y, Myers T, Wasa M. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed α-Deuteration of Bioactive Carbonyl Compounds with D 2O. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 362:360-364. [PMID: 32256276 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient deuteration process of α-C-H bonds in various carbonyl-based pharmaceutical compounds has been developed. Catalytic reactions are initiated by the action of Lewis acidic B(C6F5)3 and D2O, converting a drug molecule into the corresponding boron-enolate. Ensuing deuteration of the enolate by in situ-generated D2O+-H then results in the formation of α-deuterated bioactive carbonyl compounds with up to >98% deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Tanner Myers
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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39
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Chang Y, Yesilcimen A, Cao M, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Chan JZ, Wasa M. Catalytic Deuterium Incorporation within Metabolically Stable β-Amino C-H Bonds of Drug Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14570-14575. [PMID: 31480842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient deuteration process of β-amino C-H bonds in various N-alkylamine-based pharmaceutical compounds has been developed. Catalytic reactions begin with the action of Lewis acidic B(C6F5)3 and Brønsted basic N-alkylamine, converting a drug molecule into the corresponding enamine. The acid/base catalysts also promote the dedeuteration of acetone-d6 to afford a deuterated ammonium ion. Ensuing deuteration of the enamine then leads to the formation of β-deuterated bioactive amines with up to 99% deuterium incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Ahmet Yesilcimen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Bochao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Jessica Z Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
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40
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Marzorati S, Messina M, Ghiglieri A. Autoradioluminography, a powerful and reliable tool for drug development: Accelera's experience. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:776-784. [PMID: 31379030 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug candidate is a pivotal component of drug discovery and development. Autoradiography is an excellent technique allowing exploiting the advantages of the use of radioisotopes in the drug disscovery field. The introduction of phosphor imaging technology has revolutionized the handling of drug distribution studies providing high-resolution images. Specifically, quantitative whole-body autoradioluminography is employed for preclinical study where the aim is to obtain information about the route of elimination and tissue distribution of a drug candidate. Autoradioluminography is also the technique of choice pursued to deal with all the issue that it is possible to encounter in all stage of drug development (ie, site-specific drug localization and retention, drug-drug interactions, penetration into specific target, specific tissue binding, crossing of brain blood barrier, and placental transfer). The purpose of this review is to give a picture of how autoradiography is employed in our laboratory as a key tool for advances in the assessment of the drug disposition and to validate new experimental models.
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41
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Valero M, Mishra A, Blass J, Weck R, Derdau V. Comparison of Iridium(I) Catalysts in Temperature Mediated Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1183-1189. [PMID: 31497473 PMCID: PMC6718078 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity and selectivity of iridium(I) catalysed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions can be varied by using wide range of reaction temperatures. Herein, we have done a detailed comparison study with common iridium(I) catalysts (1–6) which will help us to understand and optimize the approaches of either high selectivity or maximum deuterium incorporation. We have demonstrated that the temperature window for these studied iridium(I) catalysts is surprisingly very broad. This principle was further proven in some HIE reactions on complex drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Anurag Mishra
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jennifer Blass
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry Industriepark Höchst Frankfurt Germany
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42
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Brož B, Marek A. Tritiodefluorination of alkyl C-F groups. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:743-750. [PMID: 31267564 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward methodology of fluorine substitution by tritium/deuterium is reported. The described method is selective towards the F─C (sp3 ) group and leaves both the aromatic F─C (sp2 ) and F2 ─C (sp3 ) moieties unaffected. Alkylfluorides, readily synthesized from appropriate alcohols by treatment with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) reagent in an overall yield up to 76%, undergoes activation with the boron-based Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 , and stoichiometric in situ reduction with a tritide/deuteride reagent-the [TMP2(3) H][2(3) HB(C6 F5 )3 ] system of frustrated Lewis pair. This methodology provides an isolated yield of up to 93% of regio-specifically labeled small organic compounds with superior 2 H-enrichment of over 95%. The specific activity of prepared 1-(2-[3 H]-ethyl)naphthalene was determined at 29.0 Ci/mmol. The site selectivity of the Lewis acid/ [TMP2(3) H][2(3) HB(C6 F5 )3 ] approach is orthogonal to currently used methods and allows for isotopic labeling of complementary positions in molecules. Reported labeling methodology proceeds well at ultra-mild reaction conditions (220 mbar of T2 ), allowing very low consumption of the radioactive source (4.2 Ci/156 GBq), and producing limited amount of radioactive waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Břetislav Brož
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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43
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Doubková S, Marek A. Frustrated Lewis pairs: A real alternative to deuteride/tritide reductions. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:729-742. [PMID: 31170318 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium- and tritium-labeled compounds play a principal role in tracing of biologically active molecules in complicated biochemical systems. The state-of-the-art techniques using noble metal catalysts or strong reducing agents often suffers from low functional group tolerances, poor selectivity, tricky or multistep synthesis of reagents, and low specific activity of the labeled product. Herein, we demonstrate a mild and nonmetallic technique of deuteration and tritiation of polarized double bonds, such as carbonyl compounds, yielding labeled alcohols of high specific activities. This one-pot synthesis uses carrier-free hydrogen gas in situ activated by a freshly prepared frustrated Lewis pair, generating reducing reagents. This labeling strategy shows better selectivity and functional group tolerances compared with current reductive methods. Reported is an example of the selective reduction of the aldehyde moiety of 3-acetylbenzaldehyde. What makes this technology groundbreaking is its mildness, selectivity, and generation of limited amount of radioactive waste as almost no byproducts were generated after use of (B(C6 F5 )3 3 H)(3 HTMP) reducing reagent. Radiochemical purity of desired 3 H-labeled product in a crude reaction mixture was determined of over 94%. This work provides, to the community of radiochemists, a practical protocol for frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP)-assisted deuterium/tritium labeling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Doubková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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44
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Arevalo R, Chirik PJ. Enabling Two-Electron Pathways with Iron and Cobalt: From Ligand Design to Catalytic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9106-9123. [PMID: 31084022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysis with Earth-abundant, first-row transition metals, including iron and cobalt, has gained considerable recent attention as a potentially cost-effective and sustainable alternative to more commonly and historically used precious metals. Because fundamental organometallic transformations, such as oxidative addition and reductive elimination, are two-electron processes and essential steps in many important catalytic cycles, controlling redox chemistry-in particular overcoming one-electron chemistry-has been as a central challenge with Earth-abundant metals. This Perspective focuses on approaches to impart sufficiently strong ligand fields to generate electron-rich metal complexes able to promote oxidative addition reactions where the redox changes are exclusively metal-based. Emphasis is placed on how ligand design and exploration of fundamental organometallic chemistry coupled with mechanistic understanding have been used to discover iron catalysts for the hydrogen isotope exchange in pharmaceuticals and cobalt catalysts for C(sp2)-H borylation reactions. A pervasive theme is that first-row metal complexes often promote unique chemistry from their precious-metal counterparts, demonstrating that these elements offer a host of new opportunities for reaction discovery and for more sustainable catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arevalo
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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45
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Shevchenko VP, Nagaev IY, Myasoedov NF. Effect of Processes Occurring in the Presence of Metal Catalysts on the Main Characteristics of the Hydrogen Isotope Labeled Organic Compounds Obtained. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362219030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Valero M, Becker D, Jess K, Weck R, Atzrodt J, Bannenberg T, Derdau V, Tamm M. Directed Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions of Phenylacetic Acid Esters and Amides. Chemistry 2019; 25:6517-6522. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- Integrated Drug DiscoverySanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Daniel Becker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kristof Jess
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Integrated Drug DiscoverySanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- Integrated Drug DiscoverySanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Integrated Drug DiscoverySanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, R&D Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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47
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Wang K, Chen X, Peng X, Wang P, Liang F. A highly selective H/D exchange reaction of 1,4-dihydropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3845-3852. [PMID: 30938395 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a simple, economical, and effective acid-mediated method for the in situ deuteration of Hantzsch esters and their 4-substituted derivatives, including some drugs that constitute important calcium channel blockers which are effective for hypertension treatment. Hydrogen isotope exchange occurred selectively at α-alkyl C-H bonds in the 2,6-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
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48
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Palazzolo A, Feuillastre S, Pfeifer V, Garcia‐Argote S, Bouzouita D, Tricard S, Chollet C, Marcon E, Buisson D, Cholet S, Fenaille F, Lippens G, Chaudret B, Pieters G. Efficient Access to Deuterated and Tritiated Nucleobase Pharmaceuticals and Oligonucleotides using Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4891-4895. [PMID: 30768844 PMCID: PMC6593778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A general approach for the efficient hydrogen-isotope exchange of nucleobase derivatives is described. Catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles, using mild reaction conditions, and involving either D2 or T2 as isotopic sources, this reaction possesses a wide substrate scope and a high solvent tolerability. This novel method facilitates the access to essential diagnostic tools in drug discovery and development: tritiated pharmaceuticals with high specific activities and deuterated oligonucleotides suitable for use as internal standards during LC-MS quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viktor Pfeifer
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | | | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Céline Chollet
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Elodie Marcon
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | | | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Guy Lippens
- LISBPUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, UPS135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
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49
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Palazzolo A, Feuillastre S, Pfeifer V, Garcia‐Argote S, Bouzouita D, Tricard S, Chollet C, Marcon E, Buisson D, Cholet S, Fenaille F, Lippens G, Chaudret B, Pieters G. Efficient Access to Deuterated and Tritiated Nucleobase Pharmaceuticals and Oligonucleotides using Hydrogen‐Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viktor Pfeifer
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Céline Chollet
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Guy Lippens
- LISBPUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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50
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Zarate C, Yang H, Bezdek MJ, Hesk D, Chirik PJ. Ni(I)–X Complexes Bearing a Bulky α-Diimine Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, and Superior Catalytic Performance in the Hydrogen Isotope Exchange in Pharmaceuticals. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5034-5044. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cayetana Zarate
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haifeng Yang
- MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Máté J. Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David Hesk
- MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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