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Dornburg A, Zapfe KL, Williams R, Alfaro ME, Morris R, Adachi H, Flores J, Santini F, Near TJ, Frédérich B. Considering Decoupled Phenotypic Diversification Between Ontogenetic Phases in Macroevolution: An Example Using Triggerfishes (Balistidae). Syst Biol 2024; 73:434-454. [PMID: 38490727 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Across the Tree of Life, most studies of phenotypic disparity and diversification have been restricted to adult organisms. However, many lineages have distinct ontogenetic phases that differ from their adult forms in morphology and ecology. Focusing disproportionately on the evolution of adult forms unnecessarily hinders our understanding of the pressures shaping evolution over time. Non-adult disparity patterns are particularly important to consider for coastal ray-finned fishes, which can have juvenile phases with distinct phenotypes. These juvenile forms are often associated with sheltered nursery environments, with phenotypic shifts between adults and juvenile stages that are readily apparent in locomotor morphology. Whether this ontogenetic variation in locomotor morphology reflects a decoupling of diversification dynamics between life stages remains unknown. Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of locomotor morphology between adult and juvenile triggerfishes. We integrate a time-calibrated phylogenetic framework with geometric morphometric approaches and measurement data of fin aspect ratio and incidence, and reveal a mismatch between morphospace occupancy, the evolution of morphological disparity, and the tempo of trait evolution between life stages. Collectively, our results illuminate how the heterogeneity of morpho-functional adaptations can decouple the mode and tempo of morphological diversification between ontogenetic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Katerina L Zapfe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Rachel Williams
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UR, UK
| | - Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Morris
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Haruka Adachi
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Joseph Flores
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Francesco Santini
- Associazione Italiana per lo Studio della Biodiversità, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, FOCUS, University of Liège, Quartier AGORA, Allée du six Août 11 (B6c), 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Arroyave J, Martinez CM, Stiassny MLJ. DNA barcoding uncovers extensive cryptic diversity in the African long-fin tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis (Alestidae: Characiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:379-392. [PMID: 31001832 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the presence of cryptic diversity in the African longfin-tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis, we employed DNA barcoding in a phylogeographic context, as well as geometric morphometrics, documenting for the first time genetic and body shape variation in the species. Analysis of cytochrome oxidase I gene (coI) sequence variation exposed extremely high levels of genetic differentiation among samples from across the geographic range of the species (up to 18%), certainly much greater than the traditionally employed c. 3% sequence divergence heuristic threshold for conspecifics. Phylogeographic analyses of coI data revealed eight clusters/clades that diverge by >4% and up to 18% (p-distance), potentially representing cryptic members of a species complex. A clear biogeographic pattern was also uncovered, in which the two main coI lineages corresponded geographically with the upper Guinea (UG) and lower Guinea (LG) ichthyofaunal provinces of continental Africa, respectively. Within each of these main lineages, however, no apparent phylogeographic structuring was found. Despite strong genetic differentiation, there is considerable overlap in body shape variation between UG and LG populations. For the most part, morphological variation does not match the strength of the molecular phylogeographic signal. Therefore, the ability to reliably utilise external body shape for regional delimitation remains elusive. Further anatomical investigation appears necessary to establish whether compelling diagnostic morphological features do exist between the divergent lineages of the B. longipinnis complex uncovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Arroyave
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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Gidmark NJ, Pos K, Matheson B, Ponce E, Westneat MW. Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Feeding in Fishes. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Stange M, Aguirre-Fernández G, Salzburger W, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Study of morphological variation of northern Neotropical Ariidae reveals conservatism despite macrohabitat transitions. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:38. [PMID: 29587647 PMCID: PMC5870521 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological convergence triggered by trophic adaptations is a common pattern in adaptive radiations. The study of shape variation in an evolutionary context is usually restricted to well-studied fish models. We take advantage of the recently revised systematics of New World Ariidae and investigate skull shape evolution in six genera of northern Neotropical Ariidae. They constitute a lineage that diversified in the marine habitat but repeatedly adapted to freshwater habitats. 3D geometric morphometrics was applied for the first time in catfish skulls and phylogenetically informed statistical analyses were performed to test for the impact of habitat on skull diversification after habitat transition in this lineage. RESULTS We found that skull shape is conserved throughout phylogeny. A morphospace analysis revealed that freshwater and marine species occupy extreme ends of the first principal component axis and that they exhibit similar Procrustes variances. Yet freshwater species occupy the smallest shape space compared to marine and brackish species (based on partial disparity), and marine and freshwater species have the largest Procrustes distance to each other. We observed a single case of shape convergence as derived from 'C-metrics', which cannot be explained by the occupation of the same habitat. CONCLUSIONS Although Ariidae occupy such a broad spectrum of different habitats from sea to freshwater, the morphospace analysis and analyses of shape and co-variation with habitat in a phylogenetic context shows that conservatism dominates skull shape evolution among ariid genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR. Body size and mortality rates in coral reef fishes: a three-phase relationship. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1858. [PMID: 27798308 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size is closely linked to mortality rates in many animals, although the overarching patterns in this relationship have rarely been considered for multiple species. A meta-analysis of published size-specific mortality rates for coral reef fishes revealed an exponential decline in mortality rate with increasing body size, however, within this broad relationship there are three distinct phases. Phase one is characterized by naive fishes recruiting to reefs, which suffer extremely high mortality rates. In this well-studied phase, fishes must learn quickly to survive the many predation risks. After just a few days, the surviving fishes enter phase two, in which small increases in body size result in pronounced increases in lifespan (estimated 11 d mm-1). Remarkably, approximately 50% of reef fish individuals remain in phase two throughout their lives. Once fishes reach a size threshold of about 43 mm total length (TL) they enter phase three, where mortality rates are relatively low and the pressure to grow is presumably, significantly reduced. These phases provide a clearer understanding of the impact of body size on mortality rates in coral reef fishes and begin to reveal critical insights into the energetic and trophic dynamics of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harry Robert Goatley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David Roy Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Outomuro D, Johansson F. A potential pitfall in studies of biological shape: Does size matter? J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1447-1457. [PMID: 28699246 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The number of published studies using geometric morphometrics (GM) for analysing biological shape has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, covering multiple research areas such as ecology, evolution, development, taxonomy and palaeontology. Unfortunately, we have observed that many published studies using GM do not evaluate the potential allometric effects of size on shape, which normally require consideration or assessment. This might lead to misinterpretations and flawed conclusions in certain cases, especially when size effects explain a large part of the shape variation. We assessed, for the first time and in a systematic manner, how often published studies that have applied GM consider the potential effects of allometry on shape. We reviewed the 300 most recent published papers that used GM for studying biological shape. We also estimated how much of the shape variation was explained by allometric effects in the reviewed papers. More than one-third (38%) of the reviewed studies did not consider the allometric component of shape variation. In studies where the allometric component was taken into account, it was significant in 88% of the cases, explaining up to 87.3% of total shape variation. We believe that one reason that may cause the observed results is a misunderstanding of the process that superimposes landmark configurations, i.e. the Generalized Procrustes Analysis, which removes isometric effects of size on shape, but not allometric effects. Allometry can be a crucial component of shape variation. We urge authors to address, and report, size effects in studies of biological shape. However, we do not propose to always remove size effects, but rather to evaluate the research question with and without the allometric component of shape variation. This approach can certainly provide a thorough understanding of how much size contributes to the observed shaped variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Outomuro
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Martinez CM, Sparks JS. Malagasy cichlids differentially limit impacts of body shape evolution on oral jaw functional morphology. Evolution 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Martinez
- Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History New York 10024
- Current address: Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis California 95616
| | - John S. Sparks
- Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History New York 10024
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Floeter SR, Bender MG, Siqueira AC, Cowman PF. Phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:131-151. [PMID: 28464469 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits have been fundamental to the evolution and diversification of entire fish lineages on coral reefs. Yet their relationship with the processes promoting speciation, extinction and the filtering of local species pools remains unclear. We review the current literature exploring the evolution of diet, body size, water column use and geographic range size in reef-associated fishes. Using published and new data, we mapped functional traits on to published phylogenetic trees to uncover evolutionary patterns that have led to the current functional diversity of fishes on coral reefs. When examining reconstructed patterns for diet and feeding mode, we found examples of independent transitions to planktivory across different reef fish families. Such transitions and associated morphological alterations may represent cases in which ecological opportunity for the exploitation of different resources drives speciation and adaptation. In terms of body size, reconstructions showed that both large and small sizes appear multiple times within clades of mid-sized fishes and that extreme body sizes have arisen mostly in the last 10 million years (Myr). The reconstruction of range size revealed many cases of disparate range sizes among sister species. Such range size disparity highlights potential vicariant processes through isolation in peripheral locations. When accounting for peripheral speciation processes in sister pairs, we found a significant relationship between labrid range size and lineage age. The diversity and evolution of traits within lineages is influenced by trait-environment interactions as well as by species and trait-trait interactions, where the presence of a given trait may trigger the development of related traits or behaviours. Our effort to assess the evolution of functional diversity across reef fish clades adds to the burgeoning research focusing on the evolutionary and ecological roles of functional traits. We argue that the combination of a phylogenetic and a functional approach will improve the understanding of the mechanisms of species assembly in extraordinarily rich coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Floeter
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Bender
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Peter F Cowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, U.S.A.,Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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