1
|
Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Charles L. Degradation strategies for structural characterization of insoluble synthetic polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39093552 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to produce intact gas-phase ions from nonvolatile macromolecules, mass spectrometry has become an essential technique in the field of polymeric materials. However, (co)polymers of very high molecular weight or with reticulated architectures still escape ESI or MALDI, mainly due to solubility issues. Strategies developed to tackle such an analytical challenge all rely on sample degradation to produce low-mass species amenable to existing ionization methods. Yet, chain degradation needs to be partial and controlled to generate sufficiently large species that still contain topological or architectural information. The present article reviews the different analytical degradation strategies implemented to perform mass spectrometry of these challenging synthetic polymers, covering thermal degradation approaches in sources developed in the 2000s, off-line sample pre-treatments for controlled chemical degradation of polymeric substrates, and most recent achievements employing reactive ionization modes to perform chemolysis on-line with MS.
Collapse
|
2
|
Grönlund K, Nissinen VH, Rytöluoto I, Mosallaei M, Mikkonen J, Korpijärvi K, Auvinen P, Suvanto M, Saarinen JJ, Jänis J. Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants in Synthetic Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33011-33021. [PMID: 39100298 PMCID: PMC11292827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are persistent organic pollutants that pose a major threat to the environment. In this study, a direct insertion probe (DIP) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) was used to characterize additives, especially BFRs, from solid polymer samples with minimal sample preparation. A temperature-programmed DIP analysis, from 150 to 450 °C within 10 min, was utilized to achieve temporal separation of analytes based on their boiling or degradation temperatures, thereby facilitating their easier identification within a single run. Studied BFRs showed different behaviors during the analysis: decabromodiphenyl ether and tetrabromobisphenol A were found to be stable within the studied temperature range, while hexabromocyclododecane already started to debrominate. Our study showed that the DIP-APCI-MS method suited well for the direct qualitative identification of BFRs from polymer matrices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sampling procedure with cryogenic grinding, even quantitative analysis could be performed. The DIP measurements also provided important information about the composition of polymer matrices, including the identification of the comonomers present. Overall, DIP-APCI QTOF-MS was found to be an excellent tool for the compositional analysis of plastic samples. Developing rapid and reliable analysis methods can pave the way for more efficient plastic recycling and the safer use of plastic recyclates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Grönlund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ville H. Nissinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Rytöluoto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Milad Mosallaei
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Mikkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpijärvi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Koivurannantie 1, 40400 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paavo Auvinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mika Suvanto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jarkko J. Saarinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Carvalho CP, da Silva AJR, Lima RC, Eberlin MN. Mass spectrometry molecular fingerprinting of mineral and synthetic lubricant oils. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4906. [PMID: 36916159 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of lubricating oils has a strong impact on how automotive engines function, but the techniques used to monitor the quality parameters of these oils only inspect their gross physical-chemical properties such as viscosity, color, and bulk spectroscopy profiles; hence, bad-quality, adulterated, or counterfeit oils are hard to detect. Herein, we investigated the ability of direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to provide simple, rapid but characteristic fingerprint profiles for such oils of the mineral and synthetic types. After a simple aqueous extraction, ESI-MS analyses, particularly in the positive ion mode, did indeed show characteristic molecular markers with unique profiles, which were confirmed and more clearly visualized by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy were also tested for the bulk samples but showed nearly identical spectra, thus failing to reveal their distinct molecular composition and to differentiate the oil samples. To simulate adulteration, mixtures of mineral and synthetic oils were also analyzed by ESI(+)-MS, and additions as low as 1% of mineral oil to synthetic oil could be detected. The technique therefore offers a simple and fast but powerful tool to monitor the molecular composition of lubricant oils, particularly vias their more polar constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P de Carvalho
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering, PPGEMN & Mackenzie Institute of Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Adriano J R da Silva
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering, PPGEMN & Mackenzie Institute of Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Rosineide C Lima
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering, PPGEMN & Mackenzie Institute of Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering, PPGEMN & Mackenzie Institute of Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alawani N, Barrère-Mangote C, Wesdemiotis C. Analysis of Thermoplastic Copolymers by Mild Thermal Degradation Coupled to Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200306. [PMID: 35701837 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption/degradation with an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) and ion mobility (IM) separation are coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation to characterize thermoplastic elastomers. The compounds investigated, which are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of packaging materials, are mainly composed of thermoplastic copolymers, but also contain additional chemicals ("additives"), like antioxidants and UV stabilizers, for enhancement of their properties or protection from degradation. The traditional method for analyzing such complex mixtures is vacuum pyrolysis followed by electron or chemical ionization mass spectrometry, often after gas chromatography separation. Here, an alternative, faster approach, involving mild degradation at atmospheric pressure (ASAP) and subsequent characterization of the desorbates and pyrolyzates by IM-MS, and if needed, MS/MS is presented. Such multidimensional dispersion considerably simplifies the resulting spectra, permitting the conclusive separation, characterization, and classification of the multicomponent materials examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadrah Alawani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | | | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paglia G, Smith AJ, Astarita G. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:722-765. [PMID: 33522625 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Andrew J Smith
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lacroix-Andrivet O, Moualdi S, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier Bourhis C, Mendes Siqueira AL, Afonso C. Molecular Characterization of Formulated Lubricants and Additive Packages Using Kendrick Mass Defect Determined by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1194-1203. [PMID: 35709480 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formulated lubricants correspond to high value products used for several applications in automotive, industrial, medicinal, and agro-food sectors. They correspond to complex matrices composed of approximately 80% of base oils (mineral or synthetic) and of about 20% of additives. Additives are generally low molecular weight polymeric molecules with a great diversity of elements. To characterize such complex compositions at the molecular level, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometers are required. Two formulated lubricants and two additive packages were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in direct infusion. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) sources were used to have an exhaustive characterization of the samples. The Kendrick mass defects (KMD) plot is a widespread representation to characterize polymeric molecules. Here, the terms apparent mass defect and apparent Kendrick mass defects (aKMD) values were introduced to consider the uncertainty on nominal mass determination. Several additive families including alkyldiphenylamines, trisalkylphenylthiophosphoric acid, zinc dithiophosphates, bisuccinimide dispersants, and their derivatives were observed by APCI(+). ESI(-) also presented a use for the selective ionization of acidic compounds including sulfonates, phenates, and sulfur phenate molecules. The specific aKMD values and polydispersity of many additive families have been reported to create a database of additives. Overall, this study demonstrated the great utility of the aKMD approach and the use of the ESI/APCI combination for a simple and fast characterization of formulated lubricant and additive package samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lacroix-Andrivet
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Samira Moualdi
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramopoulou L, Widder L, Brenner J, Ristic A, Allmaier G. Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of engine oil additive components. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9271. [PMID: 35170095 PMCID: PMC9285620 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The efficiency of lubricants strongly depends on the content of functional additives. In order to assess the chemical and structural changes taking place in the lubricating oil and its additives during operation, it is essential to develop a method for simple and prompt analysis. METHODS Two single additives as well as a fully formulated engine oil were analysed using an atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) source coupled to a linear trap quadrupole Orbitrap XL hybrid tandem mass spectrometer and compared with results obtained by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) including additional low-energy collision-induced dissociation (LE-CID). The identification of additives directly from technical surfaces was simulated by using steel substrates as AP-MALDI targets with varying roughness. RESULTS After assessment and selection of the most suited AP-MALDI matrix it was found that pure additives such as calcium sulfonate and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) could well be identified with abundant signal intensity based on their elemental composition. Molecular identification was corroborated by LE-CID in ESI mode. Additionally, additives present in the fully formulated commercial oil such as ZDDPs and salicylates could be reliably identified based on the elemental composition of the deprotonated molecules by means of the Orbitrap unit on different substrates including steel surfaces with high roughness. CONCLUSIONS AP-MALDI is an efficient technique for determination of lubricant additives directly from commercial oil blends. Identification of additive components was also achieved on steel surfaces with high roughness as applied in tribological systems and thus it is expected that it will be possible to assess additive degradation in real applications, enabling more effective and timely maintenance measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Ramopoulou
- AC2T research GmbHWiener NeustadtAustria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Structural Elucidation of Petroleum Compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Endres KJ, Dilla RA, Becker ML, Wesdemiotis C. Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel Crosslinking Chemistries Identified via Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Endres
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Rodger A. Dilla
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rüger CP, Le Maître J, Riches E, Palmer M, Orasche J, Sippula O, Jokiniemi J, Afonso C, Giusti P, Zimmermann R. Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled to High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe for the Molecular Characterization of Combustion Particulate Matter. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:206-217. [PMID: 33237780 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic air pollution has a severe impact on climate and human health. The immense molecular complexity and diversity of particulate matter (PM) is a result of primary organic aerosol (POA) as well as secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In this study, a direct inlet probe (DIP), i.e., atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP), with ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometric detection is applied. Primary particulate matter emissions from three sources were investigated. Furthermore, photochemically aged emissions were analyzed. DIP introduction allowed for a direct analysis with almost no sample preparation and resulted in a complex molecular pattern. This pattern shifted through oxidation processes toward heavier species. For diesel emissions, the fuel's chemical characteristic is partially transferred to the particulate matter by incomplete combustion and characteristic alkylated series were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as major contributors. Ion mobility analysis results in drift time profiles used for structural analysis. The apex position was used to prove structural changes, whereas the full-width-at-half-maximum was used to address the isomeric diversity. With this concept, the dominance of one or a few isomers for certain PAHs could be shown. In contrast, a broad isomeric diversity was found for oxygenated species. For the in-depth specification of fresh and aged spruce emissions, the ion mobility resolving power was almost doubled by allowing for three passes in the circular traveling wave design. The results prove that ASAP coupled with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) serves as a promising analytical approach for tackling the vast molecular complexity of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Johann Le Maître
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | | | - Martin Palmer
- Waters Corporation, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Carlos Afonso
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen-Normandie, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- International Joint Laboratory-iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville (TRTG), 76700 Harfleur, France
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Gonfreville, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Sun MY, Meng B, Liu LY, Song WW, Ma WL, Li WL, Li YF. Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) in typical domestic wastewater treatment plants and Songhua River in the northeast of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127519. [PMID: 32683033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies focus on the occurrence, removal rate and seasonal variation of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) in surface water and wastewater in China. In this paper, the detection method of SDPAs was established by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily variations suggested that significant variations were found for the concentrations of some SDPAs in the influent. It was found that the SDPAs could be detected in all the effluent samples and C8/C8-DPA was the predominant compound in two WWTPs. The levels of most SDPAs in the effluent were much lower than that of influent, with the removal efficiencies of total SDPAs ranged from 57.9% to 84.2%. There were significant differences with the SDPA concentrations in the influent between different seasons. Higher concentrations of SDPAs were found at downstream than those of upstream. The results of this study provide more environmental occurrence data and new insights into the research on the environmental fate of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research Key Laboratory, Harbin University, Harbin, 150086, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ming-Yu Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bo Meng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research Key Laboratory, Harbin University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beaumesnil M, Mendes Siqueira AL, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Afonso C, Racaud A, Bai Y. High-performance thin-layer chromatography with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry for analysis of gasoline polymeric additives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8755. [PMID: 32060954 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The offline coupling of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS) was evaluated for the characterization of polymeric additives in gasoline. METHODS A protocol was developed to optimize the ion signal. A glass capillary was moistened with deionized water, and then dipped into silica gel scratched from an HPTLC plate. The capillary tube was fixed to the ASAP holder and introduced into the ionization source for analysis by MS. Silica gel, reversed-phase C18 and cellulose stationary phases were evaluated. RESULTS The effect of the stationary phase and the nature of analyte were evaluated using polypropylene glycol and polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine as analyte molecules. The optimal ionization conditions are significantly different between ASAP and HPTLC/ASAP-MS analyses. In particular, a higher desorption gas temperature was required to produce ions from the silica gel HPTLC plate. The presence of the stationary phase reduces the internal energy of the ions and limits the fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS HPTLC/ASAP-MS is a very fast and efficient technique for the analysis of polymers in formulated fuels. Good ionization efficiency was obtained with all investigated stationary phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Beaumesnil
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Yang Bai
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zuppa Neto TDO, Avval TG, Morais PADO, Ellis WC, Chapman SC, de Oliveira AE, Linford MR, Farnsworth PB, Antoniosi Filho NR. Direct Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Promotes Rapid and Simple Lubricant Oil Fingerprinting. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1525-1535. [PMID: 32453588 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleomics, which is the characterization, separation, and quantification of the components of petroleum and crude oil, is an emerging area of study. However, the repertoire of analytical methods available to understand commercial automotive lubricant oils (ALOs) is very limited. Ambient mass spectrometry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods for real-time and in situ chemical analysis. With this technique, the chemical fingerprinting of ALOs can be performed quickly and simply using dielectric barrier discharge ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this study, the mass spectra of 35 samples were obtained without any sample preparation in positive-ion mode, and no carryover was observed. To elucidate the similarities and differences between the ALO samples, the data generated from these spectra were analyzed using four chemometric techniques: principal component analysis, multivariate curve resolution, hierarchical cluster analysis, and pattern recognition entropy. The ALO samples were readily differentiated according to their American Petroleum Institute classification and base oil types: mineral, semisynthetic, and synthetic. The development of this new methodology will aid in the semiquantitative control analysis of ALOs and offers an improved ability to identify the components therein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana de O Zuppa Neto
- Extraction and Separation Methods Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, CP.131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Pedro A de Oliveira Morais
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wade C Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Sean C Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Anselmo E de Oliveira
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nelson R Antoniosi Filho
- Extraction and Separation Methods Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, CP.131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mendes Siqueira AL, Beaumesnil M, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Afonso C, Bai Y, Courtiade M, Racaud A. Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe Coupled to Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry, a Fast and Simple Method for Polyalphaolefin Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1678-1687. [PMID: 29855890 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) are polymers produced from linear alpha olefins through catalytic oligomerization processes. The PAOs are known as synthetic high-performance base stock fluids used to improve the efficiency of many other synthetic products. In this study, we report the direct characterization of PAOs using atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) coupled with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). We studied different PAOs grades exhibiting low- and high-viscosity index. Specific adjustments of the ASAP source parameters permitted the monitoring of ionization processes as three mechanisms could occur for these compounds: hydride abstraction, nitrogen addition, and/or the formation of [M-2H]+• ions. Several series of fragment ions were obtained, which allowed the identification of the alpha olefin used to synthesize the PAO. The use of the ion mobility separation dimension provides information on isomeric species. In addition, the drift time versus m/z plots permitted rapid comparison between PAO samples and to evidence their complexity. These 2D plots appear as fingerprints of PAO samples. To conclude, the resort to ASAP-IMS-MS provides a rapid characterization of the PAO samples in a direct analysis approach, without any sample preparation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Mathieu Beaumesnil
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Yang Bai
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marion Courtiade
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu Z, De Silva AO, Peart TE, Cook CJ, Tetreault GR, Servos MR, Muir DCG. Distribution, Partitioning and Bioaccumulation of Substituted Diphenylamine Antioxidants and Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in an Urban Creek in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9089-97. [PMID: 27477395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) and benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs), previously under reported classes of organic contaminants, were determined in sediment, water, and freshwater biota in an urban creek in Canada. SDPAs and BZT-UVs were frequently detected in all matrices including upstream of the urban area in a rural agricultural/woodlot region, suggesting a ubiquitous presence and bioaccumulation of these emerging contaminants. Spatial comparisons were characterized by higher levels of SDPAs downstream compared with the upstream, implying a possible influence of the urban activities on the antioxidant contamination in the sampling area. In sediment, 4,4'-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-diphenylamine (diAMS), dioctyl-diphenylamine (C8C8), and dinonyl-diphenylamine (C9C9) were the most dominant congeners of SDPAs, with concentrations up to 191 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.). Benthic invertebrates Crayfish (Orcoescties spp.) had larger body burdens of SDPAs and BZT-UVs compared to pelagic fish (hornyhead chub (Nocomis biguttatus) and common shiner (Luxilus cornutus)) in the creek and partitioning coefficients demonstrated that sediment was the major reservoir of these contaminants. This is the first report of bioaccumulation and partitioning behaviors of SDPAs and BZT-UVs in freshwater environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Thomas E Peart
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Cyril J Cook
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Gerald R Tetreault
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu Z, Peart TE, Cook CJ, De Silva AO. Simultaneous determination of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants and benzotriazole ultra violet stabilizers in blood plasma and fish homogenates by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:51-8. [PMID: 27425756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods were developed for the determination of eight substituted diphenylamines (SDPAs) and six benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) in blood plasma and fish homogenate matrices. Liquid-liquid extraction by methyl tert-butyl ether and denaturation by KOH following silica gel packed column clean-up was employed for blood plasma preparation. For the fish homogenate samples, ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction combined with automated gel permeation chromatography and silica gel packed column clean-up was used. The target compounds were determined by optimized ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. The method limits of quantification (MLOQs) of the 14 analytes ranged from 0.002 to 1.5ngg(-1) and 0.001 to 2.3ngg(-1) (wet weight, w.w.) for blood plasma and fish homogenate, respectively. The total recoveries of the target compounds varied from 61% to 100% (mean 77±9%). Eleven targets including monobutyl- (C4), dibutyl- (C4C4), monooctyl- (C8), monobutyl monooctyl- (C4C8), dioctyl-(C8C8), monononyl- (C9), dinonly-(C9C9) and 4,4'-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-(diAMS) DPAs, as well as 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV234), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) phenol (UV327) and 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV328) were identified in the environmental biota samples, with concentrations in the range of <MLOQ-934pgg(-1), <MLOQ-4.2×10(3)pgg(-1) and <MLOQ-3.9×10(3)pgg(-1)w.w. for bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) plasma, northern pike (Esox lucius) plasma and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) homogenate, respectively. This is the first report of an analytical method development for SDPAs in biotic matrices and BZT-UVs in blood plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Thomas E Peart
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cyril J Cook
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Applications of ion-mobility mass spectrometry for lipid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4995-5007. [PMID: 25893801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high chemical complexity of the lipidome is one of the major challenges in lipidomics research. Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), a gas-phase electrophoretic technique, makes possible the separation of ions in the gas phase according to their charge, shape, and size. IMS can be combined with mass spectrometry (MS), adding three major benefits to traditional lipidomic approaches. First, IMS-MS allows the determination of the collision cross section (CCS), a physicochemical measure related to the conformational structure of lipid ions. The CCS is used to improve the confidence of lipid identification. Second, IMS-MS provides a new set of hybrid fragmentation experiments. These experiments, which combine collision-induced dissociation with ion-mobility separation, improve the specificity of MS/MS-based approaches. Third, IMS-MS improves the peak capacity and signal-to-noise ratio of traditional analytical approaches. In doing so, it allows the separation of complex lipid extracts from interfering isobaric species. Developing in parallel with advances in instrumentation, informatics solutions enable analysts to process and exploit IMS-MS data for qualitative and quantitative applications. Here we review the current approaches for lipidomics research based on IMS-MS, including liquid chromatography-MS and direct-MS analyses of "shotgun" lipidomics and MS imaging.
Collapse
|
21
|
Maurer MM, Donohoe GC, Valentine SJ. Advances in ion mobility-mass spectrometry instrumentation and techniques for characterizing structural heterogeneity. Analyst 2015; 140:6782-98. [PMID: 26114255 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00922g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enabling IM-MS instrumentation and techniques for characterizing sample structural heterogeneity have developed rapidly over the last five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Maurer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry
- West Virginia University
- Morgantown
- USA
| | - Gregory C. Donohoe
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry
- West Virginia University
- Morgantown
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|