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Oliveira-Filho AB, Frade PCR, Fonseca RRDS, Sawada L, Martins LC, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, de Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889948. [PMID: 35722295 PMCID: PMC9205188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho,
| | | | | | - Leila Sawada
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Rocamonde B, Futsch N, Orii N, Allatif O, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Mahieux R, Casseb J, Dutartre H. Immunoprofiling of fresh HAM/TSP blood samples shows altered innate cell responsiveness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009940. [PMID: 34767551 PMCID: PMC8631667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment, which affects an increasing number of people in Brazil. Immune cells from the adaptive compartment are involved in disease manifestation but whether innate cell functions participate in disease occurrence has not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed innate cell responses at steady state and after blood cell stimulation using an agonist of the toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8-signaling pathway in blood samples from HTLV-1-infected volunteers, including asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. We observed a lower response of IFNα+ DCs and monocytes in HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic carriers, as a potential consequence of corticosteroid treatments. In contrast, a higher frequency of monocytes producing MIP-1α and pDC producing IL-12 was detected in HAM/TSP blood samples, together with higher IFNγ responsiveness of NK cells, suggesting an increased sensitivity to inflammatory response in HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers. This sustained inflammatory responsiveness could be linked or be at the origin of the neuroinflammatory status in HAM/TSP patients. Therefore, the mechanism underlying this dysregulations could shed light onto the origins of HAM/TSP disease. The infection by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1) is quite frequent in Brazil. Between 1–5% of infected individuals develop a devastating neurodegenerative disease (HAM/TSP) as a result of a sustained inflammation in the central nervous system, with no effective treatment. So far, inflammation has been linked to the deregulated activation of T-cells, but the role of innate cells has not been investigated yet. In this work, we aimed to characterize the responsiveness of innate cells, as this immune population is cornerstone of efficient immune response, but also might participate in disease exacerbation found in chronic infection. Our findings suggest an impaired antiviral response and increased inflammatory responsiveness by dendritic cells and monocytes in HAM/TSP patients compared to asymptomatic carriers. This sustained inflammatory responsiveness upon innate cell activation could participate in the establishment of the HAM/TSP disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Noemia Orii
- Faculdade de Medicina/Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo/Universidade da São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Omran Allatif
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, service BIBS, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Faculdade de Medicina/Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo/Universidade da São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France, Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect
- * E-mail:
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Campos KR, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals. mSphere 2020; 5:e00923-20. [PMID: 32999083 PMCID: PMC7529439 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00923-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Provirus mutations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), mostly the lack of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) genomic region, have been described and associated with severe adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), non-sense point mutations with low proviral load, and Western blotting indeterminate results. Until now, no information concerning provirus mutations of HTLV-2 and its consequences, as well as those of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-coinfected individuals, had been described. Therefore, we searched for these mutations in provirus samples of 44 HIV/HTLV-1- and 25 HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Using protocols well established for amplification and sequencing of segments of the LTR, env, and tax regions, we searched for defective type 1 particles that retain LTRs and lack internal sequences and type 2 particles that lack the 5'LTR region. In addition, using as references the prototypes ATK (HTLV-1) and Mo (HTLV-2), we searched for point mutations in the LTR and synonyms and nonsynonymous mutations and non-sense mutations in env and tax regions. Defective HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 provirus type 1 or 2 was detected in 31.8% of HIV/HTLV-1- and 32.0% of HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations were identified mostly in HTLV-2 and associated with lower levels of specific antibodies. No non-sense mutations that resulted in premature termination of Env and Tax proteins were detected. On the contrary, mutation in the stop codon of Tax2a produced a long protein characteristic of the HTLV-2c subtype. The clinical significance of these mutations in coinfected individuals remains to be defined, but they confirmed the lower sensitivity of serological and molecular diagnostic tests in HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfections.IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are endemic to Brazil, and they have different effects in HIV/AIDS disease progression. HIV/HTLV-1 has been described as accelerating the progression to AIDS and death, while HIV/HTLV-2 slows the progression to AIDS. Provirus mutations of HTLV-1 were implicated in severe leukemia development and in problems in the diagnosis of HTLV-1; in contrast, provirus mutations of HTLV-2 had not been confirmed and associated with problems in HTLV-2 diagnosis or disease outcome. Nevertheless, data obtained here allowed us to recognize and understand the false-negative results in serologic and molecular tests applied for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 diagnosis. Defective proviruses, as well as synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, were associated with the diagnosis deficiencies. Additionally, since HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infect the same cells (CD4 positive), the production of HIV-1 pseudotypes with HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein during HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection cannot be excluded. Defective provirus of HTLV-2 and Tax2c is speculated to influence progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gomes Y, Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos K, Gonçalves MG, Leite AC, Lima MA, Araújo A, Silva MT, Espíndola O. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid and Accurate Confirmatory Diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090981. [PMID: 32899621 PMCID: PMC7552020 DOI: 10.3390/v12090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) 1 and 2 infection is performed by serological screening and further confirmation with serological or molecular assays. Thus, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of HTLV-1/2 in blood samples. The sensitivity and accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP were defined with DNA samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (n = 125), HTLV-2 (n = 19), and coinfected with HIV (n = 82), and compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP (95% CI 74.8-85.5%) was slightly superior to qPCR (95% CI 69.5-81.1%) and similar to PCR-RFLP (95% CI 79.5-89.3%). The sensitivity of LAMP was greater for HTLV-1 (95% CI 83.2-93.4%) than for HTLV-2 (95% CI 43.2-70.8%). This was also observed in qPCR and PCR-RFLP, which was associated with the commonly lower HTLV-2 proviral load. All molecular assays tested showed better results with samples from HTLV-1/2 mono-infected individuals compared with HIV-coinfected patients, who present lower CD4 T-cell counts. In conclusion, HTLV-1/2 LAMP had similar to superior performance than PCR-based assays, and therefore may represent an attractive alternative for HTLV-1/2 diagnosis due to reduced working time and costs, and the simple infrastructure needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Gomes
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Karoline Campos
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Ana Claudia Leite
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Abelardo Araújo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marcus Tulius Silva
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Otávio Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
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Marcusso RMN, Van Weyenbergh J, de Moura JVL, Dahy FE, de Moura Brasil Matos A, Haziot MEJ, Vidal JE, Fonseca LAM, Smid J, Assone T, Casseb J, de Oliveira ACP. Dichotomy in Fatal Outcomes in a Large Cohort of People Living with HTLV-1 in São Paulo, Brazil. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010025. [PMID: 31888093 PMCID: PMC7168659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite its relatively low incidence of associated diseases, Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection was reported to carry a significant risk of mortality in several endemic areas. HTLV-1-associated diseases, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraperesis (HAM/TSP), as well as frequent coinfections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Strongyloides stercoralis were associated to increased morbidity and mortality of HTLV-1 infection. Objective: To determine the mortality rate and its associated variables from an open cohort started in July 1997 at the HTLV Clinic, Emilio Ribas Institute (IIER), a major infectious disease hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Since inception up to September 2018, we admitted 727 HTLV-1-infected individuals, with a rate of 30–50 new admissions per year. All patient data, including clinical and laboratory data, were regularly updated throughout the 21-year period, using a dedicated REDCap database. The Ethical Board of IIER approved the protocol. Results: During 21 years of clinical care to people living with HTLV-1 in the São Paulo region, we recruited 479 asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals and 248 HAM/TSP patients, of which 632 remained under active follow-up. During a total of 3800 person-years of follow-up (maximum follow-up 21.5 years, mean follow-up 6.0 years), 27 individuals died (median age of 51.5 years), of which 12 were asymptomatic, one ATLL patient and 14 HAM/TSP patients. HAM/TSP diagnosis (but neither age nor gender) was a significant predictor of increased mortality by univariate and multivariate (hazard ratio (HR) 5.03, 95% CI [1.96–12.91], p = 0.001) Cox regression models. Coinfection with HIV/HCV was an independent predictor of increased mortality (HR 15.08; 95% CI [5.50–41.32]; p < 0.001), with AIDS-related infections as a more frequent cause of death in asymptomatics (6/13; p = 0.033). HIV/HCV-negative fatal HAM/TSP cases were all female, with urinary tract infection and decubitus ulcer-associated sepsis as the main cause of death (8/14, p = 0.002). Conclusions: All-cause mortality among people living with HTLV-1 in São Paulo differs between asymptomatic (2.9%) and HAM/TSP patients (7.3%), independent of age and gender. We observe a dichotomy in fatal cases, with HAM/TSP and HIV/HCV coinfection as independent risk factors for death. Our findings reveal an urgent need for public health actions, as the major causes of death, infections secondary to decubitus ulcers, and immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related infections, can be targeted by preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria N. Marcusso
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.N.M.); (A.C.P.d.O.)
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - João Victor Luisi de Moura
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Flávia Esper Dahy
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Michel E. J. Haziot
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Jose E. Vidal
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.d.M.B.M.); (L.A.M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Luiz Augusto M. Fonseca
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.d.M.B.M.); (L.A.M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Tatiane Assone
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.d.M.B.M.); (L.A.M.F.); (J.C.)
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (A.d.M.B.M.); (L.A.M.F.); (J.C.)
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Augusto César Penalva de Oliveira
- Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (J.V.L.d.M.); (F.E.D.); (M.E.J.H.); (J.E.V.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.N.M.); (A.C.P.d.O.)
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Line Immunoassay for Confirmation and Discrimination of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infections in Inconclusive Western Blot Serum Samples from Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 58:JCM.01384-19. [PMID: 31597749 PMCID: PMC6935901 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01384-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in confirming and discriminating human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by serological Western blot (WB) assays (HTLV Blot 2.4; MP Biomedicals) have been reported in Brazil, mainly in HIV/AIDS patients, with a large number of WB-indeterminate and WB-positive but HTLV-untypeable results. Nonetheless, a line immunoassay (LIA) (INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II; Fujirebio) provided enhanced specificity and sensitivity for confirming HTLV-1/2 infections. Difficulties in confirming and discriminating human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by serological Western blot (WB) assays (HTLV Blot 2.4; MP Biomedicals) have been reported in Brazil, mainly in HIV/AIDS patients, with a large number of WB-indeterminate and WB-positive but HTLV-untypeable results. Nonetheless, a line immunoassay (LIA) (INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II; Fujirebio) provided enhanced specificity and sensitivity for confirming HTLV-1/2 infections. To add information concerning the improved ability of the LIA in relation to WB when applied to samples of individuals from different risk groups from Brazil, we performed the present study. Three groups were analyzed: group 1 (G1), with 62 samples from HIV/AIDS patients from São Paulo, SP (48 WB indeterminate and 14 HTLV untypeable); group 2 (G2), with 24 samples from patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C from São Paulo (21 WB indeterminate and 3 HTLV untypeable; 17 HIV seropositive); and group 3 (G3), with 25 samples from an HTLV outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia (16 WB indeterminate and 9 HTLV untypeable; all HIV seronegative). Overall, the LIA confirmed HTLV-1/2 infection (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, or HTLV) in 66.1% (G1), 83.3% (G2), and 76.0% (G3) of samples. Interestingly, the majority of WB-indeterminate results were confirmed by the LIA as being HTLV-2 positive in G1 and G2 but not in G3, in which the samples were defined as being HTLV-1 or HTLV positive. These results agree with the virus types that circulate in such patients of different regions in Brazil and emphasize that the LIA is the best serological test for confirming HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections, independently of being applied in HTLV-monoinfected or HTLV-coinfected individuals.
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Ribeiro IP, Kozlowski AG, Dias de Matos MA, da Costa E Silva ÁM, Dos Santos Carneiro MA, Vicente ACP, Martins RMB. HTLV-1 and -2 in a first-time blood donor population in Northeastern Brazil: Prevalence, molecular characterization, and evidence of intrafamilial transmission. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1651-1657. [PMID: 29797609 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Independent epidemiology for respective human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2 is little known in blood donors in Brazil, where screening for HTLV-1/2 is mandatory at blood banks, but no testing to confirm/differentiate these viruses. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence of HTLV-1 and -2 in a first-time blood donor population in Northeastern Brazil and to carry out molecular characterization of respective isolates. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the State Blood Bank in Piauí. Samples were screened for anti-HTLV-1/2 by enzyme immunoassay, and reactive samples were confirmed using a line immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 37 306 blood donors, 47 were anti-HTLV-1/2 reactive by enzyme immunoassay. After confirmed by line immunoassay, 22 were positive for HTLV-1 (0.59 per 1000; 95% CI: 0.38-0.87), 14 were positive for HTLV-2 (0.37 per 1000; 95% CI: 0.21-0.61), 1 was indeterminate, and the remaining donors were negative. The HTLV-1 infection was also confirmed by PCR in all anti-HTLV-1-positive samples, and sequencing classified these isolates as belonging to the Transcontinental (A) subgroup of the Cosmopolitan (1a) subtype. Of 14 anti-HTLV-2-positive samples, 11 were also PCR positive, which belonged to subtype a (HTLV-2a/c). In addition, 38 family members of 5 HTLV-1- and 3 HTLV-2-infected donors were analyzed. Familial transmission of HTLV-1 and -2 was evidenced in 3 families. In conclusion, in Northeastern Brazil, where HTLV-1 and -2 are endemic, counseling blood donor candidates and their families might play a key role in limiting the spread of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonizete Pires Ribeiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil.,State University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Aline Garcia Kozlowski
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil
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Paiva AM, Assone T, Haziot MEJ, Smid J, Fonseca LAM, Luiz ODC, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Brazil: longer breastfeeding, higher maternal proviral load and previous HTLV-1-infected offspring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7742. [PMID: 29773807 PMCID: PMC5958084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 is transmitted primarily either through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. The mother/child pairs were classified as seroconcordant or serodiscordant. We analyzed mother to child transmission (MTCT) according to sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the mother, child's gender and duration of breastfeeding. Between June 2006 and August 2016 we followed 192 mothers with HTLV-1 infection (mean age 41 years old), resulting in 499 exposed offspring, 288 (57.7%) of whom were tested for HTLV-1, making up the final sample for the study, along with their 134 respective mothers. Among the tested mother/child pairs, 41 (14.2%) were HTLV-1 positive, highlighted that seven of 134 family clusters concentrated 48.8% of positive cases. Variables associated with a positive child: breastfeeding duration ≥12 months, maternal PVL ≥100 copies/104 PBMC, mother's age at delivery >26 years old, and HTLV-1 in more than one child of the same mother. In a multiple logistic regression, breastfeeding ≥12 months, higher maternal PVL and ≥2 previous HTLV-1-infected children remained independently associated with the outcome. Thus, high maternal PVL and breastfeeding beyond 12 months were independently associated with MTCT of the HTLV-1 infection. Our results reinforce the need for both prenatal HTLV screening in endemic areas and for advising mothers on breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Paiva
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Lab. de Imunologia e Dermatologia, LIM-56, SP, Brazil.
- Hospital Universitário "Prof. Alberto Antunes", Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Assone
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Lab. de Imunologia e Dermatologia, LIM-56, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel E J Haziot
- Instituto de Infectologia "Emilio Ribas", Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Instituto de Infectologia "Emilio Ribas", Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto M Fonseca
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Serviço de Alergia e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Olinda do Carmo Luiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Lab. de Imunologia e Dermatologia, LIM-56, SP, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Slavov SN, Otaguiri KK, Smid J, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J, Martinez EZ, Covas DT, Eis-Hübinger AM, Kashima S. Human parvovirus 4 prevalence among HTLV-1/2 infected individuals in Brazil. J Med Virol 2016; 89:748-752. [PMID: 27589576 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a Tetraparvovirus, has been largely found in HIV, HBV, or HCV infected individuals. However, there is no data for the PARV4 occurrence in Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1/2) infected individuals, despite similar transmission routes. Here, PARV4 viremia was evaluated in 130 HTLV infected patients under care of a Brazilian HTLV outpatient clinic. PARV4 viremia was detected in 6.2% of the HTLV-1 infected patients. Most PARV4 positives showed no evidence for parenterally transmitted infections. It is suggested that in Brazil, transmission routes of PARV4 are more complex than in Europe and North America and resemble those in Africa. J. Med. Virol. 89:748-752, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Kaori Otaguiri
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas", São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas", São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Social Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Kashima
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Viana GMDC, da Silva MACN, Souza VL, Lopes NBDS, Nascimento MDDSB. Endemic transmission of HTLV-2 in blood donors from São Luís do Maranhão, northeastern Brazil: report of two asymptomatic individuals. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2014; 37:130-1. [PMID: 25818825 PMCID: PMC4382574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Okajima R, Oliveira ACP, Smid J, Casseb J, Sanches JA. High prevalence of skin disorders among HTLV-1 infected individuals independent of clinical status. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2546. [PMID: 24244779 PMCID: PMC3820737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection can increase the risk of developing skin disorders. This study evaluated the correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells count among HTLV-1 infected individuals, with or without skin disorders (SD) associated with HTLV-1 infection [SD-HTLV-1: xerosis/ichthyosis, seborrheic dermatitis or infective dermatitis associated to HTLV-1 (IDH)]. Methods A total of 193 HTLV-1-infected subjects underwent an interview, dermatological examination, initial HTLV-1 proviral load assay, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells count, and lymphproliferation assay (LPA). Results A total of 147 patients had an abnormal skin condition; 116 (79%) of them also had SD-HTLV-1 and 21% had other dermatological diagnoses. The most prevalent SD-HTLV-1 was xerosis/acquired ichthyosis (48%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis (28%). Patients with SD-HTLV-1 were older (51 vs. 47 years), had a higher prevalence of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) (75%), and had an increased first HTLV-1 proviral load and basal LPA compared with patients without SD-HTLV-1. When excluding HAM/TSP patients, the first HTLV-1 proviral load of SD-HTLV-1 individuals remains higher than no SD-HTLV-1 patients. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of skin disorders (76%) among HTLV-1-infected individuals, regardless of clinical status, and 60% of these diseases are considered skin disease associated with HTLV-1 infection. HTLV-1 infection may increase the risk of developing skin disorders. A total of 193 HTLV-1 infected subjects were studied, including asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. Of the subjects, 76% had an abnormal skin condition, with a high prevalence both among HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. The most prevalent SD-HTLV-1 was xerosis/acquired ichthyosis (48%), followed by seborrheic dermatitis (28%). Patients with SD-HTLV-1 were older (51 vs. 47 years), had a higher prevalence of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) (75%) and an increased first HTLV-1 proviral load compared with patients without SD-HTLV-1. When excluding HAM/TSP patients, the first HTLV-1 proviral load of SD-HTLV-1 individuals remains higher than no SD-HTLV-1 patients. Thus, skin diseases are highly prevalent among HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Okajima
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas,” São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto C. P. Oliveira
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas,” São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas,” São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- HTLV-Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas,” São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Laboratory of Medical Investigation 56 (LIM56), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose Antonio Sanches
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kozlowski AG, Carneiro MADS, Matos MADD, Teles SA, Araújo JAF, Otsuki K, Vicente ACP, Martins RMB. Prevalence and genetic characterisation of HTLV-1 and 2 dual infections in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Central-West Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 109:118-21. [PMID: 24141955 PMCID: PMC4005525 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) may impact the clinical course of tuberculosis
(TB). Both infections are highly endemic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to
assess the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in TB patients in Central-West Brazil and to
perform a genetic characterisation of the respective isolates. Of the 402 patients,
six (1.49%) were positive for anti-HTLV and five (1.24%; 95% confidence interval:
0.46-3.05) were infected with HTLV-1/2. Genetic characterisation demonstrated that
the four HTLV-1 isolates belonged to the Transcontinental subgroup A of the
Cosmopolitan subtype a and that the HTLV-2 isolate belonged to subtype a (HTLV-2a/c).
The prevalence of HTLV infection observed in this study is higher than that observed
in local blood donors and the HTLV-1 and 2 subtypes identified are consistent with
those circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Koko Otsuki
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brasil
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Magri MC, Brigido LFDM, Morimoto HK, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2a strains among HIV type 1-coinfected patients from Brazil have originated mostly from Brazilian Amerindians. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1010-8. [PMID: 23484539 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is found mainly in Amerindians and in intravenous drug users (IDUs) from urban areas of the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Worldwide, HTLV-2a and HTLV-2b subtypes are the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-2 isolates from Brazil showed the HTLV-2a subtype, variant -2c, which spread from Indians to the general population and IDUs. The present study searched for the types of HTLV-2 that predominate among HIV-1-coinfected patients from southern and southeastern Brazil. Molecular characterization of the LTR, env, and tax regions of 38 isolates confirmed the HTLV-2c variant in 37 patients, and one HTLV-2b in a patient from Paraguay. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed different clades of HTLV-2 associated with risk factors and geographic region. These clades could represent different routes of virus transmission and/or little diverse evolutionary rates of virus. Taking into account the results obtained in the present study and the lack of the prototypic North American HTLV-2a strain and HTLV-2b subtypes commonly detected among HIV-coinfected individuals worldwide, we could speculate on the introduction of Brazilian HTLV-2 strains in such populations before the introduction of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigaçõe Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus (LIM-47), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departmento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, P.R., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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14
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Detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in plasma samples. Virus Res 2012; 163:87-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Costa EAS, Magri MC, Caterino-de-Araujo A. The best algorithm to confirm the diagnosis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in at-risk individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:280-6. [PMID: 21349293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to confirm the diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in at-risk individuals in São Paulo, Brazil by Western blotting (WB), conventional polymerase chain reaction (tax and pol PCR) and real-time PCR (pol) is compared. Seventy-three blood samples that were reactive in HTLV-1/2 serological screening enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were evaluated. HTLV-1/2 was confirmed in 53 blood samples: 48 were positive by WB, 41 were positive by PCR and 42 scored positive by real-time PCR assays (37 of 48 WB-positive samples plus five WB-indeterminate samples that were further confirmed by sequencing). Although WB was able to detect more cases of HTLV-1/2 infection, the real-time PCR assay was able to discriminate between these two viruses and confirm an individual HTLV-1/HTLV-2 diagnosis in two HTLV WB-untyped samples and five WB-indeterminate samples. Because of the large number of WB-indeterminate samples and the cost of the WB assay in Brazil, it is proposed an algorithm that employs two EIAs for screening and then real-time PCR to confirm the infection, followed by testing any PCR-negative samples with the WB assay. This strategy reduces costs and improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A S Costa
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11° andar, 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Magri MC, Morimoto HK, de Macedo Brígido LF, Rodrigues R, Caterino–de–Araujo A. Long terminal repeat sequence analysis of HTLV-2 molecular variants identified in Southern Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:1327-31. [PMID: 20939687 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in Amerindians and epidemic in intravenous drug users (IDUs). The long terminal repeat (LTR) is the most divergent genomic region of HTLV-2, therefore useful to characterize subtypes. Nucleotide sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of LTR genomic segments of fourteen HTLV-2 strains isolated from HIV-infected patients of Londrina, Southern Brazil, were carried out. Molecular analysis disclosed that all HTLV-2 strains belonged to 2a subtype, and RFLP detected the presence of the a4, a5, and a6 subgroups according to Switzer's nomenclature. RFLP correlated with nucleotide sequence, and phylogenetic analysis clustered HTLV-2 sequences of IDUs into subgroups a5 and a6. HTLV-2 sequences from individuals of sexual risk factor clustered into the a4 subgroup. These results extend the knowledge of the genetic diversity of HTLV-2 circulating in Brazil and provide insights into HTLV-2 transmission and virus movement in this geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas—Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology Department—Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brígido
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Rosangela Rodrigues
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino–de–Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas—Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Olah I, Fukumori LMI, Smid J, de Oliveira ACP, Duarte AJS, Casseb J. Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2)-infected individuals. J Med Virol 2010; 82:837-42. [PMID: 20336719 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is considered of low pathogenicity, serological diagnosis is important for counseling and monitoring. The confirmatory tests most used are Western blot (WB) and PCR. However, in high-risk populations, about 50% of the indeterminate WB were HTLV-2 positives by PCR. The insensitivity of the WB might be due to the use of recombinant proteins of strains that do not circulate in our country. Another possibility may be a high level of immunosuppression, which could lead to low production of virus, resulting in low stimulation of antibody. We found one mutation, proline to serine in the envelope region in the position 184, presented at least 1/3 of the samples, independent the indeterminate WB profile. In conclusion, we found no correlation of immune state, HTLV-2 proviral load, or env diversity in the K55 region and WB indeterminate results. We believe that the only WB kit available in the market is probably more accurate to detect HTLV-1 antibodies, and some improvement for HTLV-2 detection should be done in the future, especially among high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Olah
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunology, São Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kleine Neto W, Sanabani SS, Jamal LF, Sabino EC. Prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização genética dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 nas Cidades de Ribeirão Preto e São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:264-70. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi definir a prevalência dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Avaliamos 319 indivíduos atendidos em clínicas de Ribeirão Preto e Capital. Os pacientes foram entrevistados e testados sorologicamente. Foram seqüenciadas as regiões tax e long terminal repeat para diferenciação e determinação do subtipo. A soroprevalência geral foi de 7,5% (24/319) e esteve associada somente com uso de drogas injetáveis e ao vírus da hepatite tipo C (p<0, 001). O genoma viral foi detectado em 13 das 24 amostras, sendo 12 caracterizadas como HTLV-2 subtipo 2c e uma como 1a. Nossos dados mostraram que o uso de drogas injetáveis é um importante fator de risco para a transmissão de HTLV-2 em populações infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1.
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Croda MG, de Oliveira ACP, Vergara MPP, Bonasser F, Smid J, Duarte AJDS, Casseb J. Corticosteroid therapy in TSP/HAM patients: The results from a 10 years open cohort. J Neurol Sci 2008; 269:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Montanheiro P, Olah I, Fukumori LMI, Smid J, Oliveira ACPD, Kanzaki LIB, Fonseca LAM, Duarte AJS, Casseb J. Low DNA HTLV-2 proviral load among women in São Paulo City. Virus Res 2008; 135:22-5. [PMID: 18343520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-2 infections are almost always asymptomatic, and diseases associated with the infection are rarely reported. Little information is available on the relationship between HTLV-2 proviral load and gender or expression of disease, especially among patients with HIV-1 co-infection. METHODS We studied 77 HTLV-2-infected subjects followed in our clinic for the last 9 years; 53 (69%) of them were co-infected with HIV-1. HTLV-2 DNA proviral load (PVL) was measured by real time PCR, a test with a sensitivity of 10 in 10(4) PBMCs. RESULTS Six of 53HTLV-2/HIV-1 cases had a myelopathy (all of them had undetectable PVL of HTLV-2). Only 3 of 35 women (2 out of 3 co-infected with HIV) had a detectable PVL, whereas 10 of 42 men had a detectable PVL. Regardless of their HIV status women had significantly lower PVL than men (10 vs. 43 copies/10(4) PBMCs, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We noticed the occurrence of myelopathy in HTLV-2/HIV-1 co-infected patients, with undetectable HTLV-2 viral load. There was a sex difference in viral load for HTLV-2, what may be the result in mode of transmission or acquisition of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Montanheiro
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunology, São Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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