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Shelp GV, Dong J, Orlov NO, Malysheva OV, Bender E, Shoveller AK, Bakovic M, Cho CE. Exposure to prenatal excess or imbalanced micronutrients leads to long-term perturbations in one-carbon metabolism, trimethylamine-N-oxide and DNA methylation in Wistar rat offspring. FASEB J 2024; 38:e70032. [PMID: 39212230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202401018rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal multivitamins, including folic acid, are commonly consumed in excess, whereas choline, an essential nutrient and an important source of labile methyl groups, is underconsumed. Here, we characterized profiles of one-carbon metabolism and related pathways and patterns of DNA methylation in offspring exposed to excess or imbalanced micronutrients prenatally. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either recommended 1× vitamins (RV), high 10× vitamins (HV), high 10× folic acid with recommended choline (HFolRC), or high 10× folic acid with no choline (HFolNC). Offspring were weaned to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Circulating metabolites were analyzed with a focus on the hypothalamus, an area known to be under epigenetic regulation. HV, HFolRC, and HFolNC males had higher body weight (BW) and lower plasma choline and methionine consistent with lower hypothalamic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM):S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and global DNA methylation compared with RV. HV and HFolNC females had higher BW and lower plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and methionine consistent with lower hypothalamic global DNA methylation compared with RV. Plasma dimethylglycine (DMG) and methionine were higher as with hypothalamic SAM:SAH and global DNA methylation in HFolRC females without changes in BW compared with RV. Plasma trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide were higher in males but lower in females from HFolRC compared with RV. Network modeling revealed a link between the folate-dependent pathway and SAH, with most connections through DMG. Final BW was negatively correlated with choline, DMG, and global DNA methylation. In conclusion, prenatal intake of excess or imbalanced micronutrients induces distinct metabolic and epigenetic perturbations in offspring that reflect long-term nutritional programming of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia V Shelp
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianzhang Dong
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolai O Orlov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erica Bender
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara E Cho
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Konop M, Chabowski D, Onyszkiewicz M, Ufnal M. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit increased liver flavin monooxygenase expression and elevated plasma TMAO levels compared to normotensive and Ang II-dependent hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340166. [PMID: 38681141 PMCID: PMC11046708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Flavin monooxygenases (FMOs) are enzymes responsible for the oxidation of a broad spectrum of exogenous and endogenous amines. There is increasing evidence that trimethylamine (TMA), a compound produced by gut bacteria and also recognized as an industrial pollutant, contributes to cardiovascular diseases. FMOs convert TMA into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is an emerging marker of cardiovascular risk. This study hypothesized that blood pressure phenotypes in rats might be associated with variations in the expression of FMOs. Methods: The expression of FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 was evaluated in the kidneys, liver, lungs, small intestine, and large intestine of normotensive male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and two distinct hypertensive rat models: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and WKY rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension (WKY-ANG). Plasma concentrations of TMA and TMAO were measured at baseline and after intravenous administration of TMA using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: We found that the expression of FMOs in WKY, SHR, and WKY-ANG rats was in the descending order of FMO3 > FMO1 >> FMO5. The highest expression of FMOs was observed in the liver. Notably, SHRs exhibited a significantly elevated expression of FMO3 in the liver compared to WKY and WKY-ANG rats. Additionally, the plasma TMAO/TMA ratio was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. Conclusion: SHRs demonstrate enhanced expression of FMO3 and a higher plasma TMAO/TMA ratio. The variability in the expression of FMOs and the metabolism of amines might contribute to the hypertensive phenotype observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawryś-Kopczyńska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Bordoni L, Malinowska AM, Petracci I, Szwengiel A, Gabbianelli R, Chmurzynska A. Diet, Trimethylamine Metabolism, and Mitochondrial DNA: An Observational Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200003. [PMID: 35490412 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and its methylation level in the D-loop area have been correlated with metabolic health and are suggested to vary in response to environmental stimuli, including diet. Circulating levels of trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), which is an oxidative derivative of the trimethylamine (TMA) produced by the gut microbiome from dietary precursors, have been associated with chronic diseases and are suggested to have an impact on mitochondrial dynamics. This study is aimed to investigate the relationship between diet, TMA, TMAO, and mtDNAcn, as well as DNA methylation. METHODS AND RESULTS Two hundred subjects with extreme (healthy and unhealthy) dietary patterns are recruited. Dietary records are collected to assess their nutrient intake and diets' quality (Healthy Eating Index). Blood levels of TMA and TMAO, circulating levels of TMA precursors and their dietary intakes are measured. MtDNAcn, nuclear DNA methylation long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), and strand-specific D-loop methylation levels are assessed. There is no association between dietary patterns and mtDNAcn. The TMAO/TMA ratio is negatively correlated with d-loop methylation levels but positively with mtDNAcn. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential association between TMA metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics (and mtDNA), indicating a new avenue for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, MC, Italy
| | - Anna M Malinowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, 60-624, Poland
| | - Irene Petracci
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, MC, Italy
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, 60-624, Poland
| | - Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, MC, Italy
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, 60-624, Poland
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4
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Loo RL, Chan Q, Nicholson JK, Holmes E. Balancing the Equation: A Natural History of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine- N-oxide. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:560-589. [PMID: 35142516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) and its N-oxide (TMAO) are ubiquitous in prokaryote and eukaryote organisms as well as in the environment, reflecting their fundamental importance in evolutionary biology, and their diverse biochemical functions. Both metabolites have multiple biological roles including cell-signaling. Much attention has focused on the significance of serum and urinary TMAO in cardiovascular disease risk, yet this is only one of the many facets of a deeper TMA-TMAO partnership that reflects the significance of these metabolites in multiple biological processes spanning animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. We report on analytical methods for measuring TMA and TMAO and attempt to critically synthesize and map the global functions of TMA and TMAO in a systems biology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey Leng Loo
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.,Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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5
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6
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Lower plasma glutathione, choline, and betaine concentrations are associated with fatty liver in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res 2022; 101:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fakhary M, Xia F, Koroma M, Dennison M. A Quick and Accurate High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method to Determine the Amount of Trimethylamine in Fish Oil Softgels and Multivitamin Softgels Containing Fish Oil. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.bs9787e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ocean fish cells contain trimethylamine oxide for osmoregulation. The odorless trimethylamine oxide reduces to trimethylamine by bacterial activity, resulting in a strong fishy odor. Therefore, it is important to find out whether trimethylamine levels in fish oil and multivitamin softgels containing fish oil will affect the quality of the finished products. A derivatization-based, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed using a Lichosphere 100 RP18 column, utilizing acetonitrile and water as the mobile phases. Experimental products were dissolved in ether, followed by a pH jump and buffer exchange, and finally derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. Our research has indicated that the level of trimethylamine in the products containing fish oil does not have a correlation with age and rancidity level of the products.
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Ramireddy L, Tsen HY, Chiang YC, Hung CY, Chen FC, Yen HT. The gene expression and bioinformatic analysis of choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC) and its activating enzyme ( CutD) for gut microbes and comparison with their TMA production levels. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100043. [PMID: 34841334 PMCID: PMC8610359 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzed the cutC and cutD gene expression and their TMA production levels. Bioinformatic analysis of cutC and cutD proteins showed conserved regions. Analysis of cutC protein showed conserved choline binding active site residues. TMA levels not only depend on cutC and cutD genes other factors are also involved.
Recent studies revealed that some intestinal microorganisms anaerobically convert choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by choline TMA-lyase (cutC). TMA is further oxidized to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), by the liver enzyme flavin-dependent monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). TMA in the serum is correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and some other diseases in human. The objective of this study is to study the expression levels of cutC and its activating enzyme (cutD) gene for these microorganisms and their association with TMA production. In this study, we collected 20 TMA producing bacteria strains representing 20 species, and designed primers to evaluate their gene expression levels by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, TMA production was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that gene expression levels of most individual strains were different when compared with the gene expression level of their glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene and the TMA production level of gut bacteria may not correlate with their cutC/cutD gene expression levels. Bioinformatic analysis of the CutC protein showed conserved choline binding site residues; cutD showed conserved S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and two CX2-CX2-CX3 motifs. The present study reports that the TMA production level may not only depend on cutC/cutD gene expression. Other factors may need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramireddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hau-Yang Tsen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yu-Chen Chiang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen Ying Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterns General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chih Chen
- Uni President Enterprises Corporation, Yongkang, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsien- Tung Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterns General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Uni President Enterprises Corporation, Yongkang, Tainan, Taiwan
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9
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Ramireddy L, Tsen HY, Chiang YC, Hung CY, Wu SR, Young SL, Lin JS, Huang CH, Chiu SH, Chen CC, Chen CC. Molecular Identification and Selection of Probiotic Strains Able to Reduce the Serum TMAO Level in Mice Challenged with Choline. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122931. [PMID: 34945482 PMCID: PMC8700464 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) originates from trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized in the liver by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO3). TMA is produced by its dietary precursors such as choline, carnitine, and phosphatidylcholine by gut microbiota. TMAO attracts attention, identified as a novel and independent risk factor for promoting obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), insulin tolerance, and colon cancer. Probiotics have been considered as live microorganisms, providing benefits to their host when they are given in sufficient quantities and administered continuously. The objective of this study is to suggest a method to select potential probiotic strains to reduce the serum concentration of TMAO in mice fed with choline. In this work, we chose three lactobacilli with strong adherence capability, and fed multistrain formula (MF) to the mice challenged with choline. On days 7, 14, and day 28, it was found that the MF-containing L. amylovorus LAM1345, Lpb. plantarum LP1145, and Lim. fermentum LF33 showed a significant reduction in serum TMAO and TMA levels. For the single strains, LP1145 reduced TMAO on days 14 and 28, and strain LAM1345 reduced TMAO significantly on days 7 and day 14. For strain LF1143 from strain LF33, it showed no significant effect on TMAO and TMA. Thus, MF showed the best effect, which may be due to the additive and synergetic effect and the contribution of strain LP1145 and LAM1345. Finally, for the LAM1345 and LP1145 strains, we used molecular identification and typing methods to assure that these two strains are unique strains. The methods used for LAM 1345 were leader peptidase A (lepA) gene analysis and phylogenetic analysis, while for strain LP 1145and other strains of Lpb. plantarum subsp. plantarum sequences were compared using the whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramireddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (H.-Y.T.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (ext. 5085) (H.-Y.T.); Fax: 886-4-26527731 (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Hau-Yang Tsen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (H.-Y.T.); Tel.: +886-4-26318652 (ext. 5085) (H.-Y.T.); Fax: 886-4-26527731 (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Yu-Chen Chiang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Ying Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Rong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
| | - San-Land Young
- Culture Collection and Research Institute, Synbio Tech Inc., Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan; (S.-L.Y.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jin-Seng Lin
- Culture Collection and Research Institute, Synbio Tech Inc., Kaohsiung 82151, Taiwan; (S.-L.Y.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Shih-Hau Chiu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chien-Chi Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
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10
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Abstract
Reports of biogenic methane (CH4) synthesis associated with a range of organisms have steadily accumulated in the literature. This has not happened without controversy and in most cases the process is poorly understood at the gene and enzyme levels. In marine and freshwater environments, CH4 supersaturation of oxic surface waters has been termed the "methane paradox" because biological CH4 synthesis is viewed to be a strictly anaerobic process carried out by O2-sensitive methanogens. Interest in this phenomenon has surged within the past decade because of the importance of understanding sources and sinks of this potent greenhouse gas. In our work on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park, we demonstrate microbiological conversion of methylamine to CH4 and isolate and characterize an Acidovorax sp. capable of this activity. Furthermore, we identify and clone a gene critical to this process (encodes pyridoxylamine phosphate-dependent aspartate aminotransferase) and demonstrate that this property can be transferred to Escherichia coli with this gene and will occur as a purified enzyme. This previously unrecognized process sheds light on environmental cycling of CH4, suggesting that O2-insensitive, ecologically relevant aerobic CH4 synthesis is likely of widespread distribution in the environment and should be considered in CH4 modeling efforts.
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Cho CE, Aardema NDJ, Bunnell ML, Larson DP, Aguilar SS, Bergeson JR, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Lefevre M. Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine- N-Oxide Response in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082220. [PMID: 32722424 PMCID: PMC7468900 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a choline-derived gut microbiota-dependent metabolite, is a newly recognized risk marker for cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine: (1) TMAO response to meals containing free versus lipid-soluble choline and (2) effects of gut microbiome on TMAO response. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, crossover study, healthy men (n = 37) were provided meals containing 600 mg choline either as choline bitartrate or phosphatidylcholine, or no choline control. Results: Choline bitartrate yielded three-times greater plasma TMAO AUC (p = 0.01) and 2.5-times greater urinary TMAO change from baseline (p = 0.01) compared to no choline and phosphatidylcholine. Gut microbiota composition differed (permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA; p = 0.01) between high-TMAO producers (with ≥40% increase in urinary TMAO response to choline bitartrate) and low-TMAO producers (with <40% increase in TMAO response). High-TMAO producers had more abundant lineages of Clostridium from Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae compared to low-TMAO producers (analysis of composition of microbiomes, ANCOM; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Given that phosphatidylcholine is the major form of choline in food, the absence of TMAO elevation with phosphatidylcholine counters arguments that phosphatidylcholine should be avoided due to TMAO-producing characteristics. Further, development of individualized dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiome may be effective in reducing disease risk
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara E. Cho
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-797-5369
| | - Niklas D. J. Aardema
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Madison L. Bunnell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Deanna P. Larson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Sheryl S. Aguilar
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Janet R. Bergeson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Olga V. Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (O.V.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marie A. Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (O.V.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Michael Lefevre
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (N.D.J.A.); (M.L.B.); (D.P.L.); (S.S.A.); (J.R.B.); (M.L.)
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Simultaneous Measurement of Urinary Trimethylamine (TMA) and Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081862. [PMID: 32316639 PMCID: PMC7222018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a gut microbial metabolite—rendered by the enzymatic cleavage of nutrients containing a TMA moiety in their chemical structure. TMA can be oxidized as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) catalyzed by hepatic flavin monooxygenases. Circulating TMAO has been demonstrated to portend a pro-inflammatory state, contributing to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Consequently, TMAO serves as an excellent candidate biomarker for a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders. The highly positive correlation between plasma TMAO and urine TMAO suggests that urine TMAO has the potential to serve as a less invasive biomarker for chronic disease compared to plasma TMAO. In this study, we validated a method to simultaneously measure urine TMA and TMAO concentrations by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Urine TMA and TMAO can be extracted by hexane/butanol under alkaline pH and transferred to the aqueous phase following acidification for LC/MS quantitation. Importantly, during sample processing, none of the nutrients with a chemical structure containing a TMA moiety were spontaneously cleaved to yield TMA. Moreover, we demonstrated that the acidification of urine prevents an increase of TMA after prolonged storage as was observed in non-acidified urine. Finally, here we demonstrated that TMAO can spontaneously degrade to TMA at a very slow rate.
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Urinary TMAO Levels Are Associated with the Taxonomic Composition of the Gut Microbiota and with the Choline TMA-Lyase Gene ( cutC) Harbored by Enterobacteriaceae. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010062. [PMID: 31881690 PMCID: PMC7019844 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota metabolization of dietary choline may promote atherosclerosis through trimethylamine (TMA), which is rapidly absorbed and converted in the liver to proatherogenic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). The aim of this study was to verify whether TMAO urinary levels may be associated with the fecal relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa and the bacterial choline TMA-lyase gene cutC. The analysis of sequences available in GenBank grouped the cutC gene into two main clusters, cut-Dd and cut-Kp. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol was developed to quantify cutC and was used with DNA isolated from three fecal samples collected weekly over the course of three consecutive weeks from 16 healthy adults. The same DNA was used for 16S rRNA gene profiling. Concomitantly, urine was used to quantify TMAO by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). All samples were positive for cutC and TMAO. Correlation analysis showed that the cut-Kp gene cluster was significantly associated with Enterobacteriaceae. Linear mixed models revealed that urinary TMAO levels may be predicted by fecal cut-Kp and by 23 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Most of the OTUs significantly associated with TMAO were also significantly associated with cut-Kp, confirming the possible relationship between these two factors. In conclusion, this preliminary method-development study suggests the existence of a relationship between TMAO excreted in urine, specific fecal bacterial OTUs, and a cutC subgroup ascribable to the choline-TMA conversion enzymes of Enterobacteriaceae.
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Bouchemal N, Ouss L, Brassier A, Barbier V, Gobin S, Hubert L, de Lonlay P, Le Moyec L. Diagnosis and phenotypic assessment of trimethylaminuria, and its treatment with riboflavin: 1H NMR spectroscopy and genetic testing. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:222. [PMID: 31533761 PMCID: PMC6751875 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the excessive excretion of the malodorous compound trimethylamine (TMA). The diagnosis of TMAU is challenging because this disorder is situated at the boundary between biochemistry and psychiatry. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess TMAU in 13 patients. We also sequenced the FMO3 gene in 11 of these patients. Treatment with vitamin B2 was prescribed. Results Two patients (aged 3 and 9 years at the initial consultation) had a particularly unpleasant body odor, as assessed by their parents and the attending physicians. The presence of high urine TMA levels confirmed the presence of a metabolic disorder. The two (unrelated) children carried compound heterozygous variants in the FMO3 gene. In both cases, vitamin B2 administration decreased TMA excretion and reduced body odor. The 11 adults complained of an unpleasant body odor, but the physicians did not confirm this. In all adult patients, the urine TMA level was within the normal range reported for control (non-affected) subjects, although two of the patients displayed an abnormally high proportion of oxidized TMA. Seven of the 9 tested adult patients had a hypomorphic variant of the FMO3 gene; the variant was found in the homozygous state, in the heterozygous state or combined with another hypomorphic variant. All 11 adults presented a particular psychological or psychiatric phenotype, with a subjective perception of unpleasant odor. Conclusions The results present the clinical and biochemical data of patients complaining of unpleasant body odor. Contrary to adult patients, the two children exhibited all criteria of recessively inherited trimethylaminuria, suspected by parents in infancy. B2 vitamin treatment dramatically improved the unpleasant body odor and the ratio of TMA/Cr vs TMAO/Cr in the urine in the children. Other patients presented a particular psychological or psychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouchemal
- CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
| | - Lisa Ouss
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France.,Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Brassier
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Barbier
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Gobin
- Unité de Génétique moléculaire, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Hubert
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Imagine Institute, Université Paris-Descartes, APHP, Paris, France
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15
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van der Laan T, Kloots T, Beekman M, Kindt A, Dubbelman AC, Harms A, van Duijn CM, Slagboom PE, Hankemeier T. Fast LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and influence of sampling conditions for gut metabolites in plasma and serum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12370. [PMID: 31451722 PMCID: PMC6710273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the gut microbiome has been shown to play an important role in various disorders including in particular cardiovascular diseases. Especially the metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is produced by gut microbial metabolism, has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Here we report a fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that can analyze the five most important gut metabolites with regards to TMAO in three minutes. Fast liquid chromatography is unconventionally used in this method as an on-line cleanup step to remove the most important ion suppressors leaving the gut metabolites in a cleaned flow through fraction, also known as negative chromatography. We compared different blood matrix types to recommend best sampling practices and found citrated plasma samples demonstrated lower concentrations for all analytes and choline concentrations were significantly higher in serum samples. We demonstrated the applicability of our method by investigating the effect of a standardized liquid meal (SLM) after overnight fasting of 25 healthy individuals on the gut metabolite levels. The SLM did not significantly change the levels of gut metabolites in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom van der Laan
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Kloots
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Alida Kindt
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Dubbelman
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
- BioMedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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16
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Chen H, Peng L, Pérez de Nanclares M, Trudeau MP, Yao D, Cheng Z, Urriola PE, Mydland LT, Shurson GC, Overland M, Chen C. Identification of Sinapine-Derived Choline from a Rapeseed Diet as a Source of Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7748-7754. [PMID: 31203621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Choline and its metabolites have diverse and important functions in many physiological processes, especially for anabolic metabolism in growth and reproduction. Besides endogenous biosynthesis and direct choline supplement, choline esters in the diet are another source of choline in the body. Phenolic choline esters are a group of unique dietary choline esters rich in the seeds of Brassicaceae plants, among which sinapine is a choline ester of sinapic acid abundant in rapeseed. In this study, 40 nursery pigs were fed with rapeseed-derived feed ingredients (RSF) or soybean meal for 3 weeks (20 pigs/diet). The metabolic fate of sinapine-derived choline in RSF was examined by comparing the distribution of choline and its metabolites in digesta, liver, and serum samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results showed that choline was released from extensive hydrolysis of sinapine in the small intestine. However, sinapine-derived choline did not increase the levels of choline and its major metabolites, including betaine, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine, in the liver and serum. Instead, RSF feeding increased trimethylamine (TMA), the microbial metabolite of choline, in the large intestine and further increased trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), the oxidation metabolite of TMA, in the liver and serum. Overall, these results suggested that sinapine-derived choline from rapeseed feeding had limited influences on the post-absorption choline pool as a result of its low bioavailability but may serve as a major source of TMAO through microbial metabolism in nursery pigs. Improving the bioavailability of sinapine-derived choline might have the potential to modify the nutritional values and functionalities of rapeseed meal in swine feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , Fujian 350122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Food Science , Yichun University , Yichun , Jiangxi 336000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Marta Pérez de Nanclares
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1430 Ås , Norway
| | | | | | - Zaixing Cheng
- College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , Fujian 350122 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1430 Ås , Norway
| | | | - Margareth Overland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1430 Ås , Norway
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17
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García-Cañas V, Aznar E, Simó C. Screening gut microbial trimethylamine production by fast and cost-effective capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2697-2705. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Trimethylamine in postmortem tissues as a predictor of postmortem interval estimation using the GC method. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 35:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Yu W, Xu C, Li G, Hong W, Zhou Z, Xiao C, Zhao Y, Cai Y, Huang M, Jin J. Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, betaine by UPLC-MS/MS in human plasma: An application in acute stroke patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:179-187. [PMID: 29414011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is derived from the gut microbiome and tissues metabolism of dietary choline and betaine. These molecules are closely related to the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A rapid, sensitive and accurate method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline and betaine in human plasma using d9-trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), d9-choline, d9-betaine as the internal standard (IS). After methanol precipitation with 10 μL plasma samples, the analytes were extracted and then separated on Amide column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm, waters) with an isocratic elution program consisting of acetonitrile-water (containing 10 mM ammonium formate pH = 3.0) at a flow of 400 μL/min. The detection was achieved under the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) scan using positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) in 3 min. The mass transitions monitored were as follows: m/z 76.3 → 58.4 for TMAO, m/z 104.2 → 60.3 for choline, m/z 118.1 → 58.3 for betaine, m/z 85.1 → 66.3 for d9-TMAO, m/z 113.2 → 69.3 for d9-choline, and m/z 127.1 → 67.2 for d9-betaine, respectively. The method has been fully validated for specificity, lower limit of quantification, linearity, stability, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision. This assay combines simple sample processing with a short run time and small plasma volumes, making it well suited for high-throughput routine clinical or research purposes. The newly developed method was successfully applied to the patients (n = 220) suffered from acute stroke, and the concentration of choline was firstly found to be closely related with the prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuncao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guomin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canxing Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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20
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Veeravalli S, Karu K, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. A highly sensitive liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for quantification of TMA, TMAO and creatinine in mouse urine. MethodsX 2017; 4:310-319. [PMID: 29062719 PMCID: PMC5643081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our method describes the quantification in mouse urine of trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and creatinine. The method combines derivatization of TMA, with ethyl bromoacetate, and LC chromatographic separation on an ACE C18 column. The effluent was continuously electrosprayed into the linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ), which operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) modes set for targeted analytes and their internal standards (IS). All validation parameters were within acceptable ranges of analytical method validation guidelines. Intra- and inter-day assay precision and accuracy coefficients of variation were <3.1%, and recoveries for TMA and TMAO were 97–104%. The method developed uses a two-step procedure. Firstly, TMA and TMAO are analyzed without a purification step using a 5-min gradient cap-LC- SIMs analysis, then creatinine is analyzed using the same experimental conditions. The method is robust, highly sensitive, reproducible and has the high-throughput capability of detecting TMA, TMAO and creatinine at on-column concentrations as low as 28 pg/mL, 115 pg/mL and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The method is suitable for analysis of TMA, TMAO and creatinine in both male and female mouse urine. The key benefits of the method are: The small sample volume of urine required, which overcomes the difficulties of collecting sufficient volumes of urine at defined times. No sample pre-treatment is necessary. The quantification of TMA, TMAO and creatinine using the same cap-LC-MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Veeravalli
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a biologically active molecule and is a putative promoter of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis in humans. Host intestinal bacteria produce its precursor trimethylamine (TMA) from carnitine, choline, or choline-containing compounds. Most of the TMA produced is passively absorbed into portal circulation, and hepatic flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) efficiently oxidize TMA to TMAO. Both observational and experimental studies suggest a strong positive correlation between increased plasma TMAO concentrations and adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. However, a clear mechanistic link between TMAO and such diseases is not yet validated. Therefore, it is debated whether increased TMAO concentrations are the cause or result of these diseases. Here, we have tried to review the current understanding of the properties and physiological functions of TMAO, its dietary sources, and its effects on human metabolism. Studies that describe the potential role of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and other diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081;
| | - Manya Warrier
- Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081;
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22
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Stremmel W, Schmidt KV, Schuhmann V, Kratzer F, Garbade SF, Langhans CD, Fricker G, Okun JG. Blood Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Originates from Microbiota Mediated Breakdown of Phosphatidylcholine and Absorption from Small Intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170742. [PMID: 28129384 PMCID: PMC5271338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) was previously reported to be associated with an elevated risk for cardiovascular events. TMAO originates from the microbiota-dependent breakdown of food-derived phosphatidylcholine (PC) to trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases to TMAO. Our aim was to investigate the predominant site of absorption of the bacterial PC-breakdown product TMA. A healthy human proband was exposed to 6.9 g native phosphatidylcholine, either without concomitant treatment or during application with the topical antibiotic rifaximin, or exposed only to 6.9 g of a delayed-release PC formulation. Plasma and urine concentrations of TMA and TMAO were determined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (plasma) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (urine). Native PC administration without concomitant treatment resulted in peak plasma TMAO levels of 43 ± 8 μM at 12 h post-ingestion, which was reduced by concomitant rifaximin treatment to 22 ± 8 μM (p < 0.05). TMAO levels observed after delayed-release PC administration were 20 ± 3 μM (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the peak urinary concentration at 24 h post-exposure dropped from 252 ± 33 to 185 ± 31 mmol/mmol creatinine after rifaximin treatment. In contrast, delayed-release PC resulted in even more suppressed urinary TMAO levels after the initial 12-h observation period (143 ± 18 mmol/mmol creatinine) and thereafter remained within the control range (24 h: 97 ± 9 mmol/mmol creatinine, p < 0.001 24 h vs. 12 h), indicating a lack of substrate absorption in distal intestine and large bowel. Our results showed that the microbiota in the small intestine generated the PC breakdown product TMA. The resulting TMAO, as a cardiovascular risk factor, was suppressed by topical-acting antibiotics or when PC was presented in an intestinally delayed release preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathrin V. Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Schuhmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Kratzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven F. Garbade
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Mi S, Zhao YY, Jacobs RL, Curtis JM. Simultaneous determination of trimethylamine and trimethylamineN-oxide in mouse plasma samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:688-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Mi
- Department of Agricultural; Food and Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Agricultural; Food and Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural; Food and Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Department of Agricultural; Food and Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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Cho CE, Taesuwan S, Malysheva OV, Bender E, Yan J, Caudill MA. Choline and one-carbon metabolite response to egg, beef and fish among healthy young men: A short-term randomized clinical study. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Malinowska AM, Szwengiel A, Chmurzynska A. Dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical factors influencing plasma choline, carnitine, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:488-495. [PMID: 27855528 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1256379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional, anthropometric, and biochemical factors that influence choline, l-carnitine, trimethylamine (TMA), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) metabolism in elderly women. The volunteers' diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were estimated using a self-established score method. Body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, total, HDL, LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, homocysteine (tHcy), free choline (fchol), L-carnitine, TMA, and TMAO were assessed. Higher concentrations of l-carnitine, fchol, and TMAO were found in those women who had more western-style dietary patterns. Nor choline or betaine intake affected plasma fchol, TMA, or TMAO. BMI was positively correlated with fchol and TMA. tHcy was positively correlated with fchol, TMA, and TMAO, while fchol was also positively correlated with TMA and TMAO. Dietary patterns and plasma tHcy concentration influence fchol, TMA, and TMAO plasma concentration. Plasma TMA and fchol may be associated with BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Malinowska
- a Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- b Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- a Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene , Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: A randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The complex metabolism of trimethylamine in humans: endogenous and exogenous sources. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e8. [PMID: 27126549 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a tertiary amine with a characteristic fishy odour. It is synthesised from dietary constituents, including choline, L-carnitine, betaine and lecithin by the action of microbial enzymes during both healthy and diseased conditions in humans. Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a disease typified by its association with the characteristic fishy odour because of decreased TMA metabolism and excessive TMA excretion. Besides TMAU, a number of other diseases are associated with abnormal levels of TMA, including renal disorders, cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Aside from its role in pathobiology, TMA is a precursor of trimethylamine-N-oxide that has been associated with an increased risk of athero-thrombogenesis. Additionally, TMA is a major air pollutant originating from vehicular exhaust, food waste and animal husbandry industry. The adverse effects of TMA need to be monitored given its ubiquitous presence in air and easy absorption through human skin. In this review, we highlight multifaceted attributes of TMA with an emphasis on its physiological, pathological and environmental impacts. We propose a clinical surveillance of human TMA levels that can fully assess its role as a potential marker of microbial dysbiosis-based diseases.
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Baliño-Zuazo L, Barranco A. A novel liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of trimethylamine, dimethylamine and methylamine in fishery products. Food Chem 2016; 196:1207-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A multiplexed targeted assay for high-throughput quantitative analysis of serum methylamines by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 597:12-20. [PMID: 27036856 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylamines are biologically-active metabolites present in serum and urine samples, which play complex roles in metabolic diseases. Methylamines can be detected by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but specific methods remain to be developed for their routine assay in human serum in clinical settings. Here we developed and validated a novel reliable "methylamine panel" method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of trimethylamine (TMA), its major detoxification metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and precursors choline, betaine and l-carnitine in human serum using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Metabolite separation was carried out on a HILIC stationary phase. For all metabolites, the assay was linear in the range of 0.25-12.5 μmol/L and enabled to reach limit of detection of about 0.10 μmol/L. Relative standard deviations were below 16% for the three levels of concentrations. We demonstrated the strong reliability and robustness of the method, which was applied to serum samples from healthy individuals to establish the range of concentrations of the metabolites and their correlation relationships and detect gender differences. Our data provide original information for implementing in a clinical environment a MS-based diagnostic method with potential for targeted metabolic screening of patients at risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Zhao X, Zeisel SH, Zhang S. Rapid LC-MRM-MS assay for simultaneous quantification of choline, betaine, trimethylamine, trimethylamineN-oxide, and creatinine in human plasma and urine. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2207-2214. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhao
- Nutrition Research Institute; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Kannapolis NC USA
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Shucha Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
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Klepacki J, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Thurman JM, Christians U. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics kidney dysfunction marker panel in human urine. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:43-53. [PMID: 25871999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined and documented fluctuations in urine metabolites in response to disease processes and drug toxicity affecting glomerular filtration, tubule cell metabolism, reabsorption, oxidative stress, purine degradation, active secretion and kidney amino acylase activity representative of diminished renal function. However, a high-throughput assay that incorporates metabolites that are surrogate markers for such changes into a kidney dysfunction panel has yet to be described. METHODS A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of ten metabolites associated with the Krebs cycle, purine degradation, and oxidative stress in human urine was developed and validated. Normal values were assessed in healthy adult (n=120) and pediatric (n=36) individuals. In addition, 9 pediatric renal transplant recipients patients were evaluated before and after initial dosing of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in a proof-of-concept study. RESULTS The assay met all predefined acceptance criteria. The lower limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 1000 μmol/l. Inter-day trueness and imprecisions ranged from 91.4-112.9% and 1.5-12.4%, respectively. The total assay run time was 5.5 minutes. Concentrations of glucose, sorbitol, and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were elevated in pediatric renal transplant patients (n=9) prior to transplantation as well as before and immediately after initial dosing of tacrolimus. One month post-transplant urine metabolite patterns matched those of healthy children (n=36). CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS assay will provide the basis for further large-scale clinical studies to explore these analytes as molecular markers for the patients with renal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Klepacki
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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D'Angelo R, Scimone C, Esposito T, Bruschetta D, Rinaldi C, Ruggeri A, Sidoti A. Fish odor syndrome (trimethylaminuria) supporting the possible FMO3 down expression in childhood: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:328. [PMID: 25288227 PMCID: PMC4190592 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trimethylaminuria is a rare inherited disorder due to decreased metabolism of dietary-derived trimethylamine by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms of the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene have been described and result in an enzyme with decreased or abolished functional activity for trimethylamine N-oxygenation thus leading to trimethylaminuria. CASE PRESENTATION Here we investigated an Italian family in which the proband was a 7-year-old girl with suspected trimethylaminuria, by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene direct sequencing and urinary determination of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide. Genetic analysis found that, as with her parents and one of her two brothers, the proband carried three polymorphisms: c.472 G>A p. E158K (rs 2266782) in exon 4, c.627+10 C>G (IVS5+10G>C) (rs 2066534) and c.485-21 G>A (IVS4-22G>A) (rs 1920149) in intronic regions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the same genotypic condition only the girl had symptoms attributable to the trimethylaminuria. The suspicion is that she has transient childhood trimethylaminuria. Therefore, we bring attention to the importance of genetic testing and eventual determination of urinary trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide as instruments to offer to clinicians in the management of these pediatric patients.
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Detection of volatile malodorous compounds in breath: current analytical techniques and implications in human disease. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:357-76. [PMID: 24471956 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last few decades intense scientific research has been placed on the relationship between trace substances found in exhaled breath such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and a wide range of local or systemic diseases. Although currently there is no general consensus, results imply that VOC have a different profile depending on the organ or disease that generates them. The association between a specific pathology and exhaled breath odor is particularly evident in patients with medical conditions such as liver, renal or oral diseases. In other cases the unpleasant odors can be associated with the whole body and have a genetic underlying cause. The present review describes the current advances in identifying and quantifying VOC used as biomarkers for a number of systemic diseases. A special focus will be placed on volatiles that characterize unpleasant breath 'fingerprints' such as fetor hepaticus; uremic fetor; fetor ex ore or trimethylaminuria.
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FMO3 allelic variants in Sicilian and Sardinian populations: trimethylaminuria and absence of fish-like body odor. Gene 2012; 515:410-5. [PMID: 23266626 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The N-oxygenation of amines by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3) (FMO3) represents an important means for the conversion of lipophilic nucleophilic heteroatom-containing compounds into more polar and readily excreted products. In healthy individuals, virtually all Trimethylamine (TMA) are metabolized to Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FMO3 gene have been described and result in an enzyme with decreased or abolished functional activity for TMA N-oxygenation thus leading to TMAU, or fish-like odor syndrome. Three coding region variants, c. G472A (p.E158K) in exon 4, c. G769A (p.V257M) in exon 6, and c.A923G (p.E308G) in exon 7, are common polymorphisms identified in all population examined so far and are associated with normal or slightly reduced TMA N-oxygenation activity. However, simultaneous occurrence of 158K and 308G variants results in a more pronounced decrease in FMO3 activity. A fourth polymorphism, c. G1424A (p.G475D) in exon 9, less common in the general population, was observed in individuals suffering severe or moderate trimethylaminuria. The aim of this study was to determine the allelic and genotypic distributions of these four FMO3 variants in 528 healthy individuals collected from the Sicilian and Sardinian populations together with haplotype and linkage analyses. Finally, we present data on the genotype-phenotype correlation by ESI-MS/MS TMA/TMAO urinary determination in 158KK/308EG individuals. Variant 158K shows the same frequency in Sicilian and Sardinian populations while variant 257M was not observed in the Sardinian sampling. No significant differences were found for 308G and 475D variants among two populations. Cis-linkage between 158K and 308G was confirmed with the compound variant (158K-308G) being found in a proportion of 0.9% and 0.3% of Sicilian subjects, and 0.01% and 0.5% in Sardinian population. Urinary determination of TMA/TMAO ratio in 158KK/308EG individuals showed a considerable reduction in FMO3 activity although they do not show the classical features of trimethylaminuria as a strong body odor and breath. Our data support the conclusion that trimethylaminuria is not always accompanied by a fish-like odor, despite the coexistence in the same individual of the two variants 158K and 308G, and other factors account for the expression of that phenotype.
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Anderson WG, Allen PJ. An alternative approach for the measurement of trimethylamine oxide in body fluid samples of elasmobranchs. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:667-672. [PMID: 21284644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined an alternative approach to the measurement of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in body fluids of an elasmobranch, the little skate Leucoraja erinacea. Using ion exchange chromatography, the values measured compared favourably with values from the same samples measured using a recognized and frequently published spectrophotometric technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Santa T. Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mamer OA, Choinière L, Lesimple A. Measurement of urinary trimethylamine and trimethylamime oxide by direct infusion electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:80-2. [PMID: 20599641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Urinary trimethylamine (TMA) and its oxide (TMAOx) are measured separately and as a mixture using (15)N-labeled internal standards and direct infusion electrospray with a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-ToF) instrument. TMA is quaternized with trideuteromethyl iodide to avoid inclusion of endogenous tetramethylammonium ion in the TMA measurement, whereas TMAOx is measured as the protonated molecule. Measurements reported as percentage TMA made with separate and combined samples agree within 6% of the measured values and demonstrate that both TMA and TMAOx can be measured simultaneously in a single analysis. Moreover, the analysis is simpler and less tedious and time-consuming than some earlier methods.
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Lee SK, Kim DH, Jin CB, Yoo HH. Determination of Urinary Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-oxide by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Mixed-Mode Stationary Phases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.02.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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