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Głosz K, Fabin M, Janasik P, Kołodziej W, Stolarczyk A, Jarosz T. The Failure of Molecular Imprinting in Conducting Polymers: A Case Study of Imprinting Picric Acid on Polycarbazole. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:424. [PMID: 38257519 PMCID: PMC11154421 DOI: 10.3390/s24020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of utilising molecularly imprinted polycarbazole layers to detect highly toxic picric acid (PA) and to provide information about their performance. Quantum chemical calculations showed that strong interactions occur between PA and carbazole (bond energy of approximately 31 kJ/mol), consistent with the theoretical requirements for effective molecular imprinting. The performance of the sensors, however, was found to be highly limited, with the observed imprinting factor values for polycarbazole (PCz) layers being 1.77 and 0.95 for layers deposited on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, respectively. Moreover, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers showed worse performance than unmodified Pt or GC electrodes, for which the lowest limit of detection (LOD) values were determined (LOD values of 0.09 mM and 0.26 mM, respectively, for bare Pt and MIP PCz/Pt, as well as values of 0.11 mM and 0.57 mM for bare GC and MIP PCz/GC). The MIP layers also showed limited selectivity and susceptibility to interfering agents. An initial hypothesis on the reasons for such performance was postulated based on the common properties of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Głosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Magdalena Fabin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Weronika Kołodziej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
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Beladghame O, Bouchikhi N, Lerari D, Charif IE, Soppera O, Maschke U, Bedjaoui-Alachaher L. Elaboration and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer films based on acrylate for recognition of 2,4-D herbicide analogue. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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3
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Design of molecularly imprinted polymer materials relying on hydrophobic interactions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Khumsap T, Corpuz A, Nguyen LT. Epitope-imprinted polymers: applications in protein recognition and separation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11403-11414. [PMID: 35423617 PMCID: PMC8695941 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have evolved as promising platforms for specific recognition of proteins. However, molecular imprinting of the whole protein molecule is complicated by its large size, conformational instability, and structural complexity. These inherent limitations can be overcome by using epitope imprinting. Significant breakthroughs in the synthesis and application of epitope-imprinted polymers (EIPs) have been achieved and reported. This review highlights recent advances in epitope imprinting, from the selection of epitope peptide sequences and functional monomers to the methods applied in polymerization and template removal. Technological innovations in detection and extraction of proteins by EIPs are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabkrich Khumsap
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Angelica Corpuz
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Loc Thai Nguyen
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
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Ullah B, Khan SR, Ali S, Jamil S. Synthesis, parameters, properties and applications of responsive molecularly imprinted microgels: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Responsive molecularly imprinted microgels (MIGs) have gained a lot of interest due to their responsive specificity and selectivity for target compounds. Study on MIGs is rapidly increasing due to their quick responsive behavior in various stimuli like pH and temperature. MIGs show unique property of morphology control on in-situ synthesis of nanoparticles in response of variation in reactant concentration. Literature related to synthesis, parameters, characterization, applications and prospects of MIGs are critically reviewed here. Range of templates, monomers, initiators and crosslinkers are summarized for designing of desired MIGs. This review article describes effect of variation in reactants combination and composition on morphology, imprinting factor and percentage yield of MIGs. Hydrolysis of similar templates using MIGs is also described. Relation between percentage hydrolysis and hydrolysis time of targets at different temperatures and template:monomer ratio is also analyzed. Possible imprinting modes of ionic/non-ionic templates and its series are also generalized on the basis of previous literature. MIGs are investigated as efficient anchoring vehicles for adsorption, catalysis, bio-sensing, drug delivery, inhibition and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Ullah
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Sarmed Ali
- Department of Physics , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Saba Jamil
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA
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Algieri C, Parisi O, Gullo M, Puoci F, Drioli E, Donato L. Development of novel hybrid imprinted membranes for selective recovery of theophylline. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Sedghi R, Heidari B, Yassari M. Novel molecularly imprinted polymer based on β-cyclodextrin@graphene oxide: Synthesis and application for selective diphenylamine determination. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 503:47-56. [PMID: 28500939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the determination of diphenylamine (DPA) was developed based on host-guest interactions of a cyclodextrin-based polymer which possesses an inherent affinity for the target. The proposed GO@MIP has been prepared using the graphene oxide (GO) sheets as surface of polymerization, DPA as target molecule, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and acrylamide (AM) as functional monomers, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and N, N methylene bisacrylamide (MBAm) as crosslinker which denoted as GO@MIP nanocomposite. The MIP sites were formed by the inclusion complex through interaction of DPA and β-CD, followed by extraction of target. The resulting GO@MIP nanocomposite possess a fast adsorption kinetics, highly improved imprinting effect, high adsorption capacity, and it can be applied to fast extraction of DPA. The resultant GO@MIP nanocomposite was characterized using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. On the other hand, the non-imprinted polymer (GO@NIP nanocomposite) has been synthesized and was used in the adsorption experiments. The MIP exhibited good affinity with a maximum adsorption capacity of 95.98mgg-1 and excellent selectivity toward DPA than other structural analogues such as 2-amino benzophenone and dithizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Sedghi
- Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Heidari
- Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrasa Yassari
- Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
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Yoshikawa M, Tharpa K, Dima ŞO. Molecularly Imprinted Membranes: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11500-11528. [PMID: 27610706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 years ago, artificial materials with molecular recognition sites emerged. The application of molecular imprinting to membrane separation has been studied since 1962. Especially after 1990, such research has been intensively conducted by membranologists and molecular imprinters to understand the advantages of each technique with the aim of constructing an ideal membrane, which is still an active area of research. The present review aims to be a substantial, comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and general-interest review, placed at the cross section of two broad, interconnected, practical, and extremely dynamic fields, namely, the fields of membrane separation and molecularly imprinted polymers. This review describes the recent discoveries that appeared after repeated and fertile collisions between these two fields in the past three years, to which are added the worthy acknowledgments of pioneering discoveries and a look into the future of molecularly imprinted membranes. The review begins with a general introduction in membrane separation, followed by a short theoretical section regarding the basic principles of mass transport through a membrane. Following these general aspects on membrane separation, two principles of obtaining polymeric materials with molecular recognition properties are reviewed, namely, molecular imprinting and alternative molecular imprinting, followed the methods of obtaining and practical applications for the particular case of molecularly imprinted membranes. The review continues with insights into molecularly imprinted nanofiber membranes as a promising, highly optimized type of membrane that could provide a relatively high throughput without a simultaneous unwanted reduction in permselectivity. Finally, potential applications of molecularly imprinted membranes in a variety of fields are highlighted, and a look into the future of membrane separations is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kalsang Tharpa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri , Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Ştefan-Ovidiu Dima
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest , 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.,Bioresources Department, INCDCP-ICECHIM Bucharest , 202 Splaiul Independentei, CP 35-174, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Development of high performance and facile to pack molecularly imprinted particles for aqueous applications. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang Q, Lv Z, Tang Q, Gong CB, Lam MHW, Ma XB, Chow CF. Photoresponsive molecularly imprinted hydrogel casting membrane for the determination of trace tetracycline in milk. J Mol Recognit 2015; 29:123-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zhen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Cheng-Bin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Michael Hon Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Xue-Bing Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Cheuk-Fai Chow
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies; The Hong Kong Institute of Education; Hong Kong China
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Asman S, Mohamad S, Sarih NM. Exploiting β-cyclodextrin in molecular imprinting for achieving recognition of benzylparaben in aqueous media. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3656-76. [PMID: 25667978 PMCID: PMC4346918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on methacrylic acid functionalized β-cyclodextrin (MAA-β-CD) monomer was synthesized for the purpose of selective recognition of benzylparaben (BzP). The MAA-β-CD monomer was produced by bridging a methacrylic acid (MAA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) by reacting the –OH group of MAA and one of the primary –OH groups of β-CD. This monomer comprised of triple interactions that included an inclusion complex, π–π interaction, and hydrogen bonding. To demonstrate β-CD performance in MIPs, two MIPs were prepared; molecularly imprinted polymer-methacrylic acid functionalized β-cyclodextrin, MIP(MAA-β-CD), and molecularly imprinted polymer-methacrylic acid, MIP(MAA); both prepared by a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in the bulk polymerization process. Both MIPs were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The presence of β-CD not only influenced the morphological structure, it also affected the specific surface area, average pore diameter, and total pore volume of the MIP. The rebinding of the imprinting effect was evaluated in binding experiments, which proved that the β-CD contributed significantly to the enhancement of the recognition affinity and selective adsorption of the MIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliza Asman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development, University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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Fan JP, Li L, Tian ZY, Xie CF, Song FT, Zhang XH, Zhu JH. A novel free-standing flexible molecularly imprinted membrane for selective separation of synephrine in methanol–water media. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bio-mimetic sensors based on molecularly imprinted membranes. SENSORS 2014; 14:13863-912. [PMID: 25196110 PMCID: PMC4179059 DOI: 10.3390/s140813863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge for scientific research is the production of artificial systems able to mimic the recognition mechanisms occurring at the molecular level in living systems. A valid contribution in this direction resulted from the development of molecular imprinting. By means of this technology, selective molecular recognition sites are introduced in a polymer, thus conferring it bio-mimetic properties. The potential applications of these systems include affinity separations, medical diagnostics, drug delivery, catalysis, etc. Recently, bio-sensing systems using molecularly imprinted membranes, a special form of imprinted polymers, have received the attention of scientists in various fields. In these systems imprinted membranes are used as bio-mimetic recognition elements which are integrated with a transducer component. The direct and rapid determination of an interaction between the recognition element and the target analyte (template) was an encouraging factor for the development of such systems as alternatives to traditional bio-assay methods. Due to their high stability, sensitivity and specificity, bio-mimetic sensors-based membranes are used for environmental, food, and clinical uses. This review deals with the development of molecularly imprinted polymers and their different preparation methods. Referring to the last decades, the application of these membranes as bio-mimetic sensor devices will be also reported.
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Donato L, Tasselli F, De Luca G, Garcia Del Blanco S, Drioli E. Novel hybrid molecularly imprinted membranes for targeted 4,4′-methylendianiline. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cheng H, Zhu X, Yang S, Wu Y, Cao Q, Ding Z. A pH-controllable imprinted composite membrane for selective separation of podophyllotoxin and its analog. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Xu D, Zhu W, Jiang Y, Li X, Li W, Cui J, Yin J, Li G. Rational design of molecularly imprinted photonic films assisted by chemometrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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De Luca G, Donato L, García Del Blanco S, Tasselli F, Drioli E. On the Cause of Controlling Affinity to Small Molecules of Imprinted Polymeric Membranes Prepared by Noncovalent Approach: A Computational and Experimental Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9345-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. De Luca
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - L. Donato
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - S. García Del Blanco
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - F. Tasselli
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - E. Drioli
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy
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Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A. To remove or not to remove? The challenge of extracting the template to make the cavities available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4327-47. [PMID: 21845081 PMCID: PMC3155354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Template removal is a critical step in the preparation of most molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The polymer network itself and the affinity of the imprinted cavities for the template make its removal hard. If there are remaining template molecules in the MIPs, less cavities will be available for rebinding, which decreases efficiency. Furthermore, if template bleeding occurs during analytical applications, errors will arise. Despite the relevance to the MIPs performance, template removal has received scarce attention and is currently the least cost-effective step of the MIP development. Attempts to reach complete template removal may involve the use of too drastic conditions in conventional extraction techniques, resulting in the damage or the collapse of the imprinted cavities. Advances in the extraction techniques in the last decade may provide optimized tools. The aim of this review is to analyze the available data on the efficiency of diverse extraction techniques for template removal, paying attention not only to the removal yield but also to MIPs performance. Such an analysis is expected to be useful for opening a way to rational approaches for template removal (minimizing the costs of solvents and time) instead of the current trial-and-error methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Lorenzo
- Department Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (R.A.L.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Antonia M. Carro
- Department Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (R.A.L.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mail:
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Liu X, Zhou J, Chen C. Transport selectivity of tribenuron-methyl imprinted polymer nanowire membrane prepared using N,O-bismethacryloyl ethanolamine as a functional crosslinking monomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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