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Ruchusatsawat K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Kawidam C, Thiemsing L, Sangkitporn S, Yoshizaki S, Tatsumi M, Takeda N, Ishii K. An Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Genotype IB Hepatitis A Viruses Contaminating the Water Supply in Thailand. Intervirology 2017; 59:197-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000455856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sa-nguanmoo P, Posuwan N, Vichaiwattana P, Wutthiratkowit N, Owatanapanich S, Wasitthankasem R, Thongmee T, Poovorawan K, Theamboonlers A, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. Swine is a possible source of hepatitis E virus infection by comparative study of hepatitis A and E seroprevalence in Thailand. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126184. [PMID: 25927925 PMCID: PMC4415934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in developing countries are associated with contaminated food or water. Although Thailand is non-endemic for HEV, sporadic infections may occur from zoonotic transmission. Individuals between 7 months to 69 years (mean age = 32.8) from predominantly Islamic Narathiwat (n = 305) and swine farm-dense Lop Buri (n = 416) provinces were screened for anti-HEV and anti-HAV antibodies by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. Seroprevalence and relative antibody titers were analyzed according to age groups. HAV IgG antibody positive rates in Lop Buri and Narathiwat residents were 39.9% and 58%, respectively (p < 0.001). Greater than 90% of individuals >50 years old in both provinces possessed anti-HAV IgG. In contrast, seroprevalence for anti-HEV IgG was much higher in Lop Buri (37.3%) than in Narathiwat (8.9%) (p < 0.001). Highest anti-HEV IgG prevalence was found among 21-30 year-olds (50%) in Lop Buri and 41-50 year-olds (14.1%) in Narathiwat. In summary, fewer individuals possessed anti-HEV IgG in Narathiwat where most residents abstained from pork and fewer swine farms are present. Therefore, an increased anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was associated with the density of swine farm and possibly pork consumption. Adults were more likely than children to have antibodies to both HEV and HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaratida Sa-nguanmoo
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Rujipat Wasitthankasem
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanunrat Thongmee
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittiyod Poovorawan
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains that induced epidemics in Korea during 2007-2009. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1252-7. [PMID: 22238447 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01114-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is one of the most prominent causes of fecally transmitted acute hepatitis worldwide. In order to characterize the viral agents causing an outbreak in Korea (comprising North and South Korea) from June 2007 to May 2009, we collected specimens and performed genotyping of the VP1/P2A and VP3/VP1 regions of hepatitis A virus. We then used a multiple-alignment algorithm to compare the nucleotide sequences of the 2 regions with those of reference strains. Hepatitis A virus antibodies were detected in 64 patients from 5 reported outbreaks (North Korea, June 2007 [n = 11]; Jeonnam, April 2008 [n = 15]; Daegu, May 2008 [n = 13]; Seoul, May 2009 [n = 22]; and Incheon, May 2009 [n = 3]). We found 100% homology between strains isolated from the Kaesong Industrial Region and Jeonnam. While those strains were classified as genotype IA strains, strains from Seoul and Incheon were identified as genotype IIIA strains and showed 98.9 to 100% homology. Genotype IIIA was also dominant in Daegu, where strains were 95.7 to 100% homologous. All hepatitis A virus strains isolated from the Kaesong Industrial Region, Jeonnam, Seoul, and Incheon belonged to a single cluster. However, strains from Daegu could be classified into 2 clusters, suggesting that the outbreak had multiple sources. This study indicates that hepatitis A virus strains of 2 different genotypes are currently cocirculating in Korea. Moreover, it documents an increasing prevalence of genotype IIIA strains in the country.
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Namsai A, Louisirirotchanakul S, Wongchinda N, Siripanyaphinyo U, Virulhakul P, Puthavathana P, Myint K, Gannarong M, Ittapong R. Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:608-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cao J, Bi S, Meng Q, Shen L, Zheng H, Zhang Y. Genotyping of acute hepatitis a virus isolates from China, 2003-2008. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1134-41. [PMID: 21520140 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is usually transmitted by an oral-fecal route and is prevalent not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. In the present study, the phylogenetic characterization of the VP1/2A junction region (321 nucleotides) of China HAV isolates was examined. Anti-HAV IgM-positive serum samples were collected from 8 provinces, including 20 cities or counties in China from 2003 to 2008; 337 isolates from 406 HAV patients' serum samples were amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced at the VP1/2A junction region and aligned with the published sequences from GenBank to establish phylogenetic analysis. All China HAV isolates in this study belonged to genotype I, with 98.8% (333/337) of samples clustering in sub-genotype IA and 1.2% (4/337) in sub-genotype IB. In addition, sub-genotype IA isolates clustered into four groups (92.7-100% nucleotide identity), and the samples collected from all China HAV isolates in this investigation showed 87.5-100% nucleotide identity, but the amino acids in this region were more conserved (95.2-100% identity). Few unique amino acid changes could be deduced (VP1-253: Glu → Gly; 2A-34: Pro → Ala; 2A-33: Leu → Phe). Genetically identical or similar HAV strains existed in some investigated areas in China during different years, suggesting that an indigenous strain has been circulating in those regions. This report provides new data on the genetic relatedness and molecular epidemiology of HAV isolates from China as well as the distribution of sub-genotype IA and IB in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping Qu, Beijing, PR China.
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Lee KO, Jeong SJ, Seong HS, Kim KT, Hwang YS, Kim GY, Lee SH. Genetic Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus Isolated from Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2009.39.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ok Lee
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jeong
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Seong
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Hwang
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gee-Young Kim
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Lee
- Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Barameechai K, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Suwannakarn K, Thongmee C, Payungporn S, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Molecular characterisation of the hepatitis A virus circulating in the 2001-2005 outbreaks in Thailand. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2008; 102:247-57. [PMID: 18348779 DOI: 10.1179/136485908x278775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Thailand, viral isolates recovered during several outbreaks of infection that occurred between 2001 and 2005 were genotyped and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Anti-HAV IgM was detected, by ELISA, in many of the 283 serum samples that were collected from the provinces of Suphanburi, Songkhla, Chiangrai and Lampang: 40 (48.2% of those investigated), 38 (47.5%), 25 (41.0%) and 32 (54.2%), respectively. The HAV RNA in the positive samples was reverse transcribed and amplified, using a nested PCR focussed on the VP1-2A region, before the nucleotides of the VP1-2A region of each HAV-RNA-positive sample were sequenced. All the isolates investigated clustered in subgenotype IA and, hence, are closely related to the strains previously investigated in Thailand. When the genome of one sample from an outbreak in Lampang (LP014) was fully sequenced, the results of genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis again indicated subgenotype 1A, which appears to be the predominant form of HAV circulating throughout Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barameechai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Munné MS, Vladimirsky S, Otegui L, Soto S, Brajterman L, Castro R, Velasco MCC, Bonnano A, Fernández E, Remondegui C, Passeggi C, Rodríguez C, Pizarro M, Fabre A, Moreiro R, Quarleri J, González JE. Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from Argentina. J Med Virol 2007; 79:887-94. [PMID: 17516519 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A, a vaccine preventable disease, is now of transitional or intermediate endemicity in Argentina, as the epidemiologic pattern of the disease has shifted with improvements in living conditions in some parts of the country. Increase in the susceptibility of older children and adults has led to increasing disease incidence. Molecular epidemiology has played an important role in the understanding of HAV infection by identifying modes of spreading and by permitting the monitoring of changes in circulating virus brought about by prevention programs. South American isolates characterized are limited. Eighty-two sporadic and outbreak isolates from Argentina were sequenced in the VP1/2A region of HAV genome over a 9-year period. All the isolates belonged to subgenotype IA. All our sequences grouped into two big clusters. Apparently, at least two lineages have been co-circulating in the same place at the same time. Despite great genetic variability, few point amino acid changes could be deduced. Four sequences showed an Arg --> Lys substitution at 1-297 which characterized the genotype IB at the amino acid level. Many isolates carried a conservative amino acid substitution Leu --> Ile at position 42 of the 2A domain, previously described as a possible fingerprint of HAV sequences in Brazil. The other rare changes have been found before, except for a 1-277 Asn --> Ser substitution displayed in two isolates that has not been previously reported. Argentina recently implemented universal vaccination in 1-year-old children. Molecular tools would be useful in an active surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Munné
- Lab. Nac.de Referencia Hepatitis Virales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Dr. C.G. Malbrán, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kittigul L, Uthaisin A, Ekchaloemkiet S, Utrarachkij F, Luksamijarulkul P. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus in water samples in Thailand. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1318-23. [PMID: 16696679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Outbreaks of hepatitis A in Thailand have been reported continuely and associated with water supply. However, the genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in water is limited. This study described the application of virus concentration method and reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) to detect HAV RNA and analyse the genetic sequence of the virus in environmental water samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The HAV from water samples was concentrated by using a developed virus concentration method (adsorption-elution and subsequent speedVac reconcentration) and the viral RNA was detected by RT-nested PCR followed by sequencing of the amplified DNA products. Detection limit of HAV determined by the RT-nested PCR was 1.29 radioimmunofocus assay (RIFA) units ml(-1). The DNA band appeared at 183 basepairs. No cross-reactivity was observed in the presence of other enteric viruses (poliovirus and rotavirus). A total of 180 water samples were collected, concentrated, and detected for HAV. The HAV was found in 6/40 (15%) of water samples collected from a swamp and 3/30 (10%) collected from a canal. Ten river samples and 100 tap water samples stored in containers for drinking and domestic uses were negative for HAV. In sequence analysis of the DNA products and alignment with the HAV sequence deposited in the GenBank, six water samples showed the nucleotide sequence associated with HAV. The 120 nucleotides in the N-terminal VP1 region obtained from two swamp samples showed 95 and 96.7% identity to HAV genotype IA. In nearly all water samples where HAV was present bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli) were found for faecal contamination. CONCLUSIONS A coupled virus concentration method and RT-nested PCR was successfully applied to examine HAV in water samples collected from various sources. DNA sequencing of nested PCR products showed the genotype IA associated with HAV that is predominate in Thailand. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This research is the first study of genetic sequence of HAV in water samples in Thailand. The presence of naturally occurring HAV might pose a potential health risk for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gharbi-Khelifi H, Ferre V, Sdiri K, Berthome M, Fki L, Harrath R, Billaudel S, Aouni M. Hepatitis A in Tunisia: phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus from 2001 to 2004. J Virol Methods 2006; 138:109-16. [PMID: 17005259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tunisia is a highly endemic area for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. In the present study, the phylogenetic characterization of the VP1 gene (882 nucleotides) and of the VP1/2A junction (336 nucleotides) of Tunisian strains were examined. One hundred strains isolated from patient with anti-HAV IgM from 2001 to 2004 were amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced at the VP1 and at the VP1/2A junction and aligned with the published sequences to establish phylogenetic analysis. All Tunisian strains belong to genotype I with a greater presence of sub-genotype IA (98%) originate from most of Tunisian regions and 2% of sub-genotype IB. In addition, sub-genotype IA and IB strains formed 25 different clusters. Genetically similar strains were also identified between 2001 and 2004 isolated from the southern and the central part of Tunisia, suggesting that an indigenous strain has been circulating in the Tunisia. The genetic profile of the VP1 region showed that Tun159-02 and Tun40-03 clustered respectively in the IB and IA sub-genotype, however, analysis of VP1/2A junction revealed in contrast that Tun159-02 and Tun40-03 clustered respectively in IA and IB. This is the first report to identify sub-genotype IA in Tunisia and provides new data on the genetic relatedness of HAV from Tunisia and the distribution of sub-genotype IA in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakima Gharbi-Khelifi
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:63-79. [PMID: 16418523 PMCID: PMC1360271 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63-79.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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